„Baravỹkas“ (Boletus edulis Fr.) ir jo sinonimai

LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI XXXV (1995) LIETUVIŲ LEKSIKOLOGIJOS TYRINĖJIMAI Dovilė RIMANTAITĖ—SVETIKIENĖ PORCINI (BOLETUS EDULIS FR.) AND ITS SYNONYMS Today in Lithuania, the porcini is considered the most valuable mushroom. According to the different habitats, at least four main varieties of Boletus edulis (Bull.) Fr. are known in Lithuania1, which “differ in shape, colour and size”2. Recently, mycologists have tended to distinguish several species of porcini. For instance, “Mushrooms of Lithuania”3 lists the true porcini (Boletus edulis Fr. = B. edulis f. edulis, incl. B. edulis f. betulicola Vassilk.) and the pine porcini (Boletus pinicola Vitt. = B. edulis f. pinicola (Vitt.) Vassilk.), which appear to be the most widespread porcini in Lithuania. Several different varieties of porcini usually grow in different parts of Lithuania, depending on the surrounding forests. People generally notice the differences between individual varieties of porcini, but neither this nor the mushroom’s value has prompted the creation of many Lithuanian folk names. On the contrary, a loanword has become established both in dialects and in the standard language, while any efforts to promote a native name for use in the standard language have proved fruitless. This article will attempt to review all known names for this mushroom and their motivations. The material was collected from the “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language”4 (hereafter LKŽ), the “Atlas of the Lithuanian Language”5 (hereafter LKA), and their card indexes, supplemented with names from Lithuanian-language dictionaries and data from dialects gathered by the author herself. 1. Names for the porcini. This “edible mushroom of the bolete family, with a brown, convex cap and a tall, thick, perforated stem (Boletus edulis)” is called by the Slavic loanword baravykas throughout almost the entire Lithuanian language area; the form barovykas has also been recorded in Želsva, Marijampolė district (LKA I 170). The Slavic origin of baravykas is beyond doubt: it is derived from Belarusian баравік6. Belarusian баравік, as the data of Belarusian dialectology show 1 M a z e l a i t i s J. ir M i n k e v i č i u s A. Valgomoji ir nuodingieji grybai, Vilnius, 1957, 99. 2 U r b o n a s V. Grybai, Vilnius, 1986, 54. 3 M a z e l a i t i s J., U r b o n a s V. Lietuvos grybai, Vilnius, 1980, 143. 4 Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 3—16, Vilnius, 1956—1995; II leid. 1—2, 1968—1969. 5 Lietuvių kalbos atlasas 1, Leksika, Vilnius, 1977. 6 B r ü c k n e r A. Die slavischen Fremdwörter im Litauischen. — Litu-slavische Studien, Weimar, 1877, 70; S k a r d ž i u s P. Die slavischen Lehnwörter im Altlitauischen, Kaunas, 1931, 39; F r a e n k e l E. Litauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch 1, Heidelberg etc., 1962, 35; žr. dar: S a b a l i a u s k a s A. Lietuvių kalbos leksika, Vilnius, 1990, 237. 92 data7, is the principal name for this mushroom and is known throughout Belarus; in the Lithuanian borderlands, it is essentially the only name. The word borowik is also widely used for this mushroom in Poland, but it seems to have become established there relatively recently; moreover, it is known as the mushroom’s sole name only in northeastern Poland (around Suwałki, Białystok and Lublin)8. From the name’s geographical distribution and morphology, it is thought that Polish borowik came from the East Slavic languages9, most likely from Belarusian10. Interestingly, one of the first uses of the word in Polish literature—perhaps the very first—was in the poem “Pan Tadeusz,” by A. Mickiewicz11, who came from Novogrudok (now in Belarus). This Slavic name for the mushroom is associated with Russian and Belarusian бор “pine forest”, Polish bór, and so on12, and its motivation is attributed to the mushroom’s habitat. Lithuanian baravykas is a relatively old loanword. In written language, it first appears in the handwritten mid-seventeenth-century Lexicon Lithuanicum (Lex 8413) and in the so-called Krause dictionary (Q 505) from the first half of the eighteenth century. It is later found in P. Ruigys’s dictionary, K. Donelaitis’s “Metai” (Summer Tasks 601), the dictionaries of K. G. Milkus and G. H. F. Nesselmanno, a manuscript Lithuanian–Polish dictionary (RtŽ), the dictionaries of F. Kuršaitis and A. Juška, and V. Kalvaitis’s “Lietuviškų vardų kletelė” (KlvK 83). J. Brodovskis’s eighteenth-century manuscript dictionary records a variant of the same word with an ē-stem: Barawikkes Steinpiltzke & Storkótes (B979)14. The word baravykas is also found in all twentieth-century Lithuanian dictionaries. It then entered Lithuanian mycological terminology. Initially, in P. Matulionis’s “Žolynas”15, it denoted the principal mushroom of the bolete genus, Boletus edulis Fr.; later, however, in “Lietuviškas botanikos žodynas” and other books16, it became established as the name of the genus Boletus. As LKA I 170 and the material we have collected show, alongside the widely prevalent mushroom name baravykas in Lithuania, other names for this mushroom are also found in the southern Lithuanian dialects. Compound names have been recorded in which the second element is the generic name for a mushroom or the word baravykas, while the first is the adjective true, genuine. For example, true mushroom was heard in Rudnia, Marcinkonys, Kabeliai, 7 Лексичны атлас беларускіх народных гаворак 1, Мінск, 1993, 114 ir žemėlapis 279; Сержанина Г. И., Яшкин И. Я. Грибы, Минск, 1986, 117. 8 Bartnicka — Dąbkowska B. Polskie ludowe nazwy grzybów, Wrocław etc., 1964, 45. 9 Same place. 10 Sabaliauskas A. Same place. 11 Bartnicka—Dąbkowska B. Cited work, 46. 12 Brückner A. Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego, Warszawa, 1974, 36; Этн.магазины слоўнік беларускай мовы 1, Мінск, 1978, 370; žr. dar: Sabaliauskas A. Ten pat. 13 Abbreviations here and below are as in LKŽ. 14 G. H. F. Ness elmann also adopted this form from J. Brodovskis, cf.: Barawikke, -es, f. daff. (Bd.). 15 Matulionis P. Herbarium 2, Dictionary of Lithuanian Plants and Plant Catalogue, Vilnius, 1906, 12. 16 Lithuanian Botanical Dictionary 1, Kaunas, 1938, 51; Mazelaitis J. and Minkev ičius A. Op. cit., 97; Mazelaitis J., Urbonas V. Op. cit., 143, etc. 93 In Azierkai (Grodno region), true porcini—in Pivašiūnai, Kapčiamiestis, genuine mushroom—in Kabeliai and Ratnyčia. But the most widespread is the substantive genuine—in Marcinkonys, Seirijai, Lazdijai, Leipalingis, Ratnyčia, Liškiava, Kapčiamiestis, Druskininkai, Švendubrė, Kabeliai, and Veisiejai. Given their geographical distribution, all these names, known only in Lithuania’s far southeast, should apparently be regarded as calques of corresponding Polish names17; cf. Polish grzyb prawdziwy, prawdziwy, prawdziwek ‘porcini’ and the like, which are widely used throughout Poland18. As Belarusian dialectological data show, Belarusian праўдзівы грыб, праўдзівы, праўдзівец ‘porcini’ and the like are widespread in southwestern Belarus, closer to the Polish border19, and the geographical distribution of these names indicates that they most likely came from Poland. Recorded in Zietela (Grodno region), ščýras grýbas, spravedlìvas grýbas ‘porcini’ are recent Belarusian loansщуры грыб, справядлівы грыб. Today in Dzūkija, instead of or alongside tikrinis, tikras grýbas, tikras baravykas, tikrinis grýbas, the term baravykas is sometimes also used; it is gradually beginning to displace the customary names for this mushroom in that region. Nevertheless, the old names are still regarded as native, inherited from long ago, and are much more actively used, whereas baravykas is accepted as a loanword, a name learned recently20. For instance, the “Dictionary of the Druskininkai Dialect” records this telling sentence: Baravykai – tai gal iš lenkiško, ar iš rusiško, o pas mus tikriniai21. The same source also gives the verb tikriniauti, ‘to gather porcini’: Tikriniaut einam – daugis tikrinių. In sound and formation, tikrinis (grýbas), tikras grýbas (tikras baravykas (the latter is the newest) are native names. Their motivation, like that of their Polish counterparts, is quite clear: because of their qualities (they do not darken, are suitable for drying, and taste good), these mushrooms are considered the best—that is, the most genuine22. Although used in a relatively small area (the southeastern part of Lithuania), in the 20th century tikrinis (grýbas, baravykas) appeared in dictionaries and entered the standard language. This apparently happened in an effort to find and include in the standard language a Lithuanian synonym for baravykas; the term was also recalled during the creation of mycological terminology. For instance, in his “Russian–Lithuanian Dictionary”23, J. Baronas (alongside šilabudė, baravykas) apparently recorded tikrinis grýbas for the first time in a dictionary, in the sense of baravykas. Later, tikrinis, tikrinis baravykas are also found in other dictionaries and texts24. 17 LKA I 170. 18 Bartnicka – Dąbkowska B. Min. veik., 44. 19 Leksičny atlas... Min. veik., žemėlapis 279; Сержанина Г. И., Яшкин И. Я. Min. veik. Ten pat. 20 LKA. Ten pat. 21 Naktinienė G., Paulauskienė A., Vitkauskas V. Druskininkų tarmės žodynas, Vilnius, 1988, 407. 22 Bartnicka – Dąbkowska B. Min. veik., 44. 23 Baronas J. Russian–Lithuanian Dictionary. 2nd ed., Kaunas, 1933, 32. 24 Lithuanian Encyclopedia 2, Kaunas, 1934, 1208; Lithuanian Botanical Dictionary. Ibid.; Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian, Vilnius, 1954, 856; Mazelaitis J. 94 The specific name baravykas has also become established in the scientific terminology of mycology. Having chosen baravykas as the name for fungi of the genus Boletus, the most important species of boletus fungi, Boletus edulis Fr., was named the specific baravykas. Besides the names already mentioned that are used in scientific terminology, Lithuanian also has other names for the boletus, used or formerly used more narrowly. Less commonly in Dzūkija (Dauguse, Varėna, Rudnia, Marcinkonys, Perloja, Merkinė, Kabeliai) and in Zietela, the boletus is also called by the generic word for mushroom. The relatively limited use of the word meaning ‘mushroom’ to denote the boletus suggests that Lithuanians, having borrowed this word from the Slavs quite some time ago (it is attested in 17th-century writings)²⁵, probably borrowed this meaning of the word from their closest neighbors more recently. For example, in the dialects of the northern and western Slavic languages, it was and remains customary to use the generic word for mushroom to refer only, or primarily, to the boletus²⁶. Polish grzyb is widespread in the sense of Boletus edulis Fr., especially in northeastern Poland²⁷. Belarusian гриб is known in the same sense in southern Belarus²⁸. The boletus is called simply grybù because it is considered the most valuable mushroom of all²⁹. I have not found the Lithuanian grybo, recorded with the meaning ‘boletus’, in written sources. It would be interesting to note here that, for example, corresponding Slavic loans in Latvian, (g)rības, grība, appear in old Latvian texts, apparently with the meaning ‘boletus’; compare Steinpültzen, Rīhbas in K. Elvers’s German–Latvian dictionary (1748), grihbas, Steinpülzen in G. F. Stender’s Latvian–German dictionary (1761), which the author, incidentally, identifies as an Upper Latvian word³⁰ (the same dictionary also contains the name for the mushroom baravīkḍ³¹); Grihbas (rīhbas) Steinpilz in a list of Courland mushroom names (1866)³²; and grība, der Steinpilz in C. C. Ulmann’s Latvian–German dictionary (1872)³³. Another, less well-known name for the boletus is storkōtis (stōrkōtis). It is true that it is not attested in living speech. It first occurs in an 18th-century manuscript dictionary from the first half of the century, held in the former Königsberg archive (Q¹ 399)³⁴. Later, together with baravykù, it was recorded, one might say, in all the Eastern and M i n k e v i č i u s A. Cited work, 143. ²⁵ Z i n k e v i č i u s Z. History of the Lithuanian Language 3, The Language of Old Writings, Vilnius, 1988, 137. ²⁶ Г а й д а м о в и ч — М а з у р е к А. Names of Mushrooms in the Slavic Languages. — Russian Philology 13, Series A, 1976, 106. ²⁷ B a r t n i c k a — D ą b k o w s k a B. Cited work, 44. ²⁸ Lexical atlas. Cited work. Ibid.; C е р ж а н и н а Г. И., Я ш к и н И. Я. … Cited work. Ibid. ²⁹ B a r t n i c k a — D ą b k o w s k a B. Ibid. ³⁰ Quoted from: Z e m z a r e D. Latvian Dictionaries, Riga, 1961, 115. ³¹ Ibid., 127. ³² K a w a l l H. Mushrooms in Courland according to their Latvian names, with an attempted interpretation of some of them. — Magazin, published by the Latvian Literary Society 13, 1866, 78. ³³ M ü l e n b a c h s K. Latvian Language Dictionary 1. Edited, supplemented, and continued by J. Endzelīns, Riga, 1923, 656. ³⁴ The information was taken from: S k a r d ž i u s P. Word Formation in the Lithuanian Language, Vilnius, 95 In the lexicographical works of the Prussian Lithuanians: P. Ruigys’s dictionary, K. Donelaitis’s “Metai” (Summer Works 601), and the dictionaries of K. G. Milkus and G. H. F. Nesselmanno. By giving storkotį in square brackets, F. Kuršaitis indicates that he did not know this name from living speech (he had heard only baravykas), though V. Kalvaitis35 attested its continued use (alongside baravyko) in Prussian Lithuania as late as the end of the 19th century. The 18th-century manuscript dictionary of J. Brodovskis gives a variant of the same word with an ē-stem: Storkōtes (B 979). As a possible synonym of baravyko, storkotį is given in 20th-century dictionaries DŽ (1954, 1972, 1993) and NdŽ, while storkotį is given in KŽ; but it seems to have remained merely a lexical dialectism36. The available material shows that storkōtis, meaning “baravykas,” was known only in Prussian Lithuania. Allowing for the conventions of a literary work, one could nevertheless quote a sentence from K. Donelaitis’s “Metai”: “Running into the forests, she gathered such a great many plempiai, rudmesiai, storkočiai and baravykai, jautakiai and baltikiai, gruzdai and bobausiai for herself...” (Summer Works 601—603). The use side by side of storkotis and baravykas seems to suggest that these are names for different mushrooms. It is entirely possible that storkočiai was the name for a particular variety of baravykas. The transparent motivation of this name indicates that it highlights the mushroom’s thick stem, and people consider baravykai with very thick stems to be the best, cf. a sentence from Pėžaičiai (Klaipėda district): Baravykai on thick stems — those are the real ones37. Interestingly, names for baravykas based on similar motivation do not occur in other languages. This is, in fact, a native name for this mushroom, originating in one region; it remained unknown and did not take root more widely in Lithuania. The Samogitian juodviršis should also be regarded as an indigenous, folk name for the porcini mushroom. It is known from the unpublished writings of J. Pabrėža, S. Daukantas, and M. Akelaitis, although it has not been recorded in living speech. In his “Taislius”38, J. Pabrėža, seeking to purify the Lithuanian language and find a Lithuanian substitute for the loanword, gives juodviršis as the name for the porcini mushroom, noting at the same time that it is a Samogitian name. S. Daukantas also avoided the loanword baravykas, undoubtedly well known in Samogitia, and promoted juodviršis in its place. In Daukantas’s Lithuanian–Latin manuscript dictionary it is recorded as follows: Barawikas vide joudwirszis (p. 85)39, while in his Polish–Lithuanian dictionary the entry for baravykas reads: Borowik, jūdwiŕszis40. Juodviršis is also recorded in M. Akelaitis’s manuscripts41, but it is known that he followed the written language of his Samogitian contemporaries and made excerpts42 and, 1943, 426. 35 K a l v a i t i s W. Lietuwiszku Wardu Klėtele, Tilžė, 1910, 83. 36 The mushroom name is described in the book: K a b e l k a J. Kristijono Donelaičio raštų leksika, Vilnius, 1964, 21. 37 LKA card index. 38 P a b r ė ž a J. Tayslės augumynis... (manuscript held at the Martynas Mažvydas National Library of Lithuania), 1843, 850. 39 Quoted from the article: K r u o p a s J. S. Daukanto leksikografiniai darbai. — Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 4, 1961, 309. 40 D a u k a n t a s S. Didysis lenkų-lietuvių kalbų žodynas (a-m), Vilnius, 1993, 94. 41 LKŽ IV 412. 42 K r u o p a s J. M. Akelaitis, lexicographer. — Questions of Lithuanian Linguistics 96 possibly, he came across S. Daukantas’s Lithuanian-Polish dictionary43. Since both J. Pabrėža and S. Daukantas were Samogitian farmers, they wrote following their own dialect, so blackcap apparently came from their dialect into the manuscripts, but went no further. Indeed, J. Pabrėža, the first to attempt to create botanical terminology and nomenclature in Lithuanian, also sought to use blackcap in scientific terminology, naming the mushroom Boletus edulis Fr. pored mushroom blackcap (and accordingly naming the genus Boletus pored mushrooms)44, but this name did not catch on later. The sparse Lithuanian baravyko synonyms were supplemented in the 20th century by newly coined names for this fungus, recorded in dictionaries. In the first half of the century, when particular efforts were made to purify the language and get rid of Slavic borrowings, there were clear attempts to Lithuanianize baravyką as well and find a substitute for it (J. Pabrėža and S. Daukantas had already sought to do so). Thus, the half-calque šilavykas appeared in Lithuanian writings45: the stem of the loanword was translated (so the motivation remained the same), while the derivational affix was borrowed. At the beginning of the 20th century, the meaning ‘porcini’ also appeared for šilabudė46, šilabudė (NdŽ, KŽ)—another dictionary-made word. Apparently formed under the influence of baravyko and based on the same motivation, this name nevertheless went no further than those dictionaries. It was also dropped from the latest edition of DŽ (1993), partly because the second component of šilabudės is not customary in forming names for pore-bearing fungi. Among folk mushroom names with the second component -budė, only names for milk-cap fungi or for generally poor, inedible mushrooms are found; cf. kiauliabudė “Lactarius trivialis Fr.”, storabudė “Lactarius vellereus Fr.”, kelmabudė “Armillariella mellea Karst.?”, brėdžiabudė “Hydnum imbricatum Fr.”, panabudė “Phallus impudicus (L.) Pers.”, and others. Also compare būdė, recorded in Marcinkonys with the meaning ‘all mushrooms except porcini’. This meaning also seems to be supported by examples from LKŽ I 1120 and J. Pabrėža’s būdė “Agaricus”47. In the dictionaries of J. Ryteris, B. Sereiskis, and A. Kuršaitis, šilbaravykis is recorded with the meaning ‘porcini’; J. Šlapelis (1940) has šilabaravykis, while šilagrybis appears in A. L alio’s “Polish and Lithuanian Dictionary” (1912) (LL10). These names seem to have arisen by chance, since otherwise they designate other fungi of the bolete family (Boletus luridus Fr., Gyroporus castaneus (Fr.) Quél., Gyroporus cyanescens (Fr.) Quél., Suillus variegatus (Fr.) O. Kuntze, Tylopilus felleus (Fr.) Karst.). 12, 1970, 157. 43 Ibid., 159. 44 P a b r ė ž a J. Min. manuscript, 849. 45 Lithuanian Encyclopedia. Ibid.; S e r e i s k i s B. Lithuanian-Russian Dictionary, Kaunas, 1933, 955; S l a p e l i s J. Polish-Lithuanian Dictionary, Vilnius, 1940, 509. 46 B a r o n a s J. Russian-Lithuanian Dictionary, Kaunas, 1924, 24; Lithuanian-Latvian Dictionary. Compiled by J. R y t e r i s, Riga, 1929, 1164; B a r o n a s J. Russian-Lithuanian Dictionary. 2nd ed., Kaunas, 1933, 32, 104; Š l a p e l i s J. Min. book, 509; later DŽ (1954, 1972), NdŽ. 47 P a b r ė ž a J. Min. manuscript, 831. 97 2. Names for varieties of the cep. Lithuanian dialects contain names for the cep that designate particular varieties of this mushroom. Most such names have been recorded in Dzūkija, the most mushroom-rich part of Lithuania. Here, it seems, two main varieties of the cep are most clearly distinguished: the pine-forest variety (Boletus pinicola Vitt. = B. edulis f. pinicola (Vitt.) Vassilk.) and the birch-forest variety (Boletus edulis Fr. = B. edulis f. edulis, incl. B. edulis f. betulicola Vassilk.). They differ not only in habitat but also in cap color and size. Thus, the pine-forest cep, with a black cap, is called by the compound name juodagalvis tikrinis (Druskininkai, Kapčiamiestis), juodagalvis grybas (Kabeliai), juodagalvis baravykas (Labanoras, Tauragnai), or, even more often, by the substantivized form juodagalvis (Varėna, Marcinkonys, Rudnia, Pivašiūnai, Valkininkai, Saldutiškis), juodaviršis (Gervėčiai, Rūdiškės). By contrast, the birch-forest cep, with its lighter cap, is called baltagalviu tikriniu (Kapčiamiestis), baltagalviu baravyku (Tauragnai), or baltagalviu (Varėna, Marcinkonys, Valkininkai, Druskininkai, Saldutiškis), baltaviršiu (Rūdiškės). Emphasizing their habitat, these pale-colored ceps growing in birch woods are also called paberžiniais baravykais (Labanoras), beržiniais (Varėna, Rudnia), or trakiniais (Druskininkai, Marcinkonys, Pivašiūnai), trakiniais baravykais (Dubi čiai), trakiniais grybais (Ratnyčia); compare trākas “a high, dry meadow overgrown with sparse shrubs and trees, a forest clearing · || a meadow with birch trees” (LKŽ XVI 538). Special mention should also be made of such compound names for the cep that arose sporadically and designate only the very first ceps, appearing earliest. The emergence of the cep is usually associated with the heading of the rye, cf. the sentences: The first ceps begin to sprout when the rye is heading Kamajai; When the rye is coming into ear, ceps grow Lazūnai; Then some little cep also comes up with the rye Pelesa. Thus arose ruginis baravykas (“The rye cep is the true cep”) in Gardamas and baravykas rugiažiedis in Kaltanėnai; for their motivation, compare Polish żytni “Boletus edulis Fr.”⁴⁸ and Belarusian каласасвікі “ceps that grow when the rye is heading”⁴⁹. In addition, the first ceps are called gegužiniais baravykais in Labanoras; for the motivation, compare Polish grzyb majowy “Boletus edulis Fr.”⁵⁰, hryb majowy “Boletus edulis Fr.”⁵¹. 3. Conclusions. A review of all known names for the cep shows that, in both written sources and dialects, a relatively old Slavic name has been established since ancient times 48 B a r t n i c k a — D ą b k o w s k a B. Min. veik., 130. 49 Слоўнік Беларускіх гаворак паўночна-заходняй Беларусі і яе пагранічча 2, Мінск, 1980, 367. 50 B a r t n i c k a — D ą b k o w s k a B. Min. veik., 91; M a j e w s k i E. Dictionary of Polish surnames and botanical names 2, Warszawa, 1894, 121. 51 B a r t n i c k a — D ą b k o w s k a B. Min. veik., 93. 98 a loanword baravykas, which has by now become an established native word. Other synonyms for baravykas found in written sources and dialects, whether past or present, may also be native words, but perhaps because their highly vivid motivation foregrounds a single feature of the mushroom, they remained narrow dialectisms (storkūtis, juodviršis), or were simply coined unsuccessfully and failed to take hold. In the development of scientific mycological terminology, alongside baravykas, the proper name tikrinis was also established as a term. Thus, by the 20th century, the place of all the names for baravykas in the synonym series had become established: baravykas, tikrinis, storkūtis, juodviršis. BARAVYKAS (BOLETUS EDULIS FR.) AND ITS SYNONYMS Summary After reviewing all the known names of the mushroom Boletus edulis it can be stated that old loan-word from the Whiterussian language baravykas prevails both in the old literature and dialects. Some Lithuanian names of this mushroom also can be found there, but they are not popular elsewhere, except one dialect. Reasons for that might be their specific though clear motivation: only one feature of the referent was taken as basis for nomination, e.g. storkūtis, juodviršis or simply they were ill-formed and therefore have not taken root in the Lithuanian language (šįlaogkas, šįlabudė). While creating mycological terminology not only baravykas but also tikrinis, a name used in the Southern part of Lithuania, were taken into consideration. Thus in the XX century all the synonyms of baravykas can be enumerated according to the degree of their prevalence: tikrinis, storkūtis, juodviršis. 99