Norminamasis žodynas ir lingvistinė geografija

LITHUANIAN LINGUISTICAL QUESTIONS XXXVII (1997) PROBLEMS OF LEXICOGRAFY AND LEXICOLOGY Kazys MORKŪNAS NORMATIVE DICTIONARY AND LINGUISTICAL GEOGRAPHY In addition to a full or large dictionary, which he had already begun to write and publish, aiming to present all the words of the Lithuanian language, K. Būga wanted to compile a one-volume normative dictionary of the common language. The latter was helped by A. Vireliūnas, A. Varnas in selecting words from the large dictionary's library. After the death of K. Buga, this work stopped. It was updated by another edition of the Lithuanian language dictionary, which the Ministry of Education commissioned J. Balčikonis to compile in 1930. While continuing to collect data for the great Lithuanian language dictionary and having started writing its first volume, this editorial team almost finished selecting words for the one-volume normative dictionary by 1944. On the basis of this selected material was compiled and published in 1954 "Dictionary of Modern Lithuanian Language" (DZ). In recent decades, larger and smaller dictionaries of spelling, pronunciation, terms in various fields, bilingual dictionaries and other dictionaries have been published, as well as works that have contributed or contribute to the standardization of the vocabulary and usage of the Lithuanian common language. However, the “Dictionary of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language”, of which two further corrected and supplemented editions (DZ,, DŽ,) were published in 1972 and 1993, plays an exceptional, i.e., particularly important role in this respect. The largest and most important part of the “Dictionary of the Modern Lithuanian Language” (and of course, the general lexicon of the Lithuanian language) consists of words that are old in their origin and used in dialects. A fairly large number of these words with their basic meanings are typical of all Lithuanian dialects, e.g. akis, duona, saulė, žemė; balt) Jas, -a, gėr/Jas, -a, sald/Jūs, -i, vien/Jas, -a, četrt/Jas, -a; you, you, mine; dusti, pregnant, buy. It is the wealth of the whole Lithuanian nation. Another part of the words given in the “Dictionary of the Modern Lithuanian Language” — have long been known only in a certain area of dialects or in one dialect, for example, the word anyta “husband’s mother” is now mainly used by Kaunas people (Jrb, Kn, KS, Mrj, Prn, Sk, Vikv), southern Highlanders (Al, Lzd, Šlčn, Trak, Vrn), the greater part of eastern Highlanders? (An, Ign, Kp, Mit, Rk, Sr, Švnč, Ukm, Ut, Zr); krėžis “wicker with bow, basket' —northern Samogitians (Krtn, Mzk, Pln, Skd, TI), separate eastern gold- "Salys A. Raštai 3, Various articles, Rome: Lithuanian Catholic Academy of Sciences, 1985, 235-236. * In the same area of Lithuanian dialects, some other old words denoting kinship relationships are used as well: sésuras ‘father of the husband’, moša ‘sister of the husband’, dieveris/dieveris ‘brother of the husband’, cf. The Lithuanian Language Atlas 1, Lexicon (hereinafter LKA I), Vilnius: Mokslas, 1977, 195-196, map. Nos. 117, 118. 40 Thai schnecks (Svn, Vžns), also cf. LKA I 79, map. no. 28; bandodarZis ‘enclosure for animals, diendarzis’ —many Žemaičių šnektai (Als, Kv, Lkv, Sint, Vgr, Vkš, Žd), also cf. LKA I 46, map. nr. 10; krbiras | bunker “container to fetch and carry water, pour milk, etc.” —western Žemaičiai (Klp, Prk, Šiu), western Highlanders of the Klaipėda region (Pgg, Smln, VIkS), next to them the southern Žemaičiai (Trg, Vn), see also LKA I 67, map. No. 21. There are many other words and phrases that do not indicate the dialect or dialect group to which they belong. Some of them do not have suitable substitutes for the common language in other dialects, for example, krbiras (almost all the remaining Lithuanian language area was spread by the loanword from Slavic languages vrėdras, which in recent decades has been replaced by the common language bucket, cf. LKA I 67). A considerable number of words of this group have more equivalents in dialects, which are presented as synonyms in the “Dictionary of Modern Lithuanian Language”, e.g., be anyta, dar —dosviene DZ, 890, DZ, 876 (mainly used by the Altai people in Panevėžys and Siauliai; the Žemaičiai —iošvėnė), uosšvė DŽ, 876, DŽ, 871 (occurs in individual, mainly Altai, dialects, cf. LKA I 195, map no. 117); be bandodaržis, also — diéndarzis DZ, 135, DZ, 119, DZ, 121 (used in some ryty and vakary highland dialects), laidaras DZ, 401, DZ, 352, DZ, 349 (mostly used in Žemaičių- ), Zardis DZ, 966, DZ, 957, DZ, 950 (used in western highland Kauniškių and some 2 Žemaičių dialects) i and others? Often the relationship of words or their meanings in the “Dictionary of Modern Lithuanian Language” with a particular dialect is shown by annotations: dz. (=word or meaning of Dzūkian dialect), ryt. (=East Highlands), vac. (=western highlanders), zem. (=žemaičių), e.g.: gyduolė (2) dz. ‘vaistazole’ DZ, 173, niin, nūnai, prv. dz. today, now’ DZ, 507, DZ, 446, DZ, 441; neglects (3?) ryt. ‘dismissal, misfortune’ DZ, 27, DZ, 29, misfortune, misfortune' DZ, 28, ziaataro- /| ti, -ja, -jo ryt. i$ easy to eat, kramtytr’ DZ, 971, DZ, 962, PZ, 954; pazygys (3°) vak. “travel, zygis’ DZ, 566, ‘long journey, zygis’ DZ, 541, DZ, 533, tirasr//as, -a vak. “dark sartas (e.g. about horses) DZ, 857, DZ, 851, DZ, 846; kvéz/ti, -ta, -o Zem. ‘to vanish, to decay, to weaken’ DZ, 347, vēdin/Jas, -a (3?) žem. ‘vedamas’ DZ, DZ, 923, ‘vesdamasis’ DZ, 916. In addition, the signs given to some words indicate that they are used in more than one dialect or have different meanings in different dialects, e.g.: ni0g//ti, -ia, -ė dz, vak. 1. ‘to go quickly, to run', 2. “hardly carry, drag’ DZ, 425; sustug//- ti, sustunga, -o ryt., Žem. ‘sustirti, sustirti nebevaldyti sgnariy’ DZ, 782; nasa (4) 1. Zem., vak. ‘derlius, branda, naSumas’ DZ, 415; geinys (4) 1. dz ‘rope device to climb a tree to collect bees’, 2. ryt. “cloth crafts, threads removed from the weapons- ”, 3. ryt. ‘ritmusa’, 4. žem. “log-bound dock for loading boats' DŽ, 169. *For the prevalence of the above and other words meaning ‘bandodarzis, diendaržis' in dialects see also 46–47, pp. 46–47. No. 10. 41 Iš total The third edition of the "Dictionary of Modern Lithuanian Language" mentions mų žydyta" dz. 1446: — 161, rhythm. — 487, case. — 111, Earth. — 687. Be the last edition of the dictionary has introduced the abbreviation aukšt. (=aukstaiiy dialect word or meaning). It is presented only with 8 words or their meanings: apibréks//- ti, -ta, apibrėžė 1. aukšt. „kiek prašvisti' 2. žem. somewhat darkened'; bréksma (1) 1st floor. ‘apyausris’, 2. zem. ‘prietema’; grobas (1) 1st floor ‘Sonkaulis’, 2. Wife. 'Žarna'; išbrė|] |kšti, -kšta, -ško aukšt. 'escape, escape from'; krušn//ūs, -i (4) high. ‘trapus, dužus’; sieksnis (1) 3rd floor ‘spinning yarn from coil to coil’; press (3) floor see acne. All editions of this dictionary use the farm mark to indicate that the word or meaning is not widely used. (=dialectal word or dialectal meaning), e.g. atšlaimas 9 dialect 1. ‘kimas’, 2. “klojimo asla, grundymas' DZ, 51; transl. 1. ‘kimas’, 2. ‘klojimo asla’ DŽ, 60; bruišė (2) tarm. see kuoja DZ, 91; églis (2) tarm. zr. kadag ys DŽ, 146. In the third edition of the dictionary we find this note with 698 words or their meanings. The authors of the dictionary interpret the meaning of all the mentioned attestations as * “stylistic description of words": attestations of the upper, lower, eastern, western, lower. “shows that the word, its meaning or phrase is used only in these dialects, but it also occurs in fiction —in the writings of individual writers. If a word is difficult to identify as a dialect, it is marked with a generic farm. —tarminis” (DZ, XIV). Nothing else is said about the usefulness of words and jy meanings with the mentioned sub-signs for the common language. It is true, that after some of the words given with these marks, a reference see (=see) is added, orienting “to the more common, more common word" (DŽ, V), e.g.: lustas (4) pt, dz žrluitas DŽ, 375; pečiūit/Jas, -a (1) ryt. Zr. petingas DZ,542, DZ, 534; ropute (2) tarm. see potato DZ, 664. Thus, the ZodZius with the signs indicating certain dialects (aukst., dz.,...) or with the mark farm., but without the reference Zr., can be considered suitable for the common language. The more so that there are no other words or terms in common language to name some of the concepts, cf.: dangūs (4) 3. farm. “inner top of the oven' DŽ, 107, palate (3*) 2. “furnace interior top' DŽ, 182; estimate (1) r., dz. ‘string or strap to strap the undergarments together by twisting’ Dž; 673. It is true that the use of words with the aforementioned notes to interpret the meanings of other words is usually avoided, but there is no complete consistency in these cases either, cf. ‘duonkubilis’ and ‘didonkubilis’ (1) ‘bread mixing bowl, kneader’; /aifas (4) ryt. 1. ‘slatting, grouting' and laying (2) 3. ‘stripping, laying’, pad (2) 4. ryt. ‘klojimo molinis grendymas, laitas’. On the other hand, the attachment of the mentioned statements to the words is not very consistent. 4 Ž, words and their meanings with marks showing dialects were calculated by computer by the Laboratory of Automation of Scientific Works of the Institute of Mathematics and Informatics (manager V. Černiauskas). 42 Be of the words anyta, krėžis, bandodaržis, kibiras, already discussed above, characteristic of ar another part of the Lithuanian language area, many separate meanings of words used ir in rather narrow dialects do not have such indications, ar e.g.: kapoklė jų (2) 3. ‘vedega’ DZ, 283 (Mažeikiai, Skuodas ir etc. apylinkės, plg. LKA map. I No. 33, LKŽS V 241); skrytis, -iés m. (4) 1. ‘wooden rim’ DZ, (Pagėgiai, 708 Silalė, Tauragė apylinkės, but probably more common here is the form skrytas/skrytas, cf. LKA I 98, map. No. 42, LKŽ XII sova 1086-1088); (4) 2. ‘skląstis, velke’ DŽ, 819 (Druskininkai, Lazdijai, Merkinė, plg. LKA map. I No. 6, LKŽ XV 263-264); Juobre (1) 2. ‘arklas, žagrė’ DZ, 964 (Ariogala, Čekiškė, Šaukotas, Šlapaberžė, plg. LKA I 105, map. No. 45). Comparing all three If we look at the editions of the "Dictionary of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language", we can see that the attitude of the authors and editors of each edition to the selection of words and jų meanings used in ir dialects often differs, cf. ar 1 Table 1. 1 Table 1 Names of the ar fruit of spruce pine"? Dialect | western south eastern zemaitis DŽ, DŽ, DŽ, Pavaaukštaiaukštaiekštaidinimas chi chi chi (ducks) buxus = + = -= + + (Spring, 2nd ed.). 2.dz Mrc) ‘kan- ‘kankorézis’ korézis’ gurgutis --+ -+ + + (Brz, Pnd, 1. zr. kan-|l.Zr.- kanSim) korekorėžis žis kankorėžis | rt/nj. rt./mj + + + + ‘gurgutis’ kirkuzé - - + — e + oi (Alz, Ob, zr.cancerzr.cancerRk, Skp) korėkorėžis žis SLKZ -Dictionary of Lithuanian Language 1-17, Vilnius, 1956-1996. 6 For the prevalence of names of spruce or pine fruit in dialects, see also 166–167, pp. 167. No. 93; LKŽI 1229, III 748, V 216, 840, XII 1125. Abbreviation rt. indicates that the name is used less frequently in the dialect, does not form a larger continuous area; nj. —name in dialect newer. 43 needle rt. + + + + (Eastern) | 2.Zr.kan-| 3.‘kanko- -3. intestine. korėrėžis’ ‘kankorezis zis’ Zebelys + -—+ - (An, Ds, zr.kanKp, Ob, koreUt) Zis Thus, the following conclusions can be drawn: 1. Specific dialects indicated by the signs —aukšt., dz., ryt., vak., žem. —the usefulness of inconsistent use in the normative vocabulary is highly questionable. In order to show that a word (meaning, pronunciation variant, etc.) has not yet become more firmly established in common language, readers interested only in language practice would be completely satisfied with a more general (neutral) statement farm. Certificates dz, ryt, vak. the reader can now understand the content in different ways: from the mid-1960s, instead of K. Jaunius, A. In the Lithuanian dialect division of A. Girdenis —Z. In Zinkevičius's classification (an improved version of A. Baranauskas's classification), the Dzūkų dialect is completely absent, and the areas of the eastern and western Altai dialects are significantly increased. The last three certificates — z., r., vak. —in fact, more show the main ethnographic regions of the Highlands. When selecting words from a very rich dialect vocabulary for a normative vocabulary of a relatively limited volume, its compilers must decide which are the most important characteristics they must be guided by in making this selection. The principle of selection in the “Dictionary of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language” is described as follows: an effort is made to present “more recent dialect words used in fiction, especially in the works of classics, journalism, periodicals and elsewhere” (DŽ, VII). This does not emphasize another important condition that should be taken into account when presenting dialect words, their forms, meanings, pronunciation, for common language use — the geography of those facts, i.e. how widely they are used in dialects, when and what dialect vocabulary is given priority.’ K. Būga, A. Salys, J. Balčikonis, J. Senkus and others hoped to use linguistic geography data for general language practice, and thus for the standardization of the dictionary, by compiling questionnaires and programmes for systematic study of Lithuanian dialects. DZ, (cf. "Sources of the Dictionary", pp. XXI-XXII) has not taken advantage of a source providing important data in this regard — the first two volumes of the LKA (the 3rd volume of the LKA, devoted to morphology, reached the reader in 1994, although it was published in 1991), 44 by collecting dialect data covering various areas of language. The usage and distribution of language facts needed for the normative vocabulary in dialects would be better explained by methodological guidelines for data collection prepared specifically for this purpose. A major role in standardising the vocabulary of Standard Lithuanian is performed by “Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas" (Dictionary of Modern Lithuanian) -DŽ, (Vilnius, 1954) and its two amended editions DŽ, (1972), DŽ, (1993). Its most important part comprises old words which in their main meanings are used in "all Lithuanian dialects e.g. akis (eye), baltas (white), vienas (one), nésti (carry). The rest of the words in the dictionary are used in certain dialects only. The relationship of some words, their meanings with one or another dialect, is indicated by special markings (abbreviations): aukšt. (= a word or meaning of the Aukshtaitish dialect), dz (=Dzukish), ryt. (=Eastern Aukshtaitish), vak. (The Western Aukshtaitish, Żem.) (=Zhemaitish, Samogitian), e.g.: grobas 1. aukšt. ‘Sonkaulis’ (a rib), 2. Earth. 'Zana' (a gut) DZ, 190: pazZygys vak. “travel, hike’ (a trip) DZ, 566, “long journey, Hike’ (a long trip), DZ, 541, DZ, 533. There are 1454 markings like this in DZ, The abbreviation farm. (= a dialectal word or meaning), which does not specify the geography of a word or meaning, is also used e.g. €glis tarm. Zr. juniper (see juniper) DZ, 146. There are 698 words or their meanings with this marking in DZ, Since the markings indicating concrete dialects (aukst., dz., ryt. vak., žem.) are used rather inconsistently, sometimes specifying only certain ethnographic regions, the following conclusions are drawn in the paper: 1. To those dictionary users who are interested in language practice the neutral marking tarm. would be sufficient to indicate that a word (meaning, stress variant etc.) has not yet taken root in Standard Lithuanian. 2. One of the important criteria in selecting dialectal words, their forms, meanings and stress variants for standard usage should be the geography of these facts i.e. account should be taken of how extensively they are spread and in what dialects they are used. 45