Назвы грыбоыў у беларусска–лiтоўцким пагранiчы (баравiк, асавiк, порхаўка)

LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI, XXX (1993) PERIFERINĖS LIETUVIŲ KALBOS TARMĖS I. Ya. YASHKIN NAMES OF MUSHROOMS IN THE BELARUSIAN–LITHUANIAN BORDERLAND (Boletus, aspen bolete, puffball) Materials on mushroom names were collected in the territory of Belarus under field conditions and also selected from dialectological, historical, and archival sources (more than 2,200). The names of mushrooms in Lithuania are known to us only from the Atlas of the Lithuanian Language (Lietuvių kalbos atlasas. Vol. 1. Leksika. Vilnius, 1977. Maps Nos. 97, 98), from a Russian–Lithuanian translation dictionary (Русско–литовский словарь. Vilnius, 1982–1985. Vols. 1–4), and from archival materials (Russian Geographical Society — РГТ, collection 34, 1873. Manuscript Department of the Research Library of Vilnius University). The zone of Belarusian–Lithuanian interaction between dialects and the expansion of Belarusian and Lithuanian areas is distinguished along the western border of the Belarusian-speaking area and the Lithuanian-speaking area in eastern Lithuania. The РГТ materials indicate that the western boundary of the spread of mushroom names in the Belarusian area was formed by those dialects in which people in the territory of present-day Lithuania speak “in the ordinary way”—in Belarusian. The materials of the same РГТ and other sources indicate the eastern boundary of this zone, specifically the Astravets, Voranava, and Braslaw districts, where Lithuanian mushroom names are recorded. According to archival materials, the Belarusian–Lithuanian zone consisted of the eastern parts of the former Vilnius and Kaunas gubernias within the Russian Empire. The mushroom names recorded by teachers and priests in their responses to question No. 22 of the РГТ program appear not to be calques from Russian; they are local. Archival materials (F. 34) provide a complete picture of mushroom growth in this region and testify to the abundance of mushroom grounds in the 19th century. Compare: "A pine forest on sandy soil extending for 20 versts in the vicinity of... the Zabor’ye estate, rich ("изобилует") in mushrooms...", "In one year there may be a great multitude of berries and mushrooms..." (Khatentsytskaya vol. of the Vilna district). There were so many mushrooms that people paid their dues with them. Thus, in the Vilnius gubernia: “For the right to gather mushrooms in Countess Udutskaya’s forests... [one] must deliver to the administration of the Countess’s Zhaludok estate 3 pounds of dried mushrooms” (Orlya parish, Lida district). In productive years (such was 1872), “the peasants abandon fieldwork, as it is less profitable, and devote all their time to gathering mushrooms” (Troki district, Vilnius gubernia). In Vilnius district, in a productive year, a pound of dried porcini mushrooms cost “several kopecks”; a sheaf 70 of dried porcini mushrooms in Sventsyany cost 10–15 kopecks, while a sheaf of fresh porcini mushrooms cost 10 to 15 kopecks in Oshmyany district. Over the summer, one woman earned 25–30 rubles in Dinaburg district. Peasant women sold up to a pood of mushrooms in Nikolaev parish, Disna district. One cannot fail to note the wealth of porcini mushrooms when reading the following testimony of a contemporary: “It is impossible even approximately to determine how many poods of them (mushrooms) are sold: last year (1872), five people from the village of Martynkantsy (=Martsiankonis) of Varnitsy parish purchased more than 300 poods for resale, but this quantity apparently constitutes no more than half of the mushrooms actually sold” (Troki district, Vilnius gubernia). Vilnius was supplied with mushrooms from Troki and Sventsyany districts (Collection 34, p. 461, fol. 96). Archival materials indicate localities renowned for their abundant mushroom grounds. In the Kovno Governorate there were two: 1. Panevėžys District; 2. the town of Kėdainiai (=Kėdainiai). In the Vilna Governorate, 14 such areas were counted: Khatentsytskaya vol. of the Vilna district (=Khadenchytsy, Vileyka District, Minsk Region), Hermanishskaya vol. of the Vilna district (=Hermanishki, Gudagaisky Village Council, Astravyets District, Grodno Region), Krasnaselskaya vol. of the Vilna district (=Krasnaye Selo, Zalolsky Village Council, Karelichy District, Grodno Region), Vileyskaya vol. of the Vilna district (=Vilna District, Minsk Region), Shchuchynskaya vol. of the Lida district (=Shchuchyn District, Grodno Region), the town of Orly, Orlyanskaya vol. (on both banks of the Neman) of the Lida district (=Vorlya, Shchuchyn District, Grodno Region), Konyovskaya vol. of the Lida district (=Kanyavichy, Ozersky Village Council, Grodno District, Grodno Region), Beniakonskaya vol. of the Lida district (=Benyakoni, Voranava District, Grodno Region), Parplitskaya vol. of the Vilna district (=Porplishcha, Dokshytsy District, Vitebsk Region), Myaretskaya vol. of the Troki district (=Merkinė, Varėna District, Lithuania), Aranskaya vol. of the Troki district (=Varėna District, Lithuania), Mikolayevskaya vol. of the Disna district (=Mikalayeva, Kaziany Village Council, Braslaw District, Vitebsk Region), Khalkholskaya vol. of the Vilna district (=?), Kamayskaya vol. of the Sventsyany district (= Kamay, Pastavy District, Vitebsk Region). Local residents also identified those localities where mushrooms grow but do not support a commercial harvest, as well as places where they grow poorly because of unfavorable natural conditions. For analysis, only the Belarusian-speaking zone is considered; it is now situated predominantly within Belarus and partly within Lithuania and Latvia. Boletus edulis in this zone, according to contemporary and archival materials (1873), is called baravik; compare: borovik—Orany parish, Troki district, Vilnius gubernia—the villages of Martsiankons and Zhuratish (=Martsiankonis and Zhurėi—Collection 34, p. 480, fol. 11); boroviki—Vilnius district and gubernia (Collection 34, pp. 386, 519, fols. 45, 76), in the village of Charemyshcha, Zanaratskaya parish, Sventsyany district, Vilnius gubernia (Collection 34, p. 462, fol. 26), Grauzhishki parish, Oshmyany district, Vilnius gubernia (Collection 34, p. 377, fol. 3), Vileika, Lauhinava, and Serbishki parishes, Vileika district, Vilnius gubernia (Collection 34, pp. 506, 499, 503, fols. 3, 4b); buroviki—Shchuchyn parish, Lida district, Vilnius gubernia (Collection 34, p. 435, fol. 7b). 71 The name baravík is now a scientific literary term in the Lithuanian standard language, tikrinis baravykas ‘common cep, Boletus edulis’ (Russian–Lithuanian Dictionary. Vol. 1. p. 419). We do not know the geographical distribution of the name baravík in Lithuania; apparently, it is widespread there and has a substitutive character. In Belarus, the name baravík occupies almost the entire territory, except for the south of the republic. In Polesie, the name baravík is known as a substitutive term, whereas the traditional name gryb ‘cep’ is used. In the territory of Voranava District, Grodno Region, which borders Lithuania, the name for the cep baltatargýb is known; it is a Lithuanianism. In the Lithuanian standard language, the name baravík also forms part of the names of the orange-cap boletus (aspen bolete) – baravykas raudonviršis, the birch bolete – baravykas lepšė, the late slippery jack – baravykas kazlėkas, the summer slippery jack – šilinis baravykas, the gypsy mushroom – žalsvasis baravykas, the Polish mushroom – rudakepūris baravykas, the oak bolete – baravykas praqžuolis, the gray bolete – tamprusis (raudonkūtis) baravykas, and others. On the other hand, the Lithuanianisms in Belarusian dialects include ráŭdanik ‘aspen bolete’, kubizdel ‘puffball’, and others. Map no. 98 of the Atlas of the Lithuanian Language gives the names chyrvonahalovikaŭ raudonviršis, raudonaviršis, raudoniūkas, raudõnis, raudõnius, raudõnė, raudõngalvis, raudõngalvė, raudõnagrybis, raudõnlepšė, raudonlepšis, raudõnbaravykis, raudonukė, raudonūkas ‘red cep, aspen bolete’. Of all these synonyms, only the last name ráŭdanik is used in the neighboring Voranava District. On the same map, Lithuanian colleagues recorded raudonikas (raudoniūkas) in Lithuania, in localities 650 (Tudaliai, Šalčininkai District), 665 (Kapiūkai—the village of Gerviškiai rural council, Šalčininkai District), and 666 (Šabičyninkai). In the neighboring Voranava District of Grodno Region, at localities VI (Voranava), VII (Nacha), and VIII (Radun), they also recorded raudonikis alongside these forms. In the village of Posalč, Benyakoni rural council, Voranava District, this mushroom is called ráŭdanik (reported by I. V. Voynich, a research fellow of the Academy of Sciences of Belarus). All these names for chyrvonahalovikaŭ form a single local zone in Lithuania and Belarus. During a dialectological expedition (1989) in Švenčionys District (Rakava village), which borders Pastavy District of Vitebsk Region, we also discovered that local Belarusians call the mushroom Leccinum aurantiacum chyrvonahaloviki, whereas local Lithuanians call it ráŭdonahalvyai (plural nominative). Each speaks their native language, and they understand one another without an interpreter. For the mushroom Lycoperdon, in southwestern Belarus there is the neutral name bzdziuha. The same name is widespread in Ukraine—bzd’iúkha—and in northeastern Poland (Suwałki Region, part of Masuria and Podlasie)—bździuch (bździucha)—whereas in Lithuanian dialects the forms are kukiūržedis, kubiždelis. In the dialects of neighboring Voranava District, the Lithuanianism kubizdel ‘puffball’ is used. 72 The same motivation is observed in some Belarusian and Lithuanian mushroom names, of the type green moss mushroom — žalsvasis baravykas ‘greenish cep’; pine cep, bluefoot — šilbaravykis, ginger — rūdmesė ‘reddish mushroom’, red mushroom — tikrinis baravykas. The names of mushrooms in Belarus form a continuous area and also have their own zonal systems. In the borderland, layers from different languages are observed. The commonality of the names of some mushrooms testifies to the preservation of a more ancient state (of the type of Balto-Slavic unity), as well as to mutual influences within the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (XIII — XVIII centuries). In the border zone, names of mushrooms in Belarusian and Lithuanian forms, corresponding to the languages in contact, are also reflected in the geographical names of settlements (villages, small hamlets, manors) in the former Vilnius and Švenčionys districts of Vilnius Governorate (1905): Borovikina (small hamlet) of Bystrica Municipality, Borovikinin—Lith. Baravykynė (manor) of Širvintos Municipality, Ryzhishki—Lith. Rūžiškė (village) of Tverečius Municipality, Švenčionys District. The lexeme gryb is also recorded in the Vilnius region in the following geographical names: Grybiny—Lith. Grybėnai (small hamlet) of Maladzyechna and Vilnius districts, Grybishki—Lith. Grybiškiai (village) of Maladzyechna District, and others. NAMES OF MUSHROOMS IN THE BELARUSIAN–LITHUANIAN BORDERLAND (baravykas ~ баравік, raudonviršis ~ аса́вік, pumpotaukšlis ~ порхаўка) Abstract Data on mushroom names in the Belarusian and Lithuanian border zone were collected from various written sources. The common (of Slavic origin) name baravykas ~ баравік is fairly widespread. Only in Polesia is baravykas called simply grybas ~ грыб. That similar phenomena also occur in the Lithuanian borderland dialects is shown by the Lituanism балтаgr yб recorded in the Varenavo district. The variant of raudonviršis, raudonikis, raudonikas ~ аса́вік, падасінавік, has also been borrowed by the Belarusian dialect of Varenavo: рауданік. That pumpotaukšlis ~ порхаўка is called by the dialectisms kubizdelis, kubezdalis, and the like in the Lithuanian and Belarusian zone is shown by the widespread Lituanism кубіздель in the Varenavo district. The border zone also abounds in geographical names of settlements derived from mushroom names, for example, Grybėnai ~ Грыбяны, a village in the Molėtai district; Grỹbiškiai ~ Грыбішкі, a village in the Molėtai district; Baravykynė ~ Боровикина, a manor farm in the Širvintos district; Rūžiškė ~ Рыжишки, a village in the Švenčionys district. 73