Kamojų apylinkių (Baltarusijos Pãstovių raj.) baltarusių šnektos lituanizmai

LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS, XXX (1993) PERIFERICAL LITHUANIAN LANGUAGES ARTICLES Elena GRINAVECKIENĖ KAMOJŲ SURROUNDS (BELARUS PASTOVIY Raj.) LITUANIZMS IN BELARUSIAN I. SCHNETZ Introduction Until recently, annual studies of the Lithuanian-Belarusian linguistic boundary dialects constantly provide new data on language contacts, supplementing and correcting them in many cases. tų (especially in terms of localization) for the first time in those places valuable linguistic material was recorded. 1989 m. May complex Lietuvos MA Institute of Lithuanian ir Language and Literature, Belarusian MA Institute of Languages ir Dialectological expedition of the Polish Republic Slavistics Institute, working on the Polish language. in the district, and gave something new to Lithuanian dialectology. In the church village of Kamojai 2, located about 11-13 km south of the Lithuanian border near Adutiškis, most of the local inhabitants speak Belarusian dialect with each other. In their passports, they are all registered as Belarusians, but as Catholics, they consider themselves Poles. Polish is usually spoken only by the poor and sung in the church. They don’t know Belarusian or Polish old folk songs, but mostly sing Russian songs of the civil war. The school is Belarusian. Some of the protesters spoke Belarusian, although Russian was also heard quite often. In the Soviet farm, the written documentation is kept in Russian, and during our stay the rate and results of sowing and planting potatoes were announced in Russian via the local transmitter. The inscriptions on the tombstones and epitaphs are usually written in Polish (sometimes in Russian), but there are also Belarusian and Russian inscriptions. Latin alphabets, especially children, do not know, and for those who learn the truth of the faith in Polish, the priests themselves transcribe the catechism in Russian letters?. The national question, in general, seemed to the inhabitants of the church village to be of little interest, a completely extinct thing, in Lithuanian o 1 Officially in Belarusian the district is called ĮlacrėBų, but the old local iš Lithuanians living in Adutiskio (Lithuania k. Ramaškonių (BR, Pavamxasiuti) and Jūravo R, Epšsa, 8 km. į east of Adūtiškio) neighborhoods, we have heard live Lithuanian singular forms jo (vs. ward. Pasta'vi's ~ Stand, pcs. ill. Pasta'vin ~ Pastovin). 4 The official name of the church village is pronounced KėmMan by Lithuanians in the surrounding areas. Kamėjys (Kama *). Please listen ir jo dgs. ill. — a ~ Kamojgsan i "Kameo". 3 A very similar case was recently found ir Lithuania, Švenčionėliai parish. See. MK, 24. 113 It's all gone. Lithuanian at the time, as far as we know, spoke only a local 88 inhabitant of the year, Romano Klunduko's wife is tormented by illness. Our Lithuanian interlocuji tor understood everything, but could not answer us in Lithuanian or in any other language. The local population — R. Klundūkas (1902-1990), Juzefa Rimša (common) Primmuxa, g. 1903), Czechia Buchel' (g. 1928) ir kt — said that the jų mothers spoke Lithuanian”. People remember that many people used to speak Lithuanian here. A priest who served Lithuania in a special way Budra, who was a priest here 1920 about m., is still ir praised by all with a good ir word .mention. Approxi7 mately km. from In the į neighbouring villages of Ramaškoniai, Sokūnai (Caxynu), Čičiū (Issn) west of Kamojus, near the Lithuanian ir border, Lithuanian is still spoken by the older generation ne of local inhabitants, but also by most of the younger generation. 2. Lexical Lithuanianisms of the Schnekt BaZnytkaimis is full of names of places of Lithuanian origin; Most of the names of the surrounding villages are also Belarusianized Lithuanian names. During the study of the schnekt we heard and recorded a considerable number of words of Lithuanian origin. Most of them are used throughout the Lithuanian-Belarusian border, and their Lithuanianness has been examined by many researchers. We present all the words of Lithuanian origin we have written here with their form variants and nuances of meaning. aPrinciple of "atbrigzti" <= lie. brindotis 'to rush' (see Gpunayni, p. 113). aanira’ ‘atodrékis’ (: Y awry Gansanéy paini) «= lie. remuneration "e.g. akdua (bev. g.: kamouae ardua) ‘akuotai’ «= lie. akudciai ‘what with akuotais- ’. akcHH ‘padaigos’ <= lie. dkstys, impulses. anikyna ‘buckhead’ (: Anikyna-- rara HayzauniK, A07OHa, KpankKa Tynu) «<= lie. backbone "t.p. " apy ‘aruodas’ (: ApyAki un 3aceri —Toe camae) <= lie. arendas. acsep (cBep) ‘lever’ ‘= lie. svirė ‘lever’, cf. also svaras ‘lever’. amaką ‘1. axles; 2. bran" (: Y cituo muoha amaki; 3 amaxi xicens 3poGim) "= lie. ‘grain husk’. ardēcu <= lie. reports. aréxanu <= lie. intestine. backbone. . Gananad “every soup“ «= lie. April “such a weed“. "Gabriel 'Gabriel' Leal". bėralas. 4 According to statistical data from the middle of the 19th century, the whole Kamojy parish was Lithuanian. Even before the First World War, Lithuanians still used to say Lithuanian pamoks and sing in Lithuanian. In the years of German occupation (since 1942) there were 12 Lithuanian schools in Kamojai vii, and 823 peasants were Lithuanians (only 2 were Polish). Lithuanian place names here at that time were 57.9%. See. „701. S In Lithuanian, by i yma i ų language, the bidin ogstamasis g Cia Z s belarusian 2, zdZiy belarusian blowing g is given in the Jotynic letter h. 5 examples brazgfinai 114 Gpasrynsi ‘skambalai, ornamenti ant pakinktų’; 6 6uki 'bells, ornaments on packed' lie. « ag You're a « liar. Bradyn. 6pynra (male and female: 6pyura AsepaBfHH and a38e OpyHTH) & lie. intestine. brufitas ‘branktas’; 6pymrauki ‘long sticks instead of buttons’ «= lie. intestine. bruiitas ‘branktas’ + br. -Auxi. 6pm ‘injection- «= s’ lie. brindos (see section 4.4). Gpunayi, p. 113). 6ypbanxa ‘air bubble in the rain’ «= lie. buffalo + br. -ka; OypOynapdup ‘gurgeéti (upeliui)’; ‘burblenti (Zmogui)’ «= lie. burbulitioti "t.p. Lies. «= beings. uanyjos (wings, wnynésak) “just a hatched chicken” (: Maé Bu uanyjii, >XKsIABI BH MaJiajšim, ckakdire, YxX3 nėpauKi pacTYuL —TOJIbKA AfiKAMI A Bac, naxoy, HA Gyay Kapmiup; Ilinyji maé, winynenski, Kya ckduom, TH pacnycuiki: ax BH He Canbalė y wouié, —x6uouua 3eménbki BaM nakaniup, He ckakdire, Maé meu) <= lie. Onion ‘t.p.’ aynpka 'dust from flax mining' (: Jynski naxsardnace i kAmom) lies. < Ducks “smulkios nuotrupos, krisleliai’. Apčraup ‘1. tar; 2. vaistai iš tarto“ (: ĮĮsčruaųM nausini ax pabakay) <= lie. tar. AsipBan <= lie. dirvone. rims ‘bimbalas’ ‘= lie. depth ‘t.p.’ ; rinanaup <= lie.dyliuoti. ripca (ripcd) ‘dirsės’ ‘= lie. intestine. I hear "dirse". TpšunoJiLkKa ‘pasiutpolké’ «lie. greitpolké ‘t.p.’ ryara "pig's chin" «= lie. bed ‘sleeping place’. ikced ‘viksva’ (: IkcBd pšxkIub pyki AK HAaxXOM, a manaayio ĖjŪ KOKI) <= lie. Vicsva. inripšiukik <= lie. winger's teeth. t04pa "flax and barley weeds" « lie. “flax weed” moves. KakKapauKi/kykKapšuki (: Céna na kakapauk6x/ma Kykapduki "squatted on the heel’) «= lie. katikaras + br. -auki/-3uxi. kacuiuki ‘kaspinéliai’ ‘= lie. kasnykas + br. - Yeah. kemsaup ‘Zaboti’ « lie. (ap)gelzti (see LLT, 56). kaTypKa “men’s trousers uZsegimas’ « lie. Fours and so on! kinmiok (knynasiok, kinaok) ‘a cracked, thick sausage, which is stuck in the pig’s bladder or stomach’ «= lie. skilandZitkas (Zr. LLT, 56-58). kipdnna (kipdnnixa, kapadna —the latter because of metatezés) “what is untidy, abandoned” (: Kipdnna naw6y widki; Kipannixa Ha aOMBiub caMd cebd; I x6a3iup. AK xkapndna) lie. — <= kerépla "t.p. Carpets “crab legs”, knsima ‘iSklisélis, kas klišomis kojomis“ «= lie. cliché ‘kreiva, kliša koja; cancer pliers", cliché, -ė 'cliSas man". Kufx3us ‘knibzdéti’ «= lies. knežėti "t.p. KOoYui «<= lies. bucket. Kp3ūKa ‘Selmuo’ «= is a lie. greek, litter "t.p. kKpymua "a pile of stones in the «= testicle" lie. krūnė t.p.’ 115 Ability "piglet" (: Kyxyus TH manénauxi, Th pacui, Gyass 342pOdBenbki: yxé "Banikae" = lie. kūkūtis "n.p. " Kyi <= lie. killy. kyMmnau6k "smoked pork ham" lie. «= kurūipis + br. - A90K. KypMéns ‘grizlys; neūžauga’ « lie. kufmti ‘rusti’; Worms (plg. but Laum., 97-98; Zink., 259). naraci ‘gelsvosios usnys’ lie. <= intestine. lagésiai, bk. legésia "t.p. Nananyuiki “singers po windows through Easter, už songs receiving gifts" « lie. lalaunykai "t.p. nanmiok (nj. nanmyk) ‘such a mushroom; ištižėlis, kas pasenęs“ «= lie. Squirrel “t.p. nayx0 “a pile of firewood (usually in the forest)“ « lie. liežu 'pile'". RynH ‘opened thick lips (usually of a horse)’ «= lie. lips; nyndth ‘storliipis’ ‘= lie. Iiipos + br. -aru (or perhaps from lit. Iūpdtas); kpusanynu ‘kreivaliipis’, pig. lie. Iūpa, xa6šinium nynu "such edible mushrooms (in Lithuanian they are called —cow's/ox's tongues)- ", cf. lit. lip. MAYKaup ‘kniaukti’ «= lie. meow (midget). MinTa ‘Sutinty oatmeal dumpling’ «= lie. flour. MyMH ‘utility’ <= lie. miimai t.p.’ (in children- 's language- ). Hammyadup nutrinti (kulng)’ ‘= lie. Smulinti ‘to rub’, Smulas ‘smooth- ’; without horns, without crown” (cf. Jlays. 35, 136). HéMapacup ‘nerimastis’ <= lie. anxiety (due to metatezés). nikyna ‘heaven’; pakulinis’ ‘= lie. packets. click ‘parSiukas’ <= lie. pafSas + br - 1046k. nicrka "traps" «<= lie. pastkai ‘t.p.’ ninuOTH ‘only hatched chicks’ «= lie. pylūčiai ‘only hatching ducks’. nuacKOni (nnackani) ‘pleiskanés’ “= lie. intestine. flakes, bk. dandruff (plg. dar pleiskénés ‘t.p.’). nėžcaup 'to break the eggs' (: fluvEĖns ndžcaiouL Ka Manardpai) <= lie. paiyti "tip.: i néwap <= lie. feed. a6x3pranup ‘to cross, to sit (on a bicycle)’, nepaxspraus ‘to cross (over a fence, puddle, etc.)’ <= lie. Zefgti, apZefgti, pérZergti. npucBipOHaK ‘priesvirnis’ ‘= lie. pre-welding; csipan <= lie. float. "NpHyHa "saunos priemenė- "". lie. «= intestine. pryvené (prievené) "priemenė". nymph "thick soup" «= lie. putra t.p.’ piri “water drops ripples through the window glass; sweat «= streams" lie. rdugtis (ridugtis) ‘to steal’. paryui ‘rogutés’ «= lie. intestine. ragutés. <= payrēna lie. raugiéné. PSACTH «<= lie. Raistai, p3arini lie. «= Copper. My gun <= lies. beet. 116 culMbyp “stem, stalk (of sorrel, nettle, beet)” lie. «= stémburas ‘coat, stalk, stem’. CKBAPCTH (CKBapcTė, mot. (g) ‘skerstuveés’ « lies. cross sections (zero metasta- — sis due to -regressive shift of the syllable at the beginning į of the word). croup hanassi (Hybrid) "right-headed" «= lies. standing + br. hanasa". Mom's <= lying. ferret. mBapra (bev. (g) 'long men's coats of fur' (: Illsipxa ma Kaxyxy anuArnanan) < lie. jacket “a part of a suit covering the waist”, la. Swans ‘durtinys, rudinė’. mKpjuoT "wide-bladed hunting axe"; Kumpanosis lie. «= the “digging axe” flap. mine (bev. (g) «= lie. columns. ; mypnu (mypniki) chickens of the ‘such breed’ (with curled feathers) (: Kypu mypnu, wypniki — ckpysanma nepa y TpyGy, 1 x6maup Taxis) lie. «< Shiurpa ‘t.p. ; mypnduenski ‘apauges trumpais dygliukais’ (: Knibunki ‘raktazolés’ az kd, nicrėsKi wypniuenskin) lie. <= Siurpétas, Siurpétas "t.p. Tapnd (mot. (g) “klojimo šalinė“ «= lit. space “space between things’. Baraus ‘kupti plūgu’ lie. « vagoti "t.p. pyrene <= lie. A bird.. Building (internal) 'see it' «= lies. weep; Banzanshru (BannaBaru) ‘pavepes’ «= lie. 100 mg/m2 + - You. sipuina (BApuind) 'usually an į eight-stringed rope' lie. «= chain “what goes on what goes on”. Bliorn "such as Pisces; such house flowers that chase" lie. « vijūnai "such fish", cf. But I'm lying. vf'tis ‘riestis, raitytis’. 3Yp3a ‘zurzlys’ «= lie. grey goose; You're <= lying. zufzti; 3ypanisn “kuris zurzia“ <= lies. zurzlius + br. -IBw. xarapki <= lie. Zagarai. x3rinui <= lie. Zaginiai. xBipdK ‘Zvyriukas’ <= lie. Zvyras + br. -6k, etc. At the same time, it is noteworthy that there are also some Lithuanianisms, which have not been heard elsewhere in Belarusian dialects, are more rare or not recognized by others, their meaning or unknown form of a word of Lithuanian origin previously recognized. Among them are: acdki ‘pastry’ (: Acdki acraibuua y kypax). It is noteworthy that this lexicon is used alongside another, of the same meaning, jy of the usual (and undoubtedly older) Lithuanianism arcnū ‘padding’ («= lit. impulsively 'e.g.'"). The word acaki is derived from lie. mouth, and its meaning due to the actual lexical lie. axakos [LKZ 12 333] and br. akcnx ‘‘sauces’ (see also lit. akstinai ‘sauces, small fish bones’ [LKZ 12 85)) similarity of the values by contamination taken from arcnH. Thus, acdki is a case of late Lithuanian substrate, which shows that Lithuanian is not completely forgotten in the investigated dialect and how with the loss of the language 117 loss of ir connection between word form and meaning. The ir jo form of Lituanism is not definitively Belarusised: the Lithuanian-typical plural is retained. Ganad ‘plepys, niektauza’ bansd xarépu (: — TpSmiup A36rOmM). Until recently, in Belarusian, Russian, Ukrainian Snektos, the lexicon Gauna ‘plepys, bastūnas, kvėša; kuoka, vézdas, didelis malūnas’ [fans, 42; CPHT, 2, 79; CBI',1, PBC, 57; some 43] etymologists suggest that it is a iš loanword from Turkish languages Gaara "axis" [3CPA, later 114], tries to doubt this tends to acknowledge its Eastern ir Slavic plural pronouns -da derivative, su related to ukr. Gamma ‘vézdas, stuobrys6 [Illaxc., ICBM, 34; thirds 292], consider the question of its origin definitively unresolved, its meanings are ‘plepys, o bastūnas, kvaiša“ and “kuoka, didelis malūnas“ as non-identical and accordingly distinguishes two homonymous 6ansa niches [ECYM, 126]. 6anaa relatives we recognize br. ir šnektų Ganasius 'to speak, to say,' 6axašc 'iSsiZiojélis, lazy,' 6anasc, Ganašcixa, Gajušciua, Ganascina, Ganašcimaua, Okuuyiaa, Ganayn, aGanayina 'a lazy man' [bamk., 81; 3 HapoA. cnoyH., 287; -Hapoa. cnosars., IOpu., 156; Despite their 49]. complexity, the available etymological interpretations are merely guesses of the East Slavic ir Gasuja does not actually solve the problem of origin, since it does not take any proof to refute, lexicon ar turkishism, ar ši ar ji a Slavic word, naturally grown in Slavic soil; in its meaning, expression and function obviously related to other su Slavic words. There is no serious basis, in our opinion, for considering both 6ana meanings — 'baston, whip' and 'cook, whip, large hammer' — as homonyms, if only because they are quite obviously motivated by one basic meaning — they have a common component. And that common component of their meaning —which is quite easily discernible- —is a certain sound emitted by the action of their Significant objects, connected with banging, knocking, noise (cf. plepys “who talks a lot and unnecessarily”, bastūnas ‘who is striking, hitting’, kvėša “who is hitting nobody”, hammer “a tool with which loudly forging”, kuoka “a thick stick for hitting, hitting” and so on). And this must be recognized as the interface of these meanings, their switch, only the meaning ‘plepys, bastūnas, kvėša’ is newer, metaphorically motivated by the older (of course, primary) ‘kiijis, kuoka, vézdas’. It would follow that all the meanings of the lexicon Gajiaa are probably related, and their expression form is common, and this is precisely one of the main conditions of etymological identification. The assertion that in interpreting the origin of each word its basic meaning is especially important allows to treat the Slavic Ganaa more realistic and reliable and gives the opportunity to try to put it into the context of the Baltic languages. This opinion is basically supported by the probably undoubtedly numerous relatives of its form and meaning, used in Baltic languages, e.g. ; lie. balda ‘balding, beating’, baldas stick or spike to scare fish“, savo baldu “savo protu“, baldyti(s) ‘knock(s- ), to slide, to walk’, baldūkas, bildūkas ‘who knocks, bilda; 6 U.S.C. However, this is also doubtful in connection with the UKR. Gamma 'fat', this is derived from the Turkish Gana 'boy' [ECYM 121]. 118 kaukas, kipšiukas“, baldūs ‘kratus’, voice "sound; žinia, gandas“, baldaštaras "big man', balduonis ‘nightingale’ belsti(s) ‘to ring’; loudly lively tell, speak; noise ir covering’, case su ‘language; garsas, balsas“, bilda išsiskėtėlis, kerėpla, žioplys“, bildas “kas bilda’, bilti speak to say“ [LKZ 12 589, 591, 592, 601, 739, 741, 815, 816, 817, 820]; la. baldzinat ‘to beat’, baldurét ‘to trick’, balstit ‘to beat’, balziėns ‘strong blow’, belzins "beating device", belzt ‘musti, suduoti“, belzėt ‘baladotis’, bilst “to say, to speak“ [ME 253, 278, 296]; pr. billit “to speak, to say“ [SV 151]. To the opinion that such a kinship between 6am balti ir bal(d)-/bel(d)-/bil(d)- root words possible quite possible, formal semantic ir obstacles, in our understanding, there are no. ir O This makes it easy to justify the idea that these related words belong to an etymologically homogeneous į group of lexical elements of Baltic origin. Gpunayni “dry, loose dung ingots on the cow’s sides” bpunaAyni (: BicAup y KapdBM kina xsacrd). The word is the clearest Lithuanianism, etymologically belonging to lie. brind-, brend-, brandšaknies“ šeimai, plg. ‘branda’ means ‘branka’; išdžiūvimas“, brandinti “drying, hardening“, brandūs, subrendę “dry, hard“, bréndéti ‘to bloat, to swell, to brinkti, to brėsti, to brėsti’, brėsti ‘džiūti, sausėti, storéti’, brindos ‘thick, hard seams, lace, creases; ‘Belly fat’ [LKŽ 12 993, 995, 1029, 1030, 1031, 1050-1051, 1059], plg. other of the same root br. Lithuanianisms, which have preserved the main lie. brind-, brend-, brandvalue, e.g., Opanaymka ‘sparva’ (it is usually swollen), Gpanaéna ‘plepé’, Gpanabniup ‘plepéti’, Opunia, Opsimaana, abprnsana, OGpuux ‘dykiinas, lazing, lazy’, Gpsinaaus, Gpsmmsiup ‘dykinéti, walkiotis’, GpeuAN, GpHHAXH, 6pūuxx "lace, ruffles, frills, wide pleats, torn clothes; crawling; 1998. „GpuEA3IONBbKa „sienono apačios apvadas“, OpsimAayJii ‘nériniai’, Opuna3ani ‘skarmalai’ [Bansk. 92-93; Cum. 1972, 60; 3 folder. neck. 293; It's gone. nexc. 40, 170, 193; Xp. cnosa 60; It's gone. cnosars. 7, 41, 86-87, Opa. 62; CBI’ 1 212-213, 228]. 7 CBI" 1 228 other paribiniy br. 100 mg/ day ų tų the same value Gpunayni all this I su one of the abundant lie. brind-, gain from the root of our earlier recognized Ta, gira) ano gos, laces“ and so on. «= lie. brindos 't.p." [EN 168-169], but this lituanism is considered insufficiently argumented for ru. data non-use and the connection of its meanings "walkata", "abdominal fat", "knotted, non-explanation [Jlaysu. 138). Preferred The addition of our conclusion o ją does not reject, pa This is well seen from ru. is a lie. comparison of the meanings of the lexems of this root, the relationship of meanings (and this is the most important) between ‘walkata’, ‘belly fakiné’, ‘nodular’ purines, it is clear and easy {See. The common component of all of them is the swelling, expansion, iSaking, iStiZing, iSpluring. And this is the undoubted connection of their meaning, their switch, for example, the abdominal sebaceous gland — the porous sebaceous palerina that surrounds the entire papilla; knitted — these are puffed, porous pins at the edges of the garment or fabric; valkata — is a person living a perverted life, not adhering to universally accepted moral or moral ias and breaking them. this common component of e, brin values is clear and ru. 6puna root oil. Let's say, ru. Lam 133; CPHI 3 218-219] Spiuaa meaning "lazy", as well as her relative Spiriaans, Spina Gums 'dykinéti, valkiotis be tikslo' undoubtedly lie. atliepiniai — brinda a ileidėlis, a ‘, brindzaitis (with inserted non-etymological z, cf. susizgribti ‘to grip’) langinys“ meaning élé’, as , well Gp "wide sleeves of a festive dress, lips, nos crying" direct lie. atliepiniai i "kovės pakaklés sagging skin', brindos 'unable to beat out the blade', knits, raukčiai, Salad ilvo taukiné, lips", brindzios rankoviy or skirt creases, brindotas 'with fat ribs blind blind', apsiribėti "apsmukti marškiniams iki kelių", brėsti 'to loosen, to become loose'; 6piiim meaning ‘who is capricious, self-centered’ and ‘self-centered’, as well as Gpūnaux ‘self-centered’, Gpunayx ‘who will succeed’ and others are available in Lithuanian. atliepiniai bręsti ‘to swell, to bloat, to thicken, to expand, to swell’, branda ‘to grow’, brandinti ‘to harden, to increase’, subrėndyti ‘to stiffen, to stiffen up’, subrėsti, užbrėsti "to swell up“. All this, in our opinion, undoubtedly reliable solid Slavic ir Arguments for Opsmavediniai Lithuanianness. 119 Gypra ‘piece’ (: Llsnyio Gypry cdjia azsaniy). Br., ru., ukr. The words Gypr, 6ypra “pile, heap, pile, heap, pile” [fam 144; Cuan 1972 63; CBI’ 1 244; bunk 95] in the dialects are still considered by etymologists as Germanisms, which came through the Poles («= German. Borte, Bord "edge, border, edges" [CPI 1 247; 3CBM 420; 3CYM 304]. However, such a classification is in fact impossible: semantics contradicts this —Gypr, 6ypra actually does not mean "edge, edge, border" of something, but the very "pile of things, heap, their abundance, piece of a solid thing" and thus has nothing in common with German. Borde, Bord could not have. In order to claim such an etymological connection, it is necessary to prove and justify this semantic transformation, but no etymology does so. And in fact it is difficult to do. Thus, the presentation Gypr, Gypra source of origin is certainly not that. Br. 6ypra is considered their bk. verbally [BPC 204], and in their dialects this lexicon is used in several other meanings, e.g.: “a pile of potatoes, beetroots, a pile of trousers, a big piece of something, a little thing (such as a toy) (CBI“ 1 244; Cuamx. 1983 69] and has a number of other active relatives, e.g. : Gyprasaus “to pile up”, Gyprašurasik “that which bloods into a heap”, 6yprauka, 6yprka, Gyprysėk “wooden elongated square saga“, 6Gypry:i» “a large thick worm“, Gypryni “a pile of wet clothes“, 6GyprykK ‘girnų sukutis’ ir etc. [CbI" 1 244; It's gone. what 107; It's gone. nerc. 15; IO0pu. 66; BPC 204]. CBI' 1 244 Gypr, Gypra is reasonably compared to lie. spelled “square piece of wood“. Neither the semantics nor the phonetics of the word hinder such comparison, and thus the recognition of these leksemy as undoubted Lithuanianisms. nė jo Lie. spelled, having an abundant root nest (e.g., squad ‘minia, krūva’, letters 'moving a į pile; narplioti; to throw; kicking", būriaū ‘gausiau’, būrystė ‘daugybé’, būrytis 'to gather, to cloud, to rage', būriūoti(s) ‘to assemble į a band, to stir up“, burtčlė, sortikė "lapelis tam su tikru tekstu“, burtena 'curl of spun yarn’, būrtikas ‘cut piece’, būrtotas ‘clumped’, būrtuotas languotas’, burtuklis, burtūkšlis ‘kas riebus’ ir etc. [LKZ 12 1185-1188, 1200-1201, 1203] as is a lexem that ir is ta borrowed only by related Latvian ne schnekts, e.g.: būra ‘pile, heap’, cage "a multitude, a heap" [ME but 358], all ir Eastern Slavs. Gyxanxi (sighs) "beanheads (: Screwed ax Knife y Gandue; XKyxanki su6asaup x46u). Nearby Miegūnų (br. t. Marynu) in the vicinity xyxanki ir already means ‘varliukus/[CbI' 2 154], o In the Belarusian dialect of the Trakai area there ir is a third name for the buffalo, — ryxanxi. [CBI’ 1 498]. It would probably be wrong to assume that these three very similarly sounding to names of the same object, which are used in parallel, with different irregular phonetics, are not ir related to each other, i.e. one ir to distorted forms of the word itself. O wrongful distortions of forms in all cases are caused by a loss of connection between the sound of the form and its ir meaning (for to ir suffering form). Clearest iš jų ir least distorted — 6yxanki, whose beginning, based on iš the jo essential semantics (as far as not nė contradicting geography jo morphology) ir sounding ir similarity, probably had to give lie. buckheads. In Belarusian they will first have acquired the Slavic diminutive suffix analogous case: lie. 120 ki (plg. mefité = br. MautSmKa ir pan. ). Later on, GydxraJiski continued to praise Slavic languages not very common -xrir - It's a blast. compounds for ease of pronunciation translated į -xir -1k-, the o unusual diphthong unified į y [plg. LKB 128]. Ir in this way lie. being headstrongly adapted to the Belarusian language structure will become Belarusian 6yxanki. Similar will happen ir su No. ryxanxi «= lie. for [ cephalopods, see LKB 128]. Be doubt, had to be a similar development of the xyxanki ir under consideration lie. iš beožgalviai, only here, possible object, the original could jų have been 8— wrongly changed due to regressive į x -xasimilation of the second syllable, perhaps for other reasons. o ir 6Yxška ‘metalinis dalgio galvos jtvaras’ (:; Bf»x5Ka — y Ear — There is no 1 such thing. It is a rare Lithuanianism derived from the iš same meaning lie. Butternut squash ‘grandelé, kojom dalgį įtveria’ [LKŽ 12 1169] ir acquired its current form br. in the soil. For the lie. root bulb = Gyxzr. LKB made 128. ‘Zioplys, vėplys, kvėša’ (: Ligynana asi, nacypdsina, namašinemkKa) lie. <= tap "Spider, Spider-Man, Spider-Woman". also known as kran (kran) or kranftina “who constantly squeals, whines’, Gaupytis “waiting“. ryrans (ryryns, ryréms) ‘the animal’s penis while still in the penis’. This is the sex most likely caused by contaminating lie. giggles (May) “the tender until the penis“ and br. kxykam (KYKYJIb, xykéns) ‘raugé’ [CBI’ 2 561]. Contamination is possible here. Both realities have recently withdrawn from use due to the advances in agriculture and local people (especially younger ones) are little known or heard of them. In addition to the decay of realities, they are quite similar in sound. gigel and br. kykans their names will have merged into one: gigelis will have transmitted to him its meaning and both Lithuanian sharp g roots (by which the latter can be etymologically determined). Thus, a new, unusual word, already Belarusian, common to both realities, ryrans (ryryas), appeared, clearly expanding its content, acquiring the meanings of both realities — ‘friend’ (: I'yranp —3apki uėpunua, azasith; Dyrėjns a6ipdaji na »xšira Y anršky; I'yryns BimnėčBsmM usinens) and ‘offerer’ (: I'yram Bacnčū —ranéyka Tada —aséuxi sayus; T yryjns msimaukami pacuéus; ryréms nepin pacuéup, a nasuéin —énauka). This clearly shows that the contacts of Belarusian and Lithuanian speakers in this area were very active, short, clearly having Belarusian direction and formed in the investigated speech new contamination elements rarely heard elsewhere. nanyuki “knitted- -out-of-threads” (: Manyuxi —Tdnauki A3EumAM 3 Hira). A relatively rare deminutive derivative with the suffix -ki-<= br. nanyui “slippers made of straw, yarn” and so on. Br. nanyui now somewhat more frequently occurs in paribinėse with Lithuania in conversation [CBI’" 3 466]. Sen. ru. k. recorded sex nénysu ‘apavas’, derived from the Turkish papuč ‘shoe’ [9CPA 3 203], could not be phonetically br. nanyui, namyuxi relative (ru. -fig. retained, only cured [PfIB 406, 408]. Undoubtedly, Mr. the lexical relatives of nanyui, manyuki are lie. Snakes 'leputés knitted ar from yarn cords' [LKZ 9 391] « pamipti, when the nasal of the root disappears, cf. of the same origin lie. potatoes [LEW 536]. 121 as en), e.g., kpuuras JiicT. This is shown by the universality of such a transformation characteristic of the Lithuanian language: an, in en» un, the law worked ne only while Lithuanian was spoken here, but later. ir Prefix against I type vowels in e Lithuanianisms used here (as ir elsewhere in Eastern Highland Lithuanian dialects) is hard, o e e.g., į a, naraci lie. «= intestine. lagčs'ai -legėsiai, nnackdai (nnackani) < lie. intestine. flaky ~ dandruff, as well as Jlūuryn «= lies. intestine. Lufitupi's «= lie. intestine. Lafitupis (plg. neighbouring eastern Dzūkijos schnektos Isdas - I'll go to the hospital, too. ~ ~kiatlé, dzi.dels ~didelé — LKT 353, 354, 394). Priebalsis n (hard soft), ir going before the palatal as in the whole k, g, Lithuanian ir language, here is pronounced with a clear palatal su shade (all Slavic words have this shade, e.g. ir Génenpki ‘white’, učuenbLKasm ‘touched’, a6xnenbkan ‘sudzitivuté’, imripunik ‘wingy’, Kapduembki ‘short’, kanéubki ‘narrow’) (e.g. straw)“, kpicuenskia ‘red beetles’, Jlireiuki ‘village name’, pexauki ‘autumn beetle’, pyskini ‘beetle’, cndasenski ‘sweet beetle’, mypnduenskin ‘harsh’, panepudnka (saponidnka) ‘valerian’, Biurpa “the name of the river”, 3aapésenski ‘the swift’, xanasduka (iron snake), xHpHeHKiaA ‘fats’, etc. ir This consonant n pronunciation indicates that the substrate of the present Belarusian schnekta was certainly Lithuanian, still plg. Turkey 75, 90, 94-95, 108, 111, 215-216, 2 193-194. In the phonetic system of schnekta lituanisms is reflected quite well and the first feature of the Dzūkų language of the — Lithuanian ¢, schnekta, which has disappeared here, the Afrikaans dz> c, dz before a, u type vowels — typical of adjacent Lithuanian East Dzūkų dialects (see LKT 352, 353, 394; LKA 94-96, map 80). Lithuanianisms such as axéus 'aquatic', Byuasiuw 'village name', ùynana 'vépla', Į3iasacėm 'Big Island', Asayrynu 'village name', I'p6asa B63spa, Camaniua- 'marsh name', Ceinudnn, crOuaBamup 'beating eggs out of the deprived', etc., show that they must have originated from the local Lithuanian šnektas of the used genders "akuščcai, " Bi.c'aviec- 'ai, "c'aūpala, "Dz'augūnai, "Grūodz'- a' ažeras, " Samanic'- a, " Švincani'- s, "stac'ūoc, etc., which, being Belarusianized, eventually became the current ones. The second characteristic of Lithuanian dzūkavimas —č, dž> ¢, dz before i, ie—has undoubtedly also existed in the extinct Lithuanian dialect (this is confirmed by the data of our research from the adjacent Lithuanian Jūravo and Ramaškoniai dialects, e.g., pajilgūoci ‘long’, scipinai ‘stipinai’, sėdzi ‘sitting, tuping’, also cf. LKT 394), but it is not possible to decide anything about this from the phonetics of the available lituanisms because of the coincidence with this type of dzūkavimas characteristic of the Belarusian language. Among the accentological Lithuanianities, it is necessary to mention the strongly-- started Lithuanian prefix of their mixed diphthongs, which is clearly audible in schnekta Lithuanianisms. Here, as in neighbouring Lithuanian dialects, the first syllable of such diphthongs is elongated, e.g., Ilu6y.jiscri pvd., ay Jibka ‘dulkés’, Jlitei.uki “village name”, Mi.pkaimxi “village name”, My.nuasiuw “village name”, Pš. "PvP". pvp.com. Mmuxa ‘pvd.’, Lace “village name in Lithuania“, cf. lie. intestine. svi.rka's ~ Svirkos, Bi.urpa “the name of the river“ and others. In the prepositional syllables of Lithuanianisms tvirtagalés, the analogous elongation of the second sando is not heard, e.g., bpynra, GypGanxi, Jlūnryns, etc. 128 Probably due to the influence of the Lithuanian language, three of the nouns in the schnekta are of the same family ar to the same number as the ir corresponding Lithuanian words, e.g., rpebbens, plg. lie. rake, other br. 100 mg ir ju lk. hpaGxi; nėani, plg. lie. Liver, other br. 100 mg ir jų lk. néuams; TriCA4K ( ABa, vyr. g.), plg. lie. thousand, br. Tequila. Iš syntax elements of Lithuanian origin mentioned here lively used some Lithuanian constructions, which in other Belarusian dialects ir jų I'm going. unknown. This is primarily the Lithuanian origin of the part, e.g. Méuexa aBésax Kynina; Ilpdumvu before she grew Gund; Ēcup y Manė macyxamusx ira, plg. lie. He bought sheep, br. Aesculus hippocastanum. Characteristic of this 3the ir construction of an indefinite number of nobles, whose object is limited by time duration (short), e.g., [assim Mee kančceaš; Jan mie KHaxA. Ši construction for Slavic languages, in general, seems unknown. Ją in all cases replaced by a suffix, e.g. br. Ilastius We're the cykeuky. But quite ji analogous to the eastern For construction widely used in Lithuania, type Borrow me a knife (horse, axe), plg. LKG 24-25. In this phrase, the pronoun of a ir clearly Lithuanian origin is used, e.g., [lpuméy xaud; "Illuminati, X-Men, X-Men: Days of Future Past" (PDF). lie. Bulviy came, br. llpumoy na xand (3a xaunéwm) ir kt. In comparison, here lively used past participle constructions of verbs, performing the functions of the nominal participle in the sentence, e.g., fI sacHyymn Omy; buy namodyma y mroėny; Ilpupäämu Oy sswuék; Alna Gna npsBČIuH NAuL kine; Tara Owy aGabiymm cxypan et al. The structures were probably taken from the extinct Lithuanian schneck. They are still used in Lithuanian today, but in Slavic languages they have been replaced by verb forms. In our opinion, the fact that they are indeed values of the corresponding Lithuanian constructions could also be confirmed by the saying fl Bayk4 He Bimseymmn, a mamkd TO — BimBejia: AK KOT, which is a postpositional repetition of a purely Lithuanian sentence, which we also recorded in the Lithuanian village of Jūravo Vilka“ aš neasū ma't'us, a šešku' mat'aū —kap kacinas [see also Balt. 63]. The remaining Lithuanian dialects have not become stagnant. They are constantly changing, Belarusising, slowly becoming imperceptible, their semantics is worn out and distorted, Lithuanianisms are decreasing. The diphthong uo, which is foreign to Belarusians, is most often translated as o (I'péa3a BOė3Apa, ak6us), but it can also be translated as y (apya, Gyxanka, GOyxška); Lithuanian au —to oy (:JI6yxica ėyrapa), to a (kakapauki) or to y (kyxapduki); bivowel ai —to a (: nuaCKAHI, naack6ms); ei —in 3 (: TpSunojiLbKa) and so on. Some consonants (Byuasiuw, Csipaxm, pšūcru) are hardened under the influence of Slavic phonetics. In addition to the lexicon Kunimu, middle generation representatives say also KJišIuma, next to BAIUIa, sannasiTu, Bipuind, nanwuyk only more often heard saying dna, BannasiTH, Bapulnd, JiannIyK etc. The Lithuanian name of the village is Marynu, some people already pronounce it as Mahyxnu, and the winding, winding traps here are generally called only ixcsd, iHTipkiuKiK, NACTKA. From two lexems of different genders and meanings sometimes one with both meanings is formed (for ryrams «rirém and xykans»), it happens when the forgotten own meaning of the lexem acquires the meaning of another word ar ne ir 129 ir ji (acdki lie. « ašakos used in the meaning of ‘padings- ’) and others. All this shows that, as they approach the system of Belarusian language, the more and more these schnekt borrowed words distance themselves from their original source, the more the connection weakens or is completely broken. 7. Conclusions In the article the emergent characteristics of the Belarusian schneck of Kamojai area are important for Lithuanian studies in several respects. The vocabulary of Lithuanian origin used here is closely related to the life of the peasants of the neighboring Lithuanian territories, their production, household, customs, culture. Undoubtedly, it is all part of the common vocabulary of the Belarusian dialect and the neighboring Lithuanian dialects. It is essentially spread throughout the Slavic dialect zone of the Lithuanian-| Belarusian linguistic border and is a living witness confirming the Lithuanian substrate of the present dialects of those territories. At the same time, several new Lithuanianisms have been introduced here, not recorded elsewhere in the Belarusian dialects bordering Lithuania. This acdki ‘pasta’, Gpunayni ‘uzdzitive manure ingots on the cow Sony’, 6ypra ‘piece’, 6yxanki buožgalviai“, 6yx3ka ‘metal head bracket’, ùynana ‘veil’, nanyuki "of yarn knitted Cempés', homemade ‘what is being mocked’, cra644 ‘miss’, muinėus ‘snoring’, xyxanki ‘buoZheads’ etc. ir All this shows that the investigated Belarusian dialect here was formed on the basis of Lithuanian substrate. 2. Lexical semantic values of ir Lithuanian origin written in the dialect, e.g. némka pémkamu c ‘polka su rags’, xajimaAuKa ‘iron snake’, usiuéup ‘to blossom (crops)’, xizdup ‘to throw (potatoes)’; throw (tooth)“, mamycuf ‘to swim (to crop) etc., ir reflecting, among other be things, ethnographic features of people’s life, confirm traces of Lithuanian substrate. 3. Many of the names of places used here are water names, village names, small toponyms, — as well as anthroponyms, e.g., Eaynuu “village name”, I'ipsian “field name”, JI6ykica ¢yrapi field name“, Kūpa "ditch name', CaManiua "forest name" ir etc., indicate that Lithuanians lived here. Šį This statement ir was confirmed by some informants of the schnets, jų who admitted ir that their parents, grandparents and great-grandparents spoke Lithuanian. 4. The phonetic system of the Schnekt still contains some elements of the phonetics of the Lithuanian language. Thus, here remains intact the Baltic long word š; stem of the double an, en> un, and the consonain nt before n k, g Lithuanian palatal pronunciation ne only in lituanisms, but in Slavic ir words. In Lithuanianisms, the strong-beginning preposition of mixed diphthongs, prolonging the first syllable, is clearly heard, as are jų some remains of syntactic constructions of Lithuanian morphology. ir All this undoubtedly shows that in this territory the assimilated Lithuanian dialect belonged to the dialect of the eastern Dzūkijos pointinists. 130 Literatūra LLT Ipunaseuxene 3. Ū., Mauxesus 10.0. Hexotophie neoOhrunsie MUKPOCHCTEMH B AMAJIEKTHOČ CrpykType Genopycakoro roBopa Okpecrnocreši Onca // Baltistica, 1979. T. 15 (1). P. 52-65. Benapycka-pycki cnoykix. Muna, 1988. T. 1. Būga K. Rinktiniai raštai. V., 1961. T. 3. Bausrenių LK. Kpagsu cnoykxix ycxommsmi Marin8ymysmn. Misc, 1970. am B. Tonkosui C10Baph XHMBOrO BEJMKOMO pycckoro s3K6Ka. Mocksa, 1955. T. 1. IrhManarivey coy Gemapyckad MOBH. Miuck, 1978. T. 1. Oacmep M. Srumonoruueckuii CIOBaps PYOCKOro mua. T. 1. M., 1964; T. 3. M., 1971.. Omumanariusni croix ykpalucskol MoBu. Kunis, 1982. T. 1. IOpuanxa I'.®. Hapoanae suTsOpHae cioga. A-JL. Mincx, 1981. Kartowicz J., Kryfiski A. Niedžwiedžki W. Slownik języka polskiego. Warszawa, 1902. T. 2; 1915. T. 6. Lietuvos TSR administracinio-teritorinio suskirstymo žinynas. V., 1976. D. 2. Jlaysiore 10.A. Cnosaps Gajiru3MOB B CJIaBAHCKHX mukax. Jleaunrpas, 1982. Laumane B. Zivju nosaukumi latviešu valoda. Riga, 1973. Fraenkel E. Litauisches etymologisches Worterbuch. Heidelberg-Gottingen, 1955-1962. Lietuviy kalbos atlasas. V., 1982. T. 2. Grinaveckienė E., Mackevič J. Kai kurios baltarusių lituanizmy fonetikos ypatybės / /Lietuviy kalba ir bilingvizmas. V., 1988. P. 123-131. Lietuviy kalbos gramatika. V., 1976. T. 3. Lietuvių kalbos tarmės (Chrestomatija). V., 1970. Lietuvių kalbos žodynas. T. 12. V., 1968; T. 9. V., 1973. Grinaveckienė E. Buivydžių apylinkių (Vilniaus raj.) lenkų šnektos lituanizmai // 131 LT Mb Hapoa. nexc. Hapoa. cnosa Hapoa. cjioBaTB. — PBC PAB CB CPHT Cuamx. 1983 sv TCBM Turska 3 HapoA. CNOYH. Kus. cosa 132 Lietuviy leksikos ir terminologijos problemos. V., 1991. P. 47-64. Lietuvių pavardžių žodynas. T. 1. V., 1985; T. 2. V., 1989. I'punaseuxene J., Mauxesus 10.0., Pomanosus E.M., YeGepyx E.H. burosasn JIEKCHKA JIHTOBCKOTO NPOMCXOXACHHA B 3anayHOA Benopyccuu. / /Lietuviy terminologija. V., 1975. P. 163-202. Mikparananimia Benapyci. Mincx, 1974. Miilenbachs K. Latviešu valodas vardnica. Papildinajis, rediggjis, turpinajis J.Endzelins. Riga, 1923. T. 1. Mūsų kalba. V., 1989. Sas. 5. Kviklys B. Miisy Lietuva. Lietuviy enciklopedijos leidykla. Cikaga, 1964. Hapoanaa nexcixa. Minx, 1977. Hapoanae cnosa. Minck, 1976. Hapoanaa cnosarsopuacus. Minck, 1979. Mosmcxue ropopu. Munck, 1973. T. 1-2. Pyccko-6enopycexuii ciosaps. Munck, 1982. T. 1. Pyocknū A3KK B benopycoun. Munck, 1985. Cnoyxnix Genapycxix rasopak nayHOYHA—-3aXOAHAN Benapyci i se narpaniyya. Mincx, 1979-1986. T. 1-5. Cnosaps pycoxux HapoaHsix ropopos. Jlemmurpas, 1966. Bun. 2; 1968. Bun. 3. Cuamxosių T.O. Maropuanu Aa cioyuixa T'pomencrai pobnacul. Mincx, 1972. Cuamxosia T.®. Cnoyuix I'pomencxain soGnacul. Mincx, 1983. Endzelins J. Senprūšu valoda. Riga, 1943. Illancxauū H.M. u ap. Kparkuū 3THMOJIOTH4EeCKHŪ cnosaps pycckoro muka. M., 1971. Tnymauajibhni Cioykix Genapycxan moss. Minck, 1977-1984. T. 1-5. Turska H. O powstaniu polskich obszaréw jezykowych na WilefiszczyZnie. Wilno, 1939. Zinkevičius Z. Lietuvių kalbos kilmė. V., 1984. T. 1. 3 uapoanara cnoynika. Minck, 1975. XKusoe cnosa, Mina, 1978. JINTYAHU3MH B BEJIOPYCCKOM TI'OBOPE OKPECTHOCTEH KOMAM IIOCTABCKOT'O P-HA BEJIOPYCCHH Peziome 1. B roBope ynorpeGnseman nexcuka JMMTOBCKOTO NPOMCXOXACHHUA ABIACTCA HEOTBEM/ICMOA 4ACTbIO JIEKCHKH COCEAHMX JIMTOBCKHX TOBODOB, HAXOAALIKMXCA KAK HA Teppuropun Jlarsu, Tax u Benopyccuu. Wave recHo camsama C XM3HLIO, GHTOM, OOLNAAMM H KEYLING DEPTHpOR BOCTO4HO-BYKINTAATCKOTO JIMTOBCKOTO Cea H, Kpome Npo4ero, TOBOpHT O TOM, 4TO ASHKOBAA CHCTeMa HMCCIIegyeMOTo Genopycckoro rosopa 340Cb 0o6pa30BaJiacb Ha OCHOBE JIATOBCKOrO CyGcTpaTa. 2. B crarbe M3yuaeMue JIMTOBCKHE NIEKCHYECKHE MH CEMAHTH4ECKHE KAJIbKH rosopa. OTpaxAaIOT TAXI HEOCNOPHUMHE CJieJH JIKTOBCKOTO CybcTpara. 3. Hemanas wacts mccneayeMmux coGCTBEHHMX WMEH - Ha3BaHMA AepeBHEH, TMADOHHMOB, ypOYMIl, TaKXe $aVALUE HOCHTENIeA IroBOpa - ABJIAIOTCA JIMTOBCKOIO NPOHCXOXACHMA H NOATBEPXJAIOT METHOD O TOM, 9TO HA HCCOJIEJYEMON TepPUTOpHH CPaBHMTENIbHO B HEAAaBHOM NMpOLIJIOM XWAM JIKTOBUKM. JlaHHOE nONOXeHue NOATBEPXKAAET MH HEKOTOPHE MECTHHE MHPOPMAHTH TMOBOpa, NpH3HAIOLIME, 4TO NPOXKHBABIIME 3A6Ch UX OTUH, AEAN M NpajeAH TOBODHIH NO JIMTOBCKH. 4. B m3mKOBO/ I WANT a robot AO CHX NOP COXPaHWIMCh TAXI H HEKOTOpHE QIEMEHTH JINTOBCKOA GOHETHKH, aKLEHTYauuu, PRAYEROTHH H CHHTaKCHCa. Ha ocrose HCCieAyeMoro GoraToro MaTepuana B CTaTheé JAENIAETCA NpeANOJIOXEHHE, 4TO = cyOCTpaTHNA JMTOBCKMA TOBOP, HA OCHOBE KOTOPOrO CQOPMMPOBAJICA MCCIEAYEMHi Genopycckuit rosop, GU JIMTOBCKMA IOBOp BOCTOYHO-aYKIITAATOB NYyHTHHHHKOB XKANMHHHKOB A3YKOB. LITUANISMS IN THE BELORUSIAN MUNDART OF THE KAMOI REGION (PASTAVI DISTRICT, BELORUSSIA) Summary The lexical and semantic translational loanwords as well as some phonetic and grammatical elements of Lithuanian origin in the Kamoi dialect are examined. They testify to the fact that this dialect as a substrate of the Lithuanian eastern-Uktai dialect (the Puntininkai - Zadininkai - Dzūkai) is underlying. 133