“Būdvardžių darybos raida. The Development of Adjective Formation”

161 ecenzijos / e iews WiLLiaM . schMaLs ieg he Pennsyl ania s a e uni e si y ields o esea ch: indo-eu opean s udies, bal ic, especially old P ussian, sla ic languages. būdVa džių da ybos aida. he deVeLoPMen o adjec iVe o Ma ion saulius amb azas; suda y oja danguolė Mikulėnienė Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, 2011, 274 p. isbn 978-609-411-066-5 Wi h his monog aph he au ho has comple ed his h ee-pa wo k on he de elopmen o he o ma ion o Li huanian subs an i es. he i s pa “daik a a džių da ybos aida. Lie u ių kalbos eiksmažodiniai ediniai” de o ed o he de elopmen o he nouns ( e bal de i a i es) appea ed in 1993 and he second pa “daik a a džių da ybos aida. Lie u ių kalbos a dažodiniai ediniai” de o ed o he de elopmen o nouns (nominal de i a i es) appea ed in 2000. sadly enough he au ho passed away be o e he could p epa e o publica ion he inal e sion o he hi d pa o his wo k. his monog aph was p epa ed on he basis o his man- usc ip s and a icles published in Li huanian and non-Li huanian linguis ic jou nals. i is di ided in o publica ions in h ee di e en languages. he majo po ion con- sis s o six chap e s in Li huanian de o ed o adjec i al o ma ion (pp. 7–155) ol- lowed by a sec ion in english en i led ‘some indo-eu opean ea u es o he bal- ic adjec i es’ (pp. 156–180). he concluding ex is an a icle ansla ed in o ench by daniel Pe i en i led ‘bal ique o ien al e bal ique occiden al, bal ique e sla : le p oblème de leu s ela ions anciennes du poin de ue de la o ma ion des mo s’ which was o iginally published in he jou nal His oi e Épis émologie Langage 26/ii (2004): 43–79 (pp. 181–211). ollowing his a e he abb e ia ions (pp. 212–213), e e ences (pp. 214–239), an index o Li huanian wo ds (pp. 240– 266) and an index o names (pp. 267–272). in chap e 1 he au ho w i es ha one can ind impo an in o ma ion abou he o ma ion o adjec i es al eady in he ea lies Li huanian g amma s, he g am- ma s o daniel klein (1653 – G amma ica Li anica; 1654 – Compendium Li anico– Ge manicum) and k is upas sapūnas and heophylus go lieb schul z (1673 – Com- 162 WiLLiaM . schMaLs ieg ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXVI pendium G amma icae Li anicae). bo h hese g amma s emphasize ha diminu i es e ain bo h he gende and endings o he oo wo d, e.g., juodas ‘black’ has he diminu i e juodokas ‘blackish’ whe eas saldus ‘swee ’ has he diminu i e saldokus ‘swee ish’. his ea u e, howe e , is appa en ly no an ancien de i a ional echnique, bu a he an inno a ion ound pa icula ly in eas e n dialec s. ano he diminu i e su ix is -in elis(-ė). hus in he a o emen ioned ea lies g amma s one encoun e s silpnin elis ‘a bi weak’ as well as silpnokas ‘id’. he i s g amma s also egis e he adjec i al su ixes -iškas and -inis, c ., e.g., kūniškas ‘co po al, co po eal’ and geležinis ‘i on’. in klein’s g amma he e a e some nume ical adjec i es wi h he su ixes -(i)okas(-a) and -(i)opas(-a), e.g., ienokas and iene opas ‘ he same, simila ’ al hough in sapūnas and schul z’ g amma we encoun e only he su ix -opas, e.g., iene- opas. he g amma s o augus schleiche (1856) and ied ich ku scha (1876) a e men ioned as well as he wo ks o o he schola s such as augus Leskien, who was he i s o in es iga e Li huanian nominal su ixes on he backg ound o indo- eu opean wo d- o ma ion. he wo k o P anas ska džius, kazimie as būga, P anas kniūkš a, jan o ębski, jan endzelin and o he s is discussed and he chap e ends wi h adelė Valeckienė’s classi ica ion o six ca ego ies o adjec i es: 1) adjec i es deno ing s eng hening o quan i y; he e he mos impo an a e diminu i es wi h he su ix -(-i)okas(-a); 2) adjec i es deno ing inhe en cha ac e is ics; belonging o his ca ego y a e de i a i es wi h he su ix -ingas(-a) and also he ex emely p oduc i e e bal adjec i es wi h he su ix -us(-i) deno ing he cha ac e is ic p op- e y de i ing om he co esponding ac ion (s a e), e.g., apdai ùs(-) ‘ci cumspec ’, a sa gùs(-) ‘ca e ul’, e c.; 3) adjec i es deno ing ex e nal p ope ies -(i)uo as(-a), -(i)o as(-a), -ė as(-a); 4) adjec i es deno ing simila o cha ac e is ic quali ies, o he mos pa o med wi h he su ix -iškas(-a); 5) adjec i es deno ing cha ac e - is ic ea u es; o his ca ego y belong he p oduc i e de i a i es wi h -inis; 6) adjec- i es deno ing he esul ing cha ac e is ics; hese a e o he mos pa e bal de- i a i es wi h he su ix -us(-i), e.g., ap akùs(-) ‘s eamlined’, išlaidùs(-) ‘ex a a- gan ’. s ill as amb azas ema ks he bounda y lines be ween he ca ego ies a e no always comple ely clea . chap e 2 is de o ed o he ca ego ies o adjec i e o ma ion om he his o i- cal poin o iew. Like he nouns, he adjec i es can be di ided in o e bal and nominal ca ego ies. Ve bal adjec i es usually deno e cha ac e is ics de i ing om ac ions (o s a es) and a e usually o med wi h he su ix –us(-i), e.g., pla ùs(-) ‘wide’, našùs(-) ‘p oduc i e’. his ancien wo d o ma ion ype became e y p o- duc i e and sp ead a he expense o o he ypes. Li huanian has also inhe i ed om indo-eu opean o he a e su ixes wi h a simila unc ion: *-no-, *-lo-, *- o-, *- o-, *-uo-. hese a e ep esen ed by old de i a i es wi h cogna es in a numbe o ela ed languages, e.g., plnas ‘ ull’, ūlas ‘many’, ãš as ‘sha p’, s ã as and s a ùs ‘s eep, e ical’, gý as ‘ali e’. he su ixes *- o- and *-no- ha e ancien seman ic būd a džių da ybos aida he de elopmen o adjec i e o ma ion 163 ecenzijos / e iews connec ions, c . bál- as ‘whi e’, and bál-nas ‘whi e-backed’. he - - su ix came o be used o he passi e pa iciple in bal ic, whe e, di e en ly om sla ic, he -n- su ix did no adop his unc ion. Li huanian nominal adjec i es ha e se e al ypes o p oduc i e o ma ions. hey ha e a g ea e seman ic di e en ia ion, bu i we examine hem his o ically we ind connec ions be ween ea lie seman ic ela ion- ships and he ypes o o ma ion which a i s glance a e qui e di e en . al eady P anas ska džius no ed ha adjec i es wi h he su ixes -(i)o as(-a), -(i)uo as(-a), -ė as(-a) deno e no only ex e io , supe icial cha ac e is ics, bu in e nal cha ac- e is ics (like de i a i es wi h he su ix -ingas(-a)). he age o he seman ic de- i a i es o his ype is con i med by such cogna es as Li h. ba zdó as ‘bea ded’ which co esponds well o ocs *b ada ъ, Pol. b oda y, uss. bo oda yj, La . ba bā us . a he same ime he de i a i es wi h he same su ix may deno e an inne qual- i y, e.g., Li h. die ó as ‘de ou , pious’, La . die uo s ‘good, splendid’, oP deiwu s ‘blessed, sa ed’ jus like ocs *boga ъ ‘ ich’ and La in o ūnā us ‘id’. he diminu i es o m a special ca ego y o nominal adjec i es. hey gene ally deno e a g ea e o smalle amoun o he quali y and ha e a nuance o endea - men , e.g. ge ókas ‘ ai , conside able’, didókas ‘p e y big’. hese a e closely con- nec ed o he de i a i es o nume als, e. g., ienókas(-a) ‘ he same, homogeneous’, d ejókas ‘o wo kinds’ (c . ocs dъ ojakъ) which al eady in he 16 h cen u y we e being eplaced by de i a i es in -(i)opas(-a). he e o e in he his o y o he de i a ion o he Li huanian adjec i es we would ha e o dis inguish h ee ca ego ies: 1) adjec i es deno ing ac ion and he esul o ha ac ion; 2) adjec i es deno ing a ibu ion; 3) diminu i e adjec i es. hese ca ego ies we e mos likely inhe i ed om he la e indo-eu opean p o o-language bu om ancien imes hey we e closely bound up wi h each o he . chap e 3 is a discussion o he de i a ional su ixes o adjec i es deno ing ac ion o he esul . he mos widesp ead o hese is he *-u- s em su ix -us(-i), an old de i a ional ype. hus Li h. pla ùs(-) ‘wide’ di e s only in ablau g ade om oi p  hú- and a es an pə əθu-, gk. πλατύς ‘wide’. in Li huanian his de i a ional ype became e y p oduc i e and equen ly de i a i es come om seconda y as well as om p ima y e bs, e.g., skalùs ‘easily spli ’ om skáldy i ‘ o spli ’ and some imes wi h ablau a ia ion, e.g., ma ùs ‘easily dying’ om mi  i ‘ o die’. i seems ha he lack o oP and La . *-u- s em adjec i es would be e idence ha i s p oduc i i y in Li huanian is ecen . he e is a a he la ge numbe o de e bal *-no- de i a i es in he bal ic as well as in o he indo-eu opean languages, e.g., Li h. plnas(-à), La . pilns, oP pilnan, sla ic *pьlnъ / pъlnъ, ge manic ulna, old i ish lān, sk . pū ṇá, a es an pə əna- ‘ ull’. he e a e many such de i a i es in Li huanian, e.g., d ėgnas ‘damp’ (c . d ėk i ‘ o become damp’), e c. in he Lkž he e a e 105 examples, o which 73 ha e *-u- s em double s, e.g., klnas(-à) ‘noble’ and klnus(-). de i a i es wi h *-no- equen ly ha e double s in *-lo-, c ., k snas ‘hea y-se , wi h a solid 164 WiLLiaM . schMaLs ieg ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXVI build’ and k slas. Ve bal adjec i es wi h he su ix *-ino-, c ea ed om a small numbe o e bs, a e cha ac e is ic o wes e n dialec s. some o hese de i ed om ansi i e e bs, a e close o pa iciples in meaning, e.g. nšinas(-à) ‘ca ying’. in gene al e bal adjec i es wi h de i a i e su ixes om *-no- a e no longe p oduc- i e in he bal ic and ela ed languages. Ve bal adjec i es wi h he su ix - inas(-à) gene ally ha e he meaning o necessi y and a e equen ly called ‘pa iciples o necessi y’, hus nèš inas(-à) ‘which mus be ca ied’. simila ly o he su ix - inas he su ix - inis is de i ed om passi e pa iciples in *- o- bu hese a e mo e ecen , a ose only in Li huanian and a e encoun e ed mos ly in si ydas’ dic iona ies, e.g., abejo inis ‘wą plywy (doub ul)’. some o he Li huanian e bal adjec i es in *-lo- ha e deep his o ical oo s. hus he de i a i e ūlas(-à) ‘many’ om he synch on- ic poin o iew can no longe be sepa a ed in o i s cons i uen s ū-las(-à). om he ie e b * eu-/ u-/ ū- ‘ o swell, o inc ease’ we also ha e Li h. ù-m as, u-ñ as / ù-n as ‘big c owd, egimen ’, ù-ms as, ūks an is ‘ housand’. in a ew cases we encoun e he al e na ion o he h ee su ixes -lo-, - o- and -no- wi h he same oo , c . kiblùs(-) ‘hanging on o, s icking o’, kibnùs ‘hanging on o’, kib ùs(-) ‘cu ious’. he su ix -lus(-i) has become qui e p oduc i e and he e he u-s em o ms has been eplacing he o-s em o ms. hus he olde adjec- i e galas(-à) ‘sad, so ow ul’ has been eplaced by he u-s em o m gailùs (-). he su ix -lus(-i) also has he a ian s -slus(-i) and -šlus(-i), hus, e.g., bailùs ‘ ea ul, cowa dly’ and baislùs, and uklùs ‘obese’ and ukšlùs-() ‘so ’. he su ix *-mo- has been used om he ea lies imes o o m adjec i es om e bs. he indo-eu opean o ms *kai-ma-/ *kei-ma- ha e supplied Li h. káimas, oP caimis ‘ illage’, Li h. kimas ‘cou ya d’ and La . cìems ‘ illage’. (amb azas’ e e ence Pkež iii 76 . should be co ec ed o Pkež ii 76 .). amb azas no es ha he su ix -mas(-a), is also encoun e ed wi h he –u- s em a ian -mus(-i), e.g., bo h he a ian s lai-mas(-a) ‘ o una e’ and lai-mus(-i) a e a es ed. he majo i y o he e bal adjec i es wi h he su ix *-mo- in he bal ic lan- guages ha e become passi e pa iciples, al hough a ew o hem e en now seem o be mo e akin o adjec i es, e.g., Li h. gãlimas ‘possible’, įmãnomas ‘imaginable’, š ikimas ‘ ai h ul’, e c. in e es ingly enough ge manic *we ma- ‘wa m’ has he same adjec i al su ix. on he basis o de i a i es wi h he su ix *-mo- he de i ed su ix *-imo/ -īmo was c ea ed, which o ms no only adjec i es, bu nouns deno ing ac ions and quali ies, e.g., gy nimas ‘li e’, ãšymas ‘w i ing’. Ve bal adjec i es wi h he su ix *- o- ha e been known in he indo-eu opean languages since he ea lies imes, e.g., Li h. s ã as, La . s a us, gk. στατός, sk . s hi- á ‘s anding’. he majo i y o he e bal adjec i es wi h his su ix ha e become in Li huanian (as in many o he ie languages) passi e pa iciples. only a po ion o hem (mos ly de i a i es o in ansi i e e bs) ha e e ained he o iginal adjec i al meaning, e.g., Li h. būd a džių da ybos aida he de elopmen o adjec i e o ma ion 165 ecenzijos / e iews bál as(-à) ‘whi e’, keĩs as(-à) ‘s ange’, e c. amb azas no es w i es ha mos likely he su ix *-uo- was al eady an inde- penden o ma i e a ix and was closely connec ed o he su ixes *-no-, *- o-, *-mo-. Pa icula ly old a e Li h. gý as, La . dzî s, sla ic ži ъ, La . ī us, oI jī á- ‘ali e’ < ie *guei-/*guī-. amb azas sugges s ha Li h. klipas, and La . klàips ‘b ead’ de i e om he indo-eu opean oo *k’lei- ‘ o bow, o bend’ and gi es a e e ence o o kupščiko 2001b (a misp in o 2001a). amb azas does no men ion he opinions o būga and alminauskis who sugges ha he Li huanian wo d de i es om old icelandic hlei no he opinion o my own eache , al ed senn, ha he wo d de i es om belo ussian chlěb o Pol. chleb (see LeW 271). chap e 4 is a discussion o nominal de i a i es. in he ancien indo-eu opean p o o-language de i a i es wi h he a ix *-(i)io-/-eiio- p edomina ed, e.g., La . pa ius, gk. πάτριος, oi pí iya- ‘ a he ’s, a he ly’. in Li huanian ela i ely ew de i a i es wi h he su ix *-(i)io- ha e emained. hese would be adjec i es in -ias(-ia), e.g. , apsčias ‘plen i ul’, šlãpias ‘we ’, e c. Li huanian has somewha mo e adjec i es wi h he su ix -is, -ys(-ė) also de i ing om *-(i)i-, e.g., kai s(-ė) ‘lo- ca ed a he le ’, e c. alongside he *-io-/-iio- s em de i a i es in Li huanian he e a e also co esponding *-o- s em de i a i es, e.g., beside apsčias(-ia) ‘plen i ul’, one encoun e s also ãps as(-à). his phenomenon is a he ancien , c . he Li h. *-io-s em najas ‘new’ wi h he oP *-o-s em (acc. pl.) nawans ‘id’. in gene al he da a lead o he conclusion ha in he eas e n bal ic a ea he adjec i es wi h he su ix -(i)io emained p oduc i e sligh ly longe han in o he bal ic dialec a eas. chap e 5 akes up he gene al cha ac e is ics o he o ma ion o old indo- eu opean adjec i es in bal ic. in he bal ic languages we encoun e a chaic e bal adjec i es deno ing he quali ies de i ing om a e bal ac ion o s a e. hese a e *-no-, *- o-, *-lo-, *- o-, *-uo-, and he de i a i e endings *-u- and *-o-. examples a e pl-nas ‘ ull’, ãš- - as ‘sha p’, ū-las ‘many’, s ã- as ‘ e ical’, gý- as ‘ali e’, pla - ùs ‘wide’, sn-as ‘old’. amb azas no es ha a numbe o ea lie schola s ha e con- nec ed he al e na ion o he oo su ixes l, n, wi h an ea lie he e ocli ic declen- sion. he e is a ce ain numbe o such al e na ions a es ed in Li huanian and ela ed languages, e.g., Li h. le-las ‘ hin’, old icelandic lin ‘so , weak’, gk. λει- ρός. he appa en g eek cogna e is, howe e , doub ul. acco ding o isk (1970: 101) ‘Wie la . līlium s amm auch λείριον aus eine ös lichen Mi elmee sp ache... auch das poe ische λειρίος und λειρός als beiwö e de hau und de s imme dü en als ablei ungen on λείριον e s ändlich sein (‘lilien weiss, -za ’)...’ Mo e con incing a e, howe e , he La ian examples ku -ls and ku -ns ‘dea ’. chap e 6 discusses bal ic e hnogenesis in he ligh o wo d o ma ion. he au ho ema ks ha o ma ional a ixes a el mo e easily om one dialec o language o ano he han do in lec ions. he e o e wo d o ma ional da a can be used o help sol e he di icul p oblems o bal ic e hnogenesis. Many common 166 WiLLiaM . schMaLs ieg ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXVI ypes o bal ic wo d o ma ion a e inhe i ed om common bal ic o ea lie imes. ne e heless he Li huanian, La ian and old P ussian wo d o ma ion p ocesses a e qui e di e en . hese di e ences and hei ela ionships allow one o examine some o he p ocesses which ook place in he dis an bal ic pas . nomina ac ionis and adjec i es deno ing ac ion and esul ha e long been c ea ed in Li huanian and La ian by o ms wi h he su ix *-mo- and in his espec he eas bal ic lan- guages co espond wi h he mo e dis an sla ic, albanian and hi i e languages. on he o he hand in old P ussian he su ix *-mo- is encoun e ed only in nume - als and adjec i es and pe sonal names de i ing om he la e . he e a e, howe e , a e excep ions. he elbing Vocabula y (39) supplies us wi h dumis ( ouch), c . Li h . dūmas, La . dmi, sla ic *dymъ, La . ūmus, oI dhūmá- ‘smoke’ and he g eek abs ac θῡμός ‘soul’. in Li huanian nouns o ac ion wi h he su ixes *-i-mo-/-īmo- (e.g., nešmas ‘ca ying’, ãšymas ‘w i ing’) ha e been c ea ed, whe eas in La ian as in old P ussian he e exis only adjec i es wi h his s uc u e. one no es ha di e en ly om Li huanian whe e he su ix -mo- is commonly used, in La ian he adjec i al su ix *-no- is encoun e ed in he o m -šana (<*-s-io-nā), c ., e.g., mi šana ‘dea h’. he closes su ix o his is no in Li huanian, bu in old P ussian whe e we encoun e he su ix -sna, c . oP billīsna ‘sayings’. amb azas no es ha when one alks abou he e hnogenesis o he Li huanians one mus keep in mind ha a numbe o wo d- o ma ion isoglosses connec he Li huanians wi h he P ussians and sepa a e hem om he La ians. o example, Li h . šeimýna ‘ amily’ co esponds wi h oP seimīns ‘domes ic se an s’. collec i e o ma ions wi h he su ix *-īno- a e encoun e ed also in he sla ic languages (c . Li h . be žýnas ‘bi ch g o e’ and sla ic *be zīna-). in La ian, howe e , one en- coun e s only he ablau a ian *-ei-no-/-oi-no-, c . Li h. eglýnas ‘ i g o e’ s. La . egliene, egliens ‘id’. since ie *-ei- also gi es P o o-sla ic *-ī- i is impossible o de e mine whe he he sla ic econs uc ion *be zīna is he ea lies o m o no . one could jus as well econs uc an ea ly P o o-sla ic *be zeina- in which case he su ix would co espond wi h he La ian a he han he Li huanian o m o he su ix. he sec ion en i led ‘some old indo-eu opean ea u es o he o ma ion o bal ic adjec i es’ (pp. 156–180) is essen ially an english ansla ion o chap e 5 senieji indoeu opie iškieji bal ų kalbų būd a džių da ybos b uožai. he english ansla ion is excellen , bu i was unable o loca e an explana ion as o why jus his sec ion was ansla ed in o english o he name o he au ho o he ansla ion. in he inal a icle (in ench) amb azas concen a es on he ac ha Li huanian and La ian show nume ous s uc u al di e ences pa icula ly in he o ma ion o nouns o ac ion, collec i e nouns and he o ma ion o diminu i es. one is s uck by he ac ha he su ix *-imo/-īmo known in such Li huanian nouns as nešmas ‘ca ying’ and ãšymas ‘w i ing’ is encoun e ed in La ian and old P ussian only būd a džių da ybos aida he de elopmen o adjec i e o ma ion 167 ecenzijos / e iews in adjec i es, e.g., La . dialec ālīms ‘dis an ’, c . Li h. ólimas, ólymas ‘id’. one no es ha di e en ly om Li huanian whe e he su ix -mo- is commonly used, in La ian he adjec i al su ix *-no- is encoun e ed in he o m -šana (<*-s-io-nā), c ., e.g., mi šana ‘dea h’. (a misp in on p. 126 gi es us nomina ac inis o nomina ac ionis.) he closes su ix o his is no in Li huanian, bu in old P ussian whe e we encoun e he su ix -sna, c . oP billīsna ‘sayings’. Li huanian and La ian di - e also in he way o o ming diminu i es, Li huanian usually using he su ix *-elio- equen ly accompanied by pala aliza ion o he p eceding consonan . ne - e heless his su ix is occasionally encoun e ed in La ian, e.g., maĩšelis (diminu- i e o màiss ‘bag’), c . Li h. maišlis ‘id’. he e is e y li le e idence o his su ix in old P ussian, e.g., (eV 179) pa owelis ‘s ep- a he ’ and pe haps he basel epig am wo d ewelyse ‘li le a he ’ and a ew pe sonal names. he usual La ian diminu i e, on he o he hand is o med wi h he su ixes *-inio- and *-ī io- , e.g., dê,liņš om dê,ls ‘son’ and b ālī is om b ālis ‘b o he ’. in Li huanian he diminu- i es in *-ī io- a e much less common han in La ian, al hough we do encoun e Li h . b olý is de i ed om b ólis ‘b o he ’. on he o he hand a di e en ablau g ade o he same su ix, iz. *-oi io- is widely used in Li huanian, e.g., b olái is om b ólis. his su ix is no known in La ian. collec i e nouns deno ing a g oup o humans o li ing beings ha e disappea ed in La ian whe eas in Li huanian he ca ego y has su i ed, c . Li h. b olijà ‘b o h- e s and sis e s’, sla ic *b a ьja ‘b o he s’, gk. φρατρία ‘ ibe, clan’. La ian dialec s do ha e nume ous de i a i es deno ing a g oup o plan s o objec s loca ed in a single place, e.g., he su ix *-ã-io-, c . La . dialec àlksnãjs ‘alde -g o e’, whe eas Li huanian has álksna, alksnà ‘id’. he mos abundan ly ep esen ed Li huanian su ix deno ing a g oup o plan s o objec s loca ed in one spo is *-ī-no, (c . Li h. šeimýna, oP seimīns ‘domes ic se an s’. some eas e n and wes e n high Li huanian dialec s ha e collec i e nouns in -y ė, c . Li h. alksný ė ‘alde -g o e’, eglý ė ‘pine o es ’, ka klý ė ‘willow g o e’, (misp in ed he e (p. 190) as ka klýlė). his su ix mus ha e exis ed in La ian also a one ime as one can see om he place names Apsī e, Kalmī e, e c., bu a p esen an ablau de i a i e is encoun e ed in La ian, c ., b, zai e beside Li h. be žý ė ‘ o es o young bi ch ees’. amb azas discusses he su ix -ys a (also mo e commonly -ys ė o nouns deno ing quali y) and w i es ha Li h. k ikščionys à ‘ch is iani y’ co esponds exac ly o oP (eV 794) c is ion- is o (he e (p. 192) misp in ed as c is ioms o), see Pkež ii 280. in addi ion o nouns in -ulis(-ė) deno ing he possesso o a cha ac e is ic he Li huanian language also has nouns in -uõlis(-ė), e.g., bičiùlis and bičiuõlis ‘ iend’. old P ussian and eas e n Li huanian dialec s ha e he su ix -ena which deno es he hide o skin o an animal, e.g., Li h. a klenà ‘ho se lea he ’, oP (eV 498) nognan ‘Lede , lea he ’ i he wo d is de i ed om *nōgenan. on he o he hand La ian does no ha e he su ix in his o m, al hough we do encoun e he su ix *-enio-, e.g., ecenis ‘old man’, î enis 168 WiLLiaM . schMaLs ieg ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXVI ‘eas wind’. Li huanian only has a ew such de i a i es, e.g., be gždnis(-ė) ‘ba en animal’. he mos impo an Li huanian su ix deno ing he possesso o a cha ac- e is ic -inykas has an exac coun e pa in old P ussian, bu no in La ian, c ., e.g., Li h . laukinkas ‘inhabi an o he ields’, oP (eV 407) laukinikis ‘Leman, enan ’, bu La . lacinieks ‘peasan ’. amb azas w i es ha he nouns in *-inīko-/*-ineiko- deno ing he possesso o a quali y a e likewise p oduc i e in sla ic and ha hey a e equen ly de i a i es o adjec i es in *-ino-, c ., e.g., g ěšьnikъ ‘sinne ’ < g ěšьnъ ‘sin ul’. i seems, howe e , ha one could also unde s and g ěšьnikъ as an agen noun (see Vaillan 1964: 211) . hus a e we o unde s and a sinne as possessing he quali y o sin o an agen (capable o ) p oducing sin)? his seems o be a heo- logical ques ion, pe haps, a he han a linguis ic ques ion. acco ding o amb azas nouns wi h he su ix *-iko- ha e been common in Wes e n high Li huanian dialec s, al hough in he eas e n high Li huanian dialec s hey a e less equen ly a es ed. his su ix had i s o igin in he diminu i e su ix *-iko- which is well a es ed in old P ussian, c . malnijkix ‘kindlein, small child’. amb azas w i es ha he sla ic languages p obably go he agen i e su ixes *- ā-io- and *--io- om bal ic, c . Li h. a ójas ‘plowman’, La . a ājs < *a ājs, oP (eV 236) a oys ‘acke mann, plowman’ which is cogna e wi h P o o-sla ic *o ajь ‘id’. Whe eas he adjec i al su ix *-(i)io- is p oduc i e in sla ic (e.g., člo ěčь ‘human’), g eek (e.g., ἵππιος ‘ ich in ho ses’), indic (c . Vedic áś (i)ya- (he e misp in ed as ás iya-) ‘belonging o (o coming om) ho ses’). his ype o adjec- i e is no well ep esen ed in bal ic, al hough such adjec i es do exis , c . Li h. šlãpias ‘damp’, La . slapjš. amb azas no es ha he a chaism o he bal ic languages is well known bu he e a e cases whe e he sla ic languages ha e p ese ed a mo e ancien s a e han he bal ic. hus sla ic has p ese ed he ancien su ix *- el-, whe eas in bal ic his su ix has been comple ely elimina ed and eplaced by he su ixes *- āio- and *-io-. ce ain inno a ions in he a ea o wo d o ma ion uni e he bal s, sla s and he ge mans, e.g., he possessi e adjec i es in *-isko-, c ., e.g. ocs božьskъ, go hic gudisks, Li h . di iškas ‘di ine’. in addi ion o he ew misp in s al eady men ioned i shall men ion a ew mo e he e. he da e in he e e ence ‘Vanags 1951’ (p. 18) is su ely a misp in , since he was bo n in 1962. on p. 116 and in he english ansla ion on p. 166 we encoun e gk. ἄγιος ‘holy, sac ed’ wi h he spi i us lenis ins ead o he co ec ἅγιος wi h he spi i- us aspe ; on p. 194 we ind ankš uõlis o aukš uõlis; on p. 211 exlusi e o exclusi e. on p. 113, n. 8 he oind k ṣṇaśá ‘blackish’ is ansc ibed co ec ly bu in he english ansla ion n. 7 on p. 163, he le e -ṣ- was omi ed o gi e us k ṇaśá. al hough i ha e exp essed e y mino c i icisms in his e iew, in sum i seems o me ha all bal icis s should be g a e ul o P o . Mikulėnienė o pu ing o- ge he and making easily a ailable he w i ings o his alen ed, bu un imely de- būd a džių da ybos aida he de elopmen o adjec i e o ma ion 169 ecenzijos / e iews ceased linguis , a man whose dep h o knowledge and keen insigh s ha e led o impo an and in e es ing conclusions. o ge some idea o he loss we ha e su - e ed i ad ise people o ead he obi ua y o saulius amb azas w i en by g asilda blažienė (2010). i was pa icula ly s uck by he commen made by saulius’ a he : ‘nemėgs u, kai mane aplenkia’ (blažienė 2010: 203). bal icis s o my gene a ion may sha e ha sen imen . abb eVia ions gk. – g eek ie – indo-eu opean La . – La in La . – La ian Li h. – Li huanian oP – old P ussian ocs – old chu ch sla ic oi – old indic Pol. – Polish uss. – ussian e e ences blažienė g asilda 2010: išėjęs, kad pasilik ų. – Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica 62–63, 201–204. eV – elbing Vocabula y. LeW – aenkel e ns . Li auisches e ymologisches Wö e buch. heidelbe g: ca l Win- e ; gö ingen: Vandenhoeck u. up ech , 1955–1965. Lkž – Lie u ių kalbos žodynas 1–20. Vilnius: Mokslo i enciklopedijų leidybos cen as, 1941–2004. Pkež i-iV – Mažiulis Vy au as. P ūsų kalbos e imologijos žodynas 1–4. Vilnius: Moks- lo i enciklopedijų leidybos ins i u as, 1988–1997. Vaillan and é 1964: Manuel du ieux sla e 1. Pa is: ins i u d’é udes sla es. Į eik a 2011 m. g uodžio 19 d. WiLLiaM . schMaLs ieg The Pennsyl ania S a e Uni e si y 814 Co nwall Road S a e College PA 16803, U.S.A. [email p o ec ed]