Apr. „riste“, lit. „rykštė“, lett. „rīkste“ und Verwandtschaft

Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LVII (2007), 1-15 Apr. riste, lit. ryksté, lett. Richest and kinship! BERND GLIWA Riga OPr. riste ‘rod, switch’, Lith. ryksté, Latv. rikste have hitherto been connected with Lith. risti ‘bind, tie, bundle’. Smoczyriski has recently connected it with either Lith. rézti ‘cut, scratch’ or réksti ‘gather’. Formerly known as Lith. vytis, Old Latv. wihte rather than ryksté etc. were used for binding rods, which suggests a connection with Lith. reZti ‘cut, scratch’ < PIE *Hey, g- ‘break, snap’. A reflex of the inherited zero grade might be Lith. virgis ‘heather’, formally divergent from Latv. Come on, Russ. eépeck ‘id.’. The renewed zero grade underlying Lith. ryksté appears also in ryZti ‘disappear; appear, bud etc.’, ryksti ‘fray out, decay’. The change 7 > § could have been induced by following consonants, e. g. -stain the present *ryz-sta or by k-insertion. Lith. rudsti, réiosti ‘prepare, make household work’ could also belong here if it continues rudzti ‘cleanse, sweep’. The new zero grade underlies new ablaut series, cf. Lith. r@Zas ‘stubble, old broom’, raizyti ‘cut, scratch’ etc. Lith. ryskus, raiskiis ‘clear, distinct’, rySkéti ‘become distinct’, raiska ‘meaning, expression’, réiksti ‘mean’ could also be based on ryksti ‘appear, become visible’, similarly Lith. raStas, Latvia raksts ‘writing, pattern’ from ‘scratched sign’. Whereas in the old literature Old Prussian riste —rute (E639) and Latvian rikste, riksts, riksts, riste (ME, 538f., LEV, 122), lit. ryksté,Rute, Gerte, Stange‘, in Zietela also rysté, rysté (LKZ,, 707) is usually put to the verb lit. risti,(ver) binden‘, as a rod that served as a binding agent (LEW 734; Maiiulis 1997: 29; LEV,, 122), Smoczyriski suggests a connection to the Lithuanian verbs rézti,ritzen, (ab)schneiden; schlagen‘, parysta, paryzta,verschwinden abnehmen‘ (2007: 507) or réksti,pfliicken‘ ti vor, Zum | The research was carried out within the framework of the research grant for,Etymological Investigations on Latvian Plant Names*, granted by the German Research Foundation. Bernp GLiwa the latter with the Ablaut wie tryksti : tréksti (2007: 512). Vom Author was at (2008) the Study of the Lithuanian Gottesnamens Diviriks fiir den Connectian on lit. rézti pladiert. There is lit. rectangular ,pllick‘ without further Opportunities for comparison da (Smoczyriski 2007: 507), so that es méglich appears, herein an innerbaltische Development from the same Source as lit. régti to assume, namely idg. *Hey, g- ‘break, ripen’ (LIV: 698) —even if the Circumflex in reksti opposes that. In one Marginal note (Gliwa 2006: 65) were also lit. article ,(penetrated) Splitter (in the Haut)‘ und rakstas, rakstis, rakStis Coffin; "Grab, Grabdenkmalzu ". idg.de. *Clocks set. Already the oldest Baltic Proof, namely im Elbingers Vocabulary, apr. riste = mhd./mnd. rute 'Gerte, rod, staff, rod' does not speak for the Meaning of riste as Rute zum Bind it. Ancestrin al to the other two Languages. Easy. rihste wird im Manual Lettico-Germanicum as Reed, scepter, violin bow translated (Fennell 2002: 70), For the free Lithuanian sei der Entry rozga / virga, ferula. direction. (SD,: 157) called. Wieden, so those Branches in particular of willows, ahl cherry, hazelnut etc., which to bandages are used, hei&Sen usually lit. vytis, vytélé nebst Correspondences. One such Entry can be found both im Dictionarium trium linguarum: Wic¢/ remained. witis. and witka/ dimin. witete. (SD,: as 192) well as in frithen Latvian, here at Fiirecker wihte im Context Schautrs. Ein Knittel. one Priigel or stick, so that you can Kluge or wihte umbdrehet as well as kasas No wihtoleem darra Kluhgas, tea ir On purpose. Of bach=weiden one makes Weeds that are Zahe (Fennell 2000: 304). Even if Fennell here very carefully formulated ,sense unclear“ lies with er the Reference to Kluhga, Sem wizze, Curl. A band weide, wede. (2000: 278) Naturally right. Im Apr. there is the herehéry Name of the Grassland or meadows one Willow species witwan (E603). So we have the Situation that ryksté etc. yes Rods, rods designated, but only those that do not bandages were used. Erginzend found fir this to Binden used Rods, which Wieden, a separate Term use and this — one zu Time as Rods and Wieden tatsichlich im alléglichen were used. Da the Prove all in three languages are very well comparable, can not just a spate change of meaning are assumed the ware hardly the — three in Languages run analogously. Thus, the assumed connection of risti and ryksté diachron highly unlikely Apr riste, lit ryksté, lett. rich and apparent kinship and confines itself synchronously to folk etymological Inflows and outflows Mixtures. On the other hand, there is es no formal Arguments against the Connectian on risti and thus idg. * ureik- ‘turn, wrap’ (LIV 699), especiales ly herezu Forms with k gives: riskélé ‘Halstuch, Schlips’, raikstis Strick; Connection of Stem and Keule am ‘Dreschflegel- ’, expression ,ds.’, let. Nut Hazelnut next to lit. rieSutas ‘ds.’, rieskutis ,open Hand, handful, zu huge 'Wrist, -ballen' originated from *rie(k)§(C)- — rieskV-. Only from factual Griinden I therefore strike for ryksté Connectian on lit. Copper ,cut, cut off; schlagen' idg. < *yreh,g-* ,break, ripe (intr.)’ (LIV 698) before, whereby es at ryksté, Latvian rikste, apr. riste first a um Baltic derivative can act, which from the idg. mold inventory cannot be declared. Der meaning content of ryksté wire so not a Branch to Binding but a Gerte zum Drift of the Livestock, to Breeding or just a Stab zum Engraving, drawing. Das Inserting from k before Consonant groups is the Baltic in Languages a widespread Phenomenon (Stand 1966: 3) and occasionally also before simple consonant, namely before to be found: lit. s, dux ‘Gold’: Apr. ears ,ds.’, lit. thioxes Thiostate : ‘BaumhGhle’ ,Port (< Flussmiendung)’ (Smoczyriski 2006: 141). After this inserted is lit. k Z zu § (lett. z zu s), e.g. lit. grazils ssch6n‘ : graktis "elegant" was missing. ,chemmern (am Tomorrow)' from idg. *b'reH,gserstrahlen, erstrahlen‘ (LIV titi 92), ,tiber swimming; aufschwellen’ (LEZ, 203), tuikSti ,ds.‘, whereby the latter is zu also idg. *Hey,-* ,becoming strong‘ (LIV could 639) be heard, resp. of here-originating Derivatives (Gliwa, im pressure) can be affected. Die But assimilation can also be reversed in direction, or instead k — g is inserted: lit. k g three-way next to three-way, three-way ‘Lizard’ and druogzlé next to druoilé, drozlé Span’ or with Origin of the g/k as Root component of augti aukStas. : Apr. riste Rod’ stands for the errant Origin from idg. *urah, gnicht entgegen, apr. da s sowohl lit. s as also corresponds, e.g. Apr. soalis md. (- krewtecht) : lit. Zolé 'Gras, Kraut'. A direct Derivation from this idg. Root is not meglich, however, but can only a es later um Education, which can be called Baltic here, starting from other Reflexes of the Root act. Let us therefore consider at least those formations that arise directly from the Idg. to be derived. This is tondchst lit. rézti stitzen, schlagen’ (-and- < *-eh,-) without exact Correspondences im Latvian Bernp GLIWA and Old Prussian, but in Greek éppnéa, ‘I broke’, and rtiozas ‘strip; layer; Landstiick; old broom, handle’; rtioZtas,Stiick Land’ (lit. -uobalt. < -6- < idg. *-oh,-) (Smoczynski 2006: 118, 140; 2007: 512). Again no Correspondence im Latvians, however, with roza [red] ,Hiigel, Bergriicken’, to lett. rozit, stretch, stretch out; beugen’, lit. rqzinti, pull, stretch, collapsed ware and thus at most iiber Meaning nuances as homophonic to recognize wire —interesting in this context dial. roze, ‘Strip of deciduous trees in the coniferous forest’ (LEV, 131). As a shrinking step *yrh,g could with *r > ur lit. uréti ‘scratch, nage, strip’ and gef. urkstis.nger anteroom at the stable‘ if off,Strip‘ 0.4. or with more frequent *r > ir lit. lead ‘Besenheide, Calluna vulgaris’ can be claimed. A more formal Latvian equivalent could be urk5a ,one Stick, with which the Potatoes from the Furches are drawn out’ (ME,, 306) be, if this is not iiber the detour urkst,grunzen, knurren‘ > urksnat ,grunting with the Schnauze wiihlen' (ME,, 306) — *,Stick which howls like a wild boar‘, happened. Lit. virgis here already does not agree with the Latvian iibere, where forms with tiberweigen*: virsis, virsi, vérsnis, virsni and others. s whereby rarely but also those with z are found: virzdji, virzi, virzenes whereby the documents come from Roja, Garsene and Salaca and thus not all by Lithuanian Influence zu explain are (EO 440; ME,, The 619). more suitable Form virzis, virgzdu zdle is, on the other hand, used for the unlikely and botanically not closely related plants Stellaria spp., in particular media, and S. Anagallis arvensis used. Reason for confusion or a common Names for both I do not see plants (groups) for a specific use. At most coarse, dense, soil-covering occurrences at suitable Locations? Which, however, is too general. Therefore, different origin is likely? and maybe one? The non-conformity of the two Baltic names is highlighted by the much rarer lett. Forms with simple z transitions (LEW or 1264), by Root etymology with much closer begriindenden zu Root extensions lésen zu wanted (LEV,, 539). Briickner (1957: 634) takes fir lit. viris ein instead ,Z of an. s* 2 Fur die Vogelmeere, lett. virzis, was then in connection with lit. virdé, rope, knit, virZele Faden’ etc. zu suspect, by the tangled, soft and mid-lying thread-like stems. Ahnlich Muhlenbach: ,Very branchy and forms a densely growing hard to unravel zu mass, therefore [...] probably to Root of varza. (ME, 619). Apr. riste, lit. rykSté, lett. rikste und Verwandtschaft Auffacherung im Latvian in virsis vs. lead um Avoid confusion, zu for example by using regional Forms. Die Applicability of the Plant name ré3ti is still zu semantic begriinen, namely in such a way zu that the Pflanze zur Production of coarse broom is used’ and that Sweeping with these can quite ja be described as scratching, cf. Sluotarazis, Sluotrazis or sudilo Sluota — liko razas (LKZ,,, 37ff.). On the other hand, the scratchy Besenheide also responsible for Kratzund wounds, which one finds especially frequently in Latvian im Liedgut erwahnt finds, e.g. virziens manas kdjas bada (ME,, 620) oder virspi manas kurpes plésa (ME,, Usually 612). lit. I got it. virsis compared with other Indo-European fast equivalents. To this gehdren zunichst the Slavic Names of the Besenheide, pol. wrzos, russ. eépeck, vres ¢. and others, which occasionally also other Heather waxes such as Erica tetralix, Empetrum nigrum, Juniperus spp. bezeichnen (Borys 2005: 712). Ferner air. froech, cymr. grug from idg. *uroikound gr. épeixn (GEW, 551), was idg. *subject to availability. In addition, it is still *urgfiir das Baltic and *yerkfiir das Slavic appointed (Borys 2005: 712)°. Something else explains this Smoczyrski (2007: 761), of the Baltic and Slavic Forms on Schwundbaw. e-level idg. *urk- /*yerkzuriickfeihrt mit Comparandum in gr. épeixn. Be lit. -r§durch Assimilation or assimilation Influence of vefgti ‘firmly bind together’, virzéti ,ds. (iter.)’ zu - I've been. On the other hand, it is to be pointed out that -rSvirSus in above’ is preserved and this is also analogously on the Retention could have worked. In addition, the Acute unexplained. After all, the Exhaust change, the in Variants *urk-/*uerkerscheint, one Parallel in lit. half Kiefer’ * Concrete Data herefor Lithuania and Latvia are missing, but they are e.g. also for the Present from Bulgaria occupied (Nedelcheva et et al. 2007) and the scientific Generic name Calluna is made of gr. xa\Abvewv ,putzen, ausswegen‘ hergeleitet (Genaust 1996: 118). The German Name Besenheide speaks for itself. 5 Correct word for lit. *ur(H)g-, fiir lett. *ur(H)K-. Beim Approach * yerkfiir the sl. Forms you wonder why you do not russ. Jeepex erhilt, cf. lit. virgus : russ. sepx. This seeks Vasmer (REW, 296) zu umgehen, idem with lit. virkScia ,Stem, herb of various plants, especially of Hulls, potatoes’ is verghchen, whereby a -skSuffix present, which because isolated russ. eépeck also the sl. Forms underlying. Implicit is therefore *wer-scanned. Der Comparison with virkstia cannot be maintained, this with k-insertida on already mentioned vifZé, zu virkelé, lett. virzis etc. gehdrt — es is in turn soft, far usual lying um and winding Stangel. Bernd GLIWA against apr. peuse,Kynboem‘ and gr. men, even if it gradually declines (Smoczyriski 2007: 493). Most likely, different forms of the declination were generalized here and perhaps the accent pattern of this declination could also be the lit. Declare emergency? Benseler (BGD 305) notes that in gr. épeixn is not about the »our« heather Calluna vulgaris, but about an unspecified shrub-like growth, which is identified by Genaust (1996: 233) as Erica arborea. Of course, one cannot exclude other or broader meanings, but the accentuation of the honey from heather by Pliny (GEW, 551) does not stand in the way of identification as Calluna vulgaris, nor as Erica arborea. The bean heath is native to Greece and parts of Turkey (Zander 2000: 246), so that the spread is not an obstacle. If one distances oneself from the idea of exact formal agreement in plant names, which is almost never to be found anyway (especially for a plant that does not grow in the majority of the presumed ancestral homelands of the Indo-Europeans) — and instead favors semasiological equivalents, then the question of the Conformity of the gr. épeixn Heidekraut’ with pe(xw ,break, crush, tear, burst’ up. Regardless of the identification as Erica arborea or Calluna vulgaris, it can be assumed that both were used as brooms for grove (Nedelcheva et al. 2007) in earlier times. Fiir die sl. Forms I can not presently give a meaningful suggestion. In any case, the derivation of lit. virzis from *urh,g offers the advantage that the accent is explained as expected, compared to vifZis,Seil am Pferdegeschirr‘ from *urg'- (cf. LIV 688). Whereas the Latvian and the sl. Forms here also the in Emphasis from Lithuanian deviate: lett. top, scroll true, Russian. eépeck (Rudzite 1993: 103). With réksti, ‘flicking’, the interesting question arises whether the insertion of the -k is the reason for metatonia. Such fille should be taught when one ventures a belonging of réksti to rézti. Most of the evidence speaks against metatony on this occasion: bréksti,- dammern‘ etc. < *b'reh,g-, toksas < *tiosas (Smoczyriski 2006: 141 ), pliokStas neben pliiostas ‘Faser(bindel), Zottel’. Isolated Counterexamples are brézti ,ab- Apr. riste, lit. rykSte, lett. rikste and kinship streifen, rutschen, die Fii&e nachschleifen‘ and broksti,abstreifen, rutschen‘ whereby influence of homophone, onomatopoeically influenced brdksti butter stamping‘: braskéti,- knarren, knacksen‘ can be claimed. In addition, the rare variant rézti is also present in rézti, so that one cannot completely exclude a formation starting directly from rézti / rézti. On the other hand, réksti has different prisen forms, namely réSkia and réskia (LKZ,, 415). This suggests that it is in the Infinitive, generalized from réské, to a Baltic stretching step, which has nothing to do with laryngeal influence. The prerequisite is a new, only Baltic or single-language e-level, which has been re-formed, for example, on the basis of ryksti, ‘fall apart, fall apart, mature, fiber’. This makes it likely that the k-insertion did not take place in the old -é and -tio stages, but later, preferably in the new shrinkage stage. An indication of this is also the opposite of apr. riste: Latvian rikste, riksts, riksts, riste: lit. ryksté. The cause of this new i-stage may have been the perceived lack of a shrinkage stage, after old inherited forms with virgb resp. urznicht more than related were perceived. Three scenarios. First: pure analogy, because long vowel with acute in e and o level is present, this is taken for the shrinking level. The result is identical to what was expected from *(u)reh,g- -: *(wroh, *(wyrih,g, so that this process with a free-time neo-shrink stage cannot be excluded. Secondly, there was then a shrinking step with short i *riz-°, from which y was formed as a stretching step, e.g. in past tense forms. Then, however, ¥ is to be expected and y is to be assumed to be metatonic, with a change of word type, because when the prateritum root is generalized into the infinitive, the accent remains (see the example at Kazlauskas 1968: 351). Thirdly, as before, only that the expansion ¥ was created by contraction from -in with n-infix in the present tense, for example in ryja, g¥ja, Sl¥ja next to infinitives ryti, gyti, Slyti (¥ from iH before C) and Prateritum rijo, gijo, Slijo (ij with Laryngalhiat from iH before V) (Smoczyriski 2003: 19, 40; Hyllested, Gliwa, in print). Also here bedierfte © Evtl, lett. riksna,the stripe‘ next to riksna,ds.‘ (ME, 525, 538). More pronounced, but with an uncertain chronology, is short i in formations from the structurally same root idg. *b'reh,g- *-, namely brizés Ege’, briZinti,- strike, rub, say‘, brizterti shinmalen, write‘, next to bryzis,limte, stripe’, brézti,anrei&en', briozas,line, stripe; Zug, Eigenschaft'. Bernp GLiwa there a metatonia to the comprehension of the acute in ryksté, rysté. Métatonie rude would be conceivable if the acute occurred only in nouns. But it can also be found in ryksti, ‘fall apart, break apart, tear apart, fibrous’, and in ryzti, ‘disappear, disappear’; buds, growing thick; Determine Dowry’. The variants with § instead of 2 should be inherited by sta-suffix (Smoczyfiski 2007: 507), whereby the prasens ryZta next to ryza points to -sta-infix —in this case, however, with the generalization of the% from infinitive and prateritum to the whole lemma. The purely verbal formation ryZti,decrease, fade (celestial bodies); verschwinden, sich verstecken‘ to réZti,abschneiden, zerstören‘, as well as the derivative ryksti,zerfallen, auseinandergehen, au&en, fasern‘ follows here the pattern [duzti,zerbrechen (trans.)*: liiZti,brechen (intr.)‘ as well as plysti’ wzerreifen, aufspalten, auffasern (intr.)‘: pléti,rei- &en, rupfen (trans.)‘. Again, each of the intransitive verbs with -sta suffix: lizta and plysta; additional n-infix is not to be recognized. To réZti, to cut, to mark (to make something clear)‘ was derived from the nominal pattern ryZti,.knospen, to get thick (to become clear)‘ and ryksti, to become clear; sich anfinden, erscheinen‘. On the other hand, there was apparently no change of meaning in the pair (at)ryzti, which determines the dowry; ‘to equip’: atréZti (Zeme, dalj), to measure a piece of land, to separate it; set the dowry’, cf. semantic also skirti dali, kraiti,set the dowry’ (value: ‘separate’). Continue with this maturation stage lit. ryzé, ryimé, ryztas, stripes. On the one hand, a new level of raZa, dry straw, stubble, arose from this; alter Besen‘ and further derivations according to the ibelian sound pattern e: a: i/y, e.g. in SerkSnas, Sarmas, Sirmas (Gliwa 2005). To be completed were still rakstis,(- eingerissener) Splitter (in der Haut)‘ and rakstas, rakstis, rakstis Sarg; Grave, tombstone'*, originally as a designation of the scraped, trimmed coffin made of solid wood? On the other hand, a new o-stage as it belongs to an i-drain series, lit. raizyti, ‘cut, cut off’ formally as an iterative to rézti, ‘cut, cut off’, structurally identical to braizyti, ‘draw’ to bryzis? The old shrinkage stage *plHKwiirde lit. *pil3or *pulzur have a consequence, such Forms are missing. * otherwise to lit. rakti,stochern‘ placed sLinie, Streifen- Apr. riste, lit. ryksté, lett. rikste und Verwandtschaft ‘, brézti,anreiRen‘, briiozas,- Linie, Streifen; Zug, Eigenschaft‘ (i.e. *b'reh,g- "-) or pléigyti,reiRen, spalten, auffasern (intr.)‘ as iterative to plysti,zerreifSen, aufspalten, auffasern (intr.)‘, plésti,reiRen, rupfen (trans.)‘ as well as pleistas,- Weil‘, (at)plaisa,Span, Bast‘, plaisinti,- spalten, sprengen‘ etc. or braidyti,; waten‘ to bristi, d.‘, brasta, fur‘ (idg. *b'red'-). Already above, on the one hand, the k-insert on the other hand the Use of the -sta Suffixes for that Appearance of Forms with - Or. -ksstatt -%-, -g made responsible. Dariiberhinaus but can already before Z Consonants zu ¥ werden’. Z.B. te%é, thesis, teZld, tedlis, teslé, télis ‘Birkenpilzzu ’, tézti ,become slippery; soften; swell’, titi ,ds.’, tazéti ,drip, triple‘, tezéti,drip, sizzle‘, tazinti,tread on‘, tezlyné,- morast, sludge‘ and téslas,dough* as well as by k-insertion tek36ti,stand (Gewdsser, Pfiitze)‘, taskas,splash, point‘ (Gliwa 2006: 64ff.). Or land, lagna,Hiitte, zu Kate' li#ti ,break, fall apart (intr.)’, laustioti ,break, knorkeln, priigeln‘ : Idukti ,break (trans.)’; gistd : giuztd Nest', giistduti : giztduti ,Place for one Looking for a nest’; : Dense forests ,proliferate, spread (of Pflanzen), (zu-) wuchern‘. Da this is, so rises the Question, ob lit. red, rioSti ,doing, preparing‘, lett. rosities, do, prepare; be active, act’ also of the treated family can be connected this all the more than just uncertain comparison possibilities — within the es Latvian and Lithuanian there. Zirkumflex is not Exclusion ground, could however, as with ruézti ,scratching, scratching; auswegen’ on denominale Show education. Next, both Baltic Languages only one exhaust level up — when you from the Comparison with lit. reduced ‘Riot, mutiny, coup’ (LEW 750) excepts. The further Comparison with pol. traffic, etc. (LEW 750, LEV,, 129) sets a Root idg. *in advance, with Effect of the ruki rule im Slavic and Baltischen’’. Diese Root can then be identified with *reus- ,wiehlen‘, wo but then as Baltic Formen lit. radio operators ‘scharren, wiihlen’ as Comparison appears (LIV 511; Borys 2005: 528). Reduced to ,Gewiihl‘ can be quite well placed here also semantically although iivertragen, The exact — — ° Conditions for this and, if applicable, regional Inclinations were a Topic for more detailed investigations. °° Nach au in lit ausra gegeniiber auksas.