Lazūnų krašto vietovardžiai

ACTA LINGUISTICA LITHUANICA LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI XLI (1999) Aloyzas VIDUGIRIS Institute of the Lithuanian Language, Vilnius PLACE NAMES OF THE LAZŪNAI REGION Place names are constant companions throughout human life. They are created by people. Thus, place names that have survived reflect and bear witness to the culture and ethnic affiliation of the local inhabitants. Place names can tell us a great deal about a region’s past and the ethnolinguistic processes that took place there. Since ancient times, the inhabitants of southeastern Lithuania have encountered the East Slavs and, through contact with them, began adopting their language. Place names that sound most beautiful on the lips of Lithuanians are often transformed beyond recognition by Slavic speakers. On the other hand, Lithuanian speakers, too, adapt Slavic place names when using them, adjusting them to the system of their own language. The place names of the Lazūnai region presented below are a living example of such interaction between languages and, at the same time, probably one of the last monuments to the once large part of the Lithuanian world that existed at the confluence of the Beržuonė and Nemunas rivers and has now fallen silent forever. The Lazūnai area, long part of the Ashmyany district of the Vilnius Voivodeship (and later governorate), and during the Polish occupation part of the Valozhyn district of the Navahrudak Voivodeship, is now within the Iŭje district of the Hrodna region of the Republic of Belarus (Gudija). In the past, Vijà was the center of a county municipality in Lida district, where famous markets had long been held. The present-day Iŭje district consists of the localities of Bókštas, Eigirdai, Geranainiai, Jūrotiškės, Lazūnai, Leliūkai, Ležnėnai, Lipniškės, Mārinas (Bel. Móryna, Rus. Morino), Subātninkai, Trobos, and Vijà. Only the older Lithuanian-speaking inhabitants of Dieveniškės and some neighboring localities have preserved the name Vijà itself. The people of Lazūnai use Lithuanized forms of the Slavic variant Ivje: Iujà, Iujà or Iujà. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Lithuanian was still spoken to a greater or lesser extent in the following villages around Lazūnai: Ažūbelavičiai, Bāčkininkai, Bebrėnai, Bežėmniai, Daniūnai, Dauroniai, Dervagiai, Gudeniōniai, Jančiūnai, Joskūnai, Kupronys, Mačiūliniai, Pāsaliai I, II, III, Saliniai, Šeškai, Ūosiagiris, Ūosiagirėliai, Vāldikai, Vinkšnėnai, Zomašiai I, II, Žūboniai, Žydžiūnai, and others. The early twentieth-century Lithuanian press still regularly mentioned people who had retained their Lithuanian in Dūdai, Geranainiai, Subātninkai, and Surviliškės, and less often in Bókštas, Trobos, and Vijà. It is believed that around Lazūnai alone there were about 6,000 people able to speak Lithuanian, although according to data collected by A. Plater in 1890 and processed by an anonymous author, 3,559 such people were recorded (Anonim 1898: 60). Data gathered in the early nineteenth century through parish priests (Ved Mosti 1827) and the description by regional experts M. Baliński and T. Lipiński (Baliński, Lipiński 1846: 251) show that until the mid-nineteenth century Lithuanian was still predominant almost continuously from Vilnius to the Ashmyany River 202 —in the east of present-day Gervėčiai and as far as the Bókštas and Lazūnai areas in the southeast. Later, the Lithuanian language began to decline rapidly. The declaration of Lithuania’s independence awakened among the people of Lazūnai a desire for education and a hope of drawing closer to the Lithuanian nation’s core. The apostolic ministry of Bishop J. Matulaitis and his visits to Lazūnai left fond memories. Through his efforts, the energetic Lithuanian priest Karolis Gumbaragis (1885–1957) was assigned to Lazūnai. Personally encouraged by J. Matulaitis, the first Lazūnai native, Juozas Maceika (1906–1991), came to study at the Vilnius Lithuanian (later Vytautas the Great) Gymnasium. He was one of the greatest supporters of his compatriots and cultural workers in southeastern Lithuania. The finest period of cultural life for the people of Lazūnai was the five years K. Gumbaragis served as priest there (1920–1925). The priest regularly organized evening gatherings and May festivities in various villages. He was a particularly frequent visitor to the forest-surrounded village of Pasaliai. Many a Saturday or Sunday afternoon, he would arrive by horse-drawn cart with his musician sacristan. Young people would gather from nearby Joskūnai, Jančiūnai, Dauroniai, Uosiagiris, Valdikai, Gudenionys, and other villages. The singing and games that began would continue long after the priest had left. Father K. Gumbaragis encouraged young people to pursue education and learning; thanks to him, the first Lithuanian school was established in Lazūnai. Unfortunately, the school was soon closed by the occupying Polish authorities, and the priest fell into disfavor with the authorities because of his Lithuanian educational work and was forced to leave. Later, cultural life was sustained by pupils and students who came from the Lazūnai area. Through J. Maceika’s efforts, reading rooms were established in the villages of Bebrėnai and Lazūnai. Yet perhaps no other area faced such difficulties as Lazūnai. Lithuanian educational and instructional institutions were shut down as soon as they began operating. The occupying bureaucrats stationed in Bókštas municipality, Valozhyn district, and Navahrudak Voivodeship were distinguished by extraordinary inhumanity. People recounted with horror, more than once, two instances of Polish officials’ heartlessness: J. Varanėlis, a poor resident of Pasalis who had provided premises for a Lithuanian school, was forced for nearly a year to walk every day to register (report for roll call) at Bókštas municipality, 18–20 km away; and K. Barauskas, a peasant from Lazūnai village who wanted to obtain a certificate of Lithuanian nationality for his son so that he could study at the Vilnius Lithuanian Gymnasium, made countless fruitless trips on foot to the head of Lūgamėnai municipality, the governor of Valozhyn district (about 40 km), and the governor of Navahrudak (40 km), then walked to Warsaw to see the Minister of Education (400 km)—and still received nothing. The Lithuanian children of Lazūnai were forcibly sent to Polish schools. Lithuanian was completely removed from the Lazūnai church and was never admitted again. This finally struck at the roots of the Lithuanian language. Many became Belarusian in a single generation. B. Maknickas, born in 1908 in the village of Saliniai, said that until the age of 16 he had known no language other than Lithuanian and had great difficulty learning Belarusian and Polish, while his children were already true Belarusians, identifying themselves only by their religion 203 with Poles. The Žaldokas family from Bebrenai village (J. Žaldokas and A. Žaldokienė, born in 1902), who had spoken only Lithuanian all their lives, were no longer able to learn to speak Belarusian well. By 1993, only one woman from Pasalys remained, Filomena Varanelytė-Avižičienė, born in 1925, who spoke the traditional dialect of her region well. Although the Lazūnai dialect has died out, its land gave Lithuania a group of distinguished people: Juozas Maceika, from Lazūnai village; the engineer, agronomist, and local historian Pranas Semokas (1909–1986), from Gudėnonys; the writer, journalist, and lexicographer Jonas Petrauskas (1915), from Dauroniai (Daunoriai); the physician Vladas Kemeišaitė-Gurevičienė, from Uosiagiriai; and many others. Juozas and Salomėja Maceika helped many of their compatriots from the region to pursue education, acquire a profession, and find shelter. The Lithuanian dialect of Lazūnai belongs to the Vilnius subdialect of Eastern Aukštaitian and is its southernmost part. The Lazūnai dialect was studied by E. Volteris (Wolter 1899: 173–187) and J. Jablonskis (JJ 1906; 1933: 125–132). In 1923, J. Šlapelis recorded a substantial collection of Lithuanian folklore (Šlapelis 1927: 462–464). Around 1929, the Polish linguist W. Porzeziński visited Lazūnai, but nothing is known so far about what became of the material he collected. In 1930, the Estonian P. Arumaa recorded and published dialect texts from the Lazūnai area (Arumaa 1930: 31–40). J. Gerulis studied this dialect in 1930 with his assistant, the Norwegian Balticist Chr. Stang, and on his own in 1938. J. Maceika and P. Semokas assisted them. A short text in the Lazūnai dialect, recorded by K. Būga, is also preserved in the Manuscripts Department of the Vilnius University Library (KBg 1906), but whether the scholar himself ever visited Lazūnai is unknown. In the postwar years, the Lazūnai dialect was studied and publications were produced by J. Senkus (Senkus 1958: 183–194; 1959: 215–230), E. Grinaveckienė (Grinaveckienė 1960: 191–205), and T. Sudnik of Moscow (Sudnik 1972: 15–115). In 1985, the “Dictionary of the Lazūnai Dialect” (LžŽ), compiled by the author of this article and J. Petrauskas, was published, among other works. The place names of the Lazūnai region published here were collected by various people. J. Maceika collected and described the names of places in his native Lazūnai village in the monograph “Lazūnai” (Maceika 1998). A substantial body of place names was recorded by J. Petrauskas, a word collector and co-author of the “Dictionary of the Lazūnai Dialect.” P. Semokas studied the toponymy of the Lazūnai region meticulously. He not only extensively traversed the Lazūnai area, collecting people’s given names, surnames, nicknames, and place names, but also delved deeply into archives. He wrote articles on the names of Lazūnai residents (Semokas 1984: 62–72) and their surnames and nicknames (Semokas 1989: 108–121). In addition, P. Semokas left three substantial manuscript studies on the Lazūnai region, preserved in the Manuscripts Department of the Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences. A great advantage is that he recorded many place names in two or three languages—that is, in Lithuanian, Belarusian, and often Polish. Some place names were recorded by dialect researchers E. Volteris, J. Jablonskis, J. Senkus, E. Grinaveckienė, A. Balasaitis, T. Sudnik, and others. While collecting place names, the author of this article cycled through many villages in the Lazūnai area in 1957. Many place names in the Lazūnai area were 204 collected during the expeditions of 1976 and 1988, as well as other longer or shorter trips. Below is an alphabetical list of the place names used by the people of the Lazūnai region. No attempt has been made to classify or analyze them. In terms of their formation, many do not differ from place names elsewhere in the Lithuanian language area. Attention may be drawn only to the “pronominal” place names characteristic of the Lazūnai dialect, formed on the Slavic-language model from the genitive of a surname or nickname and the pronominal endings -(j)is, -ji, e.g.: Breivóji (i.e. Breivõs) farmstead, Bùikoji (i.e. Bùikos) farmstead, Bùikojis or Bùikosis kálnas, Skrudžioji (a part of Bebrenai village where the Bebrenai residents nicknamed Skrudžiai lived), Mūsios (i.e. mūsų) Zbìščios farmstead. Because the native language has been partly forgotten and under the influence of Slavic languages, doublets and Slavic calques have emerged. This is especially characteristic of microtoponymy. The most authentic forms of place names were best preserved by elderly people who had spoken Lithuanian all their lives. Even when speaking Slavic languages, they retained the Lithuanian root and often the entire form, e.g.: Ažùdaržis, Dvarnėlis, Pirmieji, Platėji, Varyklà or Liūnas – Sl. Liún, Laukėliai – Sl. Laukėli, Trakėliai – Sl. Trakéli. Where bilingualism persisted for a long time and Lithuanian is already being forgotten, various calques take hold, e.g.: Ažùkluon-is – Sl. Zahuménica, Ažùdaržis – Sl. Zaharádnica, Ilgėji – B. Dóugije, Platėji – B. Širókija, Vidutinė – Sl. Serédnaja, Vỳanas (threshing barn, distillery) – Sl. Výhan, etc. Some case forms of place names sometimes have different stems, e.g.: nom. pl. Dauroniai, Dervagiai, Geranainiai, Zūboniai, but acc. pl. Daurónis, Petrónis, Zūbónis, ines. pl. Dauronysà, Dervagysà, Geranáinysa, Zūbkónysà. The list of settlement names includes, in addition to villages in the Lazūnai area, the names of more distant villages, towns, and cities, as well as several names of other countries and their capitals. All the place names mentioned in the list are closely connected with the lives of the Lazūnai people themselves or of those close to them. They are part of their lives and world. The list presents place names in alphabetical order, followed by their stress patterns and Slavic equivalents—mostly Belarusian—in parentheses, and then, after a dash, information about the feature named by the toponym and its location. The locations of some villages may not be entirely accurate, since there was not always sufficient information on which to base them. 1. Names of inhabited places Alenãvas (2) || Alienãvas (2) (Belarusian Galénava, Russian Galenovo) – village in the vicinity of Vija, former manor. Alšėnai – see Galšià Ančėrai (2) (Belarusian Gančary, Russian Gončary) – village in the vicinity of Vija. Astráucai (3ᵇ) (Belarusian Astraucy, Russian Ostravici) – village in the Vija district. Ašmenà (3ᵇ) (Belarusian Ašmiány, Russian Ošmiany) – a town in the Grodno region, district center. Ažùbelaviai (1) || rt. Ažùbelavės (1) || Ažùbelaliai (1) J. Jabl. (Belarusian Zabėlaucy, Russian Zabeloviči) – village in the vicinity of Lazūnai. 205 Bãčkininkai (also Bãčkinykai) (1) (Belarusian Bacešniki, Russian Bočešniki) – village in the vicinity of Lazūnai. Bãčkūriai (3ᵇ) – this was the nickname given to the village of Bačkininkai by the inhabitants of Vinkšnėnai. Bagdenãvas (2) (Belarusian Bagdzenówa, Russian Bogdanovo) – village in the vicinity of Vyšniava, former manor. Bairẽšai (2) || Bairẽšiai (3) (Belarusian Bairašy) – village in the vicinity of Dūdos. Bajõrai (2) – the eastern part of the village of Lazūnai, where well-to-do farmers lived. Bakūnavas (1) || Bakūnãvas (2) (Belarusian Bakūnava, Russian Bakunovo) – village in the vicinity of Bokštas, former manor. Bãltgiriai (1) || Baltgiriai (3ᵃ) (Belarusian Bóutkiy, Polish Bolkiy) – village in the vicinity of Lazūnai. Barãnaučai (1) (Belarusian Baránaųcy, Russian Baranoviči) – 1. a town in the Grodno region, district center. 2. village in the vicinity of Trobos. Bãravas (1) || Barãvas (2) || Bõravas (1) (Belarusian Bórava, Russian Borovo) – village in the Vija district, former manor. Barisovas (1) || Barisavas (1) || Barisãvas (2) (Belarusian Barisava, Russian Borisovo) – village in the vicinity of Bokštas, former manor. Barsūkai (2) (g. Barsuki, r. Borsuki) – village in the Dūdos district. Barūtiškės (1) (g. Barūčiski, r. Borutiski) – village in the Trobos district. Basiõrai (2) (g. Basiary) – part of Lazūnai village where impoverished peasants lived. Bebrėnai (1) || rt. Bebrėniai (1) (g. Bóbraucy, r. Bobroviči) – village in the Lazūnai district. Belarūsija (1) || Belarūsis (2) – Belarus, White Ruthenia. Beržuonà (3) || Beržà (3) || Žaberėžės (1) (g. Záberaz, Záberez, r. Zaberez) – village in the Bokštas district. Bežėmniai (2) || Bežėmniai (1) (t. Bežãmnial) < Bežėminiai || Bežamčai (2) (g. Biažėmcy, r. Bežamcy) – village in the Lazūnai district. Bilmanai (3ᵃ) || Bilmónai (1) (g., r. Bilmóny) – village in the Lazūnai district. Bobinkai (1) (g. Babinki, r. Bobinki) – village in the Vija district. Bókštas (1) || rt. Bókštai (1) (g., r. Bákšty) – town in the Vija region. Brãdiškė (1) || Brãdiščiai (1) || Brėdiščiai (1) (g. Bradzišča, r. Brodzišče) – village in the Bokštas district. Breivai (3) – part of Pasaliai village, named after the residents’ nickname. Brūdinkai (t. Brūdnykai) (1) || Brudniai (4) (g. Brúdniki) – nickname for Joskūnai village. Bukótos (2) – part of Lazūnai village, named after the nickname Bukotà. Bulbienõliai – what the young people of Bebrėnai village called the people of Gudenonys village as a nickname. Cecernykai – see Teterninkai. Cimanoniai (1) || Cimanoniai (3) (village: Címanoucy, r. Cimanoviči) – village in the Lazūnai area. Čėpūnė (1) || Čėpūnia (1) || Čėpūnė (1) (village, district: Čápun') – village in the Dūdos area. Čėpunka (1) (village, district: Čápunka) – village in the Dūdos area. Čerkėsai (2) (village: Čarkésy, r. Cerkesy) – village in the Jūrotiškės area. Černėliai (2) (village, district Čarnéli) – village in Jūrotiškiai rural district. Černėnai (1) (village Čérnioucy, district Černeviči) – village in Dūdos rural district. 206 Černyčia (2) || Černiča (2) (e.g. Čarniča, cf. Černica) – village in the Jūrotiškiai district. Dailidės (2) (orig., Russ. Dailīdy) – village in the Vijos district. Dainavā (3b) (orig. Dainóva, Russ. Doinovo) – village in the Trobos district. Daniūnai (1) (orig. Dóneucy, Russ. Doneviči) – village in the Lazūnai district. Dárgiškės (1) (village, Russian Dórgiški) – village in the Trobos district. Daugirdiškės (2) (village, Belarusian Daugirdziški, Polish Doverdiški, Russian Dovgirdiški) – village in the Trobos district. Dauroniai (3) || rt. Daunoriai (3) (village, Russian Dounáry) – village in the Lazūnai district. Dėravagiai – see Dervagiai Derevnóji (Belarusian Dzeraunaja, Russian Derevnoje) – town in the Stolbtsy district of the Minsk region. Dervagiai (3a) || Dievergiai (3a) || Dėravagiai (3b) || Dirvagiai (3b) J. Jabl. || Gervagiai (3b) (Georgian Dzévergi, Russian Devergi) (cf. the saying Dervagys aina vergáuc) – a village in the Lazūnai area. Diámantas (1) (Belarusian Dziámanty, Russian Diamonty) – village in Vijos district Dievēniškės (1) || Dievēniškė (1) (Belarusian Dzeveniški, Russian Deveniški) – settlement in Šalčininkai district Dievergiai – see Dervagiai Dirvagiai – see Dervagiai Dragūnai (1) (Belarusian, Russian Dragúny) – village in Vijos district Dūdos (4) || Dūdà (4) (Belarusian, Russian Dúdy) – church village in Vijos district Dunojus (2) (Belarusian, Russian Dunáj) – village in Jūrotiškiai rural district Durnieji Zomāšiai – see Zomāšiai Eigirdos (3b) || Eigirdai (3b) (Belarusian, Russian Éigirdy, Polish Jegirdy) – village in Trobai rural district, district center Fráncija (1) – France Galimšcina (1) (Belarusian, Russian Galimščina) – village in Vijos district, former estate Galšia (4) || Alšėnai (1) (Belarusian Gal'šány, Russian Golšany) – settlement in Ašmena district Galūnėnai (1) || Galumenai (1) (Belarusian Galúnaucy, Russian Galunoviči) – village in Dūdos rural district Gečiškės (2) (Belarusian, Russian Geciški) – village in Lazūnai rural district Genciūnai – see Ginčiūnai Geranáiniai (1) || cf. Geranāniai (2) (Belarusian Geranióni, Geranióncy) – settlement in Vijos district Germánija (1) – Germany Gervagiai – see Dervagiai Gibučiai (2) (G. Gibúcy, Polish Gebuci) – village in the Vija district. Ginčiūnai (1) || Genciūnai (1) (G. Ginčiúny, Polish Gentiuny, Russian Gintiuny) – village in the Vija district. Girdiškės (1) (G. Girdziški, Polish Gerdiški, Russian Girdiški) – village in the Subatninkai area. Girduškės (1) (G., Russian Girduški) – village in the Lazūnai area. Grábaucai – see Rōbovas Gradnia (4) || Grodnia (4) (G. Gródna, Russian Grodno) – Grodno, regional center Graužiškės (1) || Gráužiškės (1) (G. Graužiški) – small town in the Ašmena district. 207 Gudėliai (2) || Rusȯkai (2) (village, district Rusáčki, Rusakí) – a village in the Lazūnai area, formerly an estate. Gudenioniai (3) (village, district Gudeniáta) – a village in the Lazūnai area. Gūdija (1) || Gudija (2) – Belarus Gudiškės (2) (village, district Gudžiški) – a village in the Bokštas area. Guragaliai (3b) – a part of the village of Lazūnai Ilgōji – a part of the village of Bebrėnai Itrėnai (1) – a village in the Vija district. Ivenčius (also Ivinčius) (2) (village, district Ívenec) – a city in Minsk Region, a district center Ivjà – see Jūjà Jančiūnai (1) || Jančiai (4) (village Jánceucy, district Janceviči) – a village in the Lazūnai area. Jaremkà (2) || Jaremkos (2) (village, district Jarémki) – a village in the Vija district. Jasiūnai (1) – a small town in the Šalčininkai district. Jivjà – see Jūjà Jógodnė (1) (village, district Jágadnia) – a village in the Vija district. Joskūnai (1) (village Jáskeucy, district Jáskeviči) – a village in the Lazūnai area. Jotautėnai (1) || Jotautai (3a) (village Játaucy, district Jatautoviči) – a village in the Vija area. Jūjà (4) || Jivjà (4) || Ivjà (t. Iujà) (4) (Belarusian Ívja, Russian Ivje) – Vija, a city in the Grodno region and district center Jūrōtiškės (1) || Jūrōtiškė (1) (Belarusian, Russian Juráčiški) – a small town in the Vija district Juzapāvas (2) (Belarusian Juzefóva, Russian Juzefovo) – a village in the Lazūnai district, formerly an estate Kalesninkai (Polish Kalesnykai) (2) – a small town in the Šalčininkai district Kalivārija (1) – a part of the city of Vilnius Kalniniai (2) – a part of Bebrėnai village Kalvėliškės – see Kaulelìškės Karašėnai (1) (Belarusian, Russian Karašeniáta, Polish Krošenienta) – a village in the Dūdos district Karpėnai (1) (Belarusian Kárpaucy, Russian Karpoviči) – a village in the Lazūnai district Kasčiai (4) (Belarusian, Russian Kósci) – a village in the Jūrōtiškės district Kastusėliai (2) – the western end of Pasaliai village Katnai (3b) (Belarusian Katkí, Russian Kotki) – a village in the Jūrōtiškės district Kaulėliškės (1) || Kalvėliškės (1) (Belarusian Kanvelìški, Russian Konvelìški) – a small town in the Varenavas district Kaũnas (4) || Kaūnus (2) – a city in Lithuania Kazėnai (1) (Belarusian Kózeucy, Russian Kozeviči) – a village in the Dūdos district Kazināvas || Kazinōvas – see Kózinavas Kiaurai (4) (village, district Kéury, i.e. Kieury, district Kevy) – village in the Bokštas area. Kirvėliai (2) (village, district Kirvéli) – village in the Lazūnai area. Klevyčia (2) (village, district Kleviča) – a church village in the Ašmena district. Kōzinavas (1) || Kazināvas (2) || Kazinōvas (2) (village, district Kózinava, district Kozinovo) – village in the Bokštas area. Kraiči̇ninkai (local form Kráičnykai) (1) (village, district Kráičniki) – village in the Vija district. Krėvas (2) || Krėva (1) (village, district Krėva, district Krevo) – urban-type settlement in the Smurgainys district. 208 Kryčinkai (local form Kryčnykai) (1) (village, district Kričniki) – village in the Jūrotiškės area. Kri liškės (1) (village, district Kriliški) – village in the Jūrotiškės area. Kryžaukos (1) (village, district Kryžouki, district Kryžovki) – village in the Jūrotiškės area. Krupliai (4) (village, district Kruplį) – village in the Lazūnai area. Kubonė (2) – Kubanė Kūkšinas (1) (village, district Kūkšin) – village in the Bokštas area. Kupronai (3b) (village, district Kūpracų, district Kupoviči) – village in the Lazūnai area. Kvederėkai (2) (village, district Chvedaráki) – village in the Vija district. Láibiškės (1) (village, district Lóibiški) – village in the Jūrotiškės area. Lapūčiai (2) (village, district Lapuci, Polish Lapuce) – village in the Bokštas area. Latvà (2) – Latvia Lazūnai (1) (village, district Lazdūny) – 1. A town, local administrative unit, and parish center in Vijos district. 2. A village in Lazūnai local administrative unit. Leliūkai (2) (village, district Leliukí) – a village in Dūdai local administrative unit. Ležnėnai (1) (village Lěžneucy, district Ležneviči) – a village in Dūdai local administrative unit. Lietuvà (3a) (village, district Litvá) – the name given to the Lazūnai local administrative unit (Lithuanians). Līpniškės (1) || Līpniškė (1) (village, district Lipniški) – a town in Vijos district. Litvà (4) – the name given to Pasaliai village (Lithuanians). Liūbčius (2) (village, district Liūbča) – a town in Naugardukas district. Liūnas (1) (village, district Liūn) – a single farmstead in Lazūnai local administrative unit. Lūgamėnai (1) || Lūgomėnai (1) || Lūgavėnai (1) (village Lūgamaucy, district Lugomoviči) – a village in Dūdai local administrative unit, former estate. Lukášinas (1) || Lukásinas (1) (village, district Lukóšin) – a village in Bokštas local administrative unit. Mačiūliniai (also Maciūliniai) (1) – a former village in Lazūnai local administrative unit. Maladėčina (1) (village Maladėčna, district Molodečno) – a city in Minsk Region, district center. Márinas (1) (village Móryna, district Morino) – a town in Vijos district. Mataūšai (2) – the eastern end of Pasaliai village. Matikauščina (1) (village, district Matýkauščina) – a single farmstead in Lazūnai local administrative unit. Mėgūnai (1) (v. Miágeucy, distr. Miageviči) – village in the Lazūnai area. Mìras (2) (v., distr. Mír) – urban-type settlement in the Koreličiai district. Munčėnai (also Muncénai) (1) (v. Múnceucy, distr. Munceviči) – village in the Vija district. Nalibakai || Nalibokai (1) (v. Nalíbaki, distr. Naliboki) – village in the Ivenčiai district (there used to be meadows belonging to the Lazūnai people). Naūgardas (3b) || Navārutkas (1) (v. Navagrūdak, distr. Novogru­dok) – Novogrudok, a city and district center in the Grodno Region. New Dervagiai – see Pupiniai. Naujorkas (2) – New York. Navārutkas – see Naūgardas. Navasélkos (1) (v., distr. Navasiólki) – village in the Vija district. Nekviėtkos (2) (v., distr. Nechviédki) – settlement in the Lazūnai area. Nerávai (2) (v., distr. Neróvy) – settlement in the Lazūnai area. 209 Nikolájevas (1) (Lith. Nikalájeva, Russ. Nikolajevo) – village in Dūdai district. Noreikos (2) (Lith. and Russ. Narejki) – village in Jūrotiškės district. Nosūnai (1) (Lith. Nósaũcy, Russ. Nosoviči) – village in Lazūnai district. Panyžis (2) – village in Bokštas district. Papeninkai (also Papelnýkai) (2) (Lith. Papenliki, Russ. Popelniki) – village in Vija district. Pásaliai (Pirmi, Kiti, Treti) (1) || Pásalis (1) || Páse liai (1) (Lith. and Russ. Pósali, Pol. Posele) – village in Lazūnai district. Pastálniškės (1) (Lith. Pastóln iški, Pol. Postolniški) – village in Vija district. Patelžiai (3b) (Lith. and Russ. Patélzy) – village in Dūdai district. Pauláičiai (1) (Lith. Paulójci, Paulóucy, Russ. Pavloviči) – village in Jūrotiškės district. Pečkūnai (1) (Lith. and Russ. Pačkūny) – village in Trobos district. Pelesà (also Pelasà) (2) – church village in the Varėnavas district (the Lazūnai people interacted with the people of Pelesà). Pesėnai (1) (Lith. Péseucy, Russ. Peseviči) – village in Dūdai district. Pėterburkas (Lith. and Russ. Péterburg) – St Petersburg. Petroniai (3b) (Lith. and Russ. Petróucy, Russ. Piotroviči) – village in Vija district. Pociūnai (1) (Lith. Pacéucy, Russ. Paceviči) – village in Lipniškės district. Põlščis (2) (Lith. and Pol. Polšč) – Poland. Pupiniai (3b) (village, district: Pupini) || Nauji Dervagiai (Polish Nove Devergi) – part of Dervagiai village, named after a nickname Radaškoniai (3) (village Radaškóucy, district Radaškoviči) – district center in Minsk Region Radžiūnai (1) (village Rodzéucy, district Rodzeviči) – village in the vicinity of Vija Rasališkės (1) (village Rasóliški, district Rosoliški) – village in the vicinity of Bokštas Rasiejà (2) – Russia Razumnėjėji Zomašiai – see Zomašiai Róbovas (1) || Róbaucai (1) || Róbaučiai (1) || Grábaucai (1) (village Grábaucy, Grábovo, Grábava, district Grabovo) – village in the vicinity of Bokštas Ródūnia (1) – urban-type settlement in Varėnavas District Rusókai – see Gudėliai Salčininkai – see Šalčininkai Salešnykas || Saliėšnykai – see Šalčininkai Saliniai (2) (village, district Sóly) – village in the vicinity of Lazūnai (now part of Pasaliai village) Sántaka (also Súntaka) (1) || Sántakės (also Súntakes Dzidelės ir Mažos) (1) (village, district Santóka) – village in Vija District Sarókos (2) (village, district Saróki) – village in the vicinity of Lazūnai Saugūčiai (2) (village, district Sauguci) – village in the vicinity of Vija Savininkai (also Saviņykai) (1) (village, district Savíniki) – former small settlement in the vicinity of Lazūnai Semónkos (2) (local, district Semánki) – a village in the Lazūnai area. Siaukai (4) – this was the nickname given to Vinkšnėnai by the residents of Bačkininkai village. Sil iai || Siliai (2) (local Silíči, district Sileviči) – a village in the Jūrotiškiai area. Skrūdžioji (also Skrūdžioji) – part of Bebrėnai village, named after a nickname. Slabadà (2) (local Slabóda, district Sloboda) – a village in the Vija district. 210 Slānimas (1, 3) (local, district Slōnim) – a town in the Grodno region, district center. Smatrā (4) (local Smatrā, district Smotra) – a village in the Bokštas area. Smurgāiniai (1) (local Smargōni, district Smorgon′) – a town in the Grodno region, district center. Stalbai (4) (local Stalby, district Stolby) – district center in the Minsk region. Staniūnai – see Staunėnai. Starčianėnai (1) (local, district Starčaniāta) – a village in the Dūdai area. Staunėnai (1) || abbreviation Staniūnai (1) (local Stōneucy, district Stoneviči) – a village in the Dūdai area. Striženėnai (1) (local, district Strižaniata) – a village in the Vija district. Subātninkai (also Subātnykai || Subātnykas) (1) (local, district Subōtniki) – a small town in the Vija district. Surviliškės (1) (local, district Surviliški) – a church village in the Vija district. Šalčininkai (also Šalčinykai || Šalčnykas) (1) || Salčininkai (also Salčnykai || Salčnykas) (1) || Salėšnykas (1) || Saliešnykai (Didieji ir Mažieji) (1) (Polish Solečniki) – a Lithuanian town, district center. Šavėliai (2) (village, local name Šavěli) – village in Vija district. Šeptūnai (2) (village, local name Šeptūny) – village in the Jūrotiškiai district. Šeškai (4) (village, local name Šaški) – village in the Bokštas district. Šibutatai (3b) (village, local name Šibūty) – village in the Bokštas district. Šilučiai (2) (village, local name Šilūci) – village in the Jūrotiškiai district. Šilviai (2) (village, local name Šilvi) – village in the Dūdos district. Šlėktos (2) (village, local name Šliachty) – part of the Bežemiai village, whose inhabitants were the first to become Belarusianized. Šulāičiai (1) (village, local name Šulōici) – village in the Vyšniavas district, Valažinas district, Minsk Region. Švaikauskai (4) (village name Švaikāuskija, local name Švaikovskije) – village in the Trobos district. Takōriškės (1) (village name Takāriški, local name Tokariški) – village in the Jūrotiškiai district. Teter­ninkai (also Teternykai) (2) || Cecernykai (2) (village, local name Cecerniki) – village in Vija district, formerly a manor. Titkūnai (1) (village, local name Titkūny) – village in the Lazūnai district. Totōriai (2) (village, local name Tatāry) – village in the Vija district. Trakėliai (2) (village, local name Trakéli) – small town in the Lida district. Tróbos (3) || Trobà (3) (village, local name Trāby) – small town in Vija district. Ūosiagiriai [Pirmi ir Kiti || Uosiagirėliai (2) (1) || Ūosigiriai (1) || Vōsgiriai (1) (village, local name Vōsigiry) – village in the Lazūnai district. Uosiagirėliai – see Ūosiagiriai (Kiti) Ūosigiriai – see Ūosiagiriai Urtiškės (also Určiškės) (1) || Urtiškė (also Určiške) (1) (pl. Určiški) – village in the Vija area Valažinė (1) (pl. Valōžin, Russ. Voložin) – a town in Minsk Region, district center, Valozhyn Valdikai (also Valdzikai) (1) (pl. Voldziki) – village in the Lazūnai area Valkā (4) || Valkai (4) (pl., Russ. Valkā, Valki) – village in the Lazūnai area Vanagai (3b) (pl., Russ. Karšūny) – this is what the residents of Gudonys called the village of Bebrenai 211 Varanāvas (2) || Vōranavas (1) (pl. Vōranava, Russ. Voronovo) – district center in Grodno Region, Varenava Varanėliai (2) (pl., Russ. Varanínki) – the name of the middle part of Pasaliai village, based on a surname Vereščėkai (2) (pl., Russ. Vereiščálki) – village in the Vija district Vilčėsai (2) || Vilčesai (3ª) (pl., Russ. Vilčásy) – village in the Dūdai area Vileika (2) (pl., Russ. Viléjka) – a town in Minsk Region, district center Vilnius (1) || Vilnis (1) || Vilniusas (1) || Vilnia (1) – Vilnius Vinkšnėnai (1) (pl., Russ. Vikšniany) – village in the Vija area Vyšniavas (1) (pl. Višneva, Russ. Višnevo) – town in Valazino district, Vōršuva (1) (Pol. Varšava) – Warsaw Vōsgiriai – see Ūosiagiriaì Zamaslāvas (2) (dialect Zamaslāu, Polish Zamaslav) – village in the vicinity of Troby, former manor. Zamašiai || Zamōšiai – see Zomāšiai Zapur̄vė (2) || Zapur̄viai (2) (dialect, Polish Zapur̄vi) – village group in the vicinity of Lazūnai. Zikonai (3ᵇ) (dialect Zíkaucy, Polish Zikoviči) – village in the vicinity of Lazūnai. Zomāšiai (Pirmieji || Razumnieji, Kiti || Durnieji) (2) || Zamašiai (2) || Zamōšiai (2) (dialect, Polish Zamōšy) – village in the vicinity of Lazūnai. Zūbkoniai (3ᵇ) (dialect Zūbkaucy, Polish Zubkoviči) – village in the vicinity of Vija. Zūboniai (3ᵇ) (dialect Zūbaucy, Polish Zuboviči) – village in the vicinity of Lazūnai. Zulkoniai (3ª) (dialect Zūlkaucy, Polish Zulkovici) – village in the vicinity of Jūrotiškės. Židžiūnai (1) (dialect Žýdzeucy, Polish Žýdzeviči) – village in the vicinity of Lazūnai. Žilioniai (3ᵇ) (dialect, Polish Žíliči) – village in Vija district. Žirmūnai (1) – township in the former Lida County, now Varenava District. Žmuidėkai (also Žmuidžėkai) (2) (dialect, Polish Zmuidziaki) – a part of Lazūnai village, named after the nickname Žmuidžėkas, i.e. a Lithuanian. Žukai (4) (dialect, Polish Žukí) – a part of Lazūnai village, named after the surname 2. River names Alšānka (1) (locally Alšānka, officially Olšanka) – right tributary of the Nemunas, Dūdai area. Belavā || Beluvā (3ᵇ) (locally Belavā, Beliāuka) – right tributary of the Šilvė, Lazūnai area, Bežemniai village. Beržė || Beržā (3) (locally, officially Beržā) – left tributary of the Šilvė. Beržuona || Beržūna (3ª) (locally, officially Berēžina) – right tributary of the Nemunas, Bokštas area. Čėpūnė || Čėpūne || Čėpūnia (1) (locally, officially Čėpunka, Čápunia) – middle course of the Šilvė, Lazūnai area. Dūdā (4) (locally Dudziānka, officially Dudianka) – right tributary of the Nemunas, Dūdai area. Dunōjus (2) (locally, officially Dunāj) – right tributary of the Beržuona, Takoriškės village. Galšiā (4) (locally Galšānka, officially Golšanka) – right tributary of the Beržuona, Galšia area. Garačiā – see Purvē 212 Gauja (4) – right tributary of the Nemunas, Vija area. Išločius (1) || Išlačis (1) || Išlatis (1) (village Išlač, r. Isloč) – left tributary of the Beržuona, Bokštas district. Jūja – see Vija Klevė (4) (dial., Russ. Klevá) – left tributary of the Gauja, Surviliškiai area. *Lazuona || *Lazūna (in chronicles Lossuna) – former name of the Beržuona (?) Nėmanas (3b) || Nėmonas (3b) || Nėmunas (3b) (dial. Nióman, Russ. Neman) – the Nemunas. Purvė (2) || Garačia (2) (dial. Garačá) – left tributary of the Šilvė, Lazūnai area. Ručaikas – see Upėlė Ručėjus – see Upėlė Salšė (4) (dial., Russ. Sólsanka) – right tributary of the Nemunas, Dūdos area. Simė (4) || Sėmė (4) E. Volt. || Simà (4) (dial., Russ. Simá) – right tributary of the Šilvė, Lazūnai. Šilvė (2) || rt. Šilvė (4) (dial., Russ. Šil’viánka) – right tributary of the Beržuona, Šilviai village. Tekmė (4) || Tekmā (4) (dial., Russ. Tekmá) – right tributary of the Šilvė, Gudeniouniai village. Upėlė (2) || Ručaikas (1) || Ručėjus (2) (dial., Russ. Ručáj) – upper reaches of the Šilvė, Gudeniouniai and Pasaliai villages. Valkà (4) – 1. headwaters of the Belava, Bežemniai village. 2. left tributary of the Beržuona, Bokštas area. Veremkà (2) || Veremà (3b) (dial., Russ. Verenka || Veremka) – 1. right tributary of the Šilvė, Lazūnai. 2. || Virenà (3b) || Virenka (1) (Pol. Virenka) Gudeniouniai village. Virenà || Virenka – see Veremkà Vijà K. Būg. || Jūja (4) – right tributary of the Nemunas, Vija vicinity. Vilija (1) – the Neris, right tributary of the Nemunas, Ashmyany and Vileyka districts. 3. Microtoponyms A kaità (3b) || Akaitõs meadow – meadow in the forest, Pasaliai village. Akmuõj (3b) – 1. mound in Mėgūnai village. 2. || Kreivūliai stone 1. Pasaliai village. An balų (t. Am bālų) – meadow beyond the Beržuona River, Pasaliai village. An ilgūjų – meadow, Joskūnai village. An rāgo – 1., meadow, Bebrėnai village. Apušynas (3) – 1. meadow, forest, Valdikai village. 2. forest, Šeškai village. 3. meadow, Žydžiūnai village. Apušinė (2) (also Apušina) – 1. meadow, Daniūnai village. 2. grove, meadow, Lazūnai village. Asiuklynė (2) – meadow, Valdikai village. Až Bokšto – meadow, Uosiagiriai village. Až lūgelio – meadow, Gudeniouniai village. Až medžio – meadow, Joskūnai village. Až ravėlio – meadow, Pasaliai village. Až tiltėlių – meadow of Dauroniai village. Ažūbradės (1) (Belarusian Zabródzija, Zabródzica) – 1. || Ažūbradė (1) 1. meadow of Gudėnionys village. 2. near the meadow, on the border of Valdikai village. 213 Ažūbrastis (1) – 1. Gudėnionys village. Ažūdaržis (1) (Belarusian Zaharó́dnica) – 1. meadow, on the border of Bebrėnai village. 2. || Ažūdaržiai (1) meadow of Dervagiai village. 3. || Ažūdaržės (1) meadow of Gudėnionys village. 4. || Ažūdaržiai (1) meadow, near Žūboniai village. Ažūgასტis (1) (Belarusian Zagásnica) – 1. Bežemniai village. Ažų Jasiūkų – 1. Gudėnionys village. Ažūkapinės (1) (Belarusian Ažūkapiri) – 1. near Bačkininkai village. 2. meadow of Bebrėnai village. 3. || Ažūkapiniai (1) meadow of Dervagiai village. 4. || Ažūkapinis (1) meadow of Gudėnionys village. Ažūkelė (1) – 1. Bežemniai village. Ažūkiemis (1) || Ažūkiemiai (1) (Belarusian Ažūkiemì) – 1. Joskūnai, Valdikai villages. Ažūklonės (1) – 1. meadow of Daunoriai village. 2. || Ažūkloniai (1) meadow of Dervagiai, Lazūnai villages. Ažūkluon is (1) (Belarusian Zahumenica) – 1. meadow of Bebrėnai, Dervagiai, Gudėnionys villages. 2. || Ažūkluon iai (1) meadow of Joskūnai, Žūboniai villages. Ažų kūdru – 1., on the border of Valdikai village. Ažū Róbovo || Ažū Grábovo – near Pasaliai village. Až upės (Belarusian Zarécki) – 1. near Bebrėnai village. 2. meadow of Gudėnionys village. 3. meadow, near Pasaliai village. Ažūragiai (1) – 1. Krupliai village. Ažūraistis (1) (Belarusian Azarišča) – 1. Joskūnai village. Až vartėlių (dial. Ažvartéli) – 1. near Joskūnai village. Až žydo – 1. meadow in Daunoriai, Jančiūnai, and Uosiagiris villages. 2. forest in Pasaliai village. Balà (2) – 1. meadow near Bačkininkai village. 2. ravine, roadside, in Pasaliai village. Baláitės (1) – 1. || Baláitės (2) gn., pv. Bežemnių k. 2. || Baláitė (1) mš. Dervagių k. 3. || Baláičiai (2) pv. Joskūnų, Lazūnų k. 4. kr., pv. Pasalių k. Bálos (2) (dial. Balóta) – meadow near Dauroniai, Dervagiai, Pasaliai, and Žūboniai villages. Baltimai (3ª) – meadow near Bežemniai village. Báltroji (dial. Baūtóroji) (dial. Bóutrava) – meadow in Pasaliai village. Báras (4) (dial., Russ. Bor) – 1. meadow in Bežemniai village. 2. || Barélis (dial. Barális) (2) forest in Pasaliai village. Barón iškės (1) (dial., Russ. Barániški) – meadow in Gudenionys village. Belavà (dial. Belavá) – 1., meadow in Krupliai village. Beržà (3) – meadow, roadside, in Pasaliai and Saliniai villages. Beržýnas (3) (dial. Berezńiki) – roadside, meadow, in Valdikai village. Bradai (4) (dial. Bradý) – meadow near Bežemniai village. Bradélis (2) ravine, meadow, in Daunoriai village. Brastà (dial. Brósta) – ravine, meadow, in Lazūnai village. Breivai (3) – meadow, near Pasaliai village. Breivóji || Breivósi – meadow, Pasaliai village. Bùikojì (Belarusian Bújkavaja) – meadow, Lazūnai village. Bùikosis kálnas (Belarusian Bújkavaja hará) – forest, Lazūnai village. Bùklėlis (also Bùklalis) (2) || Bùklėliai (also Bùklaliai) (2) – forest, Uosiagiriai village. Bùkloji – meadow, Pasaliai and Saliniai villages. 214 Bukōto kampas – 1. Joskūnai village. Čepunka (1) – 1. meadow, Krupliai village. 2. residential area, meadow, Lazūnai village. Čerto dvaras (Belarusian Čārtavy dvor) – 1. Gudenionys village. Daniūniškė (Belarusian, Russian Daniūniška) – 1. Lazūnai village. Daržai (4) – 1. Gudenionys village. Darželiai (2) – 1. Pasaliai village. Daubynai (3ᵇ) (Belarusian Doubiný) – 1. ‖ Daubynas (3) ‖ Duobynas (3) residential area, forest, meadow, Joskūnai village. 2. forest, Valdikai village. Dėgsnė (2) – stream, forest, Joskūnai village. Didžioji (Belarusian Vialikaja, Polish Vielkaja) – meadow, Bebrėnai and Pasaliai villages. Diėminas – see Diėvinas kalnas Diėmiškės (also Dziėmiškės) (1) (Belarusian Dziėmiški) – residential area, meadow, Dauroniai village. Dietiškė (also Dzietiškė) (2) – 1. Bebrėnai village. Diėvinas Hill ‖ Diėminas (1) – 1. Joskūnai village. Dirvėlė (also Dzirvėlė) (2) (dial. Dzirvėla) – 1. stream, Pasaliai and Saliniai villages. 2. ‖ Dirvėlės (2) stream, Joskūnai village. Dubravà (2) (dial. Dabróvy) – 1., stream, Joskūnai village. Dugnai (4) (dial. Dugný) – 1. Lazūnai village. Duobynas – see Daubynai Dvarnėlis (2) – stream, Bebrėnai village. Eglýnas (also Aglýnas) (3) – 1. stream, Uosiagiriai village. 2. ‖ Eglynai (also Eglynai) (3) (dial., pl. Aglíny) forest, stream, Joskūnai village. 3. ‖ Eglynai (also Eglynai) (3) stream, Valdikai village. Ežerýkščiai (also Ažarýkščiai) (1) – 1. Joskūnai village. Getiškė (2) (dial. Geciški) – 1. Bebrėnai village. Gilioji – stream, Dauroniai and Lazūnai villages. Gīrgalakmė (1) – stream, Pasaliai village. Gredėlė (2) – stream, Pasaliai village. Gudiškė (also Gudžiškė) (2) (dial. Gudžiški) – 1. ‖ Gudiškės (2) 1., stream, Dauroniai village. 2. meadow, Jančiūnai village. 3. ‖ Gudiškiai (2) meadow, Uosiagiriai village. Gumbikė (1) ‖ Gumbikė (2) (dial. Gúmbika) – stream, Gudenionys and Žydžiūnai villages. Gurnai (4) (dial. Grudý) – 1. forest, hill, meadow, Bežemniai village. 2. stream, Pasaliai and Saliniai villages. Gūzikojì (village Gúzikava) – a field in Pasaliai and Saliniai villages. Īlgasai – a meadow in Bebrėnai village. Ilgėjai (village Dóugia) – a meadow in Joskūnai village. Īlgosios – a field in Joskūnai village. In kalnėlio – a hill in Pasaliai village. Jančiūniškė (2) – a meadow, field in Dervagiai village. Jurčio pieva ‖ Jurčioji – a forest, field in Pasaliai village. Kačėrga (1) – a winding meadow in Bebrėnai village. Kaklėlis (also Kaklãlis) (2) – a hill in Daunoniai village. Kálhas ‖ Kalnėlis (2) (village Gruadý) – a meadow, field in Pasaliai village. Kalniniai (2) – a meadow in Bebrėnai village. 215 Kampai (also Kumpai) (4) (dial. Kumpý) – 1. meadow between the villages of Dauroniai, Jančiūnai, and Uosiagiriai. 2. (dial. Kutý) grove, meadow in the village of Gudenionys. 3. (dial. Kutý) meadow in the village of Bačkininkai. Kampas (also Kum̃pas) (4) – triangular-shaped meadow in the village of Bebrėnai. Kampeliai (also Kumpėliai) (2) (dial. Kumpėli) – meadow in the village of Bežemniai. Karāloji – meadow in the village of Pasaliai. Kašarai (2) – grove in the village of Bežemniai. Katino kūdra – pond in the village of Lazūnai. Kermuščiai (3ᵇ) (dial. Kiermuščí) – meadow in the village of Joskūnai. Kitas laũkas – field, meadow in the village of Bebrėnai. Klebonija (2) (dial. Plebānija) – grove in the village of Gudenionys. Klýnas (2, 4) (dial. Klín) – meadow in the village of Dervagiai. Klipėlis (2) – meadow in the villages of Pasaliai and Saliniai. Kreivūlė (2) || Kreivūlės (2) (dial. Krīvūlia) – meadow in the villages of Pasaliai and Valdikai. Kreivūlių akmuõj – see Akmuõj. Krėmiškės (also Krãmiškės) (2) || Krãmiškė (2) (dial. Kramiški) – meadow in the villages of Gudenionys, Pasaliai, and Valdikai. Krūmai (1) – field, meadow in the villages of Dauroniai, Pasaliai, and Uosiagiriai. Kūdra (1) (dial. Kūdra) – meadow in the villages of Gudenionys and Lazūnai. Kūliai (4) || Kūlėliai (t. Kūlāliai) (2) (g. Kuláli) – hill, meadow in Joskūnai village. Kūlýs (4) (g. Kul’, Kūlučki) – meadow (in a river bend) in Gudenionys village. Kumėlinė (1) || Kumelýnė (2) (g. Kumélina) – meadow in Lazūnai village. Kupsa (4) – former sandy hillock, now woodland in Bebrėnai village. Kupsýnas (3) (g. Kupjó) – bush, forest in Bežemniai village. Kūrtinioji (t. Kūrcinioji) (g. Kūrcineva) – meadow in Pasalis and Saliniai villages. Lankà (t. Lunkà) (4) (g. Lukí) – meadow in Lazūnai village. Laũkas (4) (g. Póle) – rye field in Bežemniai village. Laukėliai (Pirmi, Kiti) (2) (g. Laukelí) – fields, woodland in Valdikai village. Laũkininkai (t. Laũkinykai) (1) – 1. meadow in Dervagiai and Žydžiūnai villages. 2. bush, meadow in Šeškai village. Laužýnas (3) – forest, meadow in Dervagiai village. Lydimėlis (t. Lydzimėlis) (2) || Lydimėliai (2) – woodland in Valdikai village. Lisičká (2) – meadow in Pasaliai village. Liúnas (g. Liún) – woodland, meadow in Bebrėnai village. Lóbas (1) – meadow in Pasaliai village. Lobėlis (2) – woodland in Valdikai village. Lokìnke (2) (in Belarusian Lakiníki) – 1. meadow, near Dervagiai village. 2. bush, in Gudenionys village. 3. near Pasaliai and Saliniai villages. Lūgas (1) (in Belarusian Lūh) – 1. || Pónksasai Lūgas (1) near Bebrėnai village. 2. hill, near Dauroniai village. 3. near Gudenionys and Lazūnai villages. 4. meadow, near Jančiūnai village. 5. bog, near Pasaliai and Uosiagiriai villages. Lūgėlis (2) (in Belarusian Lūžók) – 1. near Bebrėnai village. 2. hill, in Gudenionys village. Lūgináičiai (1) (in Belarusian Luginójci) – near Joskūnai village. 216 Mačiūliniai (1) (in Belarusian Mačiuliskaja) – 1. near Pasaliai and Saliniai villages. 2. meadow, near Uosiagiriai village. Mandžiūkoji – bog, hill, in Dauroniai village. Mankevičioji – near Pasaliai village. Margai (4) (in Belarusian Margi) – 1. meadow, in Dauroniai village. 2. near Valdikai village. 3. || Margiai (2) meadow, in Lazūnai village. Margėliai (2) (in Belarusian Margeli) – 1. meadow, near Bebrėnai village. 2. near Gudenionys village. 3. meadow, in Valdikai and Lazūnai villages. Māšakaltis (also Māšakalcis) (1) – 1. bush, meadow, clearing, in Dervagiai village. 2. bush, in Pasaliai village. Mataukočia (2) || Mataukósioji – near Pasaliai village. Médilos (also Médzilos) (1) (in Belarusian Médzialy) – 1. Bačkininkai village. Mendoniai (3b) (in Belarusian Mendóucy) – near Dauroniai village. Mešenia (2) – bush, near Pasaliai and Saliniai villages. Mėškos (2) (in Belarusian Miėški) – near Krupliai village. Mikulínė (2) (in Belarusian Mikúlina) – near Dauroniai village. Músios Zbiščios (2) – a meadow in Pasaliai village. Naujiena (3) – a hill, a forest in Dauroniai village. Nerāvai (2) (cf. Neróvy) – 1. a meadow in Bežemniai village. 2. a forest, a meadow in Joskūnai village. 3. a bog, a meadow in Žūboniai village. Obelýnas (3) (cf. Abelíny) – a field in Joskūnai village. Pābebreniai || Pabebreniāi (34b) (cf. Padbórawskije) – a field in Gudenionys village. Pabelavė (3b) (cf. Póbialava) – a meadow in Gudenionys village. Pāberžuonis (1) || Pāberžūnis (1) – a meadow in Dauroniai village. Pābrastis (also Pābrascis) – 1. a meadow in Dauroniai village. 2. a field in Lazūnai village. Pābelaitis (1) (cf. Padbielójca) – a field in Krupliai village. Padruntýs (3b) – a forest in Pasaliai and Zomašiai villages. Padubinė (3b) (cf. Paddubinā) – a pasture in Gudenionys village. Padvaldikíemis (1) – a field in Valdikai village. Padvarė (3b) (cf. Padvór) – a field, a meadow in Žūboniai village. Pakanavė (34b) (cf. Padkanóvaj) – a pasture, a meadow in Gudenionys village. Pākvainis – see Pāpušinis. Palčiōji (< Plačióji) – a field in Šeškai village. Pamyzdarožnica – see Tarpūkelė Pānteliai (1) – meadow, Bežemniai village Papėvis (1) – forest, Gudenionys village Pāpiškė (1) (locally Papiška) – meadow, Lazūnai village Papupinys (34b) (locally Pad Pupiniāmi) – forest, Gudenionys village Pāpušinis (1) || Pākvainis (1) (locally Padchvójnik) – forest, Žūbonys village Pas akapūs – forest, Pasaliai village Pāsieka (1) (locally Pāsieka) – meadow, Bežemniai village Pas beržyną (locally Paz beržynų) – 1. meadow, Joskūnai village. 2. forest, Uosiagiriai village. Pas būklėlę (locally Paz būklātį) – forest, Uosiagiriai village 217 At Bužytė – 1. Pasaliai village. At the road to Dauroniai – 1. Uosiagiriai village. At the hill – 1., meadow, Uosiagiriai village. At Majóras (also Paz Majóru) – 1. Pasaliai village. Pastaunýkas (2) (also Pastóunik) – 1. meadow, Uosiagiriai village. 2. wooded hill, Dervagiai village. 3. forest, Pasaliai village. At Vâldikai – 1. Joskūnai village. Patošnìa (2) (also Patašni, Patošnia) – 1. meadow, Dervagiai, Krupliai, Pasaliai, Galiniai villages. 2. meadow, Uosiagiriai village. Pávadžiai (1) (also Pávac) – forest, Joskūnai village. Paváikščinė (1) (also Padvaikščina) – wooded hill, Gudenionys village. Pávalkiai (1) (also Padvalóčki) – meadow, Bežemniai village. Pavaldikiai (1) (also Pad Vóldziki) – 1. wooded hill, Gudenionys village. 2. meadow, Joskūnai village. Paveremkys (34b) || Pāveremkis (1) || Pāveremkė (1) (also Padvéremka) – meadow, Lazūnai village. Pavertimė (34b) (also Pavercimá) – wooded hill, Gudenionys village. Pávogis (1) – forest, Joskūnai village. Pazūboniai (34b) (also Pad Zúboucami) – 1. Gudenionys village. By Krupliai – wooded hill, meadow, pasture, Pasaliai village. Pie Saliniūs – meadow in Pasaliai village. Pievėlės (also Pievėlės) (2) – 1. hill in Dauroniai village. 2. meadow, stream in Jančiūnai village. 3. meadow, stream in Uosiagiris village. 4. || Pievėlė (2) hill, stream in Pasaliai village. Pievos (1) (in Polish Sanažátki) – hill in Dauroniai village. Pilókiškės (1) (in Polish Pilakiški) – village, forest in Bežemniai village. Pìrklos (2) – meadow, stream in Uosiagiris village. Pirmieji || Pirmasai laukas – meadow in Bebrėnai and Valdikai villages. Plačioji – meadow in Bebrėnai, Lazūnai, Šeškai and Valdikai villages. Platieji (also Placieji) (in Polish Širokija) – meadow, rye field in Bebrėnai, Bežemniai and Valdikai villages. Pliósas (2) || Pliósai (2) (in Polish Pliósy) – 1. stream behind the Beržūna River. 2. || Pliosai (4) stream in Dauroniai village. 2. || Plesai (4) stream in Pasaliai and Uosiagiris villages. Po Beržą – meadow in Pasaliai village. Po Beržynu – meadow, stream in Joskūnai village. Pocálioji (< Podsálioji, that is, Pasalinė) (in Polish Padsáleva) – stream in Pasaliai village. Po Jančiūnais – meadow, stream in Gudenionys village. Po Kliepeliù – meadow in Pasaliai village. Po Kreivūlėm – meadow in Pasaliai village. Po Lazūnais – meadow in Valdikai village. Po Majoru – meadow, forest. Pasaliai village. Po Užūvarta – meadow. Pasaliai village. Po Vâldikais (in Belarusian Pad Vóldziki) – 1. meadow. Bebrėnai village. 2. meadow. Gudenionys village. Po vertimais (in Belarusian Padvercimý) – 1. Dervagiai village. Po vóužolu – 1. Lazūnai village. 218 Pridõtkai (2) (in Belarusian Pridátki) – 1. Bebrėnai, Bežemniai, Dauronys, Gudenionys, Lazūnai villages. Pūrvės (2) (in Belarusian Pūrvy) – 1. bog, meadow. Bebrėnai village. 2. meadow, pasture. Bežemniai village. Račičà (2) (in Belarusian Račića) – 1. Dauronys village. Radasià (3b) (in Belarusian Radasiã) – meadow. Gudenionys village. Raĩstabalìs (1) – meadow. Lazūnai village. Raĩstas (4) (in Belarusian Rójsta) – meadow. Dervagiai village. Raistėlìs (2) (in Belarusian Rójstačka) – an overgrown lake in Gudenionys village. Raistuõklė (2) – meadow. Pasaliai, Saliniai villages. Raistuoklėlės || Ristuoklėlės – 1., meadow. Joskūnai village. Retumai (3b) (in Belarusian Ratumý) – 1. Joskūnai village. Rekėtinė (1) (in Belarusian Rakiečina) – 1. meadow. Pasaliai, Saliniai villages. 2. || Reketinė (2) 1. Valdikai village. Retumai || Retunai – 1., meadow in Joskūnai village. Rõbaučai || Rõbaučiai (recorded as Grábaucy) – meadow in Dervagiai and Pasaliai villages. Ronyčià (2) – road in Dauroniai village. Rudnià (2) (recorded as Rúdnik) – meadow in Lazūnai village. Simančiškė (2) (recorded as Simančiška) – 1., meadow in Bebrėnai village. Samaninė (2) (recorded as Samanína) – meadow in Bebrėnai village. Samsõnas (2) – 1., meadow in Uosiagiriai village. Sántakė || Sántakės (also Súntakės) (1) (recorded as Sóntaki, Santóki) – meadow in Lazūnai village. Sėdimóji (recorded as Siedzímaja) – 1. Dauroniai and Lazūnai villages. Sėdimos (recorded as Siedzímije) – 1. Krupliai village. Siaūrasai – see Siauríeji Siaurickéji (recorded as Uskije) – 1. Bežemniai and Dauroniai villages. Siaurickóji – 1. ditch, 1. Lazūnai village. 2. ditch in Pasaliai, Šeškai, and Valdikai villages. Siauríeji || Siaūrasai (recorded as Uskije) – 1. Joskūnai, Lazūnai, and Valdikai villages. Simė (4) (recorded as Simá) – meadow in Bebrėnai and Gudenioniai villages. Skaračiulė (1) (recorded as Skarócula) – 1. meadow, meadow in Bebrėnai village. 2. meadow in Gudenioniai and Valdikai villages. Skersiniai (2) (dial. Skersíni) – 1. Valdikai village. Skynimai (3a) – stream, forest. Joskūnai village. Skrūdžioji – 1. Bebrėnai village. Smatrà (4) – 1. Dauroniai, Jančiūnai village. Šakėlė (2) – stream. Joskūnai village. Šákės (2) (dial. Víly) – 1., stream. Bežemniai village. Šaltiniai (2) (dial. Šalčini) – 1. || Šaltinė (2) stream. Joskūnai village. 2. bog, stream. Lazūnai village. 3. stream, meadow, stream. Valdikai village. Šárkos krūmai – stream. Joskūnai village. Šilabalė (1) || Šilos balà || Šulos balà – stream. Bebrėnai village. Šimuliaì (3b) || Šimuliávos (2) (dial. Šimuliõvy) – bog, stream, forest. Dauroniai village. Šnakojai (1) (dial. Šnokavyje) – 1. Dauroniai village. 219 Šnākop (gen. sg.) – meadow, Pasaliai village Šniūrai (2) – 1. village, 1. Dervagiai village 2. 1. Šeškai, Uosiagiris village Šniūreliai (2) (gen. Šnurkį) – 1. meadow, Bebrėnai, Dervagiai village 2. 1. Uosiagiris village Šūlos balā – see Šilabalē Švėdų šulnys – 1. Valdikai village Tarpūkelė (1) – 1. 1. Bebrėnai village 2. ‖ Pamyždarōžnica (1) 1. Gudenionys village Tekmė (4) ‖ Tekmā (4) (gen. Tekmā, Techmā) – stream, meadow, Gudenionys village Telētnykas (1) (gen. Celiātnik) – meadow, Lazūnai village Tìltai (1) – meadow beyond the Beržuona River, Lazūnai village Tolejà (3) – meadow, Bebrėnai village Trakēliai (2) (gen. Trakēli) – village, meadow, Bebrėnai village Trēčiasai – 1., meadow, Bebrėnai village Tretēji – 1. Bebrėnai village Urōčiščiai (1) (gen. Urōčišča) – stream, village, Bebrėnai village Ūškiškės (1) (gen. Uškiški) – 1. Joskūnai village Valākai (2) (gen. Valōki) – 1. Gudenionys village Valkā (4) – 1. locality, Bebrėnai village. 2. locality, Dervagiai, Mėgunai village. 3. homestead, Žydžiūnai village. Varanēliai (2) – 1. Pasaliai village. Varyklā (2) (cf. Varīkli) – 1. Bačkininkai, Bebrėnai village. Vēikščinė (1) (cf. Vaikščina) – 1. locality, Gudenionys village. 2. 1. Valdikai village. Vertimai (2) (cf. Verčima) – locality, Dervagiai, Pasaliai, Šeškai villages. Vertimēliai (2) – 1., locality, Pasaliai village. Vertīminis ‖ Vertīminiai – hamlet, 1. Dervagiai village. Vidūlaukiai (1) (cf. Vidūlauki) – 1. Gudenionys, Lazūnai village. Vidurinioji – meadow, 1. Lazūnai village. Vidutinē (2) (cf. Serēdniaja) – locality, Bebrėnai village. Vỹ(j)anas (1) (cf. Výhan) – 1. homestead, Dauroniai, Uosiagiriai, Žūboniai, Valdikai villages. 2. 1., locality, Gudenionys village. 3. homestead, locality, Krupliai village. Vykiškē – see Vytiškē Vytiškē (2) ‖ Vykiškē (2) (cf. Viciški) – locality, Pasaliai, Saliniai villages. Vytiškēlē (2) – locality, Pasaliai, Saliniai villages. Zastēnkas (2) (cf. Zascienki) – 1. 1. Dervagiai village. 2. ‖ Žōstenkas (1) 1. Joskūnai village. Zaulinka (1) (cf. Zaulinka) – locality, Žūboniai village. Zbiščios (2) (gen. Zbišči) – meadow (beyond Bokštas), in Pasaliai and Saliniai villages. Zviščios (cf. Zbiščios) – pool, meadow, in Uosiagiriai village. Žargēliai (? < Žardēliai) (2) (gen. Žargieli) – 1. Bežemiai village. Žydo daržas – garden, 1. Gudenionys village. Received 1999 03 01 220 ABBREVIATIONS acc. – accusativus, accusative all. – allativus, directional locative toward the outskirts apyl. – vicinity(-ies) b. – pool buv. – former deš. – right-hand dr. – field, arable land dv. – manor dž. – more often E. Volt. – recorded by E. Volteris g. – Belarusian, in Belarusian gn. – pasture ines. – inessivus, present interior locative int. – tributary J. Jabl. – recorded by J. Jablonskis k. – village kair. – left-hand K. Būg. – recorded by K. Būga kln. – mountain, hill kr. – bushes l. – field, usually cultivated land le. – Polish, in Polish mstl. – town mš. – forest, wood nom. – nominativus, nominative pl. – pluralis, plural cf. – compare e.g. – meadow Russ. – Russian, in Russian district – district, of the district bog – bog less commonly strips – strips of land sg. – singularis, singular Sl. – Slavic, in Slavic pronounces, dialectally single homestead see LITERATŪRA Anonim 1898: Obszar języka litewskiego w gubernii wileńskiej. – Materiały antropologiczne-archeologiczne i etnograficzne 3, Kraków, 1–72. Arumaa P. 1930: Litauische mundartliche Texte aus der Wilnaer Gegend mit grammatischen Anmerkungen, Dorpat, 31–40. Baliński M., Lipiński T. 1846: Starożytna Polska pod względem historycznym, geograficznym i statystycznym 3, Warszawa, 251. 221 KBg 1906: Büga K. Užrašai, (1906). – Vilniaus universiteto mokslinės bibliotekos Rankraščių skyrius, F. D 545. Grinaveckienė E. 1960: Tarmių medžiagos rinkimas lietuvių kalbos atlasui. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 3, 191–205. JJ 1906: Jablonskis J. Užrašai, (1906). – Lietuvos mokslų akademijos bibliotekos Rankraščių skyrius, F. 77–32. JJ 1933: Jablonskio raštai 1, Kaunas: Akcinė „Ryto“ bendrovė Klaipėdoje, 125–132. LzŽ – Petrauskas J., Vidugiris A. Lazūnų tarmės žodynas, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1985. Maceika J. 1998: Lazūnai, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. Semokas P. 1984: Lazūnų ir gretimų apylinkių XIX ir XX a. pradžios žmonių vardai. – Kraštotyra 17, 62–72. Semokas P. 1989: Lazūniškių pavardės ir pravardės. – Kraštotyra 23, 108–121. Senkus J. 1958: Lazūnų tarmės ypatumai. – Lietuvos TSR mokslų akademijos darbai. Serija A 1(4), 183–194. Senkus J. 1959: Lazūnų tarmės tekstai. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 2, 215–230. Sudnik 1972: Судник Т. М. Лазунай. Литовская, белорусская и польская фонологические системы. – Балто-славянский сборник, Москва: Наука, 15–115. Šlapelis J. 1927: Mįslės, surinktos Lazūnų parapijoje 1923 m. rugpjūčio mėn. – Lietuvių tauta 3(2), 462–464. Vedomosti 1827: Ведомости о костелах и монастырях виленской епархии, F. 694, ap. 2, nr. 769, l. 5. Wolter E. 1899: Zum litauischen Dialektkunde. – Mitteilungen der litauischen litterarischen Gesellschaft, Heidelberg, 173–187. TOPONYME IM GEBIET VON LAZŪNAI Zusammenfassung In dem alten litauischen ethnischen Gebiet, gegenwärtig im östlichen Teil des Kreises Vijà (weißruss. Įuje), Kreis Grodno (lit. Gardinas, weißruss. Hrōdno), Republik Weißrußland, unweit von der Mündung der Berzūona (weißruss. Berēzina) in die Memel (lit. Nēmunas) befand sich ein noch vor kurzem von Litauern verhältnismäßig dicht besiedeltes Gebiet, das unter dem Namen des Dorfes und ehemaligen Gutes – jetzt des Städtchens und Gemeindezentrums – Lazūnai (weißruss. Lazdūny) bekannt ist. Lazūnai ist eine von Litauern bewohnte Siedlung, die im Südwesten von Vilnius am weitesten (cca 120–130 km) entfernt liegt. Hier wird eine der archaischsten und eigenständigsten ostaukštaitischen Mundarten der Vilniuser gesprochen. Leider ist sie jetzt gänzlich im Aussterben begriffen. In diesem Beitrag sind Toponyme (Namen der Wohnorte, Flußnamen und Mikrotoponyme) verzeichnet, die die alten Einwohner von Lazūnai gebrauchten, wenn sie über ihr Leben, ihre Arbeit und ihre Reisen erzählten. Sie bilden einen Teil ihrer Welt und ihres Lebens. 222