Fizikos ir technikos terminų sinonimijos vertinimas

LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS, XXXI (1994) LANGUAGES STANDARDIZATIONS QUESTIONS ANGEL KAULAKIENĖ PHYSICS IR TECHNICS DEADLINES SYNONYMIES EVALUATION 1. As a rule, the term for each field of science should meet certain requirements. They have been discussed extensively ir by Lithuanian and foreign terminologiir sts. ir One of such requirements is the unambiguity of the — term. It is understood in terminology as follows: a term must name only one scientific and technical concept, a concept must correspond to ar only one term. Thus, o synonyms in terminology are only undesirable, but not possible. ne ir However, they exist in the ir previous, current ir terminology of science and ir technology, so the requirement of unambiguity of the term can be considered an ideal, but unattainable thing for the practice of terminology!. Be doubt, synonymy in terminology cannot become a rule, but it, as indicated by V. Danilenko, quite a common exception that it is possible to have synonyms categorically uZbranitiZ. The categorical prohibition of synonyms, which is practically not observed in terminology, leads to undesirable phenomena. First, the theory of practice is ir contrasted. Theoretical term requirement is violated, o practical term use (also presentation of science, popular jo science literature, fixation of terms in the dictionary) left to its own course. On the other hand, no matter how this requirement is ir observed, the final goal is not achieved, the complete abandonment of synonyms in terminology is not possible. Consequently, the t. y. requirement of unambiguity of the term must be assessed much more flexibly, because synonymy of terms (as in ir general synonymy) is a complex ir multifaceted phenomenon. Therefore, it would seem appropriate to distinguish between du cases of synonymy of terms: a) justified synonymy of terms and ir b) unjustified synonymy of terms. The purpose of this article — is to discuss the aforementioned cases of synonymy of terms ir based on the terminology of physics technology. 2. Synonymy in ir the initial stage of formation of the terminology of physics be technology is undoubtedly an inevitable phenomenon, which shows that not only ne the terms, but the concepts and scope ir themselves are not yet sufficiently clear. jų Quite often they involve not one, but several ne interrelated things. For example, in Lithuanian physics terminology the concept "every change in space-timir e" was called judgment?, movement T 1923 141 7*, waving, waving, waving, T 1924 30 7, waving, * waving, waving S. On the question of synonymy of terms // Lexical ir syntax issues. Šiauliai, 1974. P. 46. *? Ilanunenmxo B. II. 1998-1999 Pycckas TrepMuHojnorHa: Onsir JHHTBHCTHYECKOTO Onacanas, M. 1977, C. 176. * Terms are authentic. Jų spelling uncorrec4 ted, See a list of sources. , 4* 51 or relocation P 5. After a more detailed examination of the scope of this concept, it turned out that the synonyms ripple and ripple are not called the general term "variation", but its type "wave variation". Therefore, the terms motion and movement were later used only for the general concept of "each change in space and time", and waves for "repeated periodic change". The synonym waving was abandoned altogether, because in the physics terminology the term wave was established from two synonyms wave and wave T 1924 30 7 "rhythmically spreading motion in the physical environment". A synonym for fluctuation has been given to another term — "a repeating Ki=tim of unstable quantity or magnitude". Therefore, the terms judėjimas, judėjimas, svyravimas, ripple, ripple were called both relative and species concepts. Undoubtedly, such a synonymy is not justified and unfounded, because the concept called movement is much wider in its scope than the concept of “repetitive, periodic change”. Thus, the term waves is called a much narrower concept, It is only part of the scope of the first concept. 2. 1. The synonymy of the initial stage of formation of Lithuanian physics and technical terminology is very diverse. Most often the term is called: (a) two or more words in Lithuanian, e.g.: gniūžumas, spūdumas T 1923 286 7 "capacity to reduce volume by compression"; Toughness, elasticity, rigidity, stiffness T 1924 37 "resistance to deformation"; status, condition, state T 1923 286 7; status A 1886 5 154, condition A 1885 9 277 “a certain state”; b) a Lithuanian word and an international term or a loanword, e.g.: atomas T 1923 108 6, atomas, primokas A 1883 2 48 "the smallest particle consisting of a positive nucleus and electrons orbiting it"; jėga T 1923 286 7, spėka A 1885 10 324, pajiega P 5, 12, pajiega (syla) P 3, vėkas (syla) A 1885 12 408, vėkas A 1886 1 31, sila A 1884 5 210, syla A 1886 6 184, K 1851 13 50; 1869 26 103, sylė K 1851 13 50; 1879 31 125 “that which gives acceleration to the body or deforms the body”; c) in several variants, e.g.: sutapimas, sutaptis, santapa T 1923 286 7; tolimas, tola; distance, distance T 1923 285 7; width, width A 1884 5 168, 171; T 1924 30 7. Quite often the same concept is referred to as compound and elliptical, and sometimes even syntactic terms, for example: liquid body and liquid, liquid T 1923 209 5, liquid A 1885 2 54; P 21 "liquid substance"; steam-powered carriage K 1851 25 98; 1854 10 40, steam carriage K 1851 25 98; 18523 12; 1864 22 88; 1869 16 62, steam carriage K 1851 24 94, steam carriage K 1851 2598 and steam locomotive K 1851 25 98; 1852 32 128, steam locomotive A 1886 4 100 “locomotive”. These two-word or polyword terms and the monoword terms formed next to them (like the previously mentioned judism, movement; being, being, being; force, power) are not to be considered synonyms. In general, the concept of synonymy is not understood equally by terminologists and linguists. Therefore, the classification of synonyms and their names vary. Such synonyms are called absolute synonyms by some linguists (At pecan IO. JI. CHHOHUMASL H CHHOHUMEI [/Boripocbr: s351KO3HAnus. 1969. Ne 4, C. 79—80), duplicates by others (AxManosBa O. C. CioBapb JHHIBHCTHYECKHX TepMHHOB. M., 1966. C. 13; Cynepancras A. B., Ilogzojserkaa H. B., Bacunsesa H. B. O6ujas TepvsnHojiorus. M., 1989, C. 49), and variants by others (Įlanunenxo B. II. Pycckas TepMHHOJIOTHA: OrisIT JIMHTBHCTHUecKOroO Oriucanus. M., 1977, C. 174). Selected in the article V. The term used by Danilenka, 52 In this case, the term "physical" is synonymous ir with the term "physical theory". At the initial stage of ir the formation of the term, such a phenomenon is inevitable. However, it has an influence and partly determiniš es the further ir development of terminology. Why? First, often a normative term takes hold in the terminology ir of several synonyms iš or variants. For example, the current international term telegraph had the following synonymous variants: fol/rašis writer tolo ir K 1851 10 38;.1851 13 50; 1871 39 116;1878 3 13; A 1884 5 183; 1885 10 365; 1886 1 26: 4 99; iš K 1851 10 38, electro-- magnetic pen K 1851 11 42, electro-- magnetic pen K 1854 14 side 56, K 1876 46 203, Veal half K 1876 48 213, lightning half K 1859 1559; 18 72; 1860 2 8; 33 132; 1862 7 27; 1878 6 28, lightning half K 1865 22 88; Railroads in T 1924 3 6, o the United States Railroads in the United ir States — Railroads in the United States K 1850 42 168; A 1884 10 363; 1885 2 49, railway A 1884 7 260, railway K 1849 22 88, iron oxide(s) K 1869 50 198; 1870 2 8, Yellow-tailed shark K 1851 23 92; 1852 24 95;42 168; 1856 6 24; 39 156; 1862 8 32; 1876 37 165; 48 213; A 1884 4 121; 7 296, iron track K 1853 26 104, railway A 1884 7 268; 10 389; 1885 1 24; 6 166; 1886 4 109; 6 187; T 1923 209 5, Iron crayfish K 1878 7 31, iron tracks K 1865 48 191, iron tracks K 1878 7 31; damp sand K garsépis 1862 13 53; 1878 6 27; 1879 26 105; 27 109, K 1851 25 98; 1856 6 24, long Sépis K 1851 7 28, steam Siepis K 1851 30 118; 1856 16 64; 1865 19 76; 1869 49 195; 1872 15 60, steam Siepis K 1869 22 88; 1870 17 68; 1871 59 198, steam-powered brush K 1854 21 94, steamer A 1884 10 345; 1886 1 27; 2 51 ir Mr. On the other hand, synonymy and variantity (only perhaps of a slightly different nature) ir characterizes the current terminology of physics and technology. Such variation in terminology is usually caused by many factors: a) the desire to name the concept much more rational than so far; (b) the creation of a new term in derogation of existing names; c) the proposal of terms of different terminology schools or directions; d) effects of language interference, etc. Thus, the manifestation of synonymy and variantity of terminology is an uninterrupted process. Sometimes it is even accelerated when a certain physics or technical reality appears simultaneously in several countries, or when there is a close connection between scientific literature in several languages, which presents new discoveries, phenomena, etc. ir names. : 2. 2. Apparently, for these reasons, terminologists and physics and technology specialists are increasingly facing the problem of synonymy of Lithuanian su internationir al terms. Be doubt, such a synonymy is justified ir because of it no doubt arises. However, ir the relationships of these synonyms are complex, and therefore there are often certain undesirable phenomena in terminology. First, the inequivalence of the ir Lithuanian international term*. It manifests itself in the fact that one international term in one case (usually in the dictionary of terms, popular science literature) have one Lithuanian equivalent, another different or, conversely, — international one Lithuanian equivalent, e.g.: kompresija, suspaudimas, plg. du — Russian. cocamue, angl. compression, vok. Compression FTŽ * For more information, see. Klimavičius J. Synonymy of ir international Lithuanian terms in terminology // Terminology in Lithuanian: Lithuanian Linguistics. V., 1975. T. 16. P. 107. 53 324 and contraction, compression, cf. cocamue, engl. contraction, dt. Kontraktion FTZ II 805, although contraction has another synonym —(with)shortening, cf. coxpawenue, coamue, engl. contraction, dt. 1336; transmutation, cf. Shut up. Nameepaujenue, mpancmMymayua, angl. transmutation, vok. Transmutation FTŽ II 889 ir virtimas, konversija, plg. rus. npeo6paso6anue, nepexod, angl. change, conversion, vok. Umwandlung, Verwandlung FTŽ II 958 and others. " Tačiau naujajame FTŽ lyg ir bandoma tas sinonimų poras norminti, plg. kompresija, suspaudimas, plg. rus. coamue, angl. compression, vok. Compression (142) and contraction, cf. Russian coicdmue, cokpawenue, English contraction, German. contraction, shortening (331); transmutation Zr. surface, O surface, cf. Shut up. npespawenue, nepexod, angl. transformation, transmutation, transition, change, vok. Conversion, transformation, transmutation, transition (365). Secondly, the diversity of microsystems, which is manifested by the presence of Lithuanian and international elements in one microsystem, e.g. gas but gazotron. FTZ jau pastarasis terminas norminamas: gazotronas Žr. dujinis diodas, plg. rus. 2a30mpon, angl. gas(-filled) diode, vok. Gas rectifier tubes (96). Thus, when treating herminia, such manifestations of synonymy must be taken into account. 2. 3. Due to the unreasonable synonymy of terms, certain undesirable things appear in the terminology of physics and technology. : Firstly, it is a violation of the system of classification and terminology, which occurs when synonyms are used for both a genus and a species, cf. the previously presented variant and synonymous terms judging, movement, waving, waving, oscillation, stirring, moving. Secondly, unreasonable synonymy violates a necessary characteristic of terminology – permanence. For example, until recently, in physics terminology, such synonyms were used: dielectric sensitivity, dielectric impression, polarization coefficient of dielectric, dielectric sensitivity. However, in the new FTZ of these four synonyms, only one is left: dielectric sensitive Zr. electric sensitivity, Thus, the standard is considered electric sensitivity, cf. Shut up. (Ou)asexmpuyeckas eocnpuumuusocms, angl. dielectric suseptibility, (electric) sensitivity, vok. (electrical) susceptibility, dielectric " susceptibility (122). Of course, it would be very good if one (in this case electrically sensitive) term would prevail, but at present there is also a second synonym, cf. PolZ 38 (di)electric sensor. The remaining other synonyms (dielectric sensitivity, dielectric impression, dielectric polarization coefficient) go into oblivion. Thus, synonyms (as well as established irregular terms) are not so easily removed from use. Thirdly, the inadmissible and unjustified variantity, which leads to the categorical ambiguity of terms. In Lithuanian terminology of physics and technology, categorical ambiguity manifests itself as follows: 1) when variants are used to name a specific thing (i.e., a result, a certain system, a whole of something) and a process, e.g.: sūkis, sukimasis „one rotation“, plg. rus. o6opom, o6pawjenue, angl. turn (over), revoliution, dt. Umdrehung and rotation, rotation "movement around the axis", cf. Russian epawenue, * Pig. Climate J. Min. veik. P. 109. 54 angl. rotation, revoliution, vok. rotation, rotation, rotary motion; indexation indexing "index system of a certain classification- ", cf. wuwdexcayus and indexation, indexing "description of the content of a document in the search language for information", cf. undexcayus; 2) when the variants are called a property and a size, a certain dimension, e.g.: strength, strength "the property of the material to resist decay" and strength, strength "the intensity, force size required for deformation, etc. to occur", cf. Russian. ummencusnocms, cuna, angl. Strength, intensity, vok. Stéirke, Intensitčit, skaidrumas, skaidris „medžiagos savybė praleisti šviesos spindulius“, plg. rus. npo3paunocms, angl. transparency, transparence, transmittance, vok. Durchsichtigkeit, Transparenz ir skaidrumas, skaidris „skaidrumo koeficientas“, plg. rus. xoaguyuenm npozpaunocmu, angl. transparency, transmissivity, vok. Degree of transparency, penetration factor. In the present time, it is more common to call the property of a substance the derivative of the suffix -umas, and the size, quantitative parameter — the derivative of the endings -a, -is. The origins of this tendency can be found in the beginning of the 20th century, cf. speed and speed T 1923 287 7, length and length T 1923 149 5, capacity and capacity T 1923 109 6; 149 5, etc. This is certainly a welcome trend. Firstly, it encourages the regularity of terms, secondly, it prevents the further spread of the aforementioned categorical ambiguity of terms. In Lithuanian physics and technology terminology, categorical ambiguity usually arises due to adjective variants formed with various affixes. However, sometimes variantity, which manifests itself in compound and elliptical (both Lithuanian and international) variants, can be justified and justifiable, e.g.: isotopic mixture and isotopic mixture, cf. Shut up. Isotopic spin, isobaric spin Iso(topen- )spin, Isobarenspin, Ladungsspin FTŽ 329, car tractor and car tractor, cf. Shut up. asmomobuis-mazau PolZ 19, motor transport and road transport, cf. aemompancnopm PolŽ 10 etc. Such variability encourages and helps to establish short forms of terms. Assessing the synonymy of physics and technical terminology, the following conclusions can be drawn. First, the requirement of unambiguity of the term is unattainable for the practice of this terminology. That requirement could therefore be considered optional, but not essential. Secondly, the optionality of the requirement should be based only on reasonable synonymy of terms (synonymy of Lithuanian and international terms, variantity of compound and elliptical terms, etc.). Thirdly, unjustified synonymy of terms should be considered a terminological deficiency and eliminated. SOURCES A —Auszra, a newspaper published by Dr. Bassanawicziu (1883–1886). FTŽ I —Dictionary of Physics Terms. V., 1971. 1 (Rotaprint). — 418 p. FTŽ II —Dictionary of Physics Terms. V., 1973. 2 (Rotaprint). —970 p., supplements 37 p. Dictionary of Physics Terms. V., 1979. 677 p. K —The traveler who brought knowledge from Karaliaučius to the Lithuanian brothers (1849—1879- ). T —Terminai fizikos reikalams //Lietuva, 1923, 1924. P-S. Neris. A popular handbook of physics. V., 1905. 100 p. PolZ —Rusy—lietuviy Languages Polytechnic Dictionary. V., 1984. 447 p. 59 OILIEHKA CHHOHHMHH IPH VIIOPSŪ/ĮOUEHHH ®UZUKO-TEXHUYECKOM TEPMHMHOJIOTMM Pesrome | | Kak B jIiKuTOBCKON, Tak H B 3apyOexHolH JinTeparype K TEDMHHOJIOTHH IPEAbLABISETCH PAI TpeGoBaHHit, KOTODLIM JJOJDKSH COOTBETCTBOBaTb TepMHH. OJIHHM H3 TaKHX TpeGOBaHHH SBJIISeTCSA OIHO3HAYHOCTh. ClenoBaTeIbHO, HAJIUYAEC CHHOHHMOB, T. €. 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