Kalbotyros pastabos

LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS, XXXI (1994) LANGUAGES STANDARDIZATIONS QUESTIONS SIMAS KARALIŪNAS KALBOTYROS COMMENTS* 9. Dial. arine Arūnas "sponge, sponge" narrowly used (Tvr, Dglš, SIk) Eastern word (LKŽ I! 261, I2 323). Northwest Belarusian dialects have žapyn „kempinė, kempė“, vedamą iš *20pyn ir linkable su sheet. *goréti "burn"! (for semantic connections cf. vok. Zunder "braid, sponge" near ziinden “to ignite, to ignite”). Iš here lit. dial. arfinas will ir be borrowed (because of g-, pronounced spirantically [h], dropping plg., e.g., adyna ‘valanda’ < in Baltic. 200una; Arielka “vodka” < baltar. 2opiates; udon ,worth’ < baltar. 200morti). 10. Brewery, brewery Water names Bravares (river, Vilkija), Bravar-ditis (river, Jurbarkas, right , tributary of Mituva), Bravar-iūkas (river, Kražiai, Kražantės int.), Bravar-upis (river, Lizuva, Vadaksties left int.) ir Briain (ež., Semeliškės) and Briaun-iūkas (ež., Semeliškės)?, as it seems, hides in itself the oldest name of the source of one iš of the oldest Indo-European concepts of vital importance. — — *bhréy-r su alternating x stem *breu-n-* (gr. -aT0€ pragr. < *oops, arm. atbiur, atbiur "source", possibly also vid. Irish tipra ‘source’ if: iš s. Irish *type < *to-ek's-brčur, gen. sing. printed < *to-ek’s-bhréun-tos). The brilliant trunk exactly su matches the ide. *breu-n-* (éu became iau in Baltic languages- ), but has changed the intonation of the root (ide. *breu-nb- > alt. *bridun-). Bravaras ir et al. from ide. Prolytes *bhréu-r differs in degrees of — vocalism from zero root vocalism (*-éu-) : *-ouliet. > -av-) in the ir normal case of stem vowels (*-r-) : *orliet. > ar). This division of the ir degrees of vocalism of the root stem corresponds su to the oldest ide. noun type E. Benveniste found that if the stem consonant has a vowel of the normal degree of vowel change, the root has a vowel of the diminished degree, and vice versa. ir He's coming. source name, as can be seen, is a heteroclitic conjugation, which was characterized only by different ne * See the beginning. Issues of Lithuanian area linguistics: Lithuanian Linguistics. V., 1977, T. 17. P. 207—209; continuation: Problems of terminology in ir Lithuanian lexicon: Lithuanian Linguistics. V., 1991. T, 29, P. 65—79, | DrsiMajiariuksi CJIošHIK Gerapyckai MOBbI. Mincx, 1985. T. 3. C. 65. * Lietuvos The Lakes of the ir TSR. V., 1963. P. 21, 22, — Brayūr-upis, ir Brayūr-upis et al. link with su Slavism bravoras, brūvaras "distillery ar brewery" (Vanagas A. Etymological dictionary of Lithuanian hydronyms. V., 1981. P. 69) is a folk etymology. * BenBenucTr D. The new Spanish word is cnosoobpasoranne. M., 1955, C. 50, 205 t.t. 125 stem consonants (r/n) alternance, but also vowel change in the paradigm of accent ir jumping (*breu-y | *brow-gold : *breu-n-). Iš here it becomes clear' accent variation in Lithuanian: Bravaras | Bravar-upis. If these reasonings are correct, the Lithuanian language should have preserved the Indo-European source name, we could reconstruct the lexical ir system of the Baltic conversation *brau-dr | *brush-n-* “source”, because the actual names of the source source, source, source (: cold), verdėnė, versmė < *ver-smē (: lat. "Spring, Spring, Spring, Spring" is a popular catchphrase. , 11. Dial. Swan In the news (1905. No. 279) used word swan "shooter's boot" LKŽ III 705: ..... we, the dark ones, beat them with fists of gun ir swans." F. Kuršaitis savo "German-- Lithuanian Dictionar- (1874 y" m.) gives in-rolling "to put a gun in a į tree trunk (schūften eine Rifle)" (II swan 146). "shooter's boot" su with its guided in-crawl, as well as "Lietuvių enciklopedija" refers to (V 1326) swan „carpenter’s work tool, forge“ are probably Germanisms originated in the Lithuanian language. In many dialects, kūlbė is used ‘a cut piece of log; a hammer, a whip; (shooter's) tail, tailpiece...' LKŽ VI 820 (which is obtained from iš German. flask "(shotgun) barrel..." *, plg. but let. - dial. flask LKZ VI 307) on the assimilation of brittleness (k—b g—b) > could easily become a swan. In this way, instead of a column "box to be put on sleds" (From to the same w. Kolbe) may have occurred Radviliškio ir Stock Exchange ‘kulba’. The ktransformgation of the ta consonant was facilitated by the fact that in Lithuanian language there are ar cases where at the beginning of the root of related otherwise ja semanticalir ly close words there are fluctuating muffled : consonants- ®, e.g., gaiirai kaūrai, gurbas „pintinė, krepSys’ curb : ‘t. p.“, giūtoga „pagalys, kuoka su su storu galu“ : kiūoka ‘t. p.“, griaiinos kriaiinos. : 12. *Istyming, *believing LKZ IV 153 gives this. ‘treatmeir nt’ for planting ‘treat’. Bet iš The New Passenger® (1881. No. 5. P. 27) taken in illustrative sentences everywhere There is feeding to feed ir which LKZ authors explain, healing* ir ‘heal’. Therefore, this division by morphemes (prefix root ist-) is questionablir e. That iš there really is a feeding here “treatmeir nt” to convince "treat", thus root paist-, clearly seen iš A. "Słownik polsko-litewski" (in Polish). (-o, -ė) "treat, cure" ir paistas ‘medicine’. Iš suffix of the latter verb su -he's a ir self-made "New Passenger" feeding. How to vdist (-o) ‘treat’, vdist < *signs (s) distinguishing words pr. waidimai "we know", p. s. ventilate „know“ ir at the end lit. out-develop (-vido) „pamatyti“, 4 fresh beer H. Prussian A word book. Ostund West Prussian Provinzialismen in alphabetischer Reihenfolge. Berlin, 1882. Bd. 1. pp. 403. 5 More —Būga K. Selected Writings. V., 1958. T. 1. P. 448, 126 faced (sighs) "Look, look" roots, so feeding, ir feeding, feeding, apparently, are further related to su pdistyti (-0) “not to talk, gossip, talk about anything; to think, to think; pay attention, respect...“, pdisyti (-o) “to pay attention, to react; To watch, to observe; try to understaTa nd, understand", the occasion should remember still peistiioti (-iioja, -ūvo) „recommend, provide“ ir pistūati (-ioja, -ūvo) ‘t. p.’ J (LKZ IX 748, 927) as possible representatives of this root. 13. Kévé Kévé ‘a simple lean animal; kuinas’ (aust.), kevin, kevin "bad horse, coward* Vkš (Būga RR I 310; III 820; LKZ V 672, 677) rather is commonVersi kévalas, su kévelas ‘shell, shell; Grain husk, asaka, kévet, kévatas „kiautas, lukštas“ as borrowed from Lybian kėv iš „male“*, — semantic plg. s. isl. Take five. “dry skin; bad, inappropriate item; Lean Sheep, Lean Horse" next to isl. s. skjdr masc., skjd fem. “transparent skin (used for windows instead of glass)’, norv. skjaa ‘transparent skin, film’". For lat. kkėve, kėve „kumelė“ is considered to be — borrowed iš from most likely Lithuanian dialects. In the Latvian language iš jų soil, the Vedic kévene, kėvene, kėvėna, kėvėns, kėvėns were formed "small lean mare", kėvine ‘(young) mare’ (pleasant deminutive iš kėve), kėvele "(despisingly) mare". 14. Lat. course Lat. kufsts* ‘forest, grove (meZ puduritis, a Wildchen)* EH I 679 ir s. vok. height. horst, hurst masc. ‘shrubs’, vid. vok. Jam. horst, hurst ‘t. p.“, ang. s. hires a masseuse. ‘forest’, norv. dial. rest „giraitė, miškelis“ match both form (except for some germany words, e.g., ang. s. hyrst, kamiengalius), as well as meaning. Ar there is an old relationship between these words (Urverwandtschaft), ar a Latvian lexicon borrowed from Germanic languages, while it is hardly iš possible to say. ar The issue is further complicated by the ta fact that ide. syllable consonants J Is m, g, in Germanic languages became ul, ur, um, un, in Baltic languages they changed to il, and, im, in, less often, in the į opinion of some researchers, to the glottal consonants, ul, ur, um, un. po The word in question just r had a palatal consonant. ir po Thus, in the case of kinship, the regular phonetic development of these ir words in the Baltic Germanic tą languages gave the same result. * Fraenkel E. Lithuanian -etymological dictionary. Heidelberg—Göttingen. 1962. Bd. I. S. 248; Sabaliauskas A. Baltic names of pets // Baltic ir Slavic languag- . es Lithuanian Linguistics. V., 1968. T. 10. P. 158. * For the s. Icelandic language, see ir Icelandic language. Johannesson A. Icelandic etymological dictionary. Bern, S. 1956. 809. ; * Kurytowicz of the J. O Baltic-Stowian language unit // BPTJ. 1957. T. 16. S. 81—94; Kypunosuy M. O Ganro-C110BAHCKOM SBLIKOBOM egnuncTBe // Boripocki CJIABAHCKOTO SI3LIKO3HaHus, 1958, T, 3, C, 23—24, 127 15. Dial. svynas Northern dounininky (Trš, Akm, LZ, Trk, Mžk) paZemaités highlanders ir (Skn) In dialects, the strange word svynas is used to describe pigs' midges LKŽ XIV 363. Jį find A. Anyway, being a narrow dialectism, it went unnoticed by researchers, so it is understandable that ir jo origin unknown. In the historical-comparative dimension, the šį word is defined by the fact that lit. ta dial. svynas exactly matches su the Germanic name of the pig: got. swein, isl, s. svin, ang. s. swin (Eng. swine), s. Frisian, s. Saxon swin (Dutch: zwijn). s. height. swin (Voice. Schwein) < germ. *Swinam. Ir Baltic, ir Germanic word has the long root vowel balti, to, acute — be — ir 0 A stone. They differ in genus the Baltic is — masculinum, the Germanic neutrum as much as meaning — ir ('pig's sigh'* : ‘pig’). Ar will not be only in Lithuanian language word svynas preserved the old, though dialectal, pig name ide. *su-ino-? Value shift ("pig" > „pigaulės migis“) would be quite understandable, knowing that in the Lithuanian language for this purpose prevailed the new word kiaiilė, at the beginning, apparently, marking a dual, a hornless animal in general, as it seems iš jo etymological equivalents in South Slavic ir languages Ukrainian The Carpathian dialects: sloven. chitla „pig, girl“, serb.-chorv. mistletoe “sheep with small ears; sheep be ears’, bulg. dial. uy14 "sheep with small ears", uy.10 “animal be ears”, uya “whose ear was cut off”, ukr. dial. upmai “which be ears ar su small ears (about livestock); which has no horns or has small horns” (< pl. *świń-< id. *keul-). It has been observed that in many cases the meaning of the old lexem is taken over by the new lexem of the same semantic field, and the old lexem changes its meaning in order to survive. The case under consideration corresponds to this general tendency of lexical-semantic changes. This shift in meaning has allowed the spoken Zodzi to remain in a small part of the Lithuanian language. No family su (neutrum), as is known, disappeared in the eastern Baltic languages, ji where it was replaced by a mainly masculine genus (masculinum), e.g., pr. assaran, s. sl. Lake neutr. : lit. lake, dial. lakes, lat. ezers, ezars masc. ; Finnish heind „hay, grass“ < balt. *šeina neutr., sl. *séno: lit. hay, lat. hay mass Therefore, instead of the former Belarusian *svina(n) "pig" neutr. (= german. *swinam) now we regularly have svynas masc. Thus, the peculiarities of the development of the lexical and grammatical meaning of the word under consideration, together with the exact coincidence of the Baltic and Germanic word form, make a reliable assumption that lit. dial. svynas "pig's moan" is a precise germ. *swinam is the etymological equivalent of “pig”, and also the old dialectal ide. name of a pig, typical of Germanic and Slavic languages, in addition to the mentioned Germanic words, also see s. sl. svinija, serb.-chorv. svinja (plural svinje), Czech svinč, Polish šwinia, Russian cBuns$4, etc., which are probably derivatives of the old feminine noun *svini „pig“?, The exclusive character of this isolex of the Baltic, Germanic and Slavic languages is particularly evident if we bear in mind that the name of the pig in these languages arose by substantivization of the adjective *sw-ino- (Latin suinus „pig, pig-like“, s. sl. svins „e.g.“, Latin svins „dirty, polluted“), * dacmep M. Drumonornveckui CIIioBap5b pycckoro sssika. M., 1987. T. 3. C. 579, with a *-in-formed ide. 128 su iš pig name *sū-/*su- (av. huš, gr. Oe, lot. sis, vok. s. height. Yeah, anyway. B suwo < *sū-0)'". He's coming. *sū is also preserved in Latvian, only with the addition of a suffix jo *-énérte ir slightly to changed its meaning: lat. dial. suvēns "parsh", which in most dialects phonetically (uv iv)" > virto pivėns, is derived from iš *si-éno-, in other words, has an idea. *su-* pig suffix ir -anyhow, e.g. heifers, herds (next to tes “teeth”, mouth "Vveršis", in Lithuanian language after discovering the old dialect ide. the name of the pig, it is more courageous to treat as ancient hereditary the correspondir ing data of the Prussian language, which, in fact, are quite unclear. Ms. swintian "pig" to be considered a borrowed Kashubian lead iš "pig" 2, o recently ir iš Germanic languages*?, rather savy have *svin(a)li- (= et. svynas) a ir certain format -tian, later added, apparently, parstian "piglet" werstian ir "calf" example'4, If -instead of waiting -would have got a German sewstal iš "pig" while typing! *, pr. Seweynis "piggy" could hide an ide. *su-* "pig"!9 to ir have the suffix -eynis"", denoting a place (Plg., e.g., liet. domicile, "habitation, place of residence; farming place“) ir added to the *su-* "pig" in the same way as, e.g., the place names Clynteyne, Zanseynen (:clynth "cow", sansy zasis ")s, If this interpretation of the Prussian data is correct, both ide would have remained in the Prussian language. pig names — *su-* ir *suina-. In Latvian, it should have retained *sū- "pig" and from the jo adjective svins "dirty, polluted" (< *su-ino-), o living Lithuanian — language only svynas ‘pig’s sleep’ (< *,pig’). LINGUISTIC NOTES Summary Lith. dial. arine “tinder” is evidently a loanword from Belarusian. The Lithuanian hydronyms Bravaras, Bravar-upis and Briaiinis are supposed continuations to be of IE. *brey-r | *breu -n- “spring”. Lith. dial, swan “butt-stockTM with its derivative į-gūlbinti “provide with shaft” a is 1 Pokorny J. Indo-European etymological dictionary. Bern and Miinchen, 1959. S. 1038; Fraenkel E. Up. cit. S. 255. '' Endzelins J. Grammar of the Latvian language. Riga, 1951. 50. Ipp. '* Levin J. F. The Slavic Element in the Old Prussian Elbing Vocabulary. Berkeley—Los Angeles—London, 1974. P, 106 (with literature). 13 Cmounubckuit B. Ons6Hrrcknit CJiOBapb: IMEHIALHN, YTEHAS H DTHMOJIOTHH |] BanrocjiaBAHCKHe HCCJIej10BaHAA 1987. M., 1989. C. 39. Cu. 28. "i Plg. Endzelins J. Old Prussian language. Riga, 1943. 260, Ipp. — Therefore, pr. swintian correction į *swinitan ir kildinti iš vid. vok. Jam. swin "pig" is not necessary at all. W. R. Schmalstiegas (Studies in Old Prussian. University Park and London, believes 1976. P. 25) that the German scribe in these words, not well understanding, will have written in jų letters a phoneme which sz is also unnecessary. š, 18 Endzelins J. Up. cit. 246. Ipp. '4 W. Smoczynskis pr. sewlaiko borrowed German iš dialects (see section 4.4). CMo4nunHscxrnit B. VYra3. neck. C. 38—40). 4 Endzelins J. Up. cit. 46. Ipp. '8 Therefore, it is ar hardly necessary -eynis fix į *cynic* (plg. let. Chinese ‘animal (ppr. pigs) bed, bedside table’), as it does W. Smoczynski, following A. Bezzenbergerium (see section 4.4). Cmounnsckuit B. Vikas. neck. C. 38-40). 9. Issues of Lithuanian Linguistics, XXXI 129 borrowed from Germ. Kolbe "butt-stock". *Istymas “(medical) treatment” and *instincts “cure” in appeared the “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language” (IV through 153) misunderstanding paistymas of “(medical) treatment” and paistinti “cure”, The fact that Lith. kévé “jade, wretched nag”, kinky, kinky “id.” are rather cognate with kévalas, kévelas “shell”, kévatas, kévetas “shell; rind, peel” than borrowings from Livian image “mare” is supported by a semantic parallel of Bad. skjdta “dry skin, hide; poor thing; lean, meagre, sheep horse”. or Itis now hardly possible decide whether to Latv. kufsts “wood” and OHG horst, hurst “bush” are old cognates the or former borrowed from the latter. Lith. dial. swine “cover, hole of a pig” most likely continues IE. dialectal (Germanic and Slavonic) denomination of a swine.