Dėl tarmybių pateikimo „Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne“

LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS XXXIX (1998) Vilija Institute of Lithuanian Language, Vilnius ON Introduction to the First Dictionary of the Modern Lithuanian Language (1954) (p. V) published the provision that “in su accordance with the practical, normative į šį nature of the Dictionary, <...> the Dictionary includes words of the folk language and various dialects, more widely found in literature or necessary to express some concepts, e.g., buklus, skubrus, namiegas”, remained unchanged during the preparation of other editions of this ir dictionary. du When the second For the edition of the “Dictionary of the (1972) Contemporary ir Lithuanian Language” dialects were evaluated as a source of enrichment of the common language, because, according to A. Liberia (1973: 4), all that is best in the folk language, pours into the common language į ir ją enriched with new words, phrases, new means of expression. That dialect words were (and are still) considered to be a wealth of the Lithuanian language, supplementing the treasure of common ir language words, indicated by other linguists (Paulauskas 1979: 77). E. Grinaveckienė (1973: 5), delighted that the dictionary correctly solves perhaps the most difficult practical problem of our time — the interaction of common language and dialects, observed that the dictionary “will have unnecessarily got some dialectisms or words of spoken language”. Attention is drawn to the problem of dialectal variants selection, because in the common language there have appeared many variants, which only expand its word pool, and do not contribute to the lexical meaning pool (Paulauskas 1979: 77). When discussing the presentation of dialectal words, two things are emphasized: dialects that can be considered as words of common language, representing concepts for which there are no other suitable words (Paulauskas 1974: 43), and the establishment of dialects, the spread of their use in common language (Lyberis 1983: 148). These provisions should be considered as the most important criteria for the selection of dialects, which were never fully taken into account in the preparation of the third edition of the Modern Lithuanian Language Dictionary (1993). Comparing the first and third editions of the dictionary shows that dialects have increased. For example, in the second edition of the dictionary there were dialects that were not present in the first edition: J. Paulauskas (1974: 43) presented a dozen of them, all beginning with the letter d: deinauti, dygmuo, dykoji, dylatė, dilikas, dosai, etc. K. Morkūnas (1997: 43) pointed out that the third edition contains words characteristic of one or another part of the Lithuanian language area, which do not have any special markings, although they are used quite narrowly in dialects, e.g., kapokle (2) 3. ‘vedega’, etc. All this shows that the first edition of the 228 “Dictionary of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language” (p. VI) set the goal of not adding to the dictionary narrowly used and little necessary dialect words for the common language. (e.g., Sutrus 'karStas', klūkti labai prašyti')' was not fully implemented. For example, in the second edition of the dictionary, the Žemaičių klūkti, ~ia, ~¢é 2 “very ask, pray’, although the academic The material of the Lithuanian language dictionary shows ji that in dialects it is used rather rarely — J, Vdk, Uzv (LKZ VI 166). In the third edition of the dictionary ir it was again abandoned. Even more incomprehensible is the homonym klūkti, ~ia, žem. -ė Presentation of ‘Fish in winter cut-offs by ir chasing them į fish' in all three editions of the dictionary. There is only one abbreviation in the academic dictionary J (LKŽ VI 166). The choice of dialect words, their purpose, su their relationship to the ir vocabulary of the common language and other issues are discussed in various aspects to this day. The varied presentation of dialects in all three editions of the “Dictionary of the Contemporary Lithuanian ir Language” The analysis of dialects in the third edition shows that new selection criteria are necessary for the future jų general language dictionary. Especially since the vocabulary of the common language must be normative. Jo lexicon must cover different layers of language, in terms of o function, maximum information should be presented in minimal means of expression (Zabarskaitė 1996: 106). The third edition of the “Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian Language” presents about the 2150 selection of words with the markings tarm., aukšt., dz., ryt., vak., žem. This amounts to about three percent of all DZ words presented (Grumadiené 1995: 15). Most of you are found with a distinct dialect. and ground. (total 698 and 687), with references ryz., dz. and vac. clearly less (respectively —478, 161, 111), and with a certificate high. only a few (8). The majority of all dialectal material presented in DZ consists of nouns and verbs, and adjectives and adverbs are considerably less. Hi. About one-third of the nouns can be considered ethnonyms, e.g. karinys (3b) dz. “hive mounted on a tree, hive for catching swarms of bees', beehive (2) am. “knot with hook’, 2 knot (3b) 1. žem. ‘vintinė bulvėms, obuoliams ir kt. nesti’, 2. žem. “in the kitchen or on the wall nailed wicker for dishes, spoons', 3. dz. “things tied in a skewer’, broken (2) in the ground. “no-tailed hindquarter", rézge (2) dz. “wicker for carrying grain, flour', riūitė (2) vak. 1. ‘a rolling board against which a roller is rolled when ironing laundry’, 2. “washing roll board, runner', estimate (1) r., d. “string or ribbon to tie the undergarments together when kicking', struts, ~iés (4) vak., dz. 1. ‘Sketch teeth’, 2. ‘pinė perpinas' etc. However, only a few of them are given in the dictionary with the reference ethnogr., e.g., darynis (1) ethnogr. dz. 'curd mixed with sweet or sour milk or with sour cream'! The examples in parentheses are from the introduction to the first edition of the dictionary. 229 dgs. (2) etnogr. dz. "midwife's turning', pirmadienis dgs. (1) etnogr. ryt., dz. the newlyweds' reception ceremony po on the first morning of the wedding", garden (2) 3. etnogr. ryt., dz. ‘vestuvinis straudų reketukas, kabinamas ties stalu’ etc. ir A large group consists of nouns with a specific meaning (object phenomena names), e.g. barigas dz. ba (4) ‘heavy rain su storm’, blaizbrazža žem. (1) “the time when the frozen dirt is still breaking- (1) ’, čirškė dz., “dry pine ar spruce branch, spike’, dalgena (3b) r. “the big tail ar feather of a cock of another bird’, gaūduonė (1) tarm. ‘causing insect’, sword tarm. (3) “a number of woods put at once in į the stove', (1) irmedė ryt. “cold, overwork, ar fear of the disease; cold chills, tremors," kimsha vak. (1) “roof ar ceiling opening through which hay is dumped into the ar straw on the barn", kriidgis žem. (2) “a triangle made of pegs, hung on the neck of a pig so that it does not slip through the fence, a cow so that it does not spit, cattle so that they do not run around grazing, piitra vak. (1) “some rotten thing (house, tree)’, riiopis žem. (1) "potato, beetroot kų pile", six-rower dialect. (1) “midwife in six weeks of childbirtpo h’ etc. ir Some of these nouns designate concepts for which there are no other terms in common language, e.g. balymas ryt. ar (1) 'last year's uncut grass', the skies (4) 3. intestine. ‘krūnies vidaus virSus’, skef'sė (2) 3. intestine. ‘long, wide, antique striped skirt’, cut down. (2) “cartel, placed on į the sides of the carriage to fit more’, trinalas (3°) 2. dz. “a piece of bacon to rub the pan, so that it does not flake', nursing (2) vac. “sucking pig, mare"' ir etc. However, most of these nouns have more common, commonly used substitutes in common language, e.g., dėrgna (1) in dialect. “dargana, šlapdriba- ', gimulys (3°) tarm. “newborn, baby', likštis, ~iés m. (4) tarm. “yda, deficiency', divided (4) zem. ‘skirtumas’, split (2) vak., zem. ‘skarmalas, skuduras’, sépé (1) r., dz. ‘skaudéjimas, sopulys’, spanda (4), spanda (1) r., dz. “ramstis, sshpir’, spirga (4) vak. ‘hot, hot’, stalgtis, ~iés (4) ryt. ‘great desire’ and so on. After performing verbs with references tarm., dz., ryt., vak., žem. semantic analysis, it is clear that most of them are characterized by expressiveness, e.g., ¢ioksti, ~Skia, ~§ké dz. “strongly, squirting run, rain', sweep, ~he, ~his dialect. “smarkiai ką daryti (mušti, lyti, eiti)’, fulioti, ~ja, ~jo r. “to follow with a shout, to fly', etc. Even more detailed examination, for example, of Dzūkijos language revealed that words denoting movement or action dominated, e.g., plūkti, pluiika, ~o "tekėti, sroventi', salvėti, salva, ~jo "gamažu tekėti, sunktis', etc. Among the verbs denoting sound, we can mention the dzūkiškas, which describes speaking, e.g., kvoksti, -čia, ~té ‘to speak in a loud voice, to scream', svamoti, ~ja, ~jo “nothing to say, to whisper', etc. The dictionary of verbs denoting light, physical or mental characteristics, social relations contains only a few, e.g. dzūkijos junkti, -0, —ė ‘educate, teach’, nokėtis, nogisi, ~josi ‘to desire, to desire’, žverblėti, žverbla, ~jo ‘to shine, to shine’, etc. (Lazauskaite 1997: 130). It is interesting to analyze in this aspect other verbs with signs indicating that they are dialects. For example, the verbs denoting destruction, e.g. ingti, ~sta, 230 ~o 1. ‘plikti, šertis', 2. prk. ‘poor, falling down', bright, ~o ~sta, be ‘sunless, fading' ir etc. Expressive verbs usually do not give a new semantic connotation, they name what is more commonly o described by other common ką language words, e.g., dulbsti, —čia, ~té vak. “slowly work', go, —-uoja, ~avo tarm. ‘hardly walk, barely walk', nidgti, ~ia, dz., vak. —ė 1. “to go quickly, to run', 2. “to carry hard, to pull', to float, ~a, ~o e.g. 1. “hardly walk, drag, 2. beat", shizzing, ~a, žem. —0 "nauseating, ir annoying" etc. Next to verbs distinguished by expressiveness It is often used to make ir jų rectangular or oval shapes. The latter are names of persons with a shade of negative connotation (as, by the way, ir jų reference words), plg. palašiūuti, ~iduja, -iūvo vak. “search for free drink' ir palašys, -ė dkt. (3%) vak. “who seeks a free drink’; pliaūinyti, -ija, ~ijo tarm. ‘nothing to say, slapping' ir slapping, ~é etc. (2) intestine. ‘kas pliaunija’; fence, ~he, ~he r. “nothing to say, scream' ir tvorénas (2) ryt. ‘who fence, screams'; varėzgoti, ~ja, ~jo tarm. “nothing to say, talk' ir varézga b. (2) intestine. ‘who varezgoja, plepys’ etc. ir In dialects, Vedic words are usually used even more rarely jų than base words, such as knékslys, —ė dkt. (4) dz. ‘verksnys, rėksnys, zirzeklis’ LKŽ VI 216 (Lš, Sn) plg. ir knéksti, —čia, ~té dz. "weeping in a low voice" LKZ VI 216 (Sn, Lp, Mrs, Kb, Sn); purzla b. (4) dz. “dirty, filthy man' LKŽ X 982 (Rdm, Mrs, Krok) plg. ir ~a on the spades ~o 'polluting spray, irrigation' LKŽ X 992 (Lp, Rdm, Lš, Lzd, Pns) etc. ir All of them are quite unusual for the general language. Of the dialects presented in DŽ, perhaps the most expressiveness is characteristic of adjectives, e.g., muiglinas, ~a (3?) dz. “dirty, stained', writings, r., d. ~i (4) 1. ‘dygus, turintis’, 2. “obscure, confusing, difficult’, painful, ~i (4) Jam. ‘Sykstus’, uverus, ~i (4) tarm. 1. ‘jztlus, landus, atkaklus- ’, 2. ‘hungry, greedy; ‘Gobsus’ et al. They, like the names of persons, usually have a negative connotation. Thus, from what has been said, it is clear that the vocabulary of the common language should not include: 1. A large part of the expressive vocabulary, e.g. atlagėnti, ~éna, ~éno ryt. ‘ristele, pamažu atbėgti', dubsti, —čia, ~té vak. “slowly work', kluūnikti, ~ia, —ė vak., kluokti, ~ia, —ė žem. ‘very much asking, boning', krčištis, ~iasi, —ėsi žem. 1. "to defend, fight, resist," 2. “to attempt, to punish’, fulioti, ~ja, ~jo ryt. "whit with a shout, leelioti', vaimétis, ~jasi, ~josi dz. ‘show, showing’, vampazyti, ~ija, —ijo tarm. ‘vambryti, taukSti’, Ziubrénti, ~éna, ~éno dz. "quick to chew, esti’, etc. ; ~a is a dk. (4) box. ‘suskurdeélis, netizauga’, pasiutkailis (1) žem. Niek. ‘pasiutélis, i8dykelis’, pluja b. (4) ryt. 1. ‘bastiinas, valkata’, 2. ‘niektauza’, terliizas b. (2) tarm. 1. ‘terlius’, 2. “fat, obese Man’ and others. ; agnūs, ~i (4) žem. ‘smarkus, judrus, energingas’, grauzdus, ~i (4) 2. dz. ‘angry, rude’, ~a (1) 3. tarm. “angry, sudden’, whispering, ~i (4) Zem. ‘agile, agile, alive’ and so on. 231 In most cases, the presentation of pictorial dialectal material can be satisfied only with a reference to šnek. (this applies in particular to the verbs reference farm.). su Especially since dialects are close to spoken language words, characterized by freedom of expression, sometimes with a derogatory derogatory ar shade (Lyberis Words, in common 1983: 149). 2. language having more usual substitutes, e.g., ditas ryt. (1) "pussy, unruly)", stock dgs. (1) rhythm. "showing in the eyes of ko nobody, sorcery," amas vak. (4) “mouth, voice’, 1 nibre (2) tarm. ‘snukis (ppr. "Smurf" (feat. (3) ‘snarglys’, a stalk. (1) ‘blauzda’, veltynės dgs. (2) rhythm. ‘imtynės, ristynės' ir etc. ; overnighter, ~a (3*) Jam. ‘smailus’, cute, —i (4) intestine. “fast, agile’, swift, ~a (3?) intestine. “dirty, muddy’, dirty, ~a (4) vak. "dark sartas (ppr. about horses)', acute, ~i (3) 2. rhythm. ‘raw, not dried (apie augalus, javus)’, 3. ryt. 'fresh' ir etc. ; 2 increase, ~a, ~éjo tarm. “noise, scream', gagging, gagging, ~your vac. 1. ‘riogsoti’, ‘spoksoti’, 2. nidkti, ~ia, ~¢é ryt. ‘mix, mix, mix', parkilti, ~yla, ~ilo žem. ‘travel, return’, puzoti, ~ja, ~jo dz. ‘akyti, kilti, ragti’, complain, complained, complain4. ed žem. ‘give up, give up', Zabdinioti, ~ja, ~jo žem. ‘painioti’ ir etc. ; ikvaliai prv. vak. ‘sufficiently- ’, nokabrazda prv. intestine. ‘headaches, very quickly’, patardndom first. dz. ‘galvotrik¢iais’, tuézyg prv. Jam. “at the same time, together, ir together’ etc. It should also be noted that the reference Zr. in many cases makes doubt, the dialect word is ar generally provided in the general language dictionary, e.g. kidduk dz. (1) see. kuosa, hunting (2) east, d. see. medkurpė, pūviešis (1) žem. see. stay, bitch (1) zem. see putinas, rgzas (2) ryt. see razulys, skeliaūud(r)a (1) tarm. see. shavings, press (3) height. see. acne etc. ir ; ėskūs, ~1 (4) dialect see ėdrus, patisas, ~a (3°) ryt 3. see pratisas, sliūkas, ~a (4) žem. see lazy, fast, ~i (4) tarm. see speeds etc. ; dvakinėti, ~ja, ~jo ryt. see smoking, washing, ~dzia, ~dé tarm. see wash, grow, ~he, ~her dialect. see also: stir, stir up, —-uoja, ~avo dz. 1. see ribuliuoti, 2. see riedėti 1-2, skrūpsėti, skriipsi, ~jo vak. see skrūpsoti and others. 3. Rare words used in a small dialect area, e.g. daba (4) in the dialect. LKŽ II 199 (Pnm), gūlas (4) dz. “in a bog or lake “a lying tree' LKŽ III 705 (VIk, Asm), long evening (1)zem. "Long Evening" LKŽ IV 55 (Bržr), tvordnas (2) ryt. “who fence, shouts” LKŽ XVII 338 (Trgn), beetle (1) žem. ‘juodvabalis’ LKŽ XVII 767 (Krkl, Mžk), was eaten (4) am. 1. ‘valgymas’ LKŽ XVII 1049 (Ln), 2. “food resources, food: LKZ XVII 1049 (Grš) and others. ; ėdrauti, ~gaja, ~dvo dz. 'édinéti, graužinėti' LKŽ II 1046 (VIk), varangotis, ~jasi, ~josi tarm. ‘rangytis’ LKZ XVIII 129 (Lp), vdrskanoti, ~oja, ~ojo žem. ‘glamzyti, rauksléti’ LKZ XVIII 311 (Vkš, DiinZ) et al. 4. Words that in the academic Lithuanian language dictionary have only the mark DZ, e.g. įsagtė (3*) dz. ‘atsagté’ LKŽ III 144 (DZ) et al. 232 5. The words, DŽ, are used in meanings that do not exist in the academic dictionary. For example, DŽ, the word rėnta ryt. 1 (1) the following values are given: 1. "empty language, wastefulness," 2. b. ‘what clearly, iš rarely speaks’, 3. b. “tuščiakalbis žmogus', o „Lietuvių kalbos žodynas“ has no second meaning (LKŽ XI 455). 6. Words that į have entered the academic dictionary iš from other dictionary, but are not used in dialects, e.g. urėti, tra, ~jo ryt. "I'm gonna run, squat' LKŽ XVII 528 (NdZ, FrnW, DZ) kt. ? ir Maybe it's worth taking advantage of G. In the (1984: 55) dictionary, iš Kirvaitis suggested "to throw out a lot of ir dialects otherwise rarely used, obsolete words. The words storm, blysti, dagoti, keleivystė, laiškus, slasnos, slaptė, šaras, tviega, vystas will nė not be understood by one person asked in the street." Therefore, the following main criteria for the selection of councils are proposed: 1. The spread of dialects in literature in ir dictionaries (1980) 20th Century Fox. (1) see. ‘klevas’ LKŽ VII 999 (LzP, Vaižg, Kos 135; Ak, Sb, Rm, An, Brz, Vj, Kp, Pnd, Pšl...), uvėrūs, ~i (4) intestine. 1. ‘izulus, landus, atkaklus’, 2. ‘godus, edrus; gobsus’ LKZ XVII 571 (S, DZ, NdZ, KZ, Myk-Put, Krév; V. V. An, Ktk, Rk, Lkm, Dgl§, Drsk, Smn, Ds, V1k, Vdšk, Zl, Blnk ...) ir kt 2. The word is used in dialects, e.g. spalgena (1) ryt. dz. see. Cranberry LKŽ XIII 312 (Smn, Uzg, Brb, LS, Žin, Dg, VIk, Dv, Rod, Pb, MI, Vdš, Dgp, Ob, Pn, Gdr, Dbg, Drsk, Ps, Pv, Glv, Trgn vaikis žem. ...), (2) 1. LKZ XVII 867 (Krz, 2. Skdv, Dov, Krg, Akm, Skd, Vgr, Plt, Jdr, Sts, Pln, KlvrZ, Vn, Sv, Rdn, Als, Trk, Trkn, Bdr, Krš, Všv, Brzr, End, Rt, Pp, Krtn, LkzZ ...) ir kt 3 Systematics. In addition to the verbs established in scripts and dialects, it is necessary to provide their common prepositional derivatives, e.g., tėšti, tėšia, —ė dz. ‘to udder before bringing’ LKŽ XVI 128 (Lp, Lzd, Smn, Mrs, Btr, Skdt, Kč, Vrnv, Užp, Klt, Krok) and compare bringing “very uddered” LKŽ XVI 129 (Arm, Lp, Svn, Krsn, Smn, Al, Alv, Kit, Osn, VIk, Srj). The last derivative, DZ, is not mentioned. O of the verb muginti, ~a, ~o dialect. 1. ‘move, waver', 2. “encourage, encourage' DZ. provided a rather rarely used prepositional derivative jmugini, ~a, —0 tarm. moving with barely insert' LKZ VIII 383 (MI). 4. Relevant inconsistency. With references dz., ryt., vak. 100 mg or 200 mg per day. should be given those words, which are used in common language with one meaning and in dialect with another, and for which there is usually no common language word, e.g., palate (3*) 1. ‘mouth top', 2. am. ‘furnace interior tops’, column (4) 1. ‘built-in or anchored thick rod’, 2. ‘structural support’, 3. “which lengthens the stature’, 4. dz. 'side', etc. Also, if the word is used in different dialects * In the Academic "Lithuanian Language Dictionary" presenting the word švirkštelėti, ~ja, ~jo 2. dz. ‘Sviptelėti' is not mentioned in LKŽ XV 599 (Š, DŽ, NdŽ), although, for example, in L. Gutausko writings this word is used frequently. 233 values, e.g. grébas (1) 1. height. “Sonkaulis2. ”, zem. ‘Zarna’, Saiitas 2) 1. Jam. lapų sriuba, lapiené’, 2. dz. ‘bad smell, Sutas’, warm (4) 1. ‘jam. ‘uodas’, 2. dz. ‘aklys, sparva’ ir etc. Taking into į account the proposed selection principles, the dialects in the new general language dictionary would be less than half DG, words submitted (i.e. 1% of the total body weight). First of all, it is necessary to abandon almost all adverbs with more common substitutes in common language, a large number of verbs of adjectives, as well as nouns that are distinguished only by expressiveness (especially since we are ir talking about the normative vocabulary of ir common language). The definition of the criteria for the selection of terms does not yet solve all the problems related to their presentation in the Common Lithuanian Dictionary. First of all, as K. Morkūnas notes (1997: 44), “the number of certificates in dz., ryt., vak. the reader can now understand the content in different ways: from the mid-1960s, instead of K. Jaunius, A. In the Lithuanian dialect division of A. Girdenis —Z. In Zinkevičius's classification (an improved version of A. Baranauskas's classification), the Dzūkų dialect is completely absent, and the areas of the eastern and western Altai dialects are significantly increased. The last three certificates — z., r., vak. —in fact, more show the main ethnographic regions of the Highlanders“. Then the question arises as to whether the reference high is necessary at all. (especially since we find it only at 8 words, of which at best only 2 or 3 can be added to the dictionary of common language). On the other hand, the reference high. could be issued in place of a certificate in cases where the dialect is used only in the area of Highland dialects, e.g., Pakasa (3%) dialect. ‘potato harvest’ LKZ IX 158 (Dkš, Tr, Lel, Grl, Sdk, Ktk, Švnč, Sm). It is not always clear why some words are referred to as pron., and others as r., dz. or vac., zem. etc. After analyzing the words with the reference farm. spread, it turns out that the often mentioned certificate can be replaced by a combination of two references, e.g. raktis, rakasi, rakesi tarm. 'caltis from kiauSiniy' LKZ XI 112 (Skr, Als, Kv). In this case, you can instead of farm. mark and Zem., vak.> After all, in very similar other cases, the combination of references (vak., dz.) is chosen, rather than the mark dialect, e.g., persėlis (1) vak., dz. 'neuzsétas ruožas dirvoje, apylanka' in LKŽ IX 848 (Kps, Krok, Gdl, Al, Rdm). Sometimes the academic Lithuanian Dictionary provides too little material in general to be able to judge about the choice of references, e.g., puždti, ~dja, ~djo dz., vak. “kilti, rigti’ LKŽ XI 152 (Kt), vėjapūta (1) 3. b. tarm. ‘véjavaikis’ LKZ XVIII 572 (Gs, ZIb) and others. * There are more such cases in DZ, e.g., vampazyti, ~ija, ~ijo tarm. ‘vambryti, tauksti’ (LKZ XVIII 76 (Rs, Trk, Jrb). 234 Wait. BA 0 < (snuruouronp ZY snuernwad) fz sewilfojrea hpotonu higuiey, ‘sepond zem., ! / 7 paud T Based on linguistic geography data, a survey of the most frequently used dialects, mų DZ, with references ryt., dz. ; vak., dz. ; vac., žem. ir vak., distribution analysis (see section 4.4). 1 (see Annex). In order to ar clarify, the combinations of the indicated certificates must always be provided, based on the academic material of the Lithuanian Language Dictionary (see section 4.4). 2 (see Annex). Iš The map shows that sometimes the combinations of dialectal references are incorrectly chosen, e.g., (2) dialekto medžioklė ryt., dz. see. medkurpė ir estimate r., (1) dz. ‘virvelé or šikšnelė pavalkams suveržti kinkant' used in Radviliškis, skerspjūvė vak., dz. (1) see. Jigsaw — Pašvitinyje, Pakruojo raj., laminated (2) vac., ground. ‘skarmalas, skuduras' — in Anykščiai (for details see Appendices 1 and 2). If the facts of dialects showing a wider use of words are not accidental, a reference to the dialect should be provided in these cases. Attention should also be paid to polysemantic words. Sometimes the usage area of dialectal meanings does not coincide, e.g., rakstus,- ~i (4) ryt., dz. 1. “dygus, duriantis) LKZ XI 110 (Mrk, Ds, SId, RS, Trgn, Sdk, Dgšl, Tvr), 2. “uncertain, confusing, difficult' LKZ XI 110 (Lzd, LTR (Vik)), strutsis,- ~iés m. (4) vak., d. 1. ‘skieto dantis' LKŽ XIII 1004 (Jz, Ud, Lš, Švn, Rmš, Zsl, Al, Kt, Bgt, Grš, Lp), 2. “Wicker perpinas' LKŽ XIII 1004 (Rtn, Dbč, Mrc). As can be seen from the data provided, reference combinations are provided only for the first values of the terms. The material of the academic dictionary shows that the second meanings of the presented words are known in a small area of the Southern Highland dialect, therefore, if these meanings are to be included in the general language dictionary, only the notation dz should be used in both cases. Apparently, in cases where a word is widely used in dialects, a mark tarm. is required if it is fixed in a small area of the dialect or is not applicable at all, or a specific reference nyt, vak., dz. is used. or ground. S. Keinys (1991: 95) believes that these statements “should not be understood literally” and suggests that dialects should be considered as narrowly used words of common language, which are characteristic of the language of a certain area of common language use and of the people who have emigrated from that area. Sometimes, in addition to dialectal references, stylistic —menk., niek., e.g., gongalvis, ~é, etc., are also used. (1) box. Niek. "bad guy' and plg. ditas (1) ryt. ‘padauža, nenuorama’; nepaeitūvas b. (2) vak., dz. Menk. ‘one who does everything slowly, a man without haste' and cf. ¢idpa (1) zem. “clumsy man', etc. Semantically, the pairs of examples presented do not differ too much. Apparently, it would be necessary to keep consistency and in similar cases to present stylistic references alongside dialectal ones, but it would be better to abandon the latter altogether, because expressiveness is characteristic of most DZ, tarmybiy. There is no doubt that ethnonyms should be included in the dictionary of common language (Klimavicius 1997: 23). A. Lyberis (1983: 148) pointed out that many dialectal words in fictional literature create the color of rural life, and some of them in common language perform the functions of ethnographisms. By the way, often in DŽ, no ethnographic reference is given, e.g. raugtiné (3°) žem. 1. ‘a wooden container with a bucket capacity and a lid for storing butter or sour milk’, 2. 'laukneša- *, vatūkai dgs. 235