Istorinis lietuvių kalbos žodynas ir senųjų raštų kompiuterizavimas

LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI XXXIX (1998) Saulius AMBRAZAS, Ona ALEKNAVIČIENĖ, Vytautas ZINKEVIČIUS Institute of the Lithuanian Language, Vilnius A HISTORICAL DICTIONARY OF THE LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE AND THE COMPUTERIZATION OF OLD WRITINGS A historical dictionary of the Lithuanian language has long been a dream of linguists. As early as the end of the 19th century, A. Bezzenberger published a small dictionary of words from old Lithuanian writings in his work Beiträge zur Geschichte der litauischen Sprache (1877). Later, K. Būga collected material from many old writings for his dictionary. After him, other compilers of the great Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language continued this work. Unfortunately, however, not all the words from old writings made it into this dictionary. A. Salys intended to undertake a historical dictionary (Zinkevičius Z. 1992: 308–309), but an untimely death brought that work to a halt. In the postwar years, a whole series of indexes and dictionaries of old writings appeared. Cz. Kudzinowski deserves the greatest recognition in this regard for compiling indexes of words in S. B. Chylinski’s translation of the New Testament (1964) and M. Daukša’s Postil (1977). Also worthy of mention are the works of J. Lebedys (1958), J. Kruopas (1970), J. Kabelka (1964), V. Žulys (1970), J. Palionis (1967; 1983; 1995), K. Pakalka (1979; 1997), K. Morkūnas (1980), V. Drotvinas (1987; 1995–1997), A. Jakulis (1995), D. Urbas (1996), A. Girdenis and D. Girdenienė (1997). Vilnius University has a considerable number of diploma theses devoted to the lexicon of M. Mažvydas, B. Vilentas, J. Bretkūnas, S. M. Slavočinskis, and some other authors of old writings. Most of these were supervised by V. Urbutis and J. Palionis. All this could be used for a historical dictionary of the Lithuanian language, the decision to begin compiling which was made more than a decade ago at a broad consultation held at the then joint Institute of the Lithuanian Language and Literature. Subsequently, a special card index for this purpose began to be compiled in the Department of Language History and Dialectology, mainly at the initiative of K. Morkūnas. With the winds of national revival, Western computers and new technologies came to Lithuania. People began considering how these could be applied to compiling a historical dictionary of the Lithuanian language. These discussions were especially encouraged by G. Subačius, a great enthusiast for computerization, through new ideas and work—above all, by compiling and publishing S. Daukantas’s dictionary on a computer (1993–1996). P. U. Dini’s edition of H. J. Lysius’s Small Catechism (1993), prepared and printed in Lithuania, also contributed greatly: its index of Lithuanian words was compiled not from cards, as had been done previously, but on a computer. In addition, at that time, at A. Vanagas’s initiative, the Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian was being computerized, and work began on the Frequency Dictionary of Contemporary Written Lithuanian (compiled by L. Grumadienė and V. Žilinskienė), whose first volume appeared in 1997. 192 All this created favorable conditions for a small group of people to form in 1995 in the Department of Language History and Dialectology of the Institute of the Lithuanian Language, determined to begin computerizing old Lithuanian writings. Since 1996, this work has been funded by the State Commission of the Lithuanian Language under the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania, as part of the “Programme for the Use and Development of the State Language of the Republic of Lithuania, 1996–2005.” Initially, in addition to S. Ambrazas (the group’s head), the group consisted of O. Aleknavičienė, M. Lučinskienė, and R. Petkevičius. They entered both parts of J. Bretkūnas’s Postil, B. Vilentas’s Gospels and Epistles, Enchiridion, as well as J. Jaknavičius’s 1647 edition of the Gospels, on computer. V. Zinkevičius soon joined the work, taking on the entire burden of developing the computer programs needed to study old writings. J. Karaciejus brought to the group his prepared edition of the Wolfenbüttel Postil (1995) and K. Lukauskas’s Sermons (1996), which had also been entered on computer. Gradually, the computerization of old writings expanded beyond the Department of Language History and Dialectology and is now growing in scope. For example, G. Kavaliaunaitė, a doctoral student in the Department of Grammar, has entered M. Mažvydas’s Cate-chism, Baptismal Form, and Hymn of St. Ambrose. The remaining writings of M. Mažvydas, as well as J. Bretkūnas’s Hymnal, Collects, and Spiritual Hymns, and J. Jaknavičius’s 1705 edition of the Gospels, were entered by students A. Ciečėnaitė, I. Krampaitė, and I. Pilipaitė. At Vytautas Magnus University, V. Vasiliauskienė undertook K. Sirvydas’s Points of Sermons (the first part has already been entered). Some scholars from Vilnius Pedagogical University and Klaipėda University also promise to contribute to the computerization of old texts. A. Stanislovaitienė, head of the publishing house of the Institute of the Lithuanian Language, is preparing computer fonts for old writings. Separate alphabets are being created for each author of old writings. In addition, A. Stanislovaitienė, together with G. Kavaliaunaitė, prepared a program to scan the translation of S. B. Chylinski’s New Testament, published in 1958 by J. Otrębski and Cz. Kudzinowski. We are especially pleased that the distinguished German scholar J. D. Range agreed to collaborate with us. He is engaged in monumental work: publishing and studying in depth J. Bretkūnas’s translation of the Bible. Facsimiles of the New Testament and some books of the Old Testament have already been published, as has the excellent monograph Bausteine zur Bretke-Forschung (1992); we hope that a deciphered text of J. Bretkūnas’s New Testament, with extensive commentary, will soon appear as well. For all these works, especially important for Lithuanian studies and widely recognized, J. D. Range was awarded the M. Mažvydas Prize in 1997. On January 10, 1997, the Institute of the Lithuanian Language and the Institute of Baltic Studies at the University of Greifswald signed a special agreement to study Lithuanian writings of the 16th–17th centuries and create a computerized database of them. A major resource for studying our old writings will be the critical edition of M. Luther’s Bible (12 volumes), obtained in 1998 through the efforts of J. D. Range and the German Embassy. This is a very valuable gift from the Federal Republic of Germany to the Institute of the Lithuanian Language. M. Lučinskienė also presented the program for computerizing old Lithuanian writings at an international conference held in Sofia, devoted to medieval texts 193 (primarily Slavic) computerization issues (1997: 23–24). Thus, our program is gradually acquiring an international character. How is the computerization of old writings planned to be carried out? First, word indexes will be compiled for individual old writings. They will be prepared in four main stages (see Fig. 1). First, the text itself is entered on a computer or scanned digitally, retaining its authentic spelling. As we know, quite a few old writings are collaborative works—several authors contributed to their preparation. Sometimes one part of a text is a translation, while another is original or of a compilatory nature. It is planned to indicate all this already when entering the text. Therefore, it is usually necessary first to carry out a certain textual analysis, if this has not been done earlier. For example, Z. Zinkevičius (1971: 153–167) established that the last 7 Gospels in J. Jaknavičius’s published Evangelijų edition were translated not by J. Jaknavičius, but by another person, still unidentified. Thus, when entering the text, these are marked in a certain way so that they can be distinguished from the main text attributed to J. Jaknavičius. The structure of J. Bretkūnas’s Postilės is even more complex. O. Aleknavičienė’s (1998) preliminary textual analysis shows that most of the pericopes printed in J. Bretkūnas’s Postilėje may have been taken from B. Vilentas’s Evangelijų bei Epistolų, but one of them—“Kosanis”—may come from his Enchiridiono, while another—Mt 3,13–17—was added by J. Bretkūnas himself. The two prayers placed at the end of the first volume were probably reprinted from M. Mažvydas’s Giesmių Chrikščioniškų (Part I). It is quite possible that the “Passijos” are translations, rather than compilations like Bretkūnas’s sermons themselves, but their original has not yet been identified. These textual data concerning J. Bretkūnas’s Postilės are incorporated into the developing computerized bank of old writings in two ways: a) during data entry, both the pericopes themselves and their quotations in the sermon text are marked with special symbols (angle brackets [⌜⌝]) (see Fig. 2); b) the remaining textual information is supplied to the computer programmatically, i.e. other distinguishable parts of J. Bretkūnas’s Postilės are specified by page and line in the computer program itself, which later analyzes the entered text. Textual information about B. Vilentas’s Enchiridiono is likewise supplied programmatically: it is divided into the following parts by page: 1) text translated from M. Luther’s Enchiridiono; 2) its appendices, also translated by B. Vilentas, “Wencźawoghima Knigeles,” “Chrikſchtima Knigeles,” and “Pafpalitas budas Spawedijes”; 3) the section associated with M. Mažvydas, “Trumpas klausimas ir priep­rovimas”; 4) the first 4 pages, entered from F. Bechtel’s 1882 reprint of Vilentas’s Enchiridiono, since these pages are missing from the defective copy in the Vilnius University Library. In the second stage of the work, the computer itself, using a special program, generates concordances of word forms, that is, it arranges the word forms from the entire text in alphabetical order, indicating their location in the text (volume, page, line) and providing the passage in which they are used. The textual information entered during the first stage is also reflected here. 194 For example, in the concordance to J. Jaknavičius’s Evangelijų, forms from the Gospels translated by someone other than J. Jaknavičius are marked with an asterisk (*; see Fig. 3). In the concordance to J. Bretkūnas’s Postilės, certain conventional symbols indicate which word forms come from pericopes taken from B. Vilentas’s Evangelijų bei Epistolų (▽) and Enchiridiono (k), which come from the pericope Mt 3,13–17 added by J. Bretkūnas himself (◊), and which come from the prayers (m) and “Passijos” (#). Word forms from the sermons have no symbol (see Fig. 4 and Table 2). This will also be reflected later in the word index and will prove very useful for further research into the language of J. Bretkūnas’s Postilės. Since B. Vilentas’s Evangelijos bei Epistolos are compared with the pericopes in J. Bretkūnas’s Postilės, in this concordance the ∞ symbol marks forms from those of B. Vilentas’s Gospels that also appear in J. Bretkūnas’s Postilėje; the hash sign # here also marks forms from “Passijos,” while forms from those biblical passages that are absent from J. Bretkūnas’s Postilėje have no symbol (see Fig. 5 and Table 2). Concordances have now been prepared for J. Bretkūnas’s Postilės, B. Vilentas’s Evangelijų bei Epistolų, Enchiridiono, J. Jaknavičius’s 1647 Evangelijų, and K. Lukauskas’s Pamokslų. An entire system of computer programs has been developed to prepare concordances of word forms (see Zinkevičius V. 1996: 36–37). Under this system, the computer first reads and analyzes the text of old writings and creates special computer data files, in which it records the word forms found in the text and logs information about the location of each word form in the text (volume, page, and line number; the word form’s number in the line; the byte number in the text file at which the form begins), as well as the textual notes mentioned above and any letters that were marked as difficult to read, unclear forms, and other data during text entry (whether a form is carried over from one line to another, whether it has the prefix ne, which authors of old writings often write separately from the base word, and so on). These computer data files about word forms in old writings, together with the text files of the old writings, are like the cornerstones of a great edifice: the computerized bank of old writings. While analyzing the text, the computer also performs certain checks on it: it reports any unfamiliar character, incorrect page numbering, excessively long words or lines, and so on. After reading and analyzing the text and making any necessary corrections, the computer uses all the information accumulated in the developing computerized bank to sort the word forms alphabetically along with their bibliographic details, conventional symbols, and context, and prints out the concordance. The computer program system used to carry out all the tasks mentioned here consists of several dozen program modules. For example, a system of about 30 program modules has been developed just to process J. Bretkūnas’s Postilei, and it contains more than 30,000 lines written in the C++ programming language. Since the characters, line lengths, page sizes, numbering, and textual and other comments—which the computer must record as it reads the text—differ across old writings, separate modifications of the program-module system are developed for each text. 195 For the aforementioned computer programs to function properly, it is especially important that special characters (fonts) and their codes be understood and used consistently when transcribing texts and creating concordances. A system of characters has already become established at the Institute of the Lithuanian Language. Table 1 presents the characters that the editor inserts while transcribing a text: Table 1. Special characters inserted by editors into transcribed texts of old writings1 Character Code Function - 045 Page numbers are separated on both sides. \ 092 Page numbers are separated in those old writings in which the “-” sign is used not only as a hyphenation mark but also as a hyphen in the text. { 0123 Inserted in the text before an unclear letter. } 0125 Inserted in the text after an unclear letter. [ 091 Inserted in the text before a letter restored by the editor. ] 093 Inserted in the text after a letter restored by the editor. < 060 Marks the beginning of an editor’s comment in the text. > 062 Marks the end of an editor’s comment in the text. ⌜ 0245 Marks the beginning of a quotation in the text. ⌝ 0250 Marks the end of a quotation in the text. + 043 Written when the text has no hyphenation mark, although one should be present. A number of special characters have been selected to convey textological information in concordances. The computer inserts them automatically after the word-form metrics: 1We would ask future assistants and collaborators to note that, if we are to collaborate productively, we should collect and process old writings according to a similar system. Then we will be able to exchange collected or scanned texts and analyze them according to our needs without additional preparation or processing; in other words, we will understand any text “at first glance”. 196 Table 2. Special characters after word-form metrics2 Symbol Code Function ◊ 0224 Word form from the pericope Mt 3:13–17 added to J. Bretkūnas’s Postilė. k 0107 Word form from a pericope in J. Bretkūnas’s Postilė, which is also in B. Vilentas’s Enchiridion. m 0109 Word form from the prayers in J. Bretkūnas’s Postilė. ∇ 0209 Word form from a pericope in J. Bretkūnas’s Postilė, which is also in B. Vilentas’s Evangelijose bei Epistolose. # 035 Word form from the “Passions” in J. Bretkūnas’s Postilė and B. Vilentas’s Evangelijose bei Epistolose. ∞ 0165 Word form from a pericope in B. Vilentas’s Evangelijų bei Epistolų, which is also in J. Bretkūnas’s Postilė. T 0194 Word form from the first four pages of B. Vilentas’s Enchiridion, compiled from F. Bechtel’s 1882 reissue of B. Vilentas’s Enchiridion. Ω 0234 Word form from the chapter “Wenczawoghima Knigeles” of B. Vilentas’s Enchiridion. + 043 Word form from the chapter “Chrikſchtima Knigeles” of B. Vilento’s Enchiridion. δ 0235 Word form from the chapter “Trumpas klausimas…” of B. Vilento’s Enchiridion. ∩ 0239 Word form from the chapter “Paſpalitas budas Spawedies” of B. Vilento’s Enchiridion. * 042 Žodžio forma iš ne J. Jaknavičiaus (1647) verstų Evangelijų. 2 The symbols presented in Table 2 are taken from the “MS LineDraw” font set. These symbols already have defined functions in our concordance and should not be used to perform other functions. 197 Another group of symbols used in concordances helps researchers more quickly locate a form in the adjacent context, see the beginning and end of a line of text in old writings, and identify the ordinal number of the headword. These symbols and their codes are presented in Table 33. Table 3. Special symbols in word-form contexts Symbol Code Function ▮ 0222 Marks the word form in the sentence (to make it easier to notice). ‖ 0186 Marks the end of a line of text in old writings. » 0175 Follows the context and precedes the ordinal number of the headword. Computerizing old writings according to a certain common system is necessary because a dictionary of old writings is planned, based on computer-processed texts and their indexes. Therefore, efforts are already being made to avoid using the aforementioned special symbols for other functions and to avoid assigning their codes to newly created symbols. Our concordances are of two main types: 1) pure concordances (see excerpts in Figs. 3–5), intended for studying word forms in old writings from various perspectives (reverse lists of these, ordered by the final letter of the word form, are also being prepared for this purpose; see Fig. 9), and 2) concordances with a 0 printed on the second line and the original form repeated (see Fig. 6). It is usually concordances of the second type that are used at the third stage. From the context given alongside the word form, the researcher first determines its grammatical and lexical meaning. Then, on the second line of the concordance, in place of the repeated original form, the researcher restores the word’s basic headword form in modern spelling (the infinitive for a verb, the singular nominative for a nominal word); where necessary, the word’s lexical meaning is given in parentheses (and, for translated texts, the original), and the form is characterized using abbreviations (see the list in Fig. 7). Forms occurring consecutively in the concordance and sharing the same grammatical and lexical meaning and identical graphic shape need to be described only once; instead of 0, one need only write how many times such a form occurs. Then 3 We would ask those who create computer fonts for characters in old writings to pay attention to Table 3. These three code positions should be left free, i.e. not assigned to letters of old writings or to other symbols used by the author in the text. 198 the computer will know how many forms following it the description applies to. With the help of special software, as it reads these concordances of word forms with their descriptions, it will supplement the information recorded in the computer bank about each word form in the old writings. In the future, searches will be possible on the basis of these descriptions. The computer also performs a certain check of the descriptions of word forms: it warns if it finds unclosed parentheses after a word’s meaning has been specified, an abbreviation it does not recognize, or an abbreviation inadvertently written several times in the same word-form description. Since the computer analyzes only those lines in which some number other than 0 has been entered, initially it is possible to describe not all, but only some of the word forms of interest to the researcher, and submit them to the computer for processing; later, the concordance can be supplemented with new descriptions. O. Aleknavičienė has described in this way some of the word forms beginning with the letter a in J. Bretkūnas’s Postilė (see Fig. 8). This stage of the work will take the most time. For example, J. Bretkūnas’s Postilė contains 133,895 word forms, B. Vilentas’s Evangelijos bei Epistolos—31,610, his Enchiridion—8,954, J. Jaknavičius’s Evangelijos (1647)—15,455, and K. Lukauskas’s Pamokslai—109,044 word forms. The researcher will have to determine the grammatical and lexical meaning of each of them (in the translated text and in the original) and characterize them using abbreviations. Only the figures for five concordances already completed are given here, but many other Lithuanian-language monuments of the 16th–17th centuries are no smaller in scope. At the fourth stage of the work, drawing on the information entered into the computer bank, the computer will sort words alphabetically, determine their frequency of use, and list all forms found in the text; in essence, it will prepare the index of words in the text being studied itself. The index is intended to include not only word forms, but also the meanings of rare or historically significant words, together with examples, as well as the originals of translated texts. Of course, this part of the work will have to be carried out by the researcher, but the computer will provide all the necessary information on the basis of the word meanings (or originals) entered at the third stage of the work and the examples in the concordance. Alongside the word indexes, the plan is to publish extensive lexical or other linguistic studies of individual monuments of old Lithuanian, which could be defended as doctoral dissertations, and to prepare scholarly editions of some particularly rare old writings. Once indexes of the words in individual texts have been compiled in this way, it will be possible in the future to write dictionaries of 16th–17th-century, and later 18th- and 19th-century, writings without large card files. On the other hand, we plan to supplement the computer bank of old writings being developed with extensive information-retrieval systems, that is, to make it possible for any researcher to find by computer the data needed for their work on the use of individual words or their forms in old writings, without having to read them all and compile a card file personally in every case, as has been necessary until now. Even now, some specialists in lexicon, morphology, syntax, and even cultural history are interested in the concordances we have prepared. They would be useful in supplementing the comprehensive Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language and preparing its new edition. 199 As this brief overview shows, we stand at the very beginning of a long and arduous journey, and our resources are limited. As J. Bretkūnas said in one sermon in the Postilė, Piuwe ira dide / O maβ darbiniku (II 62,8). We therefore invite all those who study old writings to join us, and ask them to contribute advice and, especially, old texts and computer programs saved on floppy disks to this shared undertaking. Only through the combined efforts of all will we gradually be able to climb to the beautiful summit long envisioned by many, which we will call a historical dictionary of the Lithuanian language—or give some other name. Our address: Institute of the Lithuanian Language, Antakalnio 6, 2055 Vilnius; fax (370 2) 226573; email: saul amb [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]. Figure 1 General scheme for computerizing old writings and creating word indexes 200 2 paveikslas The text of Jonas Bretkūnas’s Postil with volume, page, and line numbers entered by computer -490- BP II 490,1 On the fourth. BP II 490,2 What God could do to us because of sins. BP II 490,3 ⸢Kaip netureia ko uſmoketi / liepe BP II 490,4 Wieſchpats pardoti / ghi / io Mo= BP II 490,5 teri / io waiklus ir wis ka tureia ir uſzmo= BP II 490,6 keti⸣. Scheiteip galetu Ponas Diewas mus wil= BP II 490,7 fus amſinai praſbuditi delei grieku / jei noretu mumus BP II 490,8 ſuditi / pagalei aſchtraghi ſawa Suda. Prakeikts BP II 490,9 teſtow koſnas nepildanſis wis kas raſchita ira tafu BP II 490,10 knigolu alba Sokone. Pone jei nori griekus roku= BP II 490,11 ti alba dabotiſſi / Pone kas iſchkentes? BP II 490,12 Thus we see from ⸢this Gospel that BP II 490,13 all of us would be eternally lost because of our BP II 490,14 wicked way of life. BP II 490,15 On the fifth. BP II 490,16 How do we receive the forgiveness of debt or the forgiveness of BP II 490,17 sins? BP II 490,18 ⸢Paſſigaleila tada Wieſchpati to tar= BP II 490,19 no / paleida ghi / irgi ſkola iam at= BP II 490,20 leida⸣. Schicze regim ta tarna atleidima ſkolos ga= BP II 490,21 wufi nůg Wieſchpaties ſawa / tikai iſch wieno paſſi= BP II 490,22 gaileghimo alba ſuſſimilimo. -491- BP II 491,1 Teipo ir mes atleidima grieku / apteiſinima ir am= BP II 491,2 ſina iſchganima nůg Diewo wieno gaunam / bet ne BP II 491,3 iſchkakio darbu muſu / nei iſch pinigu / nei iſch ſchwen= BP II 491,4 tibes kakios / bet iſch wieno ſuſſimilimo Diewo. Iſch BP II 491,5 darbu Sokono / nebus newiens ſmogus teiſus. Ne BP II 491,6 aukſu / ne ſidabru bet brangoiu krauiu Kriſtaus at= BP II 491,7 pirkti eſte. BP II 491,8 Todelei Neſawimi / bet Diewu nuſitikekem / geiſ= BP II 491,9 dami iſchganiti buti. BP II 491,10 On the sixth. 201 Fragment of the concordance to Jono Jaknavičiaus’s 1647 *Evangelie polskie y litewskie* Figure 3 ape | JE 203,3* | now, from his mouth, = he prays humbly / who [is] of peace|belonging. Likewise the faithful who| »1058 ape | JE 203,11* | what one has / cannot be taught|able. Alantarą łepc tugi, E=Iwam: Matth. 16|At that time: Ta=Ire łcjus »1059 apė | JE 116,3 | and began to speak of God. And łapemnia wici|lbdyc »1060 apgawau | JE 201,8-9* | wealth ma=łno houses fleeing / ie ky ku kam = łago / paga wał / łagęs »1061 apgūs | JE 103,17 | (=or apkas) you [do] not steal your neighbor’s wo=łū / łaptus you / išgbłwina falsai / and you have in him / me furi »1062 apgūmis | JE 94,22-23 | gergies emu / wiekpatio. Neł / fłbyme / fupuatis you / illu fupałus you »1063 apipiautinetu | JE 173,10 | and the greatest u. And kay buduw / apipiaufinetu »1064 apipiautitas | JE 16,21 | ad tripide e=łbtonu dias die=łnas / adur ber + łnies / apipiautitas »1065 apliukotas | JE 38,4-5 | ghosts. Neł subus / šujotas paga=lnamus / ir bus / apłiukotas »1066 apkalnėna | JE 205,4-5 | (=ałwo / and feet) / Bąs gini = cłoway and feet / apkalnėna »1067 apkas | JE 103,15 | For a. ltays days vnt ta=łwis / and ape / tieś nau=»łetus tawo »1068 apkas | JE 165,8 | kėkwe=lnu kurmą ateigławwy / tu apėctiłis (=or apėctus) adunt gau=łcen / apa katfyl»1069 apkas | JE 165,8-9 | kurti atne=łgałwy / apėctiłis (or apėctus) adunt gau=łcen (or katfyl »1069 apkuops | JE 109,18 | Teypagri łiuweta kad budłomą / apėctiłis (or apėctus) adunt gau=łcen »1070 aplinkie | JE 42,1-2 | gar=łbni / and himself 42-tahtur. Then łapty=łdie i wełnas / saitia»»1071 aplycę | JE 123,10-11 | tur=łrecia ga=łwta / cžytike twod łlono. A amis lapełde / lę»1072 aplycę | JE 126,19 | tu=łrecia ligo wałkar / adontti. Pągłtą tewas / and aplycę»1073 aplycę | JE 155,17 | Bi=łjo Synnas Pętras lėłupę. Išjstajes mes wirałł apėdyc»1074 aplycę | JE 95,9 | gau=łdłi / iswis sames / and e=łdlas vnštames / or apėdyc»1075 aplydisa | JE 70,10-11 | ne ciltus / awis troltis / and every / Dėto pablėta / aplydisa»1076 aplydas | JE 156,5 | dwikalgiminu 1racelo. Triklekiwimas / aplyd-łįa avis and paba=łga / aplyd»1077 aplydytis | JE 149,11-12 | / nęmocrey. Atilkus imuslamay / jūłs / regetilmas nuog jo. »1078 aplyeti | JE 148,25 | yours / and=łeł; For łakau iu=łmus / not visible from him»1079 Apópatala | JE 100,21-22 | tur + Iingas / who was to=łimtu parduotas. »1080 apraśytas | JE 154,6 | priėł. And when iekies wiłcśołanos pąnos / irłkų dieło »1081 apredę | JE 24,7 | began 3inkłba le=łūkas Kałno Galilė=łios / and apredė lamps »1082 apreybkie | JE 159,9 | nuogijś mintułił (fupuntinuł) apreybkie gar=łbu tawo. »1083 apreybskėy | JE 158,22 | [tu] lėgatwaśey poakimłwiru / (matienwielias) apreybskėy »1084 apreybkimno | JE 58,22 | kas pałti tūkstu / ikam noretu / lunnus aprekłt. »1085 apreybkūta | JE 157,22 | and Dwa=fwiwint. J=łpa pakatikal (or) praśymo. »1086 apreybkūta | JE 174,9-10 | ilfiedu ir / połwiray kalningas / apreybkūta. »1087 aprinko | JE 187,10 | But wie=łno (thing) is needed. Maria chose the better part / which shall not be taken away »1088 aprinko | JE 187,25 | [p]rwadino) or pat=łisdimų mokintinufawo: Jesus / whose »1089 The symbol * indicates that the word is not from the Gospels translated by Jono Jaknavičiaus. 202 4 pavelkslas Fragments of the concordance to Jono Brekūno’s *Postilė* Apachtalui BP I 389,18# a g̈his Motinai / jawa / Motriche. ||Sichitai / tawa Sumus. Ir |Apachtaui biolia tel=|paëg. Schaitai / tawa Motina / »6686 Apachtalui BP I 135,2 dieba pril=||likeles ich numuni palriode / Petrui ||Apachtalui kawam maelen / kaip tatai pas Apachtalai »6687 Apachtalump BP I 366,3# ain achlnaru / bet kaip tu nari. Beg ghis ateija Jawump |Apachtalump / ir rada ios meigangčius / ir »6688 Apachtalump BP II 80,47 ira Can=llatte, Euangelia loh. 16. pagul |Biolia felus |Apachtalump / Achilu eimi top / kuriai finne mane / ir »6695 ape BP I 427,24 kokai / nega ghis tam wil=||lam pribuwal. |Net kalbam |ape toke wiera / kurri tik wis ka Krituslenteiai / tatai »7209 Ape BP I 428,7 Poneld|Diewė mus wilus ap lugok. ||Ant Scheclitol ||Ape gera wartoghma aba meginghmalkus Iflaukus Kristaus »7210 ape BP I 430,1m gelbėk per tawa malone. |AMEN.|=430-D|wi. Madil |Lape nukali irnerit Pono mul Elasku:|Kristaus,|Pilmna, »7211 ap|Krik|chitdina BP I 255,5-6 IElus Christus budams artillui dehchintu metu / nu Iano |ap|Krik|chitdina =|lna upė anmoie Ssidub bėmeie kur »8154 ap|Krik|chitdins BP II 46,4 eta / lakiket Euangelia wirciam el|tawmi / kas tikės ir |ap|Krik|chitdins bus fich =|laganitas / kas net »8155 ap|Krik|chitdins BP II 126,22 Ich Dwaes Schwendontos / tas Dangskarlite ingenigs. Kas |ap|Krik|chitdins is tikės / teis|bas|steisianias »8156 ap|Krik|chitdints BP I 139,24-25 ta nugilano prieme. ||Ant Trecčio. Kodeli Kritus noreia |ap|Krik|ch|tinti:|Ant Kewirto. Kam dera krik »8157 ap|Krik|chitdints BP I 144,24-25 s. Schito delei bis a=|flaka Sumus 3 beduecho. ||Bagni |ap|Krik|ch|tinti / |ludit krik|ch|tu / kurdi afen »8158 ap|Krik|chitdints BP I 144,24-25 Idamones neumis|Diewo fojmolkchino |ap|Krik|chitdintu / Diewo talona petiu|Diewo mel| »8159 a[p]Krik|chitdintu BP II 137,3 eija le tus rich Galeilospas lordanan Iano / idant nog iol |ap|Krik|chitdintu / Bet Ianas ginerit| »8160 ap|Krik|chitdintu BP I 137,2 palengdami. ||-137-|NEDELIOE PONO AVlometo ape |ap|Krik|chitma Pono Kritaus|Evangelia Matth. 3. »8161 atleidima BP I 52,16 ir ambina prapilma / mumus itchldangsaus atgaben / atleidima grieku / |juednota Die=|lwa / ambina giwata »9700 atleidima BP I 62,16k manal Krauje / kurra|f jus bus praleitas / lant atleidima grieku / Tadai darkiet /|kaip dabasnai gerit ant »9701 atleidima BP I 67,24 Jawa karautu / terp tikrai gin=|lau atleidima wiçu mana greku. ||Scheiteip dera munus Diewo »9702 Apachtalui biolia tel=|paëg. Schaitai / tawa Motina / »6686 Ir| Apachtalui kawam maelen / kaip tatai pas Apachtalai »6687 Apachtalump / ir rada ios meigangčius / ir »6688 Apachtalump / Achilu eimi top / kuriai finne mane / ir »6695 ape toke wiera / kurri tik wis ka Krituslenteiai / tatai »7209 Ape gera wartoghma aba meginghmalkus Iflaukus Kristaus »7210 Lape nukali irnerit Pono mul Elasku:|Kristaus,|Pilmna, »7211 ap|Krik|chitdina =|lna upė anmoie Ssidub bėmeie kur »8154 ap|Krik|chitdins bus fich =|laganitas / kas net »8155 ap|Krik|chitdins is tikės / teis|bas|steisianias »8156 |Ant Kewirto. Kam dera krik »8157 |ludit krik|ch|tu / kurdi afen »8158 Diewo mel| »8159 ginerit| »8160 »8161 ambina giwata »9700 gerit ant »9701 munus Diewo »9702 Symbols used in the word-form citation: ▽ — a form from a pericope also found in Baltramiejaus Vilenoto’s *Evangeliose* and *Epistolose*; k — a form from a pericope also found in Baltramiejaus Vilenoto’s *Enchiridione*; ◊ — a form from a pericope added by Jono Brekūno (Mt. 3,13–17); m — a form from prayers; # — a form from the *Passijos*; If no symbol appears in the word-form citation, this means that the form is from a sermon. 203 Fragment of the concordance to the Gospels and Epistles of Baltramiejus Vilentas pavadina EE 26,158 bwwa / but servants bi=|lnoja / who wandenį fieme / pawaidina byweide = Iltos jaunikį / and bioloja iopi / Kofnas »22130; pawaidina EE 86,4⁸ S5mogus nekurtai / padare didleweses / and pawaidina dabarų an tos. I[r] nulintu tarna lawa / »Cielu »22131; pawaidina EE 87,12–13 brolensis fui. Allá God wilfos malones / kurie tránsija ant arpisas / tawę / Chriktiute »22132; pawaidina EE 98,20⁸ apraichitis / kaip butu ghis lobi io gāchinczas / Ilr tur ghamu. Ka tatai echligriu apje »22133; pawaidina EE 161,23–24⁸ motim pat[e]pe. Allá Farieuchas regedamas / kurai ghū [p]a=|wladina / kalbeia pats fawier ir biola / kada tas »22134; pawaidina EE 163,12 bro illiu. But kurius ghis tapaige / tus tapaige / nus ghis pawaidina / tas tapina »22135; pawaidina EE 163,12 pakire / tus tapaiges is pawaidina / tas tapina / k. »22136; pawaidina EE 185,5 ident Kariatita jm=Il / and wel lurginchtu. Talſai pawaidina dečimtlarnu / pawa / and dawe ghimus dečimti »22137; pawaidina EE 200,6–7 Ka = Ilraumul=Plastas wel leia »Rotuche« / pawaidina lefu / and klau cghu blondas / Eficer »22138; pawaidina EE 202,44 karunawadas apufis. Allo Pilates pawaidina Wel=ghimus ku ligimus »Wienus / and »22139; pawaidina EE 140,24⁸ per praraka tares efi / kurfa bila / Ich Egptali pawaidina Sunu mana. Ill=14=Il Herodas potam regedamas »22140; pawaidina EE 22,4⁸ Weichaptas antmana bimonu Irahel. Then Herodas pawaidines paltomislicchmintugas / pinaling nug ij »22141; pawaidines EE 95,8–9 metu buwena cendagum / and pawaidina Werelgita / pawaidina »22142; pawaidines EE 174,17–18⁸ / kas wienok didencislu Karáflitie Dangu? Iefus »pawa=|dines waikeli fawep / palata wdinj bilo »22143; pawaidines EE 212,24# Pilotas Tebefolio tog ghis jau numiresbilaw / and pawaidines Hetmora / klaułe ghū »22144; pawaidines EE 142,21⁸ palake Wielas / ghta pawaidines ghu / jawen»Filio »Wiekfaphis / bioloja jamui / Tu tar »22145; pawaidina EE 114,5 idant waikf=crōtumbite talipkalip krikaua ant tų pawaidinu / ant kuriapawadinta / turia »22146; pawaidina EE 114,11 jus tapaige pawaidinti etc / antwiena nūiktekegima pawaidima rufu. Wie=Ilas LORD / wiena wiera »22147; pawaidinek EE 131,56 bwwa / biola / niegza / cheforaru / pawaidink dárhi=|linukus / and wetchmoneck ghimus »22148; pawaidinket EE 120,6–7 »Ewezei nebawe »Therefore eikent tų / pawaidinket ant wodas / pawaidinket »Nu »22149; pawaidinti EE 30,14 And pakauius Goda terkiau chedridra fufru / ku=|lrop pawaidinti ete wename kune / and bikite de=|kingi »22150; pawaidinti EE 52,11–12 (kurie bu=lwa po primu Teftamentu) / kurte tap=|pawa=|Ilini / jr »Badaetage afbišna tie woneite apurreu. »22151,52; pawaidinti EE 86,23–24⁸ jau mugiewenas ich / kuncie tilu / pawaidintas wecres mana »Igh=»IOMINICa »22152; pawaidinti EE 90,17–18 tatai chlowinket / and finoket / jog ant to ete pa=|Iwadinti / idant perchlowina tresmes pa=|to »Ilumbi »22153; pawaidinti EE 114,6 tipkalip prekaula ant fuflu pawaidina / ant kurai ghū pawaidinta ete / and wiſloke pakarnite »22154; pawaidinti EE 114,10 Wieſas kunas / and wienalia / kaip jus tapaige pawaidinti / antwiena nutikhegima pawaidina »22155. Conventional signs accompanying the word-form metrics: ⁸ – a form from a pericope also found in Jonas Bretkūnas’s Postil; # – a form from the “Passions.” 5 paveikslas 204 Fragment of the concordance to Jono Bretkūno’s Postil, prepared to describe word forms city BP II 113,12 O city Vreda /||But the men … there / [city] of the Jews / namely, Jerusalem / There he … »73985 city BP II 113,21 O city … descending from the Mount of Olives / near which was … [city Jerusalem] / where the little village was called Bethania. There »73986 City BP II 213,18 O City … departing forever from … I … [City Jerusalem … =||… »73987 city BP II 332,8 O city / place appointed for … and death. And as near [the city …] as already … »73988 City BP II 333,9 O City … Hear … why God … [City / and his beloved] people … »73989 Mieta BP II 338,6 O Mieta [for a hundred days and nights / as given =||kens koki pa] Mieta giving / And when he does not =||lie with whips and »73990 City BP II 339,21 O City … surrounded by three commanders / and … besieged the City of Arklon / … »73991 City BP II 341,26 O City … Jerusalem / and … / where the City was besieged … I-342|There »73992 mieta BP II 342,6 O mieta rawaritu / and there were three groups in Miete / who were together / and mieta / from the greatest of the great / kibin =||dawa and frightened »73993 mieta BP II 342,14 O mieta hintimi thousand people / who had been brought / So that [mieta uſtatu and ap =||ligintu nūg] by the marked wretched one. And that »73994 Mieta BP II 342,19 O Mieta, such a great place that is / =||filiptina and patariſčarie teb / Mieta umai apgulditu ka =||itu / while people kuwoi befi »73995 City BP II 343,5 O City / it had three walls / but the great Roman army besieged the City / so that it could … »73996 mieta BP II 344,23 O Mieta Sſi =||part of those who ruled the higher part of the town / others flee into the town / but the greater part [is] from the fire and smoke + »73997 mieta BP II 346,15 O mieta eg nekūros muro trobas ir putamiescſant ſenka / thibunai mieta buwwi / Bei ſchitai nul =||slidawa aſchma diena men »73998 6 pārveikslas 205 Abbreviations for describing word forms in old writings 0 indeclinable word | indeclinable word | int interjectio | interjection and onomatopoeia | int interjectio | interjection and onomatopoeia 1 1 | first person | l locativus | locative | l locativus | inessive (present interior locative) 2 2 | second person | m masculinum | masculine gender | m masculinum | masculine gender 3 3 | third person | n nominativus | nominative | n nominativus | nominative a accusativus | accusative | nm numerale | numeral | nt neutrum | neuter gender act activus | active voice | nt neutralis | neutral gender | o ordinale | ordinal | part particula | particle adj adjectivum | adjective | part part pluralis | plural | pl pluralis | plural adv adverbium | adverb | pl pluralis | plural | plr pluralis | plural al allativus | allative (present exterior locative) | plr plurale | plural | prc participium | participle bd būdinys | gerundive | prc.cn participium contemporale | half-participle c cardinal | cardinal number | prc.indc participium indeclinabile | indeclinable participle cl collectivum | collective | prc.n participium necessitatis | necessitative participle cm commune | common gender | prm permissivus | permissive mood cmp gradus comparativus | comparative degree | prn pronomen | pronoun cnd conditionalis | conditional mood | prp praepositio | preposition cnj conjunctio | conjunction | prs praesens | present tense d dativus | dative | prt praeteritum | simple past tense du dualis | dual | prtf praeteritum frequentativum | frequentative past tense em emphaticum | pronominal form f femininum | feminine gender | pss passivus | passive voice pst gradus positivus | positive degree ft futurum | future tense | r reflexivum | reflexive g genitivus | genitive | s substantivum | noun i instrumentalis | instrumental | sg singularis | singular ii illativus | illative | sp supinum | supine imp imperativus | imperative mood | spr gradus superlativus | superlative degree ind indicativus | indicative mood | v verbum | verb inf infinitivus | infinitive | vc vocativus | vocative 7 paveikslas 206 Word forms described in the concordance to Jonas Bretkūnas’s Postil (fragment containing the word alga) Figure 8 alga BP 1107,8 m that work... from God receive || alga || On the First || About the Fall of King Herod. || Herodas »1789 3 alga (reward) s f sg a alga BP 112,8... ||... || On the Third. || About || About that ruler Herod. || Onas Diewas teilus Iudžija »1790 0 alga alga BP 1208,17... ||... || On the Fifth. About the end || alga likewise for the good / as for the wicked. || On the First || as before || »1791 0 alga Alga BP 1215,2 But to God... || On the Sixth. || Alga likewise for the good as for the wicked. ||... wicked people... good until »1792 1 alga (payment) s f sg n alga BP 1229,17... workers / and pay them || alga / beginning from the last / to the first. || But || »1793 6 alga (wage) s f sg a wage BP 1235,25 if that man were a worker or [at] church / but he too would receive a good wage. And not for the sake of more = || bu / but rich fawa Ge »1794 0 wage wage BP 1236,13 they will work diligently / yet completely taking away || betlich Geribes pono. So also we, one by one »1795 0 wage wage BP 1242,12 to those living / to whom he and the earth || a good place || gives || wage and in that place eternal salvation || But not for you more »1796 0 wage wage BP 1375,19# is || And in the market bought those silver coins / I used to || wages of injustice / fields of the potter on the holy || pilgrims »1797 0 wage wage BP 1164,20 m such things, when giving / instead of the treasure / taking away from || wages of the rich / and teaching that other things are neither good nor true. Bedaliums »1798 0 wage wage BP 1241,14 loia aemus / Newian newalos ir netelos ne darket / ir || wage || leave the law. || Thus Saint John [and] the people »1799 1 wage (payment) s f sg i wage BP 1241,24 || people, be alive, having died in the soul / and then || wage to regain / being in the place of the earth || will live »1800 3 wage (reward) s f sg a wage BP 1242,21 || In the end let us learn / how truly there is a reward || Imeriti. || On the end and death. || On the end and death of that holy and dear »1801 0 wage wage BP 1243(259),21 to redeem the Son of God / for his beneficence / evil || wage / and to lie on the ground. But »1802 207 Fragment of the reverse word-form concordance of the Enchiridion of Bartholomew Willent par[f]gėnemina E 44.2 may be placed among the ancients / and product in that par[f]gėnemina / Nor does God oppose the multitudes of people / 615 nulimina E 24.16 mu]lperiegautu / and would not enter into disbelief / and into other great songs and =linesses / >616 atminima E 33.9 vich nys bis ichdalas. This, then, do in remembrance of me. |In this way Klika took it after the evening meal=|and gives thanks >617 atminima E 33.17 kūl / This, then, do / as often as you drink / as often as you eat of me. |What wage does such eating and drinking bring? |“Alfak” >618 atminima E 68.15s vich nys bis ichdūtas. This, then, do in remembrance of me. |In this way K[r]ežes took it after the evening meal / gives >619 atminima E 68.21s This, then, do / as often as you drink=|of me / in remembrance. |Fourth Question. |Tell me, in your own words, >620 par[f]gėnemina E 75.19n =|remember my bodily woes, true and =|spiritual, and the forgiveness of sins; God thanks me for his =|621 palitipmina E 67.23s f[e]i |may you permit the forgiveness of my sins /|| remember my true faith and my soul’s =|622 palitipmina E 69.23–24s b[ō]ige Sacramentle preparation / my / p[a]t=|p[a]t=|7.0|my faith / Therefore, on =|623 paltrupmina E 75.17–18n may it help you? |Forgiveness. |For the forgiveness of my sins / for p[a]r|p[a]rip =|my bodily sins and /a =|lines >624 parchewentinima E 46.23s and when the monks go to the monastery |receive p[a]lchewentinima =|wa / great anguish is added >625 palcholewentinima E 53.20–21s Whoever has a woman’s lawful =|agreement and something else / and secretly |p[a]chole =|forgiveness of God. |5|p[o]ltani you know >626 irch[p]agminima E 30.2 Praised be the King / first / so that |irch[p]agimima may be obeyed / and may give me a little >627 irch[p]agminima E 32.11 and to reign. That’s how much the fifth has spoken, =|there are |irch[p]agminima many other =|things. |Sacramenta >628 accompanying E 31.7 ghreeks / not to mock / and you helped [them] |accompanying again. |But... one or two Greeks / which >629 substitute E 51.16s the same noble companion /... no other |substitute or... /|or what... / But so that it might be >630 drink E 32.21 bread and wine / for us |Baptism /|drink... / of Christ / which... / which... >631 drink E 34.15 Those who... and... priests... |drink as the chief part of the Sacrament /a =|which is only for those... >632 receive E 60.13+... the heavenly... =|... receive... and... the king... =|... gifts... >633 create E 16.18... must teach... |I believe in God the Father... =|... >634 ... E 9.8 to give them the Sacrament.... =|... no one |... should be permitted, as the Pope does. |... so much and... >635 Baptism E 55.1+... Christ... Lord =|... Amen. |55-|Baptism|... Martin Luther... |... >638 Conventional signs accompanying the word-form metrics: Ω - a form from the section “Wenczawoghhima Kriegeles”; + - a form from the section “Chrikchtima Kriegeles”; ↄ - a form from the section “Trumppas klaunimas...”; ∩ - a form from the section “Palpaltas budas Spawedies”; The word form from the part of B. Vieno’s Enchiridion, translated from M. Luther’s Enchiridion, has no sign. Gauta 1998 06 26 208 Figure 9 LITERATŪRA Aleknavičienė O. 1998: Jono Bretkūno Postilės perikopių autorystė: Mt 3,13–17 šaltiniai. – Baltistica 5 priedas. Bezzenberger A. 1877: Beiträge zur Geschichte der litauischen Sprache auf Grund litauischer Texte des XVI. und des XVII. Jahrhunderts, Göttingen: Verlag von Robert Peppmüller. Dini P. U. (sud.) 1993: Heinrich Johann Lysius. Mažasis katekizmas, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla. Drotvinas V. (sud.) 1987: Lexicon Lithuanicum, Vilnius: Mokslas. Drotvinas V. 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HISTORICAL DICTIONARY OF LITHUANIAN AND COMPUTERISATION OF OLD TEXTS Summary The paper deals with the problem of the computerisation of old Lithuanian texts and the preparation of the words indexes for them, which is being fullfilled in the Institute of Lithuanian Language by a group of scientists (led by Saulius Ambrazas, and computer programs created by Vytautas Zinkevičius) in 4 main steps: 1. the certain text itself is entered into a computer in authentic orthography with all diacritic symbols and textologic comments (because a great part of old Lithuanian texts are collective works, and usually one part of the text is a translation and the other is original, created by an author himself or of compiled type, which is taken from the earlier works of other authors); 2. using a certain software computer itself makes concordance of the words forms: it lays out the forms of the text entered into it in the alphabetical order by indicating their place in the text (volume, page, line) and gives a segment of the text in which the form is used; 3. investigator using characterises the forms, presented in the concordance, and renews basic title words forms; 4. another software will be able to compile the words index of the certain old Lithuanian text. In the future the Historical Dictionary of Lithuanian can be prepared on the bases of such words indexes, in which not only forms but also meanings of the words, important from the historic point of view, and original forms of translations will be presented. 210