Stilistinis žodžių apibūdinimas „Lietuvių kalbos žodyne“

LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE QUESTIONS XXXV (1995) STUDIES OF LITHUANIAN LEXICOLOGY Klementina VOSYLYTĖ STYLISTIC DEFINITION OF WORDS "LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE IN THE GARDEN” 81. The stylistic classification of vocabulary in dictionaries is usually indicated by certain stylistic notes. The stylistic note defines the stylistic quality of a word or its meaning. However, it is not always possible to accurately convey the stylistic modality of the word with these means. This is the problem of all dictionaries. This problem is also faced by the LKŽ compilers and editors. J. Pikčilingis (1975:10—11) has pointed out that the basis for the division of stylistically connoted vocabulary in the LKŽ varies greatly, that only certain words are stylistically described and that the stylistic notes used by the dictionaries are very broad and inconsistent. The aim of this article is to review the system of stylistic certificates in LKŽ, to highlight its shortcomings and inconsistencies in the use of certificates. There is no complete consensus on the stylistic classification of lexical terms in the theoretical or lexicographic works of linguistic stylistics. The reason for these disagreements is discussed by E. Petriščeva in her book on the stylistic analysis of Russian words (Ilerpumesa 1984:3—14). In the most general questions of stylistic classification of lexicon, there are usually fundamental disagreements. The author of this article mainly relies on the stylistic differentiation of the dictionary by the Lithuanian stylist J. Pikčilingis (Pikčilingis 1975:8—22). That some words are stylistically neutral and others are stylistically canonized (marked) is recognized by all stylists. Stylistically neutral are those words that have neither spoken nor written language emotional, visual or other stylistic nuances. Stylistically connoted vocabulary not only names objects, phenomena or characteristics, but also characterizes them and provides additional stylistic information. A stylistically connoted word is called a connotation and forms an opposition to a denotative, i.e. a word that has no stylistic connotation. The stylistic connotation of the word consists of functional and emotional and expressive connotations. Depending on the scope of use and the conditions of functioning of the word, dictionaries usually distinguish between words with a spoken language connotation and words with a book connotation. 82. Let us first look at how the LKZ presents words connoted in relation to spoken language. The certificate is a snake. The LKŽ instruction explains it as follows: "a word of spoken language, its meaning, a phrase with a distinct shade of free, unrestricted, sometimes ridiculed, rude language" (LKŽ instruction 1980:35). In particular, it is not clear whether the words of the spoken language are considered to be folk (dialectal) or common spoken words, or both. Moreover, the indisputable statement that the words of spoken language are characterized by expressiveness, emotionality, clarity and evaluative element more than the book vocabulary, seems to be not a sufficient criterion to define the spoken style. Expressivity, emotionality, ridiculous rough shade in the sphere of emotional and expressive connotation of words. 180 ar — In the LKŽ instruction certificates speak. illustrated by the following examples: išverstabambis, bebekas knabė - ė, ir Value 2 ’nose’. Unfortunately, in the ši dictionary itself, only the word knabě has been marked 2-th meaning, translatedtabambis, bebekas -ė ir provide no stylistic notes. be In the same paragraph of the instruction there is a note that completely contradicts what is said in the instruction above and already quoted here. Here is the note: "Since the greater part of the Dictionary consists of popular spoken language words, their meanings, phrases, many of which have a certain shade of freedom in relation to the norms of literary language, therefore, in order not to overload the Dictionary with notes on spoken language, only words characteristic of the style of literary spoken language are marked with the note" (LKŽ instruction 1980:35). So here already distinguish words of popular colloquial and general colloquial language. The provision that only words typical of the style of general spoken language should be marked with the mark šnek. would be suitable only for the vocabulary of general language. As a result of the LCZ itself, it is possible to create a picture from the given examples. It is marked, for example, the following words: rabantuoti, atsirabantuoti, įsirabantuoti, nusirabantuoti, užsirabantuoti, rabanuotis, įsirabanuoti, rabazdinti, rabazduotis, parsirabazduoti, susirabazduoti, rabždintis, rabiza, but they are not to the same or similar meanings and sphere of use words: išsirabantinti, rabėti, rabinti, rabuotis, atsirabūzdinti. The following words are considered to be non-verbal words: raira, rairėti, raironė, rairoti, rairūnas, -ė, 1 rairuoti, while words of similar usage sphere, such as 2 rairokas, -ė, 2 rairuoti, rarokas, rarėti, rarinti, randuoti, are not considered to be such. The adjectives repeékomis and the verbs repečkoti, repečkuoti, ruūtinti have the mark šnek., the verbs rėplioti, rėplinėti have this mark only in the 3rd person, the verbs roblinėti, roblinti, robloti and the adjective roblomis have no stylistic mark, and rioglinti, rioglioti, roglinti, roglinėti have only the mark menk., so they are stylistically described in a completely different way. The words ryzintis, rizitauti, rizius, rizutis are marked šnek.,o ryzmenė, 1 and 2 ryzuoti —without mark. The verbs rumžti, rundinti, rundyti are presented in the LKŽ with the mark šnek., and the verb roubti and the noun runtulis of similar meanings and usage are presented without stylistic marks. The following verbs or their meanings are also considered to be non-verbal words: riuopštinėtis, riutéti, ruūtinti, ruūtoti, sliūkinėti, sliūkinti (sliūksoti —without a mark), smurgsoti, 2 smurgti (with the same meaning as smurti —without a stylistic mark), snapinėti, snarpsoti, snopsoti, sominėti, 1 sominti (2 sominti, somti —without a mark), stenėti 3rd, 4th and 5th meanings, stybinti, stybrinti, stimplioti, stingčioti, 1 styrinti, striūginti, striūlinėti, striūlinti, svygnoti, šamantinėti, šamatyti, šamatuoti, šanatyti, 2 šapuoti, 1 šarpuoti (shapenti, šapėti —without a mark), šlamšnoti, šlamšti 4th and 5th meanings (why not others?), šlerkuoti, šlerpinti, šlerpoti, šlerpti, šlervinti, šlervoti, šlevėdrinėti, šlevendroti (šlerminti —with a mark only minor), as well as nouns: 1 šepšelis T-meaning (why others without a mark), 1 šakaras, šakarna, šakarnudelis, -ė, slerkius (šlernius —without a mark, and šlerva —without a mark), šlerkos, šlervokas, šlevendra. Are these commonly spoken words? The sources and the location indicate that these are usually spoken people's (dialectal) words. Let's compare the words that are presented in LKŽ without any stylistic notes: sniaukroti, snūstinėti, spogčioli, sryguoti, stabarinti, stirnoti, stripuliuoti, striubuliuoti, stulpučiuoti, stupuliuoti, stursinéti, suinytis, susikuitélis, -ė, susikumpėlis, -ė, susiližėlis, -ė, susineržėlis, -ė, susisukėlis, -ė, susitūpėlis, -ė, sutrius, -¢, suzlibelis, -ė, svaimėti, šalameikis, šalataika, šapnagis 1st, 2nd and 3rd meanings, šatragonas, šemeklinėti, šemeklis, šemelioti, šemeliotis, šemerioli, šemintinėli, Semsioli, šinkyti, škabalda, škabarda, škervinti, škiobrinti, šlaitinėti, slamstauli, šlamštokas, -ė, šlapadraila, šleivakojis, -ė, šleivioti, šleivoti, šleivys, -ė, šleketuoti, šlepenti, šlepsėti, šlioti, šlitiniuoti, šlytinti, šliudrinėti, šliūkštinti and so on. From the point of view of functional connotation, these words, it seems, do not differ from the marked šnek. Both have strong emotional and expressive or visual nuances (unfortunately, often not marked in the LCZ). Most of them, however, are used in the spoken language of the people, rather than in the common spoken language. Thus, it is concluded that LKŽ marking of words or their meanings with the mark „šnek.“ is very subjective and inconsistent, so it needs to be corrected both in the instruction and in the practical work of the dictionary. In addition to the certificate šnek., the LKŽ still uses the certificates dial., dz., r., suv. They are proposed in the instruction for use for irregular phonetic, morphological dialectal forms, as well as certain dialectal meanings (LKŽ instruction 1980:29—30), in other words, for the denotation of phonetic, constructive and semantic dialectisms. Dialectal words, as indicated in the instruction, -these marks are not 181 indicated, and in which dialect they are used, the sources of their use or the place mark indicate. The instruction also gives some examples of the use of the mentioned certificates: kap (dial.), gydrus, -i (v.), ganinkla (v.), antjoti (v.), prigauti 3-ioji reikšmė (dial.). In the LKŽ the words gydrus, -iir ganinkla are still marked with dial., not ž. After a long search in the LKŽ, one can find another word, marked with pazymomis dial., dz., r., suv. or z. For example, mark dial. There are 2-rd meaning dialectisms for the words: klėbys, lizas, for the verb ėsti, but they are not for the words skinstas, šaltenis, šašėlis, šešeli, šiulma, surusvas, -a, sužalias, -ia and many other constructive, phonetic and semantic dialectisms. Furthermore, these marks are not applicable to the origin characteristics of the words but to the functional style. Dial for a list of dialectisms in general language dictionaries. (or a certificate of a particular dialect) could be considered as a native. The distinction between snak. and dial., dz., r., suv., ž. should be viewed as a relation between the center and the periphery of the connotation (or between the genus and the species). Thus, the definitions of terms expressed by signs šnek. and dial. should be clarified, since such incoherences in the instruction are reflected in the practical LKŽ at work. There are also some other languages that use the IPA:. (in addition to the 3-th meaning of gavėnas and 2 kanapinis, which are given with this certificate in the instructions, it is used to mark the words raitojėlis, suvedélis, etc.), showing that the word or its meaning is used only in folklore, as well as marks that specifically show in which folklore genre the word or its meaning is used, e.g., d. (it is used to mark, e.g., 182 rultupis, spurguolėlis, spurguonėlis), ms. (it is used to mark riddle words, e.g., rangė 2-th meaning, šakotynas, šaltebezda, šarangė, šarankaitė, šašė), ps., etc. The use of these certificates in the LKZ, it seems, should not receive many criticisms. However, inconsistency occurs here as well. For example, the nouns spurguolėlis and spurguonėlis have a d., while raituolélis, raituonėlis, raitutėlis, sūpužė, supuonėlis, -ė are given without any d. The periphery of the colloquial connotation is considered to be children's language words, marked by the LKŽ as vk. In the instruction, for some reason this statement is added to the statements that show the emotional and expressive shade of the word, its meaning or phrase (LKŽ instruction 1980: 38). 83. Words with a book-like connotation are marked kng in LKŽ. This statement is interpreted in the LKŽ instruction as follows: "a book word, its meaning or phrase, not widely established in the language, often foreign to it in its making or meaning" (LKŽ instruction 1980: 35). The introduction of the LKŽ also says similarly: "a book word, a culprit word, in its meaning, a phrase, not more widely used, having other equivalents in literary language" (LKŽ I, XIII). Based on these interpretations, the words raštinyčia, rykė'state, kingdom', rykys, -ė 'king, ruler', saupažintė, saupažintis, slygunas and slykūnas 'dragon', šalaujis, -ė 'foreign country', širdgilingas, -a, širdgilus, -i and so on, seem to be worth noting with a note kng., because they are all book-based, not widely used and have equivalents in common language. It is not easy to find a word in the LKŽ, marking kng., because there is only one of them in the whole volume. Otherwise, in the works of linguistic stylistics, it is customary to consider the official words, clerical expressions, special words and terms, usually used in official writings, journalism, newspaper information, special science, art, technology or similar literature, i.e. words, which in their origin and scope of use are book vocabulary. and agr., anat., astr., biol., bot., chem., etc. and in this case relates as the center and periphery of connotation. The LKŽ instruction does not take this relationship into account, because the certificate kng. is presented next to the notes indicating the word’s belonging to a certain stylistic layer of the language lexicon, and the notes of scientific terms — in another paragraph, separately. The term is not used in literature. Despite the inconsistency of the instruction, the references to scientific terms are used relatively consistently and systematically. $4. The stylistic description of words in dictionaries should depend on the specific type of vocabulary and the tasks posed. For example, I.Shmeliova believes that in the explanatory dictionary of literary language it is not necessary to mark the book vocabulary, since it is neutral in the context of book styles, but it is necessary to mark the words of the colloquial layer, which are usually used as stylistic means in book style and fiction (IlIMejieBa 1974:182—186- ). The LKŽ includes words used in all functional styles of language, i.e. words collected from dialects, from fictional, scientific, political and other literature, from periodical press, from folklore collections, from all the most important dictionaries of Lithuanian language and from the most important ancient writings. Since the spoken language and the book vocabulary in the LCZ are mainly and, as stated in the instruction and the introduction, 183 do not want to overload the dictionary with notes, or should not the center of spoken and book connotation notes šnek. and kng. give up, but mark only those words of their periphery, the stylistic nature of which causes the least doubt and ambiguity. 85. For emotional and expressive connotations, the following abbreviations are provided in the LKŽ abbreviation list and instruction: euf., fam., iron., juok., keik., malon., menk., niek., vlg. (that in the instruction among these certificates is written and par mark vk., we have already mentioned). When looking at the LKZ, it is noticeable that stylistically connoted words are usually described with one of the two connotations — only functional or only emotional and expressive — although quite often in one word there is a double connotation. It has already been mentioned that emotional and expressive nuances are more typical of colloquial style words. Therefore, the word could have a certificate and šnek., and menk., niek. etc. The LKZ usually marks only the word when it is spoken or only when it is derogatory, derogatory, vulgar, etc. It is also striking that words with very similar or completely identical emotional and expressive shades have the mark of min. in some places, nothing else, and quite often — without any mark, for example: rukšna is marked min., and rukata, rukena, rukna, rukšla 4th meaning — without stylistic mark; rukšmyžioti marked niek., and rukšmyžė, rukšpūžė —without mark; rupečka 2nd value, rupke 2nd value —none, 0 toad 2nd value (about a person) —no mark; šaštius, -ė has a mark menk., šašna —without any stylistic mark, and šašnys 1-th meaning is marked menk., 3-th meaning — niek. ; šatrakojis, -ė, šatramazgis, -ė are marked menk., and Satrausis —without mark; šavalka is marked with a minor, and šavedraila — stylistically unappreciated; suburbelis, -ė, subuvėlis, -ė, sučiurėlis, -ė, surukelis, -ė, sustumkelnis, -ė, sušutėlis, -ė are marked menk., susidrėbėlis, -ė —nothing, and sudrėbtuvas, sudribėlis, -ė, sudriskelis, -ė, sudubelis, -e, sudžiūtrietis, -ė, sugniužėlis, -ė, sugrubnagis, -ė, sugrubelis, -ė, sugverukslis, -ė, suirėlis, -ė, sukepélis, -ė, sukliokpilvis, -ė, sukriošėlis, -ė, surūgėlis, -ė, suskretėlis, -ė, susuktanosis, -ė —without any stylistic indications; 1 sunburnis, -ė 2-oji ir 3-ioji reikšmė, šunakalnis, -ė, šuniakalkis, -ė, šunbalis, šunbernis, šunbranktis, šunbrolis, šunburniauti, 1 Sunburnis, -ė 2-oji ir 3-ioji reikšmė, šunakalnis, -ė, šunakalkis, šuneika, šuniamalkė, šunmilčiauti, šunmokslis, šunpalaikis 1-oji reikšmė žymimi menk., šunagarys, -ė, 2 šunbiza, 3 šungalvis, -ė 2-oji reikšmė, šunmeistris, šunmurža, šunpalaikis 2-oji reikšmė, Sunpautis, -ė, šunprūsis, -ė, šunrajys, -ė, šunskumpis, -ė, šunsnukis, -ė 2-oji reikšmė, šunsparnis, -ė, šunšaipa, šunuodegiauti, šunuodegėtojas, -ė 2-oji ir 3-ioji reikšmė, šuniadantis, -ė, šunbajoris, -ė, šunbarzdė, 3 šungalvis, -ė 3-ioji reikšmė, šuniadantis, -ė, suniasléektis, -ė, sunmiléiai, šunpranašis, -ė, šunsnukiuoti are presented as stylistically neutral words, i.e. without any stylistic mark. The examples presented here show that words with derogatory or denigrating connotations or their meanings are stylistically described inconsistently in the LKŽ, and the notes are poor. and nothing. used without clearer criteria. In order to avoid confusion and inconsistencies, it would seem worthwhile to mark these words and their meanings only with a minuscule. certificate, and certificates nothing. give up at all. 184 The LKŽ instruction provides stylistic attestations iron. And laugh. interpretations are almost identical, although described in other words. Certificate of iron. is interpreted as follows: "ironic, having irony, ridicule word, its meaning, saying" (LKŽ instruction 1980: 37), and the certificate lauk. —"A word, its meaning, or a phrase that is ridiculed or said ridiculously" (LKŽ instruction 1980:38). The list of abbreviations in the LKŽ is marked with lauk. is interpreted in the same way: "funny, funny" the word, its meaning or phrase. Thus, both marks are suggested to mark words with ridiculous, mocking tone, their meanings or sayings. In addition, the LKŽ and the "Dictionary of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language" (1993) provide only the verb juoktis, i.e. without a prefix this verb is given only in the sangrazine form. So the certificate laugh. to be interpreted as "laugh(s), laughably” should not be. Certificates laugh. interpretation, it seems, would be more accurate and clearer, for example, as follows: in joke, jokingly said word, its meaning or phrase. Familiar or familiarly used words, their meanings or expressions in the LKŽ list of abbreviations and in the LKŽ instruction (1980: 37) are suggested to be marked with fam. However, it is not easy to find such a certificate in LKŽ. This certificate should therefore either be abolished or used once it has been introduced. This certificate could be used, for example, to mark the following meanings of words or their shades: mother "wife, herself (that is how a man calls a wife with children)", father "wife's husband, husband" and so on. Emotional and expressive connotations include visual vocabulary, for which there is no special mark in the LKŽ, e.g. stypčioti, slypinėti, slypinti, styplinėti, styplinti (1 tyrinti —has a mark šnek.). Visual information, visual shades of such words are described by a synonym of similar stylistic connotation or by a corresponding descriptive interpretation. Examples of figurative vocabulary could be, for example, verbs šlepenti, šlepsėti, šlitiniuoti, šlytinti, as well as extemporaneous verbs, etc. The special stylistic mark is not used for the expressions and emoticons which perform only an emotional and expressive function. LITERATURE LKZ —Dictionary of Lithuanian Language 3—15, Vilnius, 1956—1991; 2nd edition 1—2, 1968—1969. LKZ instrukcija —Lietuvių kalbos žodyno instrukcija, Vilnius: Lietuvos TSR MA Centrinės bibliotekos rotaprintas, 1980. 1975: The Language of the World, 2nd ed., New York: Routledge. ITerTpumesna E.d. 1984: Cmuaucmuvecku oxpautennas A€Kcuxa pycck020 Aska, MocrBa: Hayka. This is me with V.H. 1974: [IpyHUMOBI CTUJINCTHYECKON XAPDAKTEPUCTUKH CJIOBA B o6meM croBape TUTEPATYPHOrO S3bIKa (Ha pycckoM maTepuasne). —BeECOWINAA nayunas KOMPEPEHYUA NO MEOPEMUNECKUM BONPOCAM FA3IBLKO 3nanux (11—16 novbps 1974 2.). Textus Receptus, MockBa, 182—1886. STYLISTIC DESCRIPTION OF THE VOCABULARY IN THE “DICTIONARY OF THE LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE?” Summary In the essay, the system of style indications in the “Dictionary of the Lithuanian language” is examined. Separate is the marking of the vocabulary 185 of viewpoint of the functional stylistic and expressive emotional connotation. : Some functional Information on the Style (z. B. snail. ”colloquially”) and the Information on the Labelling of the vocabulary with an emotional Staining (z. B. Menk. “repulsive” and niek. ”legitimate” im ” Dictionary of Lithuanian language” used very subjectively and inconsistently. 186