Lietuvių kalbos veiksmažodžių valentingumas ir jo aprašymo principai

LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS XXXIII (1995) GRAMMATICS IR LEXICOLOGY NIJOLĖ SLIŽIENĖ LITHUANIAN LANGUAGES VERBS APPROPRIACY IR JO DESCRIPTION PRINCIPL1. ES Introductory remarks 1.1. The verb is the center of the verb sentence. The other jį words in the sentence are grouped together, either alone or with their su dependent words, to form various syntactic structures. Some words are connected to the verb quite freely, they can be present or absent in the sentence, and their form and meaning do not depend on the characteristics of the verb’s meaning, but only on the needs of the expression of thought, i.e., on what is to be said, e.g. : She sings every night in this house; She sings every yesterday She sings like a blink; She sings with a s t i p i c k voice; She sings very beautifully and so on. The meaning of the verb determines the conjunction of other words. Each verb has certain conjugation powers, which are realized in the sentence by joining to it the corresponding words and their forms. For example, the verb eat requires two noun verbs — the noun and the suffix: V ai k a s valgo 0 buo lj; give requires three verbs —noun, object, and noun: The teacher gave the mo k 1niui book gq oveiksmazodziui to sleep one noun is enough: T ėvas miega. Along with these words, verbs form the core of verb sentences, i.e., certain structural patterns of sentences. These conjugation powers of verbs constitute what is called verb valence in modern linguistics. In order to form a sentence that is correct in all respects, it is necessary to take into account the valent qualities of the conjunctive verb, i.e. it is necessary to know how many and what words and their forms must go with it, which forms are necessary in the sentence and which can be omitted, what is the meaning of those words. In order to make it easier for people to navigate in this variety of verb usage, certain verb conjugation dictionaries are written. 1.2. Dictionaries that indicate the use of verbs with other words are quite diverse. Some of them show with what word forms which verb goes, used in one or another meaning. Such are some dictionaries of the Russian language for the conjugation of verbs (or also other parts of speech). For example, in the dictionary "Yue6Hbi#t cJioBapb co4eTaeMOCTH CJIOB pycckoro a3sIiKa"* the verb aums means "fill" connectivity is indicated as follows: 1 Yue6nsrit c/10BAPE COYETAEMOCTH COB pyccekoro sssika. Ilo handles it. H. full-bodied, B. B. A mop. Mocksa, 1 7s. A peRaxnne 54 JluTs 4 T o: BONY, MOJIOKO, pacTBOD- ... JluTs 4TO-I. BO 4 T O: B Tas, B Be/lpo, B GO0u4KY, B 4aHHHK, B YamKy, B cTakaH, B TpaduH, B KOJIOY... JiuTh uT0-JI. H a 4 T O: Ha ronosy, Ha "pyKhH, Ha IIOJI, Ha 3eMJIJO, Ha TpaBy... JIATh 4To-1. M 3 Name: u3 TheyKikKu, "HM3 uaitHHKA, H3 rpadpuHa, U3 Befipa... JIaTh Ka k: ocTOopoxHO, NOTHXOHELKY, MHMO, 4epe3 Kpail... CraTkb, Ha4aTh, NPO/IOJIXKATh, BeJIETb KOMY-JI., 3aCTaBJISTb KOTO-JI. JIATh TO-JI. This is followed by another illustrative sentence. Ka.) we see, it is attempted to present all forms of words that only go with that verb, without taking into account what i determines the su connection: the meaning of the word, its valencia, its į purely grammatical ability to join jų other words and verbs, like the lalls of a jo certain language. ar jų Dictionary "The Russian Verb"? indicate only verb-controlled which joined forms ir ai of words (verbs, prepositional constructions, vendratys); jų presence in the sentence is determined by the meaning of the verbs, jų valentines. For example, to the meaning of the verb aums itself The conjugation of "fill" is shown much narrower: (1) nepex. An hour? Bomy, >xuaKOCTH; Kyle? B Beipo, B CTaKAH (B-+B); xa apeJIKy, Ha nox (Ha+B); us Yeah? us xpana, us KpyxXKH (us+P); gem? PY KKOMH, JIO>KKOMH. Sentence examples are not given. Other dictionaries are dedicated specifically to the valence of verbs. Such, example- "Jii, there's G. Helbigo ir German Verb Valency Dictionary by W. Schenkelis (Helbig—Schenke1975). Jo l’s introductory part provides a fairly extensive theoretical basis for the valence of verbs, o po to provideda ta number of 500 verbs. Jų the valence is indicated by three-stage models. The first step indicates the number of necessary ir optional valent satellites, the second form, the third indicates the — jų number of valent satellites 'v's meaning is given in ir examples. The meanings of multi-valued verbs are mostly related to different valences. su Here is an example of how this dictionary shows the verb gehen "move legs, go" valency denominator, on — pS — prepositional construction, I — communicative; +Anim living thing, Dir direction, — Act action): — geheny (1) = 2 H gehen — Sn, (pS / I) I. Sn — +Anim (der Boy, that Horse goes the in Stall.) p = in, an... (Directional prepositions). pS — Dir (He walks the in Stadt.) I — Act (He goes shopping.) In the first stage, it is noted that the verb has one necessary singularnecessary ir ą (facultative) satellite, therefore is bivalent. In the second stage 2y; Andreyeva-Georg, V. Tolmachev a. The Russian Verb (Frepositional Government). Moscow, 1975. 55 indicated that the necessary consonant is the noun of the noun, the optional prepositional construction or o the communicative. — The third step explains the meaning of the forms. The noun of the noun denotes a living being, the prepositional tų construction denotes the direction of action, because its composition Includes directional o prepositions. General is action. į — There are also examples su of sentences for each consonant. Each dictionary is useful for readers, although they differ in the amount of information provided. In linguistics, the number of valentine ir dictionaries is increasing (not only verbs, but other parts of speech, such ir as nouns, adjectives). 1.3. At the moment The Lithuanian Language Institute's "Lithuanian Verb Conjugation Dictionary" was presented to (I t. the press in 2007. 1991 II t. written). It determines the conjugation of verbs based on their jų valency properties, thus iš essentially it is a dictionary of the valency of Lithuanian verbs. Unlike G. Helbigo ir W. Schenkel's dictionary, it indicates only the form and ne meaning of the verb's valence consonants, but also ir jų semantic functions (i.e. verb semantic valency). Verb conjugation in the dictionary is described on the basis of a certain concept of verb valency, which is set out in the author's previous works. se (1978; 1980; 1985; 1986; 1989; 1990), also written in the introduction to the dictionary. Here we will briefly discuss only the main points to make it clear how valency is understood in written vocabulary and how it relates to the meaning of verbs. 2.The three components of valency: syntactic, semantic and lexical valency 2.1.Valency of verbs is considered to be the decisive characteristic of their meaning to open a certain number of free places, which are occupied in the sentence by words of a certain meaning and form (or their equivalents- ). Valentinity relates to three domains: the abstract domain of logical semantics and two specific domains of language—syntax and lexical semantics. In the abstract conjugation, the number of free places of the verb and the semantic functions of the words that can occupy them (agent, patient, etc.) are determined, and in the specific conjugations, words and forms that can occupy those places and act as the verb’s valence companions are selected. In the syntactic domain, the grammatical form of the satellites and their necessity or optionality are determined, and in the lexical semantic domain — their semantics (i.e., what semantic classes of words can be the satellites of that verb). In this way, the semantic valence of the verb is determined in the logical semantic domain, the syntactic valence in the syntactic domain, and the lexical valence in the lexical semantic domain. These are three aspects of valency, inextricably linked to each other and dependent on the meaning of the verb. 3 The following symbols of syntactic and lexical valency are used in the article: Nom —noun (of a noun or its equivalent), Gen —pronoun, Dat —noun, Acc —adjective, Instr —adverb, AdvLoc —adverbial conjunction denoting place, plur plural; — Hum — person (n.p. collective of persons, institutiir on etc.), +Anim — living being, —Anim — inanimate object, Abstr — abstract thing. The symbols for the notation of semantic valence and their explanations are given below, see. 2.4. 56 to reward, ~he, ~he Name Acc Instr [Ay P Con] syntactic — semantic ir valence Name Hum Acc Hum Lexical Valence Animation Tool 2.2. In order to determine the valency of the verb, we need to know, okisa meaning. jo The meaning of a verb is usually revealed in a sentence, where the verb is grouped with other words in the sentence. The meaning iš consists of that caviar elements (so-called sems) which require appropriate replenishment. š to derives from the verb’s conjugation potentials, which are realized in the sentence by the words connecting to the verb — jo valent satellites. Iš tų the meaning of the verb is ir revealed. For example, in the sentence A man goes through a victim, the verb go means movement along a path from one iš point to another, in į the sentence o aircraft goes denotes only the operation of a certain mechanism. These differences in meaningrelatai ed to how many su words of what form go with ir the verb, so what lexical meaning of the words. su at tų 2.3. Verb with its su valent companions (i.e. sentence fragment) represents a certain situation. A person ją perceives as a structure jų of ar relationships of objects, andsigns. It is an abstract thought structure, which is covered by the predicate of the verb sentence with a certain su number of arguments. akinyje predicate corresponds to the verb, o arguments — words connected to ie the verb going ir valence jo consonants. 2.4. The relationships between the — lexicalized ir arguments of the predicate tų verb are perceived as certain semantic functions (in linguistic literature, for example, in the works of Ch.J.Fillmore and others, ir they are also called semantic syllables). The nature of the number in jų the works ir of individual researchers is quite š unequal, partly this depends on the tų direction of the ir work and the tasks posed to them. In a written dictionary, the semantic valence of verbs is assigned to these semantic functions. Agentasj [A] action — initiator performer ir aria); (ž m 0 g u s Gentas [Ay] dead, — immaterial performer of action (instigator- ), having no initiative (t 7 a u k i n y s comes, rages a u d r (a) agent [A] the — general function of the agent; agent as, [A.] — causing agent, an actor . performing an action on the initiative of another person (it cuts a good ridge); patented p a s [P] the — beneficiary of the action or the holder of the physical asset (someone will break only linen, glass broke, and breathes)result patient[P,..] g ė- — effect of the action (jiestaton am, km); percepient [Pep] — mental old experiencer wants (v a i k a s sleep, Jon u i cares about work); bene Či fientas [B] — addressee, recipient, holder (he showed s ūn u i eagle, and received a letter, tė v has a garden); cauzer [C] action, — the old initiator cut down (p 0 n a s the forest, t ė v a s brinkina ratas); auzativo [Caus] — cause of action, state (they're afraid the d ė I trial starts the work) to the contractor [CA] force acting against the agent (wolf defending against dogs) ų, uo still; people fighting s u kenkeéjais); komitaty57 vas [Com] — second-line agent, patient, perceived, beneficent (Jonas argues su Petru, he rebelled against brother su sister, Marce got angry su Pranu, the father divided the property Jurgiui s u Antanulj re z ul tatas [R] the — result of the change of the thing, transformation into something (water turned led g/l edu, witch turned into į stone); contentive jį [Con] — action, state content (I hear b a Is us, people are waiting for a clear day, he needs money, son is studying in a school, the shore is covered with them, the room is a Lk 8nearby); Saltinis [0] — action, state flow, starting material (initial condition) (I iš received a letter from brother, he iš shakes the clay iš barn, children become people); motive [M] base — of action, state (I paid him back u ž work, jj punished for u theft andworked už brother); instrument [I] action — measure (I found myself s u ad'at ride a bike, put a a, knife on a stone, ride su a horse); comparative[Comp] comparison standard į — (copy corresponds to the original, the son is equal to the father, Agnė is different from į other children) n u o [Rt — comparison už ką though (I bought (I sold) a book uw Z du rub us, reward li us for our work); finite [Fin] — purpose, purposefulness (cat chasing mice, looking for pei li o, part of the money spent on travel); Quantitative [0] — quantity (volume of items, weight, capacity, price, duration of action, ir etc.) (the lecture lasted two hours, the bread weighs a kilogram); modusas [Mod] — action quality, way (is g T athey behave well, live well; work evaluated positively he feels tired, looks sick, horses are in shackles); loka i, tyvas [L] — action, status location (a picture in the room, they live nearby, a book is on the table); directives [Dir] the — general function of the direction of action, it has three variants: a) the initial that which [Ab] (leaving iš the house, getting up from the chair, removing n uo the bandage from the head); b) [Via] (people walking on the road, across the field; children po running down the corridor, climbing the stairs, ga passing by); c) line point [Ad] (we went home, went to į the room, went to the.lan go). 2.5. Predicate structure (F(x) or xRy...) su The semantic functions of the arguments described are the semantic structure of the sentence, the semantic ir valence structure (SemVS) of the verb that goes with the preposition. To be able to determine the verb SemVS, you need to have sentences su composed by it. It is only in the sentence that the meaning of the verb becomes clear and how our perceived situation is interpreted. For example, the sentence (1) Monica dropped the dishes from the table describes a situation in which there are three participants (referents): the person moving (the actor, or a gen tas), the dishes being moved (the objects being moved, or the patient) and the table from which they were dropped (the place where the action began and the distance from which the objects being moved, i.e. the p ra dical point). The semantic structure of this sentence consists of the predicate and three actants (i.e. arguments with described semantic functions) in the agent, the patient’s starting point, which fully correspond to the roles of referents of the situation we imagine, i.e., in this case the semantic structure is a direct image of that situation. And here's a sentence lean this sai — ir 58 Ro | i a S (2) Monica moved the table the same situation is described in a different way. The predicate here has only two actants—the agent and the patient—and they do not correspond to the roles of the referents of our imagined situation. The table from which the dishes are moved is treated in this sentence as a patient (i.e. as an object being affected), thus bringing out the relevance of this participant in the situation, while the objects being moved become completely irrelevant and have no corresponding either in the sentence or in its semantic structure. The two sentences differ in their significance: the first says what was done with the dishes, the second with the table. Thus, the semantic structure of the sentence (as well as the semantic valency of the verb) presents only certain aspects of the situation we perceive (see Starosta 1978: 512—518, 522—523). Different treatment of the situation is reflected in different semantic valence structures of the verb: (1) [A; P Ab], (2) [A; P Ab]. PJ. With these differences in valence are connected some differences in the meaning of the verb: in the first case the verb means "to take away, to remove something from something", and in the second — "to make it empty, to de-empty- ". Thus, taking into account į the meaning of the verb in the sentence, how ir į the descriptive situation is interpreted, we can predict the semantic functions of the verb's valent satellites and determine the SemVS of the verb. 2.6. On the other hand, about the verb SemVS can be solved in the ir iš jo grammatical form of valent satellites. The verb consonants are the syntactic equivalents of the predicate actants. Between the lines (single or prepositions, su i.e. so-called prepositional constructions), which are the most characteristic forms of verb satellites, the semantic ir functions of the actants are somewhat (1 : 1) ir no. Some semantic functions have a fairly regular expression. For example, the noun to the verb-meaning verbs usually corresponds to the agent; (e. g. : v ai k a s crying, m uė flies the po room), at the o verbs of state or process meaning tiekią pacientą (e.g.: child is asleep, glass broken), benefit (to possessive verbs, e.g. parents have a house, br olis won a TV) or a recipient (to perception verbs, e.g., the crow sees the prey). The ending of action verbs usually corresponds to patient (e.g., rabbits ate deli us) m e often contentive ir (action content, e.g. boys playing basketball) verbs with a state or o process meaning usually correspond to the contentive (status content, e.g. I hear three u k § m ą, team won the match es), less often patientą (next to the beneficiary, e.g. they [B] got an apartment, we [B] in stock s o d ¢). The noun matches the beneficiary to both the verbs of the course and the state process meaning ar (plg. father arodd son eagle, succeedJ on ui s, the house belonged br o liu i), the percipient o it means only to the state (perception) verbs (e.g., Rim likes roses). 2.7. The vocabulary of the verb This is done by selecting the sequential functions of the arguments. For example, the verb to give semantic valencysignifies as follows: as [A; P BJ. Consequently, the meaning of this verb is perceived inthe relationship between the agent, the patient's beneficiary, ir the verb is ir trivalent. Verb to be ill SemVS marked [P], the jo meaning is perceived as a (single-actant) attribute, because the verb is to monovalent. 59 SemVS indicates the number nature of the verb aktanty ir in the abstract logical semantic domain and shows how ir many valence satellites the verb has in the external syntactic domain and what semantic functions it has. The grammatical jų form of the satellites depends on the word forms in which the verb goes in the sentence, i.e. su from the jo connectivity powers. For example, let's compare the perception verbs afraid to enjoy, both SemVS are ir [Pcp Con], but one used by a nobleman su (fear) vi lk 0), o another su housekeeper (enjoying spring). Verbs belong to the same semantic group, but the conjugation is different. jų Single jų Syntactic Valence Structure (SinVS) — Name Gen, kito. — Name Enstr. Verb conjunctions are only those dependent forms of words that correspond to the actants of jo the verb SemVS. Knowing the verb SemVS, to at least part of it can be implied iš jo SinVS, because as we have seen earlier (plg. 2.6), there is a certain, if not ir complete, correspondence between the semantic functions ir of the actants of the satellite forms. 2.8. The semantic functions of the actants are closely related to the su lexical meanings of the verb's satellites, from which jų much depends on what semantic classes of words can be verb's satellites. For example, agent, to percipientas, beneficientas, kauzatorius are usually associated with a living being, so in the sentence they usually correspond to su specific nouns denoting a living thing; contentive is very often associated with abstract things and corresponds in the sentence to abstract nouns, secondary elements of compound sentences, common nouns, etc. However, the lexical meaning of each verb and the power of its semantic combination with other words are also decisive here. Therefore, for example, we say that a dog barks, a cat growls, a horse whines, and a pig screams. The ability of a verb to connect with words of a certain meaning, or its possibility of mutual semantic coordination with other words, is usually called its lexical valence. Lexical valence determines the entire surrounding of the verb in the sentence, or the lexical distribution (that is, all the words that can connect with the verb), and its valent satellites form only a part of it: these are the words and forms required by the meaning of the verb and which enter the sentence core. This part of the lexical valentia is only relevant when describing the valentia of verbs. In the dictionary, the lexical valence of verbs is described by indicating which semantic classes of words can be the valence companions of that verb. For example, the SinVS of the verb to fear is Nom Gen, and its lexical valency is characterized as follows: Nom + Anim, Gen + Anim, Absir; it means that the form of the nominative goes to words denoting living beings, genitive o — ir living beings, inanimate ir objects, abstract ir objects (e.g.: the child is afraid of a bandage, belt, darkness). In certain cases, for example, when the lexical expression of a certain consonant is very limited or when synonymous verbs differ only in the lexical expression of a certain consonant, specific words are indicated ir (e.g., in the final position of the verb dáva, when talking about birds, snakes, some animals, only the noun vajce can go). ir 60 3. The necessary ir optional conjunctions of the verb 3.1. Those verb conjunctions that cannot be omitted mi in a sentence, and if they are omitted the sentence becomes incomplete, ungrammatical, o are called imperatives. A sentence that is not grammatically correct is called a non-grammatical sentence. The necessity or optionality of the satellites is determined using the elimination transformation: by omitting this or that sentence ir member, it is determined which to iš jų necessary, which are optional. a 2 The satellites of the no ruthenium are more laip i.e., Lažiau There are jų one or two Jadulauslal. : In a broader context, sentences can be used by necessary ir be conjunctions if information is provided jų ir be to clear, of course, already mentioned earlier. In dialogue, skipping necessary satellites is sometimes even necessary to avoid communicational redundancy, e.g. : "New Yorkers bought a new TV". — "And we will buy” (of course, TV). The structural necessity of the valent satellites of verbs in a sentence is distinguished from the communicative necessity of the other sentence members. One more word ar for a verb may be necessary only in a certain sentence, omitting it makes the sentence meaningless, e.g. : jį (3) Tu you will give me all the treasures of the world. (4) A good chicken ir replaces a goose. Throw the word out to (3) me, sentence ( Tu will replace all the treasures of the world) would have a different meaning. 3.3. Optional conjunctions, as necessary, ir correspond to the verb SemVS actants ir include į jo the number of valences in — the determination of the quantified valence, are su counted together with the necessary satellites. For example, in the sentence (5) The verb vyti ų has three consonants, so it is trivalent, although the prepositional construction is optional and can be omitted: ir (6) The men chase the ropes. The optional satellites are brackets when writing syntactical valence models. į In this case, the verb vyti SinVS is Name Acc (from Gen). Sentences of be optional conjunctions mean roughly this ką ir su jais (plg. pakoBckuft 1974 : 350; Helbig 1971 : 276; 1977 : 65; 1979 : 70; They often er 1977 : 350), describe a certain aspect of the situation we perceive. Semantically interpreted, ji becomes a verb The SemVS part abai in ir general form includes the meaning of the verb. For į example, when you hear a song (7) Father [A1] sold a horse [P], we already know that someone bought tą the horse ir that už jį a certain amount of money was paid. Optional adjectives describe the part of the situation that is less relevant to the verb's meaning. ai ta information becomes important to the speaker, ji concreted by saying the accompaniments, e.g. : 8) Father sold horse to neighbor [B]. 9) He sold the horse už du thousands of litas [Rt]. In a personal sentence there may not be an ar'2 1 personal pronoun, because the meaning of the pronouns is ių implied in the meaning of the personal forms of the 1 ir 2 verbs, lg. : sell horse Aš — I sell a horse; You go home — Drive are 61 home. In other cases, the noun of the factor in the sentence is necessary, o sentences be jo treated as independent models of impersonal sentences. The final part of an adjective is rarely optional, because it, as a nominative, usually expresses the most ir significant aspects of the situation described in the sentence. Tautological nouns and suffixes (It's raining, poor man) g ą) in the sentence are redundant optional satellites ir are not considered. 4. Free members 4.1. Those sentence words that are neither necessary nor optional conjunctions of the verb are free members. — Jų presence in the sentence ne is determined by the o jo meaning of the verb, purely grammatical ability to join words, inherent in it as a certain part of speech. Free members in the sentence can be added or omitted quite freely, but the semantic interaction of the verb is taken into account. For example, it is į jų ir not said st a igiai lies, sleeps, laughs, or for a long time strode, crossed, killed, because here the momentum of the duration is not reconciled. Unlike optional satellites, free ir members do not have a supporting verb SemVS, because when they are removed from the sentence, the information provided immediately disappears to iš iš jų (plg. Xpakoscku#t 1974 : 9). In the predicate structure of the sentence they correspond to ne the arguments of the o predicate, individual predicates, due to to syntax in the common domain they can be treated as aggregate sentences replaced by subordinate elements of ir compound sentences, semi-participants and subordinate constructs, independent sentences, etc. ir For example: : (10) We're going home v awar «+ We will go home when it is evening/after evening; We're going home. It will be tonight. Free members are mentioned in the vocabulary of valency only in some cases, when they are very often used with a verb, when they substitute as if the valency consonants of the verb, e.g.: (11) I heard quite differently (see what else). (12) Thus (according to this) the father wanted. (13) Aldutė did not like kindergarten. (14) In the coal mine (see mine) he gave all his health (LKŽ). (15) The family sat down for breakfast (see at the table, behind the table). However, even in such cases, free members are not drawn into syntactic models, they are given in side notes. 4.2 The so-called free noun, which is already necessary in the sentence because it is required from a semantic point of view by another noun, is not o included in the verbs of the SinVS. Between them there is a relation of part and whole (possessive), which in other cases is expressed by a noun, cf. : (16) My hands are freezing. (17) My hands are freezing. Lord of the Flies, o ne the use of the genitive indicates that the form of the noun is determined by the verb, noun. Thus, o ne the noun in the sentence is connected by a double connection: noun connected semantic, su o su verb — syntactic connection. For some to scholars consider the verbs vajį 62 5.4. Thus, the relationship between the meanings of the verb and its valency is quite complicated. Syntactic valence, which is the first thing that catches the eye of a language user, does not in itself indicate neither the identity of the meanings of the verb nor their difference. The individual meanings of a verb are closely related to its semantic rather than syntactic valence, and they are also closely related to the lexical valence of the verb. When the semantic valence is different, the verb is usually used with different meanings, but often in such cases there are only differences of a significant nature, resulting from the uneven semantic interpretation of the situation being described. As we have seen from the given examples, the dictionary presents the individual meanings of verbs and in each case indicates the syntactic, semantic and lexical valency of the verb. In general, there are some differences in valence: if the syntactic valence is the same, there is a difference in semantic valence | or semantic and lexical valence, if both syntactic and semantic valence are the same, there is at least a difference in lexical valence. Very often there are different syntactic, semantic and lexical valencies. 5.5. In determining the valence of verbs and thus clarifying their conjugation, the dictionary refers to the definitions of verb meanings given in the "Dictionary of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language" (II supplementary edition, 1972) and the academic "Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language" (vols. In some cases, the assignment or setting of values is slightly adjusted. 6. On the structure of the dictionary 6.1.Verbs in the written dictionary are presented in alphabetical order with three basic forms: the present, present tense and past tense. If a verb has only one meaning or is presented in only one of the most common meanings, the valence index is indicated immediately after the last form and usually no description of the meaning is given. In the next line, the syntactic valence structure is written, and next to it, in square brackets, the semantic valence structure. The following lines indicate the lexical expression of verb satellites, i.e. the belonging of the satellite words to certain most general semantic classes (lexical valence). Illustrative sentences are provided next to it. For example: apkali, apkali, apkalé; Name Acc Instr [A; P Con] Nom Hum They covered the bottom of the ships with thin lead sheets; Acc —Anim | The craftsmen covered the hut with boards Animation Tools After the main forms of the plural verb, the individual meanings of the verb in each case are indicated by the valence. The verb is ir written in the communicative form, followed by the valence index and the description of the meaning. Furthermore, as well as after the forms of the univocal verb, the structures of syntactic semantic valence are written, the lexical expression of the verb's satellites is indicated. E.g.: excavate, dig up, excavated, excavated, excavate, ir loosen; cleaned by digging l. 69 Name Acc [A; ing P] Name Anim Dog | dug up a bone; The children dug up a large slug; Sargas Acc +Anim | excavated such 92, excavation when digging down, removing (soil, sand, snow) Name Acc nuoGen [A; P Ab] Name Hum The keeper dug the snow from the path Acc — Anim fromGen —Anim es Facultative satellites in syntactic valence structures are presented in parentheses. In the example columns, optionality is illustrated by sentences with su optional satellites or optional ir be jų satellites They are written in su brackets. Symbols representing semantic functions in semantic valence structures are presented in ta the same order as the correspondiir ng valence satellite forms in syntactic valence structures. 6.2. In alphabetical order, the dictionary presents those prepositional ir verbs that differ from the corresponding non-prepositional verbs only in the verb, but in the lexical meaning ne ir (e.g., drive, arrive, leave, cross, meet; blame, accuse, rebuke, imprison, etc.). ir Prepositional verbs that differ from non-prepositional verbs only in the verb, are presented with su (e.g., make together su make, mix together mix etc.). su ir Prepositions are indicated in parentheses next to the communicative form of the po individual meanings, because the verb used with different meanings is very often connected with different prepositional verbs in the lo action relation or for some of them has no su corresponding event action at all. iš jų E.g.: gėlti, gélia, gėlė gelti 1. (in-)2 let loose, bite Name (Acc/Dat- /iAcc) [A1 P] Name +Anim | I get mosquitoes; The horse was stung by a bee; The cockroach bitten me Acc +Anim | to the foot; Before the rain mosquitoes hurt very much Dat+Anim Acc - Anim 2. yellowing; to be able, to have the habit of letting a whistle Name [P] Name +Anim | Bees, mosquitoes, snakes 3. sting yellow (su-); pain Name/Acc/AdvLoc [P] Name —Anim | All bones (all bones) I hurt; She was intoxicated. po Acc AdvLoc | Prefixes are given next to value definitions if two more values are given together, associated with different prefix ar equivalents of the event factor, e.g.: su braukti a) (down-) swiping to make a bald; b) (out-)cleaning (the | 70 chimney); c) (i-, za-) light (a lighter) Name Acc [A; P] Nom Hum a) The child draws (strikes off) the strings and gives them to the grandfather; Acc — Anim | b) It is a good chimney sweeper; (c) Customs (ibrauk, uzbrauk) degtukg, pasviesk Adjectives that apply to all meanings or to a verb that is given with only one meaning are indicated at the title forms of the verb after the last, i.e. past participle form, e.g. daugėti, ~ja, ~jo (pa-)1 dauginti, ma, (pa-) mo 1. to multiply, to make more, to increase 2. multintiz perform the multiplication operation 6.3. conjugated verbs, which are used in parallel with the corresponding non-conjugated verbs without any difference in meaning, are presented in the dictionary together with them, e.g. atminti, atmena, atminé; ; remember, remembered, remembered to be afraid, to be afraid of, to be afraid of, to be afraid of. 1. be afraid (of) (to) (be) afraid of (someone) 2. bojati(s) (pa(si)-)2 fear, worry about something 3. bojati(s) (pa-)2 not to lift, not to endure Recursive verbs, which differ from the corresponding non-recursive verbs only in the direct or indirect meaning of recurrence, i.e. indicate that the action is directed to the actor himself or is performed for his benefit (cf. : Mother bathing her child —Mother bathing; She picked (for me) a flower —She picked a flower), usually not included in the dictionary. This difference between them and non-conjugative verbs is lawful, so it is not relevant when describing valency. : 6.4. The glossary is expected to contain approximately 2000 verbs. It is attempted to select those whose use is more diverse and complex, taking into account its fluctuations, errors made, etc. į ir In illustrative sentences, the personified form of the descriptive verb or its communicative form (rarely the active participant of the past participle) is followed by the personified form of the phase or modal verb (work, started to work, stopped working, can work). It is believed that the phase or modal verb only modifies the meaning of the action of communicating, so the communicating néra jy is a valent conjunction, and together with the personified form of the verb forms the verb center of the sentence. T. Concluding remarks T.1. Rengiamo The aim of the "Lithuanian Verb Conjugation Dictionary" is to provide basic information about the use of verbs with other words and constructions. su In this it differs both from the "Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian Language", both from the academic "Lithuanian language dictionary", which aim to illuminate as much as possible the meaning of verbs, only given examples. In academic vocabulary, transitivity or o jų connectivity 71 a intransitivity of iš verbs is noted, but ne to ne it is always sufficient to use one other verb correctly to make perfect sentences with ar it. ir su | gel 7.2. The verb conjugation in the aforementioned dictionary is described on jy the basis of valency. The description of each verb presents three jo structures of valency: syntactic, — semantic, lexical. ir Iš jų it becomes clear what form and ir meaning words are the verb's valent satellites, to which form the nucleus of the verb sentence, which su satellites in the sentence are necessary, which are optional, as well as what semantic tų functions. o jų a 7.3. Most of the presented verbs are polymorphic. The dictionary indicates the main, most commonly used meanings of verbs in the common language, indicates the interrelationship of all three levels of valence jų (syntactic, su semantic, lexical valence). Differences in values may be related to all three valence ir variants or only one of them. su su ar iš The "Lithuanian Verb Conjugation Dictionary" prepared according to the aforementioned principles should reveal the norms of the Lithuanian verb diversity. ir more or ar less clear LITERATURE b e n J. Deutshe Grammar. Frankfurt am Main, 1big 1968. G. (Hrsg.). Contributions to Valence theory. Halle (Saale), ] 1971. 3. He bi g G. To the semantic Characteristics of the Arguments of the Pradicat. — In: Problems of Meaning and Combinability im Germans. Leipzig, 1977, S. 40—92. 4. Helbig G. Zum Status of Valence and semantic Case. — German as a foreign language. H. 2, 1979, pp. 65–78. 5.Helbig G., Schenkel W. Dictionary of German Verbs. Leipzig, 1975. 6. Sliži en ė N. On the question of the valency of verbs. - Kn. : Journal of Linguistics, T. 18, 1978, p. 7.81i zien ė N. The role of subjectification and objectification in determining the syntactic valence of Lithuanian verbs. —Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Series A, Vol. 1(70), 1980, pp. 93-105. 8. Sližienm ė N. Valenting and syntactic classification of Lithuanian verbs. - Kn. : Issues of Lithuanian Linguistics. T. 25, 1986, pp. 45-96. 9. mucous eN. The meaning and valency of Lithuanian verbs. — Baltinticūs Annex III, (2) 1989, p. 414— 420. ; 1Z1en e N. Writing verb conjugation Zod so culture. No. 59, Vilnius, 1990, p. 73—77. Je pg Kalbos 11. StarostasS. The One Per Cent Solution. — In: Abraham W. (ed.). Valene, Semantic Case snd GGrammatical Relationships. Amsterdam, 1978, p. 459—575. ‘ViehwegerD.u. a. Pro i : i Grammatica XV. erlų r eme of semantic analysis, as: Studia 13. C nu xx e x e H.K. K I'm not sure I'm o going to be able to do it. Kn. : Baltic language senak un now. Riga, 1985, c. 167—174. 14. X park one nu ž B.C. [Taccununie KOHCTkuchuuu. — B xu. Tunojornsa MACCHBHBRIX KOHCTPyKuu#. [IuaTess: u say it. Jieuunurpajn, 1974, c. 5—45. 1. Er 2. He 72 LITHUANIAN VERB VALENCE AND PRINCIPLES OF ITS DESCRIPTION TION Summary The present article deals with principles and methods investigating verb valence and its description in of a Dictionary of Lithuanian Verb Valence the first volume which has already been finished and present print, the second one still in preparation. The aim of this dictionary is to present general information of about the use of Lithuanian verbs with other words and constructionat s. This is in information is necessary to ensure the grammatically is and syntactically correct use of the particular verb in the sentence. Verbs ability take words and constructions this dictionary described the ground of their valence. Syntactic, semantic, and lexical valence structures are given. to in is on They indicate the right grammatical form and the semantic meaning the words to be taken as certain complements of by the particular verb, distinction between obligatory and optional complements is also made and their semantic functions are defined. All the three valence structures are furnished with examples. The majority the verbs of presented are polysemantic. The dictionary reveals links between the meanings of verbs and differences in syntactic, semantic and lexic valence. The dictionary is assumed to include about 2000 verbs. 73