Nauji nekaitomi žodžiai dabartinėje lietuvių kalboje

ACTA LINGUISTICA LITHUANICA LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS XLII (2000) Asta Institute of Lithuanian Language, Vilnius NEW LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE IN THE 21ST CENTURY 1. Introduction Unchangeable Lithuanian Nouns"! in grammar described quite briefly (LKG 1965: 169; DLKG 1994: 82), o textbooks, be among other things, say that it is "words in other languages" (Jakaitienė ir et al. 1976: 60) ir when “only a small part of words of other language origin remain unchanged in Lithuanian” (Jakaitienė 1980: 64). This is probably because invariant nouns are generally few in Lithuanian: DŽ , Ju submitted 46, TZ — 267?. However, this group of nouns should not be considered complete, since recently in the Lithuanian language there are new unchanged words — ir ne only borrowed, but made-up ir word iš formation elements in the Lithuanian language. In order to answer the question of what these words are and why they are invariant in Lithuanian, as well as how many of them there are, the following points are discussed in this article: the origin and thematic groups of invariant words included in the dictionaries (DZ, and TZ); the tendency of new borrowed words to be unchanged words in Lithuanian; cases of use of non-Lithuanian prepositional elements as separate unchangeable words Lithuanian symbolic unchangeable names. 2.The origin and thematic groups of unchangeable words in Lithuanian dictionaries The analysis of the mų origin of unchangeair ble words in Lithuanian dictionaries shows that most of them originate from French. They make up more than a third of'foreign words used in Lithuanian texts, but not yet adapted to Lithuanian either phonetically or morphologically, which are not considered Lithuanian words and are not examined in this article. These are non-Lithuanian words, so-called quotations, such as: credo, reggae, rave, ravioli, mozzarella, etc., as well as personal names written in the original language and non-Lithuanian symbolic names. ? The invariant words DZ, and TŽ are not presented in a very consistent way: TŽ is written with 17 names of Greek alphabet letters (there are 24 in total), some musical terms are invariant words (e.g., trio), others are presented as quotations (e.g., solo), while DZ, solo is considered an invariant noun, etc. Furthermore, there is no indication in the DT which words are considered to be unchangeable, so the figure of 267 is only an approximation. However, this almost coincides with the figures given in other sources (cf. Replaces all unrepeated words. Many of the words are derived from Italian, Latin and Greek. 1991: 91). 22 iš ir Po several came iš English, Chinese, Spanish, Arabic, Japanese ir German languages. Iš twenty-- three languages į have one pair of unchangeable po words in ar Lithuanian, e.g.: kakadu (Malay), mango (Tamil), moa (in Maori). There are also some invariant nouns derived from personal names of place names, iš ar t. y. real word, e.g. bordo (from French city name), Gallifa (from French surname), Macao (from Chinese city name) etc. ir The percentage distribution of unchangeable words by origin is shown in the figure. / Iš words derived from proper names shall be assigned to the languages in which those names are used. 1 Figure 1. Distribution of invariant words by origin in other German-speaking Japanese = Aa. french both 18% 2% Am \ 3896 196 Spanish hundreds king 3% English 3% Latin 396 Italian 1096 ; Greek 1196 10% The high percentage of invariant words derived from French indicates that the largest risk of expansion of the group of invariant Lithuanian words is posed by French borrowings. The fact that many of these French words have an accentuated ending, which is particularly difficult to turn into a variation, because it usually requires changing the place of accentuation, has an impact on their unvariable form. Grammarists also classify unchangeable words on this basis — according to final accentuated and unaccentuated vowels (see LKG 1965: 169; DLKG 1994: 82). When analyzing the fixed invariant nouns in dictionaries, it is clear that they form quite clear thematic groups: Greek alphabet letters, e.g.: alpha, beta, gamma; clothing and fabrics, e.g. bukle, manto, mini; food products and dishes, e.g. mango, puree, ragout; economic terms, e.g. damno, marko, storno; music and music notes, e.g. solfege, cross; do, re, mi; names and titles of persons, e.g. efendi, frau, ladi, madam, maharini, mesjė, mis, ševaljė; dances, e.g. cha-cha, lancier, tango; Languages, e.g. Hindi, Yiddish, Koine money, e.g. dziao, ekiu, su, games and sports, e.g. judo, karate, domino, loto, makao, names 23 (see section 4.4). 2 Figure 1. ). 2 Figure 1. Thematic distribution of fixed words gr. letters clothing, fabrics food 9% other economy music gestural 7% dances 9% mre 6% language games, 48% sports money 6% 6% — 4% 4% 2% 3% The largest group, which includes 24 words, consists of names of Greek letters, which in Lithuanian language are generally considered unchangeable. The ir definiteness of these groups of note names suggests that certain groups of unchanged words that entered the Lithuanian language at the same time į created a new type of words used in Lithuanian. ir The thematic groups also show that the words of the above mentioned areas tend to remain unchanged in Lithuanian. 3. Analysis of new borrowed nouns from the point of view of their composition New borrowed nouns can be divided into three groups: 1) variable; 2) used in both variable and unchangeable į forms; 3) non-compliance. The first group consists of the new Lithuanian noun borrowings, which immediately became variable words, e.g.: auditas, serveris, singlas, trileris. It is the largest group. * Regarding new borrowings, reference is made to the New Borrowings Catalog, which collects borrowings from periodicals (compiler Jurga Girčienė). 24 The second intermediate, or transitional, group consists of nouns that are used as unchangeable, as changeable ir words, e.g.: fitnes ir fitnesas, karaoke karaoke, kivi kivis. ir ir ir The third group includes words that were invariant in all recorded cases, e.g.: jakuzi, fondiu, grafiti, šou. The percentage ratio of these groups is shown in 3 Fig. 3 Figure 1. Groups of new loans by rate variable, unchangir ed ir unchanged 6% 3% variable 91% The smallest is the middle, or transitional, group of words. They are borrowed, recorded both as a variable and as an unvariable word. Each case should be considered separately, but the presence of a variable variant suggests that the words of this group will eventually become variable. There are already examples of words from other languages that, even after entering Lithuanian dictionaries as unchanged, have adapted to Lithuanian morphology over time. For example, in the 1936 "Dictionary of International Words" cocoo, hummingbird, whisky were unchanged, and in the 1969 and 1985 editions they are already changed: cocoa, hummingbird, whisky (plg. Balkevičius 1976: 23). This statement is confirmed by the data examined: two words that are called invariants in the dictionaries have entered the transitional group: spageti (TZ 1985: 459), e.g.: true spaghetti can be found only in Italy and LR, and želė (DZ, 1993: 952, TZ 1985: 520), e.g.: start treating wounds with gel L, gel contains dermolipidy L. The latter word may have been encouraged by its expanded meaning: it was used only in the culinary field, and now it is a medical and cosmetic term. The analysis of the examples illustrating the use of the word spaghetti shows that the variable form tends to outweigh the non-variable one. In the new loan record, four variants of the word are recorded: spagheti is mentioned in 24%, spagetti —5%, speghetti —30% and the alternating spaghetti —41% of all instances of this word. 25 Third of new debts recorded only in the unchanged form (as shown in 3 fig.), group, compris6 es %. new borrowers. However, 24 even per cent. iš some of these nouns are recorded only once, e.g. kombi, po bagi, bonus, izaiko, todi. These are certain exotic words with a very — specific meaning, used in a narrow context. What is important ir is that %. 63 new fixed borrowings (excluding those recorded once) are words with an accentuated vowel at the end. New unchangeable words, like those added to dictionaries, can be ir divided into į very similar thematic groups. The most į abundant thematic group of new unchanged words consists of the names of the oriental martial arts, e.g. aikido, bushido, jiu-jitsu, hyohushinkai, kung-fu, reiki, tai-chi, tai-kwon-do. Next goes dishes such as: barbekiu, charakiri, chuuno, fondue, fri, taZin; games and sports, such as bingo, lego, pachinko, polo; clothing and fabrics, e.g. boa, flokati, paero, pique, groups of names (zr. 4 Figure 1. ir plg. su 2 Figure 1. ). 4 Figure 1. New non-repayable loans thematic distribution oriental martial arts food games sports clothing fabrics \12% other 9% ir 6% ir 6% 67% Comparing figures 2 and 4, it is clear that a considerable part consists of names of food, games and sports (including the group of oriental martial arts), as well as clothing and fabrics. The words of the latter group are generally described by lexical researchers as "extremely mobile" (Sabaliauskaitė 1995: 100). These new invariant borrowings have the greatest likelihood of enriching the group of invariant words in Lithuanian. However, two things are important here: firstly, there are relatively few of them, and secondly, some of these borrowed words are replaced by new Lithuanian words (e.g., fri — potato sticks, darts — darts). Thus, the facts of recent usage confirm the statement that only a few words from other languages remain unchanged in Lithuanian. In addition, there are currently very few borrowings from French, which has given the Lithuanian language most of the unchanged words. 26 This study revealed another ir important phenomenon: even some words that are established as unchanged are used in a mi variable form. ir 4. Translation of non-Lithuanian prepositional elements with unchanged words In contemporary Lithuanian language, which maintains su the general — tendency to ir change words, we are faced with a new paradoxical phenomenon, — which is opposite to this general tendency: translation of non-Lithuanian prepositional elements with unchanged words. The tendency to change is illustrated by the discussed examination of new borrowings from the o point of view of change, the emergence of unchangeable words in the Lithuanian language itself is shown by several cases of use of non-Lithuanian prepositional elements: their translation into unchangeable words (retrostilius —retro, videotechnika —video; ekstraklase —ekstra) and adjective use of non-Lithuanian elements denoting quality (super veislė, ekstra atvejis, top 50). It is well known that non-Lithuanian prepositional elements “are not used alone in Lithuanian” (RS 1992: 53) and are not written separately from the generalizing word. The recommendation is unambiguous, so the constant repetition and abundance of these errors seems incomprehensible. These deviations from the rules are also unequivocally regarded as spelling errors (see Keinys 1975: 40). However, there are also cases when a non-Lithuanian prepositional element is not written separately from a descriptive word, but simply goes alone, e.g.: Paskui — nelauktas leidimas iš fotografijos į video KB; At the moment we all experience Hollywood domination everywhere — in cinema, television, video KB; Techno new generation culture flash R, or used postpositionally, e.g.: The results of the activity are shown in technical (audio, video, computer) or other manipulations S; Most of the documentaries (cinema and video) are shown on TV SA. Firstly, it is impossible to consider them as spelling errors, secondly, it is clear that non-Lithuanian elements are used instead of the compound Word and either completely replace it, or have a wider meaning, for example, in the sentence When techno climbed to the tops the word techno means “technomuzika”; We repair audio, video, computers, etc. ads, audio and video means "audio technology" and "video technology", and the word video in the sentence That's why I'm so interested in video N can be understood both as a certain technique and as a kind of art. Among the non-Lithuanian elements that do not have a descriptive word, the element video stands out for its abundance, being used in two meanings: 1) the general meaning of a certain art direction, e.g. : Renja Leino currently teaches at the Institute of Arts and Communication (dance, drama, media, poetry, etc.) in Turku, Finland. : We repair audio, video, computers, etc. rekl. As unchangeable words, non-Lithuanian elements representing music and fashion styles, pop and techno, are tried to be used as the names of those styles. Two variants of the latter still compete quite actively —as a prepositional element, 27 e.g. : Almost a year ago, a techno music fan club gathered ‘Dūžiai’ Mk; The pants of this cut will be offered in elastic, body-shaping iš tech fabrics as an unchangeable word, e.g. : - S, ir It's techno with many directions LA; [...His techno brings people closer to technology, computers, the virtual world LA, as if adapting to the legalized country, e.g. : |... ] Saturday afternoon played popular dance music country ir KV; [...] sooner ar or later patience will knock į on your door C, ir established retro, e.g. : Guy. iš Vilnius Streets Give Retro Opera a Precise Vocal Dimension [...] LR; Also very fashionable are the retro sweaters with a triangle neckline and a tie at the front. su L. Two forms of — alternatiir ng — unalterable have pop. However, in this case the variable and invariant ir forms are not equal: the variable form popsas (often popsicle) has a — pejorative connotation incapable of overcoming the ir ji unchangeable pop, e.g.: tried a new stiliy—pop Ji [...] KV; I don't want to exclude either po p, than rock music P ir Dima is still too young to be able to take care of valuable music, designed ti from light ją "popsiuko" TV. In the texts ir of the advertisements, it is noticeable that the ir elements that represent the quality of exclusivity are used as unchangeable adjectives, e.g.: ultra raging style super P, sports bike super advertising M, R, Express Lunch LR, extra washing per hours — rekl. 8 To this group belongs the new element ir fop, used in "best", "most popular" ar “bestsellers” only in the field of ne music fashion, but also, for example, ar when talking about modern repair trends, e.g.: top 10, what is trendy today 1, and even derivatives extop — 10 things for which it is time to say “goodbye” — they are already out of fashion 1, games, e.g. : We collect games top 20 intern. Top has been assigned to the group of fixed adjective elements because, when comparing the use of fixed top and fixed topas, it appears that the fixed word topas is used as a noun “a certain list of the best or most common ones”, while the fixed fop is used as an adjective and usually goes with digits: top 10 (the top ten), top 20, top 50, etc. The adjective use of non-Lithuanian elements in ir invariant adjectives seems to be a completely new thing in Lithuanian, but the invariant nouns maksi, midi mini are used more often as adjectives than as nouns. Especially this applies to mini, TŽ e.g.: bikereriųmini suvažiavimai Suvalkijoje R; TV mini-series ir "Jane Eyre" TVA; Also, the best light industry product nomination was awarded to [...] “Sparta” — for the mini collection of women’s outerwear in LR. The least tendency to become unchanged words have the non-Lithuanian species elements bio-, kardioir etc. They always go along with the adjective, and if they are even written in a paragraph, it is just in those cases that can be considered a spelling or at least a proofreading error. 5. Unchanged Lithuanian symbolic names Nors The rules for making company names do not allow "making morphologically unformed (without endings) names of symbolic names" (Rules for making company names, but there are a lot of such mo names. 1997: 46), Iš business directory ge ‘Visa Letters of “98“ symbolic 1840 names of Lithuanian companies provided iš A by 12 Lithuania % are unchanged. The ratio of groups of unchangeable names is shown in 5 Fig. 5 Figure 1. Unchangeable symbolic company names š iy available in non-Lithuanian Hekaitomi prepozicinial words elements 1% 8% Latin etc. ir artificial 0, Vig unchangeable words 43% atskiry raidziy ir number abbreviatio18% ns common (Lithuanian ir foreign) company names 1996 Excluding common su names of companies in other countries, summaries of individual ir letter numbers, e.g.: "A 3", "3 G. K", "AZ"; Latin, Italian and other sayings, such as “Animus novandi”, “Ave vita”; names from existing words that are not pronounced in Lithuanian, e.g. „Amplua“; non-Lithuanian prepositional elements used as separate words, e.g. : "Auto", "Auto you", "Auto Sabina", remains about 7 percent of the names (out of 1638) are artificially created words, such as "Albo", "Amko", "Arvi", "Asko". In addition to unchangeable symbolic names, there is another method of producing unchangeable words — the shortening of words to an unchangeable word, which can be described as follows: a name, usually symbolic, made of a long word, is shortened by leaving the first part of the word. One of the supplements of the daily newspaper Respublikos, the full title of which is: “Joint project of the Republic and the European Commission Delegation in Lithuania”, is usually called and written in the newspaper heading simply “Euro”. 29 The headings of the sections of this Annex su shall be made of the unchanged word euro, e.g. : Euro fact, Euro letter. The first part of the word is graphically distinguished in the name of the store chain “Ekonomija” Eco, which is only used in advertising: buy ir Eco, the best Christmas gifts for men "Eco" said. Journals "Hey, hello" section about cars: sale, purchase, parts is called "Auto". Some examples of the latter phenomenon can be given, as symbolic, general words are abbreviated in the same way. ne o One such iš example, already managed only to ne spread, but to enter the ir dictionariį es (Rudaitienė, Vitkauskas 1998: 50) — demo, made adjective iš demonstrative, e.g. : This is a demo version of the program! Comp. pr. ; others so — far only a few times recorded: repro (from reprography), e.g. : All repro services ads ; Repro equipment: for color splitting, scanning, control printing rekl. ; this (from totalizer), e.g. : TOTO or - Formula basketball, 1, football, ice hockey totalizatoriai intern. ; Thai TOTO about 1998-1999 years European Basketball Clubs' Cups intern. ir info (from information), e.g. : A little info about me intern. ; The original info can be found here intern. How should such facts of speech be assessed? And what are they: abbreviations, unchangeable words? This is probably another type of loanwords that enter the Lithuanian language in the form they are used in the respective language. 5. Conclusions DZ. ir TZ According to the data, most of the unchanged Lithuanian words originated from iš French %.), a (39 considerable number from Italian iš %.), Greek (11 %.) (10 ir Latin %) (10 languages. The most abundant thematic group consists of names of Greek (9 letters (percent), ir clothing (7 (percent), food products and dishes, economics, music ir (per 6 cent). Iš 6% of the į words in the Lithuanian language now have the unchanged form in all fixed cases. The largest thematic group here consists of the names of oriental martial arts (per cent), as well as food (per cent), games, sports and clothing fabrics. (12 (9 ir ir (per 6 cent) thematic groups. About 3% of new loans form an intermediate, or transitional, group — both convertible and non-convertible forms are consumed. However, there are fewer words that can actually supplement the group of invariant nouns in Lithuanian: some of those 6%. * Although the beginning of this article distances itself from foreign words written in non-Lithuanian, as an example of such abbreviation can be mentioned the magazine Cosmopolitan, which began to be published in Lithuanian, and which is called kosmo in colloquial language. And the sections of the magazine are not called by ordinary Lithuanian words, but with the suffix cosmo: cosmo test, cosmo career, cosmo study, cosmo diet, cosmo body, cosmo health, cosmo hair, cosmo beauty, cosmo profile, cosmo interview, cosmo cover, cosmo letters, cosmo dating, cosmo polemics, cosmo fair, cosmo interior and cosmo about everything, cosmo presents and so on. 30