Языковые процесы в этнически смешанных семьях

LIETUVIU KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI, XXVIII (1989) KALBU RYSIAI IR SAVEIKOS SAKOBAC TPH®OHOBAC SBbIKOBbIE TIPOWECKI B STHMYECKH CMEDIAHHBIX CEMbAX Onno u3 Baxneimux oco6enHoc eli copeTcKo o oOulecTBa aBIAeTCA eTO MHO oHalMOHabHOCTh. Ona xapakTepH3yeT CaMble pa3JIMYHEIe COUMYMbI — OT KpylHeiimmx, Kak HacesIeHHe oTyenbHo pecny6mmKH, Kpas, o6nacTH, opona, 10 Meubuaiiimax — MpoM3sBoACTBeHHBI, yueOHbIi KOMNEKTHB HT. TI. Tloc osHHas aK- ‘TUBH3ANUA HeMO padHyeckHX H ITHHYECKHX TIpOHeccoB B Halle cTpa e IpHBOAHT K TOMY, 4TO 9Ta OCObeHHOCTE BCe B GONbUei CTeneH 3aTpa MBacT H MesIbualilily1o eMHMIy YenoBeyecKo o ObulecTBa — ceMbIO. STO oMpeseAeTCA MOCTOAHHBIM ykpe sieHHeM H pa3BHTHeM 9KOHOMH4eCKHX HM KyJIbTYPHBIX cBsa3eii MexAy Hapo- TlaMu Halleii CTpaHbi, 4TO BeeT, C OMHOM CTOPOHBI, K BHYTpeHHeli KOHCOJMIalHH Hamui HW HapogHoc Teli M K Mex3THMYeCKO MHTe palMn, C apy o (Baiinu eiin 1977, 122). KonxpeTHbIm mposBieHeM Tako »HHTe payuH sIBuIAeTCA POCT KouMYeCTBA MexXKHALMOHAIbHBIX Opakos, a CeMOBATEMbHO, HW STHMYCCKH CMCIUAHHBIX cemeii. Tak, 10 HoBeiiMIMM JaHHbIM IpHMepHo Kaxkad WiecTad CeMbaA Halle cTpa- HbI OObCMMHAeT HM pasHoi HanMOHaNbHOcTH (YMaxHcKHii, Ia6onaun 1987, 290). B na e pecny6muxke TombKo 3a MepHog c 1970 10 1978 . KomMYeCTBO TaKHX ce- Meii Bo3pocm0 MOUTH Ha 3%, a KONMYECTBO AeTeli, pORMBIINXCA B HHX, COCTABHAIO 13,9% Bcex HoBopoxyenHEx (Gauéas 1981, 28). O6senuHeHHe B OMHOM cembe MpescTaBuTeneii pasHbIx HaWMOHaIbHOCTeH H, Kak T1paBHsIO, HOCHTeNei Pa3HBIX ASKIKOB CO3MaeT CHelMuyeCKHe YCNOBHA ANA pa3BUTHA A3bIKOBBIX Mpo eccos. OcobeHHO Gobilloe sHa eHHe 9TO HMeeT ANT dbopMuponaHHa s3bIKOBOH Guo paduH AeTel B TAKUX CeMbAX. BaxneiiimmMu commanbHo-oGilecTBeHHBIMH XapaKTePHCTHKAaMH YewOBeKa AB- JIMOTCA eo HalMOHAabHOCTS H ponHoli a3bIK. KOpHauyecKoe O*OpMIIeHHe HallHO- HasbHOl IpHHaAexXHOCTH paxklaH B Hallei CTpaHe MpOMSBOAMTCA TO HOCTHXKe- HuM UMM 16-neTHe o BO3pacTa H 110 Hx co6cTBeHHOMy BEIOopy. Ho HamHoOHasbHOe caMoco3HaHHe HHIHBHyyMa HawHHaeT bOpMHpOBAaTLCA 3HAYHTCIBHO paHbille, H BaXKHEMLIy!O poh B ITOM Mpouecce HTpaeT AIBIK OOMICHHA B CeMbE, KOTOpBIii B nomapia omemM GONbUIMHCTBE CiyYaeB CTAHOBUTCA MH POJHBIM A3BIKOM aHHO O wHAMBHAyyMa. [lenbio cTaTbH ABJIAeTCA MOMBITKA BEIABUTb OMpeeseHHBIe SAKO- HOMepHOCTH, XapakTepH3ylollHe BEIGOp TeThMH M3 STHHYCCKH CMeIIaHHBIX cemeii poqHO O A3bIKa, a BMOCMeACTBHM H HallMOHAIbHOCTH. Visyyenue s3pikopbix Guo paduii 59 undhopManTos — He eii cpemHe o H CTap- e o WIKONBHOTO BO3pacTa, PONMBINHXCA H BOCIHTBIBAIOWIMXCA B CMCIIAHHBIX ceMbax, OubIa YACTb KOTOPHIX (OKONO 80%) MpoxkMBaeT B TOpOe, BbLABHIO 149 OYeHb CIOKHYIO KAPTHHY, UpejcTaBAOUlyio CoGoli NepenueTeHue H B3aHMOLelicT- BHe pa3JIM4HBIX (akTOpoB. AsbIK OGWIEHHA B CeMbe PaBHBIM O6pa30M OMpeseAeTCA A3KIKOM pomuTeneii, KOTOPbIii B CBOIO OYepeb, KaK NpaBusIO, COBMagaeT Cc HalMOHAaTbHOCTHIO. Han6o- lee MHOTOYHCHEHHY!O Fpynily cpeH H3yYeHHBIX ITHHYECKH CMeLAaHHBIX CeMeii Ipel- CTABJIAKOT CEMbH, COCTABJIEHHbIe U3 MpeACTAaBHTeeli KOpeHHO! (OCHOBHOM) HalHo- HaJIBHOCTH JaHHOH TeppHTopHH H pyccKHx (50 %, Bcex cMelaHHBIX cemei ). Ha BTo- POM MecTe TO MHOTOYHCIeHHOCTH OKAa3aJIMCb PyCCKO-yKpaHHCKHe CeMbU (OKOJIO 17 %), XOTA B CHelHasIbHBIX HCCHEMOBAHHAX TaKHe CEMbu OTHOCATCA K TpeTbeli 110 MHOPOYHCEHHOCTH pynne, a KO BTOpoli pynme — ceMbu H3 MpesCcTaBuTeneli KO- PeHHOH HAalMOHABHOCTH M Apy Hx HallMOHabHOCTeli (KpoMe pyccKoii). Ho KomH- weCTBO TaKHX CeMeli B HCCJI@¢}OBaHHOM KOHTHHYeHTe 3Ha4HTeJIbHO MeHbIUe He TOIb- KO KOJMYeCTBa CeMeli TpeTbeli, HO H YeTBEpTO pyunbl, K KOTOPOH OG6bIMHO OTHO- CATCA CEMbM PyCCKHX C NIpeACTaBHTeNAMHM py ux (KpOMe Ha3BaHHBIX B NepBol 4 TpeTbeli pynmax) HalMoHaTbHOCTeli WaHHOH pecnyOmuKu (CanyKaa, Tepen besa 1977, 481), cocTaBnaa Bce o MUIb JecaTy¥0 YacTb Bcex ceMeli. A TpeTbeli 10 MHO- TOYMCEHHOCTH OKa3asach YeTBepTas pynna (11,9 %%). B oco6y o pynny BEmens- ¥OTCA CEMbH, COCTABJICHHbIe H3 MpecTaBuTeneli ykpawHcKoli u GenopyccKoli Ha- IHOHATIBHOCTeH, C OAHOM CTOPOHLI, H Apy ux HalMOHabHOCTeii (KpOMe KOpeHHOi W pyccKoli) — c Apy oii, KouMYeCTBO KOTOpBIX Takoe xe, KaK H BO BTOpOli pymmne (cm. Ta6m. 1). Han6onbu ee Buuanne Ha BEIGOp A3bIKa OOMICHHA B CeMbe, a TEM CaMBIM H pod- HOFO A3bIKa WeTeli, OKASbIBaeCT POHOH A3bIK MaTepH. B Tpex 43 NATH BbIeeHHBIX TpyHil MpoleHT copnaweHHA 9TUX NOKa3aTenel — oT 60 no 100. B nepsoii pynne Takoli BbIOOp NOAWepxKUBaeTCA MH 13bIKOM OOYYeHHA, HO BO BTOpol — u MpH oTCyT- CTBHM TakOli NOAAep%xKKU TpeTb HACOpMaHTOB H3OupaeT B KaYeCTBe POAHOTO ABZEIKA S3bIK MaTepH. B opsiM 0 3Ha¥HMocTH (baKTOpOM, BuIMAIOWIMM Ha BEIOOp a3bIKa OOMIeHHA B CMCLIaHHOH CeMbe, ABJIAETCH ASBIKOBOe OKpyxKeHHe. Tak, y NOaBAs OMe o Gonb- UIMHCTBa HHOpMaHTOB NepBoii pynMbl, OT poxTeHHA MpOKMBAIOMIMX B Mpenenax JIMTBEL, MpeoOAayaeT HTOBCKOE AZIKOBOe OKpyxeHHe. ITO oGycnoBseHO caMuM xapakTepoM ceMeii WaHHo o Tuna: 73,3% cemeii oObeqMHAeT pycCKHX MYXxK4HH, TMIpeMMyllecTBeHHO H3 YuCua pyccKHxX cTapoxH0B JIMTBEI, M WHTOBOK. Kak 0Ka- 3aHO paOM uccHenoBaTeneii (Hem4eHKo 1960; Muxasbyuenxo 1984; Cupnukene 1979 uw ap.), pycckoe c apoxusbyeckoe HacejeHHe XapakTepH3yeTCA BbICOKOIi CTENCHbIO PYCCKO-JIMTOBCKOFO JBYASKIMMA, MOCTHTAOleH B OTCJIbHBIX A3bIKOBbIX kosseKTUBaXx 92—98 %, (Tpuoxopac, 1978, 221), umpoKum ucnosb30BaHHeM JIH- TOBCKOFO A3bIKa B Pa3IMYHBIX ccbepax OGUIeHUA — NpPOM3BOACTBEHHO!, eN0BO;i, kysIbTypHOH. Bce 9T0 cocobc Bye dbOpMHpoBaHUIO NOMOKUTENbHOTO OTHOMIEHHA K MIPOHHKHOBCHHIO JaHHOTO A3bIKa MU B CeMeliHy o cchepy, Yemy B Goubilei cTeneHu cloco6c ByeT pe3KOe YBeJIMYeHHe MMTOBCKOTO A3EIKOBOTO OKPY2KeHHA 3a CueT POZCTBEHHHKOB, 3HAKOMBIX, COCJIY2KHBIIEB 2%KeHBI. Bui6op pyccko o A3bIKa.B KaYeCTBe a3bIKa CeMeiiHO o O6MIeHUA onpezesse ca BO3HeHCTBHEM OObEKTHBHBIX U CYOLCKTHBHBIX (bakTOpos AByA3BI4NA (MuxaJIbYeHKO 150 1984, 108). Tax, no 2aHHBIM NocueqHel NepellHcH HacesIeHHA, OCHOBAaHHDIM Ha Ca- MOOMUeHKAX, T. €. Ha cyObeKTHBHOM (pakTOpe UBYASBIMHA, BI. Illaynai pycckoe Hace- ylenue coc apnae 11 °/,, HO B OTCJIbHBIX AIbIKOBBIX KOJICKTHBAX pycckui A3bIK aB- waeTcs (YHKIMOHATbHO TepBbIM, Hamip., B WIKOaX C PYCCKUM A3bIKOM o6y4eHHna, B 2KeIC3HONOPOXKHBIX OTpaHU3alMAX, BOMHCKUX YacTAX. Kpome To o, pycckui S3EIK YACTO ABJIAETCA CHpeCTBOM OOUIECOBETCKOH H MHUPOBOM KyJIbTYpbl, CPeCTBOM OOMIeHHA MexKAY JIOAbMH pasHBIX HalMOHabHOCTeH. ITH HM Apy ue o6beKTHBHBIC (baKTOPEI OKa3bIBAaIOTCA pella olIMMH TIpH BEIOope A3biKa CeMeiiHOTO OOWeHHA B Tex pyilax CMellaHHBIX ceMeli, B COCTaBe KOTOPBIX HeT mipescTapuTesel KopeHHoH Hal[MOHAJIbHOCTH pecnyO/IMKH, a Takxe BO BTOpOH pymme cemeii, ae pycckuii 13bLK IipeicTaeT aBHBIM O6pa30M Kak Cpe ICTBO MexkHAMHOHAIIbHO O o6menua. Bomb- woe 3Ha eHHe ia BBIOOpa WaHHOTO A3bIKa B ITHX Tpynilax HMeeT HM TO o6cTos- TeMbCTBO, YTO PYCCKHM ASBIK BEINOMHACT yHKUMIO ABbIka OOyYeHHs. @opmupopanne ITHHYecKOTO CaMOCO3HaHHA AeTeli B CMeLAHHBIX CeMbAX 3a- BeplllaeTca BbIOOPOM HallMOHabHO MpMHaIeKHOCTH. S o mpo ece o6ycioBiex BO3HelCTBHEM MHOTUX (baKTOPOB, Ba%KHeHIIMMH M3 KOTOPBIX ABJIAIOTCA CTeIIeCHb 9THOKYIbTYPHOM 6H30CTH, AJMTebHOCTh MCXKITHHYCCKHX KOHTAKTOB HalHOHasIb- HocTeii, K KOTOPEIM NpHHaexKaT pOAUTEIM, AZbIKOBAA CHTYAUMA, COAKMBITMECA B cembe TpaguuHu M MH. Zp. B pesybTa Te AelicTBHA ITUX cbakTopos NosaBia ollee 6oNbIIMHCTBO MHOpMaHTOB TepBoli pyMb (90%) cu a o ce6a MTOBLAMH. Tipu 3ToM HaOmo aeTcs AOBONbHO BHICOKAA HONA COBNATCHUA HATMOHATHHOCTH 11e- Teii c HALMOHAaIbHOCTBIO Ma epH (81,5 %), 4TO MOATBEpxMaeT TAK! %Ke 3aKOHOMEp- HOCTb IIpH BEIGOpe pOAHOTO A3bIKAa. Tak Kak BO BTOpOH pym ie HelicTB e 9THX paK- TOPOB 3HAYHTEMbHO cuaGee (ocobeHHO BTOpo o), TO HeKOTOpoe Mpeob.aqaHHe O - HOM HaUMOHabHOCTM OMpeyenaeTca bakTOpaMH YacTHO O NOpsAAKa, TaKHMH Kak MeCTO pOxJeHUA HIM *Ke aHHe pozUTeneii. B TpeTBeli pynne BBIGOp HallHOHasIb- HOCTH MOMHOCTbIO COOTBETCTBYeT TPa/MI[MOHHOMY: 3a NpeweaMu YCCP ge u x3 Ta6nuua 1. Coo nomense poquo o a3bIKa HH*OPMAHTOB C A3bIKOM poau eneli H A3bIKOM o6yyeHua e B TOM 4HCuIe COB- | OJI-BO TayaeT c A3BIKOM | SI3BIK Tun cemMbH uHop- oa s % ; | o6y4e- pETOP MaTepH | o ma ane | JIu oscxo-pyccxue 30 SHTOBCKHI 83,3 84 16 70 pycckni 16,7 40 60 30 JIu oscKo-yxp., Gap. 6 JIMTOBCKHIi 16,7 100 - - ykpanHcKuii 16,7 100 =- = pycckHii 66,6 - = 100 Pyccxo-yxpauuckue 10 pycckni 100 60 40 100 ykKpaHHcKHii - - - = Pyccko-{py ux P pycckni 100 28,6 71,4 100 HalMonasbHoc eii ap. Ha . - - - - Yxp., 6ap.-apy ux 6 pycckHii 100 - 100 HalMOHaTIBHOCTEei 151 Ta6Onuya 2. Coo nomenne naynonasbuoc n HH(POpMaHTOB C HAuWOHATbHOCTBWO poAHTe eii B TOM 4YHcie copnayaeT Kon-80 Hanwonans- ¢ Hal{MOHaBHOCTEIO Tun cembu uudopMan- | HocTs mHdop- % TOB MaHTOB Ma enn a. Jiu oscKo-pycckue 30 JIMTOBIEI 90 81,5 18,5 pycckue 10 - 100 JIm oncko-yxp., 6p. 6 JIMTOBUBI 33,3 50 50 YKpaHHOBI 50 - 100 6enopycs 16,7 100 - Pyccxo-ykpamuckue 10 pycckne 80 75 25 ykpaHHup 20 100 - Ta6smubi cocTaBieHbI Ha OCHOBaHMH cTaTUCTH4ecKOi o6pa6o TKu qaHHEIx, coOpaHHE x aBTOPOM Ha OCHOBe OMpOCa MO aHKeTe CONMONOTHH ASKIKOB, HOATOTOBMeHHOM pynmo pyccKo- To a3bika upH Muc u y e mu oscKo o s3bIka HM uMTepa ypp AH JIu oscxo CCP p 1983 . TaKHX CeMeii Yale H30Mpa oT pyccky!O HallMoHambHOcTS (Canukas, Tepen besa 1977, 480). B ueTBep oi pynme Takxe mpeoOnanae T pycckaa HAaNMOHANbHOCTD, a B NOCHeqHeH OMHAKOBO MpeyCTaBseHbI BCe HAIMOHANbHOCTH, TO, 110-BHyIMMOMY, TakxKe OOycNOBsIeHO BJIMAHHeM YacTHBIX ¢bakTOpos. Tipu o606ujeHHu aHanu3a ucc eqoBaHHo o MaTepHasa MpeycTaBmseTca Bo3- MOXHBIM IpeHMOOXKHTb, YTO Pa3sBUTHe ASKIKOBEIX H MeXKITHMYECKHX MpoMeccoB Ha oOcieqoBaHHON Teppu opun (B . Kypuienai , IWsyna u aynsiicxom p-ne) B OCHOBHOM HallpaBieHO B CTOpoHY cOmMxKeHMA MpescTaBuTeneli pyccKoii Hanuo- HaJIbHOCTM C KOPeHHBIM HaCesIeHMeM pecnyOMHKU, a MpeycTaBuTenel mpy ux Ha- UMOHAIbHOCTeH — Ha ToqO6HOe B3aNMoselicTBHe Cc pycCKHMH. JIATEPATYPA Baiimu eiin C. WM. Connanpuo-sxonomuueckue mpegnocbiiku 1 @axTopbi 3THHYecKHX npo- ueccos B CCCP // Cospemenusie s Hu4eckue mponecce B CCCP. 2-e u3n. M., 1977. C. 105—122. Tanyxas O. A., Tepen sesa JL. H. Mexnanmonanbusie OpakH 4 HX poub B 9THHYeCKHX Npo- ueccax // CoppemMeHHbie sTHAYeCKHe Mponecch! B CCCP. 2-e u3a. M., 1977. C. 460—483. Gauéas P. Daba iniai e niniai p ocesai Lie u oje // Mokslas i gy enimas, 1981. N . 3. P. 27—28. Muxasyenxo B. 10. Tpo6nema bynxunonmposanna 4 B3aMMoOzelicTBnA JIMTOBCKOTO H pyc- cKO O s3bIKOB. BumbHioc, 1984. Hemuenxo B. H. Tosop pyccxux c apoxanos VouapcKo o pa iona JIn oscxo CCP: Tuc. ...KaH. dbusion. Hayk. Bumpu oc, 1960. Cusunxene M. K. O neys3n iun censcKxo o PyccKo o Hacesienua JIu oscKoi CCP // Socia- linés ling is ikos p oblemos. V., 1979. P. 59—66. Tpudonosac A. C, bynxyuonnposanne u B3aumonelic aue PYCCKO O H JIHTOBCKOTO A3bIKOB B JIu oscxo CCP: [Iuc. ... kann. cbunon. nayk. M., 1978. Yoaucxnii JL. A., WaGongun C. C. Ponp Tpyaa u mo6eq. 1917—1987. M., 1987. 152