Gotfrydo Ostermejerio prierašai Jokūbo Brodovskio rankraščiuose: „Litauische Sprichwörter und Rätsel“ ir „Lexicon Germanico–Lithvanicvm et Lithvanico–Germanicvm“

ONA ALEKNAVIČIENĖ Institute of the Lithuanian Language Research areas: the history of the Lithuanian written language; the history of the language, literature, and culture of Lithuania Minor. GOTFRIED OSTERMEJER’S INSCRIPTIONS IN THE MANUSCRIPTS OF JACOB BRODOWSKI: LITAUISCHE SPRICHWÖRTER UND RÄTSEL AND LEXICON GERMANICO-LITHVANICVM ET LITHVANICO-GERMANICVM1 Gottfried Ostermejer’s inscriptions in the manuscripts of Jacob Brodowski: Litauische Sprichwörter und Rätsel and Lexicon Germanico-Lithvanicum et Lithvanico-Germanicum ABSTRACT The article examines the question of authorship of the manuscript collection of proverbs, sayings, and riddles Litauische Sprichwörter und Rätsel (PR), held at the Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences (LMAVB RS: F 137–1). Among the small-folklore items entered in the manuscript by its principal compiler, Jacob Brodowski, precentor in Trempen (Darkehmen County), were found annotations by Gottfried Ostermejer: 16 German and 11 Lithuanian phrases. The article aims to assess Ostermejer’s annotations as elements of the collection’s macrostructure and microstructure. 1 This article was prepared as part of the project Heritage and Identity: Research and Dissemination of Sources on Lithuanian Studies from the Seventeenth Century, included in the programme The State and the Nation: Heritage and Identity. The research was supported by the Research Council of Lithuania (Agreement No. VAT 10/2010). K E Y W O R D S: Gottfried Ostermejer, Jacob Brodowski, Lithuania Minor, small folklore, proverbs, sayings, riddles. K E Y W O R D S: Gottfried Ostermeyer, Jacob Brodowski, Lithuania Minor, small folklore, proverbs, sayings, riddles. Straipsniai / Articles 23 ONA ALEKNAVIČIENĖ elements, establish relationships with earlier Lithuanian sources, and identify those annotations that are recorded for the first time in the history of Lithuanian writing. The article also discusses Ostermeier’s annotations in Brodowski’s dictionary Lexicon Germanico-Lithvanicum et Lithvanico-Germanicum (B; LMAVB RS: F 137–15), and analyzes the linguistic features of Ostermeier’s annotations. ANNOTATION The article addresses the problem of authorship of the manuscript collection of sayings, proverbs and riddles Litauische Sprichwörter und Rätsel (PR) kept at the Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences (LMAVB RS: F 137–1). Amidst the units of small folklore recorded by the principal compiler – precentor of Trempen (Darkehmen County) Jacob Brodowski – the inscriptions made by Gottfried Oster meyer can also be found in the manuscript: 16 German and 11 Lithuanian phrases. The aim of this article is to evaluate the inscriptions made by Ostermeyer as the elements of macrostructure and microstructure of the collection, to determine their relations with earlier Lithuanian sources, to distinguish the inscriptions, which were recorded in the Lithuanian writings for the first time. The article also discusses Ostermeyer’s insscriptions in Brodowski’s dictionary Lexicon Germanico-Lithvanicum et Lithvanico-Germanicum (B; LMAVB RS: F 137–15) and analyses the linguistic peculiarities of Ostermeyer’s inscriptions. 0. INTRODUCTION Gotfrydas Ostermejeris (Gottfried Ostermeyer, 1716–1800) – ryški XVIII amžiaus antrosios pusės Mažosios Lietuvos figūra. Literatūrologams jis žinomas visų pirma kaip giesmių kūrėjas, giesmyno sudarytojas ir istoriografas, kalbos istorikams – kaip gramatikos autorius, kultūros istorikams – kaip ikikrikščioniškosios Prūsijos tautų ir jų religijų tyrėjas. Nors gimė ne Mažojoje Lietuvoje ir nelietuviškoje šeimoje, literatūros, kalbos bei istorijos tyrimus skyrė mokslo sričiai, kuri dabar įvardijama kaip lituanistika plačiąja prasme. The Ostermeier family traced its origins to Germans from Bavaria who had come to West Prussia via Saxony and Silesia (Šlaitaitė 1994: 150–151, 157–158). Gottfried was born in 1716 in Marienburg (present-day Malbork, northern Poland, Pomeranian Voivodeship) into a craftsman’s (tanner’s) family. From 1728 to 1736, he studied at the Toruń Gymnasium (Šlaitaitė 1994: 151–152, 158–159; Biržiška 1963: 101). He matriculated at the University of Königsberg on May 9, 1737: “Ostermeyer Godofr. Marienburg. Boruss.” (Erler 1911: 370)2. He studied theology and, around 1739–1740, learned Lithuanian at the Lithuanian Language Seminary (Citavičiūtė 2004: 87–88, 344). 2 Biržiškos (1963: 101) nurodyta data 1739-05-09 klaidinga. 24 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXVII Gotfrydo Ostermejerio prierašai Jokūbo Brodovskio rankraščiuose: Litauische Sprichwörter und Rätsel ir Lexicon Germanico-Lithvanicum et Lithvanico-Germanicum Ostermeier had to interrupt his studies twice because of a lack of funds. As his son Siegfried (Siegfried Ostermeÿer, 1759–1821) writes, his father earned his living by giving private lessons to village pastors, and, after saving some money, returned to Königsberg. On his last visit, he stayed with the pastor Fabian Kalau (1691–1747) in Verdainė (about 3.5 km east of the former Šilokarčema, present-day Šilutė), where he also continued his theological studies and eventually learned Lithuanian. His command of Lithuanian proved sufficient to qualify him for an official position in Lithuania Minor—the patron of the Trempen church, state and war minister (Königliche Etats- und Kriegsminister), Friedrich von Görne, invited him to Trempen in 1744 to serve as precentor (Šlaitaitė 1994: 152, 159). When the Trempen pastor Gerhard Ludwig Mühlenkamp was transferred to Kusus in 1752, the position became vacant. On 1752-08-29, the consistory councillors informed the king that the parish had chosen Ostermeier from among three candidates (Die Pfarr-Stelle zu Trempen betreff., 1752; GStA PK: XX. HA Hist. StA Königsberg, EM 44 d, Nr. 233, Bl. 18r–21v). Ostermeier served as pastor in Trempen until his death (1800-03-13). He was married to Anna Regina Kalau (1721–1770), daughter of the aforementioned pastor of Verdainė, Kalau. His son Siegfried and grandchildren also became Evangelical Lutheran pastors and teachers, and took a greater or lesser interest in Lithuanian studies. The conception of a nation and the spiritual values it creates, shaped by the Enlightenment, gave rise to much debate in Europe. These debates also drew in Ostermeier—first over the ethnogenesis of Prussian Lithuanians and, more broadly, all Balts, and later over the principles of hymn translation. Inspired by these debates, his works provoked further discussion. In all of them, facts about the Lithuanian language were among Ostermeier’s most important tools and arguments. Ostermeier was a member of the Royal German Society of Königsberg (Königliche deutsche Gesellschaft zu Königsberg) and published articles on Prussian and Lithuanian religion, ethnography, mythology, and the history of churches and schools in the society’s periodical Preussisches Archiv. Ostermeier published his major works in German. Not all of his published works have survived3. Very few manuscripts have survived—until now, only three autograph documents and one copy were known. The first autograph is a letter written on 1781-01-06 from Trempen to Abraham Jakob Penzel (1749–1819) in Kraków, now held at the Bavarian State Library in Munich (Gerulaitienė 2002: 18–20); the second is an article on the history of the Lithuanian Bible, Historische Nachricht von der litauischen Bibel, held at the Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences. The article is unsigned, but its identification as Ostermeier’s autograph was established on the basis of his letter to Penzel (Gerulaitienė 2002: 11–15) and a third document, held 3 Most of the surviving works have been translated into Lithuanian and published in Rinktiniai raštai (1996), with the exception of the Lithuanian grammar Neue Litauische Grammatik (1791) and the articles in Preussisches Archiv. Straipsniai / Articles 25 ONA ALEKNAVIČIENĖ In the Secret State Archives of Prussian Cultural Heritage in Berlin (Geheimes Staatsarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz). These are Ostermejeris’s comments on the Psalm of David (Ps 2:1–12), translated into Lithuanian by Liudvikas Rėza, and a signed conclusion (on this, see Citavičiūtė 2002: 21–25). Thus, the chronological sequence of Ostermejeris’s autographs known to date is as follows: (1) Gotfrydas Ostermejeris. Letter from Trempen to Abraham Jakob Penzel in Kraków, 1781-01-06; Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München: Penzeliana II (Ostermever, Bl. [1–6]; published in: Keturi Gotfrydo Ostermejerio rankraščiai, 2002: 73–77, 143–148. (2) [Gottfried Ostermever]. Hiftorijch[e] Nachricht v[on] d[er] littauifch[e]n Bibel, [after 1791]; LMAVB RS: F 15–299; published in: Keturi Gotfrydo Ostermejerio rankraščiai, 2002: 31–52, 91–123. (3) M[artinus] Lud[ovicus] Rheſa. Ueberſetzung des 2ten P[ſalms] ins litthauiſche, 1797. – Acta des Königl. Ober-Schul-Collegii, von den Polnisch- und Litthauischen Prediger- und Schullehrer Seminar zu Königsberg in Preußen, 1797–1805; GStA PK: I. HA Rep 76 alt Ältere Oberbehörden für Wissenschaft, Kunst, Kirchen- und Schulsachen, II Nr. 271, Bl. 42r–42v; published in: Keturi Gotfrydo Ostermejerio rankraščiai, 2002: 79–82, 149–150. Another manuscript document by Ostermejeris is known—Zusätze zum Beitrag zur Altpreußischen Religions Geschichte und zu den Gedanken von den alten Bewohnern des Landes Preußen—but it is not an autograph, rather a copy (LMAVB RS: F 15–70). These are additions to his published books Kritischer Beitrag zur Altpreußischen Religionsgeschichte (1775) and Gedanken von den alten Bewohnern des Landes Preussen (1780), written after 1783 (Gerulaitienė 2002: 15–18; published in: Keturi Gotfrydo Ostermejerio rankraščiai, 2002: 53–72, 125–142). While examining the manuscript collection of proverbs, sayings, and riddles Litauische Sprichwörter und Rätsel (hereafter PR; LMAVB RS: F 137–1), preserved at the Wróblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences and long considered anonymous, it became apparent that the items of folk minor genres had been entered at different times and by different people. Among the text as a whole, additions in black or brownish-black ink stood out. Historical circumstances suggested that these might be by Ostermejeris, and thus directed the research toward identifying another of his autographs. However, the most important question that first had to be answered was: who compiled the collection as a whole? 1. AUTHORSHIP OF THE COLLECTION LITAUISCHE SPRICHWÖRTER UND RÄTSEL Until the Second World War, this manuscript collection of folk minor genres was kept in the Prussian State Archive in Königsberg (Preussisches Staatsarchiv in 26 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXVII Gotfrydo Ostermejerio prierašai Jokūbo Brodovskio rankraščiuose: Litauische Sprichwörter und Rätsel ir Lexicon Germanico-Lithvanicum et Lithvanico-Germanicum Königsberg4. The old LMAVB alphanumeric shelfmark “1. LR – I,” written in violet ink on the title page, indicates that the manuscript was assigned to the collection of Liudvikas Rėza (Ludwig Jedemin Rhesa, 1776–1840) (see also Šiožinys 1950: 10–13). This collection was assembled after the Second World War, when many books and manuscripts collected during expeditions to rescue cultural valuables were brought to Lithuania from the Königsberg region (Abramavičius 1944–1947: 40v–41r; Abramavičius 1963: 189). The collection is defective: it lacks its beginning, end, and some internal fragments. The authentic title page, written in the compiler’s own hand, has not survived; the title information was added later. The first leaf of the former cover in which the manuscript was once kept contains two entries: 1) the title “Littauilch[e] Sprichwörte[r] || u || Räthſel.” (in dark brown ink in the middle of the leaf); 2) the entry “Litth. Sprüchwörter” (in brown or red pencil at the top of the leaf; the entry is faded and difficult to read). The collection is not mentioned by contemporaries, so secondary information is also lacking. In the Lithuanian bibliography, the manuscript is registered as a source from the late seventeenth century, with no author specified: “Littauilche Sprichwörter und Rätſel. [Lithuanian proverbs, sayings, and riddles]. N. p., late seventeenth century. [1, 40] leaves. 20.5 × 17.4 cm” (LB I 516, No. 177). In the card catalogue of the Manuscripts Department of LMAVB, the source is identified as “Collection of Lithuanian sayings, riddles, and proverbs. Author unknown. In Lithuanian. Second half of the seventeenth century. 40 leaves. 20 × 17.4. Manuscript restored; entry on the first leaf: No. 177 Litauische Sprächwörter und Rätsel⁵.” Because title information was missing, after the Second World War the collection was traditionally called Anonymous Collection of Sayings, Proverbs, and Riddles. The question of authorship was raised by Jurgis Lebedys in 1956. He considered it beyond doubt that the collection had belonged to the precentor of Trempen (Darkehmen district), Jokūbas Brodovskis (Jacob Brodowski, 1692–1744)6 and was one of the principal sources for his dictionary, Lexicon Germanico-Lithvanicum et Lithvanico-Germanicum, but he nevertheless doubted that Brodovskis had compiled the collection. Although he did not rule out the possibility of considering Brodovskis the compiler of the collection— 4 There is only one provenance mark indicating a former owner of the source: the shelfmark Nō 177, written in dark brown ink in the upper-right corner of the title page. Since the PR bears neither an entry giving the archive’s name, Preussisches Staatsarchiv in Königsberg (usually abbreviated in manuscripts as Staatsarchiv Königsberg), which came into use in 1867 (Forstreuter 1955: 65), nor the corresponding seal, it may be assumed that the PR shelfmark was entered when the archive had not yet been renamed, that is, when it bore the name Königliches Geheimes Archiv zu Königsberg in Preussen. The manuscripts gathered by Rėza entered the archive so named after his death; among them were Jokūbas Brodovskis’s Lexicon Germanico-Lithvanicum et Lithvanico-Germanicum (hereafter B), the anonymous Clavis Germanico-Lithvana (hereafter C), Lexicon Lithuanicum, and others (Nesselmann 1851: VI). 5 The PR title page bears the words Sprichwörter, Räthſel. 6 Brodovskis worked as precentor in Trempen from 1713 to 1744. He had studied at the University of Königsberg—matriculated on 1709-04-24: “Brodowski Jac., Goldap, Pruss., iur., gratis” (Erler 1911: 264). It is thought that he did not complete his studies. This may be one reason why he did not become a pastor. Straipsniai / Articles 27 ONA ALEKNAVIČIENĖ toju, bet neradęs pakankamų įrodymų, klausimą paliko atvirą (Lebedys 1956: 25–26). Vėlesni B ir PR patarlių santykio tyrimai įtikinamo rezultato taip pat nedavė. An analysis of the handwriting throughout the collection (based mainly on the methodology of handwriting examination set out in Lothar Michel’s book Gerichtliche Schriftvergleichung. Eine Einführung in Grundlagen, Methoden und Praxis (Michel 1982: 78–85, 237–261)) established that the PR is an autograph of Jokūbas Brodovskis, apart from a dozen or so additions made by another person and the entries on a title page added later (Aleknavičienė 2011: 50–54). The principal entries were compared with Brodovskis’s dictionary, Lexicon Germanico-Lithvanicum et Lithvanico-Germanicum. Analysis of the paper used in the collection did not contradict this conclusion. Although earlier researchers dated the manuscript variously to the late seventeenth century (the last decades, the second half) or the late seventeenth to early eighteenth century (the first decades, the first quarter), analysis of the watermarks made it possible to narrow the date range: the PR is a source from the first half of the eighteenth century, not the seventeenth. The watermarks show that the PR was written on paper from three Prussian paper mills: Giunveris, Finkenas, and Ekeris. Paper bearing a watermark with the monogram “CF”7 is important for dating the manuscript. The watermark depicts a snake crowned with a crown and coiled around a cornflower. Paper bearing the crowned-snake watermark was made by the Giunveris (Grünwehr) paper mill. The letters “CF” at the bottom of the watermark are the monogram of the master Christoph Fund(t) (or Pfundt), who worked at Giunveris from 1719 to 1724. A similar watermark with the initials “CF” appears in a document from 1716, but it is not known where Fund(t) was working at the time. This means that the manuscript must have been written after 1716 (Aleknavičienė 2011: 45–50). The dates of paper production at the other mills do not conflict with this dating. The additions made by the second hand in black or brownish-black ink have distinctive individual handwriting features. Ostermejeris’s handwriting was compared with originals of the two manuscripts by him mentioned above and a reprint of a letter. Analysis of the shapes of individual letters and their combinations led to the conclusion that they were added by Gotfrydas Ostermejeris (Aleknavičienė 2011: 55–64). In 1744 he was appointed to the position of Brodovskis, the precentor of Trempen, who had died that same year. For both Brodovskis and Ostermejeris, Trempen was their first and only parish. Ostermejeris was the first to provide information about Brodovskis as a lexicographer and about his dictionary. In his work Kritischer Beitrag zur Altpreußischen Religionsgeschichte, published in 1775, Ostermejeris drew on the Lithuanian lexicographers—Pilypas Ruigys (Philipp Ruhig, 1675–1749) and Brodovskis—for the names of Baltic gods collected from living speech, which no Prussian historian, he claimed, had recorded (Ostermeyer 1775: 9–23). Ostermejeris relied on Ruigys and Brodovskis as authoritative sources that helped establish— 7 The watermark bearing the monogram “CF” measures 10.8 × 9 cm; the chain lines are not an axis; the distance between laid lines is 2.3 cm; the lines are distinct. It occurs on leaves PR 9 (bottom), PR 11–14 (entire leaf), and PR 16 (top). The watermarks were published in Aleknavičienė 2011: 46–48, figs. 1–3. 28 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXVII Gotfrydo Ostermejerio prierašai Jokūbo Brodovskio rankraščiuose: Litauische Sprichwörter und Rätsel ir Lexicon Germanico-Lithvanicum et Lithvanico-Germanicum to identify the sphere of activity of the ancient deities as well, since those living among the Lithuanians could hear many gods being mentioned. However, Ostermejeris provided most of the information about Brodovskis and the compilation of the dictionary in the book Gedanken von den alten Bewohnern des Landes Preussen (1780). The most important points concern the method used to write the dictionary (Brodovskis collected material from living speech and worked on it for about 30 years8), its structure (it had two parts: the first German–Lithuanian, the second Lithuanian–German; he had begun copying the latter into fair copy but did not manage to finish it), and the abundance of proverbs (the title states that there are over 2,000) (Ostermeyer 1780: XXXVI–XXXVII). Ostermejeris's description of the method of collecting material helps explain the multi-layered chronology of entries in both B and especially PR: Brodovskis might travel several miles for a single word or phrase; he always carried a writing tablet and would immediately write down anything new he heard, then add it to the dictionary when he returned. His correspondence with Penzel shows that Ostermejeris was not particularly enthusiastic about the Lithuanian songs of the time (Keturi Gotfrydo Ostermejerio rankraščiai, 2002: 73, 75, 144). In the book Gedanken von den alten Bewohnern des Landes Preussen, however, he concludes his discussion of Brodovskis with a positive assessment of the dictionary because of its extensive collection of proverbs. These, he says, should be selected, organized, and published separately with explanations added. The proverbs would reveal the wit of the ancient Lithuanians and earn great acclaim. Moreover, this would provide an opportunity to lament that the Teutonic Order had deprived such a people of its freedom (Ostermeyer 1780: XXXVI–XXXVII). Thus, publishing proverbs and sayings recorded from living speech seemed to Ostermejeris capable of serving as a kind of moral compensation. Ostermejeris does not mention PR as an independent source. Brodovskis himself probably regarded PR as part of the dictionary and intended to append it at the end, as was done in C, KzŽ, and various other bilingual dictionaries of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The cross-references from one source to the other also indicate the connection between PR and B. It is therefore likely that this manuscript was kept together with the dictionary. 2. GOTFRYDAS OSTERMEJERIS'S ANNOTATIONS IN JOKŪBAS BRODOVSKIS'S MANUSCRIPT LITHUANIAN PROVERBS AND RIDDLES In total, Ostermejeris added 16 German and 11 Lithuanian phrases to PR (53 Lithuanian words in all, or 61 word forms), and corrected at least 5 of Brodovskis's words. Of the eleven, ten are proverbs and sayings, and one is a riddle. 8Ostermejeris writes that Brodovskis began collecting material for the dictionary early: “Er fieng frühezeitig an ein Wörterbuch von dieser Sprache zusammen zu tragen, und brachte mit dieser Arbeit an die dreyßig Jahre zu.” (Ostermeyer 1780: XXXVI), that is, most likely as soon as he arrived in Trempens. Straipsniai / Articles 29 ONA ALEKNAVIČIENĖ Most of Ostermejeris’s annotations in PR are linked to Brodovskis’s entries by vertical relations and, together with them, form the macrostructure of the collection. These are independent collection entries (the term collection entry is used analogously to the lexicographic term dictionary entry). Somewhat fewer annotations are linked by horizontal relations and belong to the microstructure. These annotations are of three types: 1) supplementing Brodovskis’s entries—adding a missing or additional German equivalent; 2) correcting Brodovskis’s entries—providing a better Lithuanian or German variant; 3) correcting individual words by Brodovskis. 2.1. Added collection entries These are elements of the collection’s macrostructure: individual entries containing both components—Lithuanian and German (cf. Fig. 1). There are ten such entries (nine sayings and proverbs, and one riddle): PR ᵒ1r II₅–₁₁ ⁹ Diewe dūk wienam gimt, alle ne wienam dirbt. May God allow everyone to be born alone, but no one to work alone, i.e., without workers (children and servants) no household can function. PR ᵒ1v II₃–₆ Diews ne žur į Arodą It is said when children come frequently in a marriage, yet there is little bread. PR ᵒ2r II₃–₅ Diews neweikus, alle atmenūs God’s vengeance is often delayed, but it does not fail to come. PR ᵒ7v II₄–₆ Iau brauki ſu Lapais, tikt Szakučius palieki. You are telling a great lie. PR ᵒ10v I₂–₄ Kas yra gražėlnis po Smerczo, ne kai gyws! ℞ Crayfish, when it has been cooked ⟨O←geb⟩. PR ᵒ18r II₁–₆ Skola ne Mūma One must pay debts; better: debts oppress and do not caress like a mother. PR ᵒ20v II₁–₃ Swečias ne ilgay yra, alle da{ug} mało. A guest sees a great deal, even during the shortest stay. PR ᵒ24v I₉–₁₂ Tirpūlys per mano Kuną {i}ejo Death has passed over my grave. NB: said at an unexpected shudder. PR ᵒ24v II₁₀–₁₂ Tingini ragiſi, be tojo (ſzojo) pats dirbk A lazy servant is better than none at all. PR ᵒ32r I₂₀–₂₁ Žuvis trokšta be Wandens. It is hard to live on nothing. 9Ostermejeris’s annotations are marked in the reference by adding a raised letter O before the page number, e.g., PR ᵒ2r II₃–₅, while corrections are shown in angle brackets with the abbreviation O, e.g., “Kėpėje ⟨O→Kėpėjė⟩”. Curly braces enclose letters written indistinctly, e.g., {ła}ße, while words lost due to damage to the leaves and restored from other sources are written in double curly braces. Square brackets are used to reconstruct the endings of German words when they are written in abbreviated form, e.g., auße[n]. 30 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXVII Gotfrydas Ostermejeris’s annotations in Jokūbas Brodovskis’s manuscripts: Litauische Sprichwörter und Rätsel and Lexicon Germanico-Lithvanicum et Lithuanico-Germanicum FIG. 1. PR ⁰18r II₁–₆: an entry in the collection added by Ostermejeris: a Lithuanian proverb and two German equivalents, linked by the word beßer Eight of the ten Lithuanian items of folklore are absent from B: PR o1r II₅–₁₁, o1v II₃–₆, o7v II₄–₆, o10v I₂–₄, o18r II₁–₆, o20v II₁–₃, o24v I₉–₁₂, o24v II₁₀–₁₂. Most likely, they were also absent from the Lithuanian–German section of Brodovskis’s dictionary (hereafter *Blv), since they could not be found in the index cards of the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language held at the Lexicography Centre of the Institute of the Lithuanian Language. Straipsniai / Articles 31 ONA ALEKNAVIČIENĖ It is therefore worth noting that these folklore items were recorded not by Brodovskis but by Ostermejeris. Seven of them—six proverbs and one riddle—are Lithuanian and were recorded for the first time: PR ¹₁ᵥ II₃–₆, ⁰₇ᵥ II₄–₆, ¹₀ᵥ I₂–₄, ⁰₁₈ᵣ II₁–₆, ⁰₂₀ᵥ II₁–₃, ⁰₂₄ᵥ I₉–₁₂, ⁰₂₄ᵥ II₁₀–₁₂. They have not been found in earlier works in Lithuanian written language. They may therefore have been recorded by Ostermejeris from spoken language, especially since they are not translations from German. The German equivalents look more like explanations than proverbs or sayings.10 Another proverb, added in PR ⁰₁ᵣ II₅–₁₁, vies for priority with a proverb from Pilypas Ruigys’s Betrachtung der Litauischen Sprache (1745, hereafter RgB); compare: “Diewe dŭk, wienam gimt’, ne wienam bŭt’: Ohne Gefind iſt ein ſchlechtes Leben.” RgB 87₅–₆. Two of the ten items mentioned above are also found in B, but in one of them only the Lithuanian proverb matches, while the German equivalent differs; in the other, both the Lithuanian and German proverbs should be regarded as different variants of the same item. The latter had already been recorded in earlier manuscript sources: C and its copy—a dictionary by Johann Heinrich Kunzmann (1709–1775), or, more precisely, a copy of it (hereafter KžŽ); compare: PR ⁰₂ᵣ II₃–₅ God does not avenge immediately; God’s vengeance often delays, but does not remain absent. B 594₄₅–₄₆ Prov God is long-suffering but also just. Diew’s ne weikus alle atmennus. PR ⁰₃₂ᵣ I₂₀–₂₁ Žuwis trokſzta be Wandens. It is hard to live with nothing. B 853₃₀–₃₁ Prov It is hard to live with nothing; I cannot be alone without you. aß wis trókſßtu be Wandens. B 946₂₉–₃₀ Aß wis be Wandens trókſßtu I cannot be alone without you; it is hard to live with nothing. KžŽ 263₁₈–₁₉ Žuwis trókſzta be Wandennio It is hard to live with [nothing]. C II 1120 I₂₆–II₂ Žuwis trokſßta be Wandeniô: It is hard to live with nothing. 2.2. Revised entries in the collection These are elements of the collection’s microstructure (cf. Fig. 2). In three places, Ostermejeris added a missing German equivalent, and in one more, an additional one (both are cited below—first Brodovskis’s Lithuanian, then Ostermejeris’s German): 10 The Lithuanian–German section has not survived. The LKŽ card index contains cards excerpted from it before the Second World War (Balčikonis 1941: IV). 32 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXVII Gotfrydo Ostermejerio prierašai Jokūbo Brodovskio rankraščiuose: Litauische Sprichwörter und Rätsel ir Lexicon Germanico-Lithvanicum et Lithvanico-Germanicum PR 5r I₂₃ √Gikis, numirres ne gilis. PR ⁰5r I₂₄–₂₅ Defend yourself, protect yourself for as long as you live; after death it is too late PR 5r II₃–₄ √Gerri Miltai mokinn’ Képėje ‹O→Képėje›, gerri Linai W{ė}rpėje ‹O→W{ė}rpėje. PR ⁰5r II₅–₆ Good flour makes good bread; good flax, a good sheaf PR 19v I₄ √Sukis¹¹ [‹O→Sukkas’›] kaip appatinne puſſe Girnu. PR ⁰19v I₅ A very lazy person. PR 4v I₈–₉ √A good person is good, a bad person is bad. √As one does, so it happens to one too. PR ⁰4v II₁ As one goes about it, so it turns out. A distinctive marginal note—a Lithuanian proverb and a German comment stating that this is indeed the proverb, and not the one Brodovskis wrote opposite it, that is, in the second column (PR 17v II₁–₄). However, the proverb given in Brodovskis’s PR essentially matches the proverb in B, where it is recorded three times. Moreover, the same proverb also appears in *Blv¹². Thus, in Brodovskis’s milieu it was a stable unit, and he was hardly mistaken here. Ostermejeris’s version, meanwhile, is close to one of the C variants; cf.: PR ⁰17v I₄–₆ A dry tree breaks, a green one bends. That is what the proverb says, and not what is written opposite. PR 17v II₁–₄ Sauſas [Sens] Medis braßka, 3áles [jauns] l{ų{bta}} alte Leute müß[en] ſterb[en] junge köne[n] ſt{{erben.}} Es köm[en] leichter Kalbs als Ochſe[n] Häut zu M{{arckt.}} Der Todt ſiehet weder alt noch jung. B 73ₚᵣₛₜ. Old people must die; young people can die too. Death sees neither old nor young. Old [people], or: A dry tree breaks; young [people], or: green ones bend. B 648ₚᵣₛₜ. Prov Calves’ hides come to market more readily than oxen’s. or old people must die; young ones can die too. A dry (old) tree breaks; green (young) ones bend. or Death sees neither old nor young. B 723ₚᵣₛₜ. Prov Sén’s l Sauſas Médıs braßka, Jauns l. 3áles lußta. Old people must die, young people can die. Calf hides come to market more easily than ox hides. Death spares neither old nor young. *Blv 200≥LKŽk Sauſas Medis braßka, 3ales lußta Old people must die, young people can die C II 1117 II₁₇–₂₄ Sauſas (·Sens·) Medis lußta (·bráßka·) 3álas (·jaun’s·) linkſta (·lußta·) Alte Leute müßen ſterben, junge können ſterben. /. Es kömt ſo leicht e. Kalb, alß Ochſen=Häut zu Marckte. /. Der Todt ſchonet weder jung noch alt. 11 Underlined in black ink by Ostermejeris. 12 *Blv fragments are given with the reference ≥LKŽk. Straipsniai / Articles 33 ONA ALEKNAVIČIENĖ FIG. 2. PR 5r: Ostermejeris added the missing German equivalent to each of two Lithuanian proverbs: PR 05r I24–25 and PR 05r II5–6 In one place, Ostermejeris provides an additional German variant as better (“beßer”) than Brodovskis’s, cf.: PR 18v I18–20 ‘Stroks ne Brolis. ‘Strict masters chastise with scorpions. PR 018v I20 better: no one likes hardship. 34 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXVII Gotfrydo Ostermejerio prierašai Jokūbo Brodovskio rankraščiuose: Litauische Sprichwörter und Rätsel ir Lexicon Germanico-Lithvanicum et Lithuanico-Germanicum It should be added that Ostermejeris also entered two German variants, linked by the word beßer, in an article he added to the collection himself: “Skola ne Mūma Schulde[n] muß man bezahle[n], beßer: Schulden drück[en] u. liebkofe[n] nicht, wie eine Mutter.” PR 18r II₁–₆ (see also Fig. 1). Although proverbs and sayings are characterized by a stable semantic content, in the process of communication they are realized in various ways and acquire situational meaning (Zaikauskienė 2010: 98). In this case, the Lithuanian proverb merely generalizes the situation—it conveys a certain life experience (debt is no mother)—and thus performs a generalizing, i.e. representative-referential, function. The semantic function of the first German equivalent, by contrast, is directive, i.e. appellative-impressive: it seeks to influence the addressee and has didactic intent (debts must be paid). The semantic function of the second equivalent is evaluative, i.e. expressive-emotive: it conveys an attitude of value, an expression of certain shared evaluations (debts weigh you down; they do not caress you like a mother) (cf. Zaikauskienė 2010: 100–102). Thus the German equivalents point to at least two different situations in which the Lithuanian proverb may have been used: when someone needs to be taught a lesson and when someone needs support in facing difficulties. In fact, the latter is more likely. Ostermejeris made few corrections to individual words. In the saying “Sukis kaip appatinne pulle Girnu,” the word Sukkas is underlined, with Sukkas’ written above it in black ink. PR 19v L₄. Twice Ostermejeris corrected the acc. sg. ending by adding a cross-stroke to the vowel <e>: Kėpėje→Kėpėje, W{ę}rpėje→W{ę}rpėje (see Fig. 2). In some places, dots have been added in black ink over <e>, but their attribution to Ostermejeris cannot be established with certainty; cf. begančiem→begančiem PR 27v I₁, Teẇs→Tėẇs PR 27v II₁. The letter <j> is emphasized in black ink: jelſkančiem PR 27v I₁; a comma has been written after the word Moczeka: “Wiena Diena Motina, kitta Diena Moczeka, dicit[ur] vo[m] ˈwand elbahr[en] Wetter” PR 29v I₄–₅. Here, too, a dot in black ink has been placed over the first <i> in the word. Dots over <i> are also visible elsewhere, but since they are not phonologically significant, they are not discussed. 3. GOTFRYDAS OSTERMEJERIS’S ANNOTATIONS IN JOKŪBAS BRODOVSKIS’S MANUSCRIPT LEXICON GERMANICO-LITHVANICVM ET LITHVANICO-GERMANICVM There are only three annotations by Ostermejeris in Brodovskis’s dictionary. In the dictionary entry Infſerburg, the words “/ Ifra die Infſer” were added in black ink after the Lithuanian equivalent Ÿſtrutis B °756₂₆ (see Fig. 3), while in the entry Pregel, “beßer Pregora” follows Preglus B °985₂₃. The annotation in gray ink, “/ alii Iurbarkas,” is also attributable to Ostermejeris. B °786₃₀, Straipsniai / Articles 35 ONA ALEKNAVIČIENĖ FIG. 3. B 075626: Ostermejeris’s annotation in black ink, “// Ifra die Infter” 36 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXVII Gotfrydo Ostermejerio prierašai Jokūbo Brodovskio rankraščiuose: Litauische Sprichwörter und Rätsel ir Lexicon Germanico-Lithvanicum et Lithvanico-Germanicum which appears in the list of Prussian churches compiled by Brodovskis alongside the place name Georgenburg Iurborgs. These river names and this place name were of interest to him. In his book Gedanken von den alten Bewohnern des Landes Preussen (1780), while debating with Anton Friedrich Büsching, the reviewer of his work Kritischer Beitrag zur Altpreußischen Religionsgeschichte (1775), over the reliability of information recorded in historical documents, Ostermejeris stressed the importance of relying on language and knowledge of natural conditions, and presented an etymology for the river name Priegora (German names for the Įsra and Jurbarkas are also mentioned; for the etymology of Priegora, see Pėteraitis 1992: 141–143): From a document appearing in the Actis Borussicis Tom. II. p. 611. seqq., one learns that the Pregel is actually called Pregora, or was formerly so called. If I now wish to know the meaning of this name, language alone provides the answer. Prie means bey, an, and Gora means a Berg: Priegora ist also so viel, als der Fluß am Berge. If I wish to know further what prompted this name, language does not reveal that either; one must go to the place where the Pregel has its source. The Angerapp and the Inster meet below a high, long hill, on which Georgenburg and Rettinen are situated; hence the river formed there is called der Fluß am Berge (Ostermeyer 1780: XVI–XVII). In his grammar Neue Litauische Grammatik (hereafter OG), Ostermejeris presents the river names Priego-ra and Įsra as examples of nouns whose gender can supposedly be determined by their meaning: “Femina, die Namen [...] der Flüsse, als: Priegora der Pregel, Iſra die Inster” OG 1920–28. Ostermejeris’s annotations B are linked to Brodovskis’s text only by horizontal relations and belong solely to the microstructure. 4. GOTFRYDAS OSTERMEJERIS’ NOTES ON LITAUISCHE SPRICHWÖRTER UND RÄTSEL IR LEXICON GERMANICO-LITHVANICVM ET LITHVANICO-GERMANICVM DATING The question arises as to when Ostermejeris added notes to both PR and B. It has already been mentioned that, in his work Kritischer Beitrag zur Altpreußischen Religionsgeschichte, published in 1775, Ostermejeris drew on Brodovskis’s dictionary when writing about the ancient Baltic gods. Citing the dictionary as “Brodowski libro supra nominato” or simply “Brodowski,” Ostermejeris listed 20 names. For six of them, Brodovskis’s dictionary is cited as the sole source. In Brodovskis’s dictionary, most of the names of gods are found under the headword— Straipsniai / Articles 37 ONA ALEKNAVIČIENĖ most are listed under the headword Götz, where the list of ancient gods “Götzen der alten Preußen” is compiled, B 597–598; cf.: OB 141–2 Iawinnê (r)13, the goddess of grain, the Corn Mother, from Iawai grain. B 59826 goddess of grain Iawinne. OB 1414–15 Bibcziû Bóbelis (v), the garden god Priapus B 5984 Priapus. Bibcziû Bobelis garden god. OB 186–9 Iaucziû Bobis, also Baubis (g), the god of herdsmen, from Jautis, an ox, and Baubju, I bellow. The Pan of the ancients. B 5985 Pan. Iaucziû Baubis herdsman god. OB 191–3 Muffû Birbikš (i), the god of flies, Baal-zebub, 2 Kings 1:2, from Muffē, a fly, and birbju, I buzz like a bee. B 59815 Beelzebub, Musfu Birbiks OB 2010–11 Iagaubis (n), the god of fire; the Vulcanus. B 59742 Vulcanus Iagaubis, Ugnis βwēnta. fire god. OB 2012–13 Drebkullys (o), the god of earthquakes, from drebėti, to tremble, and kulti, to strike. B 59816 earthquake god. Drebkullys. In a letter to Penzelis dated 1781-01-06, Ostermejeris writes that Brodovskis’s dictionary is now in the possession of precentor Gronwaldas. Ostermejeris had earlier asked him whether he might sell (!) the work or at least allow it to be copied. Gronwaldas, however, rejected both requests. Their earlier correspondence about the possibility of printing the dictionary is also indicated by Gronwaldas’s offer that Ostermejeris undertake its revision. Ostermejeris had written to him that the dictionary needed to be checked before printing. He declined to do this himself, saying that he was too old for such detailed work (Keturi Gotfrydo Ostermejerio rankraščiai, 2002: 74–77, 147–148). The Wilhelmsberg precentor Gronwald certainly had the dictionary by 1780. Ostermejeris mentions this fact in his book Gedanken von den alten Bewohnern des Landes Preussen (1780). In response to an unnamed reviewer’s criticism that in Kritischer Beitrag zur Altpreußischen Religionsgeschichte (1775) he had relied on Brodovskis’s unpublished dictionary, Ostermejeris asserted that he considered its information about the ancient Prussian gods reliable and had copied accurately everything that Bro- 13 The letters in parentheses, OB, denote notes in which sources are cited; in notes r, v, i, only Brodovskis’s dictionary is cited as the source. 38 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXVII Gotfrydo Ostermejerio prierašai Jokūbo Brodovskio rankraščiuose: Litauische Sprichwörter und Rätsel ir Lexicon Germanico-Lithvanicum et Lithvanico-Germanicum dovskis had written down in his own hand. If anyone doubts this, let them look at his dictionary, which is currently held by the Wilhelmsberg precentor Gronwald (Ostermeyer 1780: XXXV). Neither in his letter nor in his book does Ostermejeris give Gronwald’s first name. In archival documents he is mentioned as Gottfried Grunwald14. In 1772 he was appointed precentor at Wilhelmsberg and served there until about June 1781, since he was ordained on 1781-06-15 and inducted as pastor of the Karvaičiai church (Klaipėda District) on 1781-06-18. Less than a year later, Grunwald was transferred from Karvaičiai to Kraupiškis (Ragainė District), where he served until 1811 (Moeller 1968: 62, 77). No information has been found about his literary interests. His letters from Kraupiškis concern mainly economic affairs, and his handwriting gives no grounds for hypothesizing that PR contains marginal notes in his hand. It remains unclear how B came to Wilhelmsberg, a place little known to Lithuanian studies (until 1725—Klikučiai, Darkiemis District)15, and why the precentor of this small church village thought he had the right to decide under what conditions Brodovskis’s manuscript could or could not be made available. Why was he the one looking for someone capable of preparing it for publication? It is not yet known where the manuscript was before it entered Rėza’s personal library. The approximate date of Ostermejeris’s marginal notes can now be established only by comparing them with his own works and looking for signs in them that he drew on PR and B. In 1775, when writing about the ancient Prussian gods in Kritischer Beitrag zur Altpreußischen Religionsgeschichte, Ostermejeris drew on Brodovskis’s dictionary; he stated that the dictionary was in Gronwald’s possession in 1780, in the book Gedanken von den alten Bewohnern des Landes Preussen (Ostermeyer 1780: XXXV). Thus, the terminus ad quem for his use of it is 1775. For greater precision, this date can be narrowed to 8 August 1775. In the introduction to Kritischer Beitrag zur Altpreußischen Religionsgeschichte, Ostermejeris gave the place and date of writing—the year and the feast day of St. Dominic: “Trempen in der Predigerwohnung am Tage Dominici 1775” (Ostermeyer 1775: IVv). OG contains quite a few (about 25) proverbs and sayings, mostly in the third part, devoted to syntax, “Dritter Haupttheil. SYNTAXIS.” Eight of them are similar to those in PR and B, but are nevertheless not identical. Their German equivalents differ particularly; compare: 14 A letter to the king dated 1772-01-23, written by Daniel Heinrich Arnoldt, dean of the Faculty of Theology at the University of Königsberg, together with Theodor Christian Lilienthal and Gotthilf Christian Reccard, states that they would appoint the student Gottfried Grunwald to Wilhelmsberg if a precentor’s position became vacant (Wilhelmsberg Praecentorat 1758–1803; GStA PK: XX. HA Hist. StA Königsberg, EM 55 d, Nr 975, Bl. 4r–4v). He matriculated on 1764-05-07 as “Grünwald Godfr.: Saalfeld Boruss.” (Erler 1911: 492). 15 After the plague of 1709–1711, many colonists—French and Swiss—from Nassau, the Palatinate, and the Duchy of Franconia settled in the area. To serve them, construction of a church began in 1724 in Klikučiai, a village in the Gavaičiai parish that had been depopulated by the plague; it was completed in 1725. The newly established parish belonged to the Įsrutis inspection district. The church was shared by two denominations, with services held by Evangelical Lutherans and Reformed Christians, and two pastors serving there (Moeller 1968: 150; Rogge 1873: 83–87). Straipsniai / Articles 39 ONA ALEKNAVIČIENĖ OG 141₂₈–₂₉ the drunkard goes with five, but when sober, scarcely with one. PR 6r I₉–₁₁ √The drunkard goes with five; with six, but when sober, not even with one. √Rich when drunk, poor when sober. sober poor. B 120ₚᵣšt. Pr Rich when drunk, poor when sober. When drunk and merry, one does not go on foot. The drunkard goes with five, with six, but when sober, not even with one. B 953₅–₇ Prov Rich when drunk, poor when sober. When drunk and merry, one does not go on foot. or The drunkard goes with five, with six, but when sober, not even with one. B 1009₂₃–₂₅ Prov Rich when drunk, poor when sober. When drunk and merry, one does not go on foot. or The drunkard goes with five, with six, but when sober, not even with one. OG 150₁₇–₁₀ The ox will not tread on the clover; that is, it will die before spring. PR 23r I₁₂–₁₃ √That one will hear no more of the cuckoo. √He will hear the cuckoo no more. B 611ₚᵣšt. Pr He will hear the cuckoo no more. That one will hear no more of the cuckoo. B 799₁₉ ir pršt. Prov That one will hear no more of the cuckoo. He will hear the cuckoo no more. OG 141₂₈–₂₉ Whoever steals will not grow rich; no thief becomes rich. PR 31r I₁–₂ A thief will not prosper. √Stolen goods √do not prosper. B 451ₚᵣšt. Stolen goods do not prosper. A thief will not prosper. B 572ₚᵣšt. Stolen goods do not prosp‹corr. prosper›. A thief will not prosper. B 612ₚᵣšt. Stolen goods do not prosper. A thief will not prosper «←pralóplłi». OG 151₂₁–₂₂ God, grant that one be born alone, but not live alone. God let me be born alone, but not be alone; live. PR O1r II₅–₁₁ God, grant that one be born alone, but not die alone. God let everyone be born alone; but let no one work alone, that is, without workers (children and farmhands), no farm can thrive. RgB 87₅–₆ Diewe dük, wienam gimt’, ne wienam büt’: Without a household, life is poor. Attention should be drawn to the last example. This proverb is not in B; it was added to PR by Ostermejeris, but his OG has a different variant, and only one German equivalent. It is close to RgB 87₅–₆: “Diewe dük, wienam gimt’, ne wienam büt’: Ohne Gelind ift ein fchlechtes Leben.” Thus the differences between the PR and OG variants are quite marked, giving grounds to assert that, when writing his grammar, Ostermejeris relied on neither PR nor B. In general, both Ostermejeris’s additions to PR and the examples in OG are much more restrained and neutral, and less ambiguous than those collected by Brodovskis from spoken language; moreover, they are usually presented after quotations from the Bible or other religious writings. A cautious conclusion may be drawn that Ostermejeris added to PR only after arriving in the parish, that is, before B—and, presumably, PR along with it—came into the possession of precentor Grunwald in Wilhelmsberg. Os- 40 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXVII Gotfrydo Ostermejerio prierašai Jokūbo Brodovskio rankraščiuose: Litauische Sprichwörter und Rätsel ir Lexicon Germanico-Lithvanicum et Lithvanico-Germanicum termejeris most likely never got B back. It probably fell into the hands of his great opponent, the cantor of Pilkalnis, Kristijonas Gotlybas Milkus (Christian Gottlieb Mielcke, 1733–1807). In the preface to his dictionary Litauisch–deutsches und Deutsch–litauisches Wörterbuch (1800), Milkus (1800: 3r–4r) states that he had drawn on B; the dictionary includes about 300 of its sayings and proverbs. The nearly thousand-page dictionary was undoubtedly in preparation for several years. To raise funds for printing, a subscription was announced in the journal Preussisches Archiv in 1797 (Lebedys 1956: 516). The sources, then, must have remained close at hand for a long time. To sum up Ostermejeris’s contribution to the formation of both the macrostructure and the microstructure of PR, his additions were relatively few, so he cannot be regarded as a co-author. The principal compiler of the collection was Jokūbas Brodovskis, while Ostermejeris was merely an additional contributor. However, the fact that Ostermejeris left traces in both B and PR attests (albeit indirectly) that both manuscripts were created in Trempai and written by Brodovskis. Although B’s authorship was never seriously questioned, it has yet to be established whether it is indeed Brodovskis’s autograph or a copy made by someone else. The reason is simple: no document bearing Brodovskis’s signature has yet been found. 5. THE LANGUAGE OF GOTFRYDAS OSTERMEJERIS’S ADDITIONS Geldapė, where Brodovskis was born, as well as Trempai, where he served as precentor for over 30 years, lay within the area of the southwestern Highland subdialect of Lithuania Minor, whose speakers were known as baltsermėgiai. Ostermejeris, born into a German family in Marienburg (West Prussia), studied Lithuanian at the University of Königsberg but learned the language, as his son Zygfrydas wrote, in Verdainė from Pastor Kalava (thus in the area of the western Samogitian subdialect). He too spent his entire subsequent life (from 1744 to 1800) in Trempai, among the southwestern Highlanders. Ostermejeris added relatively few Lithuanian proverbs and riddles, which allows only fragmentary conclusions. The material available for analyzing his orthography, phonetics, and morphology consists of 53 Lithuanian words (61 word forms) from PR and 3 words from B: ale (3) ‘but’ conj.: alle PR ¹r II₆ PR ²r II₃ PR ²⁰v II₁ aruodas (1) noun: acc. sg. Arodą PR ¹v II₃ aš (1) pers. pron.: gen. sg. mano PR ²⁴v I₉ atmenus, -i (1) adj.: nom. sg. m. atmenùs PR ²r II₃ be (2) prep. (with gen.): be PR ²⁴v II₁₀ PR ³²r I₂₀ braukti (1) v.: pres. 2 sg. brauki PR ⁷v II₄ būti (2) v.: pres. 3 yra PR ¹⁰v I₂ PR ²⁰v II₁ daug (1) adv.: da{ug} PR ²⁰v II₁ Dievas (3) noun: nom. sg. Diews PR ¹v II₃ PR ²r II₃ * voc. sg. Diewe PR ¹r II₅ dirbti (2) v.: inf. dirbt PR ¹r II₆ * imper. 2 sg. dirbk PR ²⁴v II₁₁ Straipsniai / Articles 41 ONA ALEKNAVIČIENĖ to give (1) v.: imper. 2 sg. dùk PR º1r II₅ to be born (1) v.: inf. gimt PR º1r II₅ alive (1) adj.: nom. sg. m. gyws PR º10v I₃ beautiful (1) adj.: comp. nom. sg. m. gražėlnis PR º10v I₂ into (1) praep. (with acc.): į PR º1v II₃ to enter (1) v.: praet. 3 {į}ėjo PR º24v I₉ for a long time (1) adv.: ne ilgay PR º20v II₁ Įsra (1) sf. nloc.: nom. sg. Įfra B º756₂₆ already (1) adv.: Iau PR º7v II₄ Jurbarkas (1) proper noun, place name: nom. sg. Iurbar-kas B º786₃₀ who (1) pron. inter. Kas PR º10v I₂ body (1) noun: acc. sg. Kuną PR º24v I₉ leaf (1) noun: instr. pl. Lapais PR º7v II₄ to bend (1) v.: praes. 3 linktą PR º17v I₄–₅ to break (1) v.: praes. 3 lužta PR º17v I₄ to see (1) v.: praes. 3 mato PR º20v II₂ tree (1) noun: nom. sg. Medis PR º17v I₄ mother (1) ‘mama, motina’ noun: nom. sg. Mūma PR º18r II₁ not (1) part.: ne PR º18r II₁ than (1) ‘not in any other way, than’ conj.: ne kai PR º10v I₃ to leave (1) v.: praes. 2 sg. palieki PR º7v II₅ oneself (1) emphatic pron.: nom. sg. m. pats PR º24v II₁₁ through (1) praep. (with acc.): per PR º24v I₉ after (1) praep. (with gen.): po PR º10v I₂ Priegora (1) ‘Prieglū̄s’ place name: nom. sg. Pregora B º985₂₃ to write (1) v.: fut. 2 sg. ragili PR º24v II₁₀ dry (1) adj.: nom. sg. m. Saùfas PR º17v I₄ debt (1) noun: nom. sg. Skola PR º18r II₁ death (1) noun: gen. sg. Smerczo PR º10v I₂–₃ with (1) praep. (with instr.): łu PR º7v II₄ to shake (1) refl. v.: praes. 3 Sukkas’ PR º19v I₄ guest (1) noun: nom. sg. Swećias PR º20v II₁ little branch (1) ‘twig’ diminutive noun: acc. pl. Szakúčius PR º7v II₅ this (1) demonstrative pron.: gen. sg. m. emph. Įzojo PR º24v II₁₀ that (1) demonstrative pron.: gen. sg. m. emph. tojo PR º24v II₁₀ only (1) ‘only, merely’ part.: tikt PR º7v II₄ lazy person (1) noun: acc. sg. Tingini PR º24v II₁₀ shiver (1) ‘shudder’ noun: nom. sg. Tirpuly s PR º24v I₉ to become scarce (1) v.: praes. 3 trok{ž}ta PR º32r I₂₀ water (1) noun: gen. sg. Wandens PR º32r I₂₀ effective (1) adj.: nom. sg. m. neweikus PR º2r II₃ crayfish (1) noun: nom. sg. Wėžys PR º10v I₃ one (3) emphatic, indefinite pron.: dat. sg. m. wienam PR º1r II₅ ne wienam PR º1r II₆ green (1) adj.: nom. sg. m. žalas PR º17v I₄ to look (1) v.: praes. 3 ne žur PR º1v II₃ fish (1) noun: nom. sg. Žuwis PR º32r I₂₀ Ostermejeris’s spelling differs somewhat from Brodovskis’s. He used graphemes and digraphs not characteristic of Brodovskis: <ź> and <Ź> for the sound [ž]; <Iz>, <Sz> and <Íź> for the sound [š]; <ć> and <cz> for the sound [č], cf.: <ź>, <Ź> [ž] gražėlnis PR º10v I₂; Wėžys PR º10v I₃; žalas PR º17v I₄; ne žur PR º1v II₃; Žuwis PR º32r I₂₀ <Iz>, <Sz>, <Íź> [š] [zojo PR º24v II₁₀; trok{ž}ta PR º32r I₂₀; Szakúčius PR º7v II₅; lužta PR º17v I₄ <ć>, <cz> [č] Swećias PR º20v II₁; Szakúčius PR º7v II₅; Smerczo PR º10v I₂–₃ 42 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXVII Gotfrydas Ostermejeris’s annotations in Jokūbas Brodovskis’s manuscripts: Litauische Sprichwörter und Rätsel and Lexicon Germanico-Lithvanicum et Lithvanico-Germanicum In such cases, both PR and B use the customary <ǯ>, <ǯ> and <з>, <З> for the sound [ž]; <β> and <Sз> for the sound [š]; <з> and <Cз>, less often <ćз>, and sometimes also <c> when not word-initial, <ć> for the sound [č], cf.: <ǯ>, <ǯ>, <з>, [ž] to offend PR 28v I₁₃; Awíža B 619₁₃; Žiema PR 28v I₁₂; uzdegs PR 8r I₈; Awížos B 619ₚᵣšₜ.; Žagre PR 39r I₄; Žmogaus B 48₁₃ <β>, <Sз> [š] dense PR 24v II₃; Werßis PR 13r I₅; βakalis B 832ₚᵣšₜ.; βýplóti B 832₄₃; Sзū PR 8v II₃; Sзallin B 42₂ <з>, <Cз>, <ćз>, <c>, <ć> [č] Bacзka PR 16r I₇; Cзerkóčius, Cзerka B 619₄₄; Bacзka PR 38v I₂; Recзius B 633₁₅; Swécio PR 20v I₁; Swecias B 781₁₆; Swécías PR 34v II₁; Kwiet—Milčiú B 558₄₆ Unlike Brodovskis, Ostermejeris did not use <ÿ> to mark long [i]—he wrote either <y> (e.g., gyws PR ⁰10v I₃; yra PR ⁰10v I₂; Tirpulyṣ PR ⁰24v I₉), or <i> (e.g., ragili PR ⁰24v II₁₀). Brodovskis marked long [i] in PR in three ways: most often with <ÿ>, less often with <y> and <i> (cf. Arklÿs PR 7v I₁₂; dÿgſta PR 23r I₁₄; Arklys PR 40r I₅; Birbyne PR 15r I₃; Gadine PR 4r I₃; Giweÿi PR 6v I₄). Ostermejeris marked historical nasal sounds: in acc. sg. forms, he wrote graphemes with a transverse stroke: Aroda PR ⁰1v II₃; Kuna PR ⁰24v I₉; Tingini PR ⁰24v II₁₀, as well as the preposition į PR ⁰1v II₃, the prefix i- in the place name Ifra B 0756₂₆, and perhaps also in the verb praet. 3 {i}ėjo PR ⁰24v I₉ (this is not clearly visible). Although there are only five indisputable examples, nasal sounds are reflected everywhere they must previously have been pronounced. That Ostermejeris sought to mark former nasality consistently is also shown by his correction, on two occasions, of Brodovskis’s acc. sg. ending—the addition of a transverse stroke: Képėje→Képėje PR 5r II₃; W{ę}rpėje→W{ę}rpėje PR 5r II₄. By contrast, in Brodovskis’s words, there are one and a half times fewer noun acc. sg. forms with nasal vowels in PR than without them. Thus Brodovskis marked former nasality rather inconsistently; cf. acc. sg. forms: Galwa PR 31v I₇, but Galwa PR 15r I₂, PR 25r II₃, Gálwa PR 23r II₁; Girpe PR 37v I₂, but Girpe PR 39v II₁, PR 39v II₈; Ilti PR 1r I₆, but Ilti PR 8v I₁₄; Dangu PR 22r I₈, but Dangu PR 24r I₁₁, dangu PR 40v II₂. Ostermejeris did not accentuate words (with one exception: adj. nom. sg. m. atmenùs PR ⁰2r II₃), nor did he use diacritical marks to distinguish genitive, instrumental, and locative forms. Brodovskis, by contrast, used three accent marks: the acute, grave, and circumflex. He also used the circumflex to mark gen. sg. forms of feminine nouns (30×) and gen. sg. forms of feminine and masculine nouns (21×). Brodovskis used the grave accent and a dot above the letter to mark the instr. sg. ending of both feminine and masculine nouns (4× and 2×, respectively), and a dot to mark, occasionally, iness. sg. forms as well (2×). In the words of both Brodovskis and Ostermejeris, [o] and [uo] are confused because of the merged pronunciation characteristic of Western Aukštaitian speakers of Lithuania Minor, especially those in the north; in writing, they are represented respectively by <o> or <ū>, and rarely by <u>. In Brodovskis’s words- Straipsniai / Articles 43 ONA ALEKNAVIČIENĖ This mixture is not frequent; cf. nom. sg. Pon’s PR 1v I₁₅, Lobis PR 21r I₅, but Kamolÿs PR 10r I₃, 13r II₃, 38r I₃, and Kamuļÿs PR 33v I₉; praes. 1 sg. odžiu PR 38r I₂ and Ūdžiu PR 26r II₁; acc. sg. Pūda PR 5v I₉, instr. sg. Pūdu PR 24v I₃, but iness. sg. Pode PR 14r I₁. In his work Kritischer Beitrag zur Altpreußischen Religionsgeschichte (1775), Ostermejer explained that <û> should be read as German [o] (OB [4r]); in his grammar, he described the diphthong represented by the letter <û> as a semidiphthong, whose [u] is barely audible, whereas [o] is pronounced long: „û, das die Alten uo schrieben, ist nur ein halber Diphthongus, das u wird nur etwas angeltoßen, das o aber lang ausgesprochen“ (OG 4). In the annotations, Ostermejer writes imper. 2 sg. dūk PR ᵒ1r II₅, but acc. sg. Aroda PR ᵒ1v II₃; he also writes nom. sg. Skola PR ᵒ18r II₁, praes. 3 trokſzta PR ᵒ32r I₂₀, but nom. sg. Mūma PR ᵒ18r II₁. However, neither OB nor the 1797 manuscript document—the comments to Rėza’s translation—shows evidence of such mixing: [uo] is represented by the letter <û>, [o·] by the letter <o>. A few examples of confusion have been noted in Ostermejer’s grammar; cf. Sſloju, βlofu, βloti, dainoju, dainofu OG 74, but they are few. It is possible that the convergence of [o·] and [uo] resulted from the monophthongization of [uo]. Ostermejer’s annotations show no confusion between [e·] and [ie], unlike Brodovskis’s entries, where these are represented by <e>, <ė>, <ie>, for example: nom. sg. Kiele ‘kielė’ PR 8r I₈, but gen. sg. Kėlės PR 5r I₁₂; acc. sg. Sena ‘sieną’ PR 3v II₈, but iness. sg. Sėnoje PR 10r I₆; nom. sg. Miera PR 4v I₁₄, but imper. 2 sg. ne merūk PR 1v I₆; nom. sg. Melapautis PR 13v II₁, instr. pl. Mēlemis PR 3v II₅, and so on. In the grammar, Ostermejer classifies the diphthong [ie] as an improper diphthong (Diphthongi impropria OG 5), of which in fact only the second vowel is audible. Examples of mixing occur in the grammar; cf. Penas ‘pienas’, neſti ‘niežti’ OG 13, Pietuwys ‘pietuvys’ OG 17, leju ‘lieju’ OG 73, Gieda ‘geda’ OG 123. In Ostermejer’s words, unstressed final [o·] < [*ā] is not reduced either in nominal gen. sg. forms (cf. gen. sg. Smerczo PR ᵒ10v I₂₋₃; gen. sg. m. emph. [ʒojo] PR ᵒ24v II₁₀; tojo PR ᵒ24v II₁₀), nor in the praes. and praet. 3 forms of verbs (cf. praes. 3 mato PR ᵒ20v II₂; praet. 3 {i}ėjo PR ᵒ24v I₉). Brodovskis likewise largely preserves long vowels in unstressed nominal endings: long [o·] < [*ā] in gen. sg. f. and m. occurs 128 times, [a] < [*ā] 8 times. However, reduction is much more frequent in unstressed verbal endings, especially in praes. 3 forms: long [o·] < [*ā] occurs 12 times, [a] < [*ā] 32 times. Long [o·] is somewhat more frequent than [a] in praet. 3 forms: 19 and 12 times, respectively. Ostermejer shortens some endings: 1) he omits –a– in nom. sg. m. forms of nouns: nom. sg. Diews PR ᵒ1v II₃, PR ᵒ2r II₃; nom. sg. m. gyws PR ᵒ10v I₃ (–a– is omitted from the ending only where doing so would make pronunciation more difficult: nom. sg. m. Saulas PR ᵒ17v I₄; nom. sg. Swećias PR ᵒ20v II₁; nom. sg. m. žalas PR ᵒ17v I₄); 2) he drops –i in infinitive and praes. 3 forms: inf. dirbt PR ᵒ1r II₆; gimt PR ᵒ1r II₅; praes. 3 ne žur PR ᵒ1v II₃; praes. 3 Sukkas PR ᵒ19v I₄, but he retains –a: linkſta PR ᵒ17v I₄₋₅, lužſta PR ᵒ17v I₄, trokſzta PR ᵒ32r I₂₀, yra PR ᵒ10v I₂, PR ᵒ20v II₁. 44 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXVII Gotfrydo Ostermejerio prierašai Jokūbo Brodovskio rankraščiuose: Litauische Sprichwörter und Rätsel ir Lexicon Germanico-Lithvanicum et Lithvanico-Germanicum Morphological shortening at the ends of words is more characteristic of Brodovskis: -a- is omitted in nom. sg. m. forms of nouns 169 times and retained 93 times, while the short vowels [a], [i] in praes. 3 forms are omitted 84 times and retained 117 times. The Lithuanian words added by Ostermejer lack one of the features that would allow his idiolect to be assigned to the southern West Aukštaitian dialects of Lithuania Minor (the Baltsermėgiai): there are no words with stressed falling-diphthong onsets [á·u], [á·i], [é·i], which northern West Aukštaitians (around Narkyčiai, Želva, Skaisgiriai, Žiliai, Būdviečiai, Lazdynai, Pilkainis, Kusus) monophthongized (except in the northern area nearer the Nemunas—approximately as far as the Labguva–Gastos–Žiliai–Trapėnai line) (Zinkevičius 2002 [1989]: 445, 447; Zinkevičius 2006: 187). Antanas Salys considered the parish of Didlaukiai to be the transitional parish between the southern and northern West Aukštaitian dialects of Lithuania Minor; a mixed form was spoken there: já·ns and já·uns, dá·kts and dá·ikts, while long final vowels were reduced: màna, màta, miẽsta, mer̃gas, and short [a] was deleted: já·uns, lá·nks, and so forth (Salys 1992: 92). Forms with monophthongized diphthongs are entirely absent from PR. Assigning Ostermejer’s language to the southern West Aukštaitian dialects of Lithuania Minor solely on the basis of the feature traditionally regarded as the principal distinguishing characteristic of these subdialects—vocalism in unstressed endings (on the assumption that northern West Aukštaitians reduced long vowels and deleted short ones, whereas southern speakers preserved the inherited vocalism intact in both cases; Zinkevičius 2006: 186–188)—is quite problematic. An analysis of PR shows that both Ostermejer’s and, especially, Brodovskis’s language exhibit numerous features that current linguistic literature attributes to the northern West Aukštaitian dialect (striukiai)16. The question arises whether reduction of long vowels and deletion of short vowels in unstressed endings can be regarded as distinguishing features of these subdialects. In the early eighteenth century, reduction of long vowels and deletion of short ones were characteristic of both subdialects, although these features were somewhat more pronounced in the northern area. Attention had already been drawn to some facts common to both subdialects, found in one and the same source attributed to the southern West Aukštaitian dialect, in an earlier study of the language of Perkūnas’s treatise Wohlgegründetes Bedenken über die ins Litauische übersetzten zehen Fabeln Aesopi und derselben passionierte Zuschrift (1706). Summarizing the dialectal features of the vocalism in the words it presents, the study likewise concluded that alongside prominent features of the southern West Aukštaitian dialect of Lithuania Minor, it contained features attributed to the northern West Aukštaitian dialect (Aleknavičienė, Schiller 2008: 140–145). Lithuanian was not Ostermejer’s native language, so reduction of long endings and morphological shortening at the ends of words are less pronounced than in Brodovskis’s language. 16 Apie Prūsų Lietuvos lietuvių tarmes plačiau žr. Bezenberger 1885: 253–293; Salys 1992: 76–109; Zinkevičius 2002 [1989]: 444–448; Zinkevičius 2006: 180–198. Straipsniai / Articles 45 ONA ALEKNAVIČIENĖ CONCLUSIONS 1. In the manuscript collection of proverbs, sayings, and riddles Litauische Sprichwörter und Rätsel (PR; LMAVB RS: F 137–1), compiled by Jacob Brodowski (1692–1744), precentor of Trempen (Darkehmen District), there are annotations by Gotfrydas Ostermejeris (Gottfried Ostermejer, 1716–1800; precentor of Trempen from 1744, pastor from 1752): 16 German and 11 Lithuanian phrases (53 Lithuanian words in all, or 61 word forms), and at least five of Brodowski’s words have been corrected. In Brodowski’s manuscript dictionary Lexicon Germanico-Lithvanicum et Lithvanico-Germanicum (B; LMAVB RS: F 137–15), Ostermejer added three Lithuanian words. 2. The terminus ad quem of Ostermejer’s annotations may be 1775; thus, they should be considered earlier autographs by Ostermejer than those known to date, which are dated 1781–1797. 3. Most of Ostermejer’s annotations are linked vertically to Brodowski’s entries in the collection Litauische Sprichwörter und Rätsel and form the collection’s macrostructure. Eight Lithuanian items of minor folklore are absent from B; therefore, they should be attributed not to Brodowski but to Ostermejer (PR o1r II5–11, o1v II3–6, o7v II4–6, o10v I2–4, o18r II1–6, o20v II1–3, o24v I9–12, o24v II10–12). Seven of these Lithuanian items—six proverbs and one riddle—are recorded for the first time (PR o1v II3–6, o7v II4–6, o10v I2–4, o18r II1–6, o20v II1–3, o24v I9–12, o24v II10–12). They have not been found in earlier works of Lithuanian written language, and were therefore probably recorded from living speech. 4. Ostermejer’s annotations in the dictionary Lexicon Germanico-Lithvanicum et Lithvanico-Germanicum are place names from Lithuania Minor. These annotations are linked to Brodowski’s entries only horizontally and belong to the microstructure. 5. Ostermejer’s annotations in the collection Litauische Sprichwörter und Rätsel and the dictionary Lexicon Germanico-Lithvanicum et Lithvanico-Germanicum attest (albeit indirectly) that both manuscripts were created in Trempen and may be regarded as Brodowski’s autographs. 6. Ostermejer’s language is characterized by relatively well-preserved vowels in unstressed endings. Reduction of long endings and morphological shortening at the end of words are less pronounced than in Brodowski’s language. SOURCES AND LITERATURE A b r a m a v i č i u s V l a d a s 1944–1947: Lietuvos TSR Mokslų Akademijos Bibliotekos Rankraščių Skyriaus darbo dienynas 1945 ir 1946 m. Vilnius; LMAVB RS: F 271–291, įrištas rankraštis. A b r a m a v i č i u s V l a d a s, sud., 1963: Rankraščių rinkiniai. Lietuvos TSR Mokslų akademijos Centrinės bibliotekos XI–XX amžių rankraščių fondų trumpa apžvalga. Vilnius: Laikraščių ir žurnalų leidykla. 46 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXVII Gotfrydo Ostermejerio prierašai Jokūbo Brodovskio rankraščiuose: Litauische Sprichwörter und Rätsel ir Lexicon Germanico-Lithvanicum et Lithuanico-Germanicum Alek n a v i č i e n ė Ona 2011: Rankraštinio šaltinio Litauische Sprichwörter und Rätsel atribucija. – Archivum Lithuanicum 13, 39–72. Alek n a v i č i e n ė Ona, Christiane Schiller, par., 2008: Jokūbo Perkūno traktatas Wohlgegründetes Bedenken über die ins Litauische übersetzten zehn Fabeln Aesopi und derselben passionierte Zuschrift. Kritinis komentuotas leidimas ir studija. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos ir literatūros institutas. B – LEXICON GERMANĪCO= LĪTHVANĪCVM ET LĪTHVANĪCO=GERMANĪCVM, containing both the Biblical vocabulary of the Old and New Testaments and domestic vocabulary, as well as over two thousand proverbs, more than one hundred Lithuanian riddles, and many phrases; thus, if not entirely complete, it is fairly complete. All this was compiled with great effort and diligence solely for the glory of GOD and for the benefit of those who love the Lithuanian language. By Iacobo Brodowsky, Praecentor Trempensis, [before 1744]; LMAVB RS: F 137–15; documentary edition: Brodovskis Jokūbas 2009: Lexicon Germanico-Lithvanicum et Lithvanico-Germanicum. A handwritten eighteenth-century dictionary. Documentary edition with facsimile, transcription, and word index 1–3, edited by Vincentas Drotvinas. Vilnius: Institute of the Lithuanian Language. Balčikonis Juozas 1941: Prakalba. – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 1. A–B, redagavo Juozas Balčikonis. Vilnius: [Lietuvių kalbos institutas], III–VIII. Bezzenberger Adalbert 1885: Zur litauischen dialektforschung II. – Beiträge zur Kunde der indogermanischen Sprachen 9, 253–293. Biržiška Vaclovas 1963: Aleksandrynas. Senųjų lietuvių rašytojų rašiusių prieš 1865 m. biografijos, bibliografijos ir biobibliografijos 2. XVIII–XIX amžiai. Čikaga: JAV LB Kultūros Fondas. C – CLAVIS GERMANICO-LITHVANA, [after 1680]; LMAVB RS: F 137 13–14; facsimile edition: Clavis Germanico-Lithvana. A handwritten seventeenth-century German–Lithuanian dictionary 1–2, edited by Vincentas Drotvinas. Vilnius: Science and Encyclopedia Publishing House, 1995–1997; 3–4. Vilnius: Institute of Science and Encyclopedia Publishing, 1997. Citavičiūtė Liucija 2002: Gotfrydo Ostermejerio taisyta Liudviko Rėzos į lietuvių kalbą versta psalmė. – Keturi Gotfrydo Ostermejerio rankraščiai, parengė Vilija Gerulaitienė. Vilnius: Žara, 21–25. Citavičiūtė Liucija 2004: Karaliaučiaus universiteto Lietuvių kalbos seminaras. Istorija ir reikšmė lietuvių kultūrai. Vilnius: Lietuvių literatūros ir tautosakos institutas. Concerning the pastor’s position at Trempen. 1752; GStA PK: XX. HA Hist. StA Königsberg, EM 44 d, Nr 233, Bl. 18r–21v. Erler Georg 1911: Die Matrikel der Universität Königsberg i. Pr. 2. [1657–1829]. Leipzig: Verlag von Duncker & Humblot. Straipsniai / Articles 47 ONA ALEKNAVIČIENĖ Forstreuter Kurt 1955: Das Preußische Staatsarchiv in Königsberg. Ein geschichtlicher Rückblick mit einer Übersicht über seine Bestände. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Gerulaitienė Vilija 2002: Gotfrydas Ostermejeris ir jo lituanistiniai rankraščiai. – Keturi Gotfrydo Ostermejerio rankraščiai, parengė Vilija Gerulaitienė. Vilnius: Žara, 7–20. Four manuscripts by Gotfrydas Ostermejeris, edited by Vilija Gerulaitienė. Vilnius: Žara, 2002. KzŽ – [Johann Heinrich Kunzmann] Excerpts from the written lexicon of the Rev. Pastor Kunzmann, to supplement dsj.: des Ruhig, [after 1747]; LLTIB R: F 1–5791. LB I – Bibliography of the Lithuanian SSR. Series A. Books in the Lithuanian language 1. 1547–1861. Vilnius: Mintis, 1969. Lebedys Jurgis 1956: Pirmieji smulkiosios lietuvių tautosakos rinkiniai. – Smulkioji lietuvių tautosaka XVII–XVIII a. Priežodžiai, patarlės, mįslės, parengė Jurgis Lebedys. Vilnius: Valstybinė grožinės literatūros leidykla, 5–40. LKŽk – The card index of the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language; Institute of the Lithuanian Language, Lexicography Centre. Michel Lothar 1982: Gerichtliche Schriftvergleichung. Eine Einführung in Grundlagen, Methoden und Praxis. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter. Mielcke Christian Gottlieb 1800: Erste Vorrede. – Littauisch=deutsches und Deutsch=littauisches Wörter=Buch, worinn das vom Pfarrer Ruhig zu Walterkehmen ehemals heraus gegebene zwar zum Grunde gelegt, aber mit sehr vielen Wörtern, Redens=Arten und Spruch=wörtern zur Hälfte vermehret und verbefert worden von Christian Gottlieb Mielcke, Cantor in Pillkallen [...] Königsberg, 1800. Im Druck und Verlag der Hartungschen Hofbuchdruckerey, 2r–4v. Moeller Friedwald 1968: Altpreußisches evangelisches Pfarrerbuch von der Reformation bis zur Vertreibung im Jahre 1945 1. Die Kirchspiele und ihre Stellenbesetzungen. Hamburg: Selbstverlag des Vereins für Familienforschung in Ost- und Westpreußen e. V. Nesselmann Georg Heinrich Ferdinand 1851: Vorrede. – Wörterbuch der Littauischen Sprache von G. H. F. Nesselmann. Königsberg. Verlag der Gebrüder Bornträger, V–XI. OB – Ostermeyer Gottfried. Gottfried Ostermeyers Pastors zu Trempen im Amte Nordenburg. kritischer Beytrag zur Altpreußischen Religionsgeschichte. Marienwerder in der Königl. Westpreuß. Hofbuchdruckerey bey Johann Jacob Kanter. 1775; Lithuanian translation: Ostermეjeris Gotfrydas. Selected writings, edited and translated by Liucija Citavičiūtė. Vilnius: Science and Encyclopedia Publishing House, 1996, 49–73. OG – Ostermeyer Gottfried. Neue Littauische Grammatik ans Licht gestellet von Gottfried Ostermeyer, der Trempenſchen Gemeine Paſtore Seniore und der Königlîch=Deutſchen Geſellſchaft zu Königsberg Ehren=Mitglied. Königsberg, 1791. gedruckt bey G. E. Hartung, Königl. Preuß. Hofbuchdrucker und Buchhändler. 48 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXVII Gotfrydo Ostermejerio prierašai Jokūbo Brodovskio rankraščiuose: Litauische Sprichwörter und Rätsel ir Lexicon Germanico-Lithvanicum et Lithvanico-Germanicum O s t e r m e y e r G o t t f r i e d 1780: Gottfried Ostermeyers, Predigers bey der Kirche zu Trempen, Gedanken von den alten Bewohnern des Landes Preuffen [...] Königsberg und Leipzig, bey Gottlieb Lebrecht Hartung; vertimas į lietuvių kalbą: Ostermejeris Gotfrydas. Rinktiniai raštai, parengė ir išvertė Liucija Citavičiūtė. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1996, 75–159. O s t e r m e y e r G o t t f r i e d 1781-01-06: Letter from Trempen to Abraham Jakob Penzel in Kraków; Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München: Penzeliana II (Ostermeyer, Bl. [1–6]; facsimile, transcription, and translation into Lithuanian: Four Manuscripts of Gottfried Ostermeier, edited by Vilija Gerulaitienė. Vilnius: Žara, 2002, 73–77, 143–148. [O s t e r m e y e r G o t t f r i e d] po 1791: Hiſtoriſch[e] Nachricht v[on] d[er] littauiſche[n] Bibel; LMAVB RS: F 15–299, buv. MLF–LXXXI; faksimilė, perrašas ir vertimas į lietuvių kalbą: Keturi Gotfrydo Ostermejerio rankraščiai, parengė Vilija Gerulaitienė. Vilnius: Žara, 2002, 31–52, 91–123. O s t e r m e y e r G o t t f r i e d 1996: Selected Writings, edited and translated by Liucija Citavičiūtė. Vilnius: Institute of Science and Encyclopaedia Publishing. P ė t e r a i t i s V i l i u s 1992: Mažoji Lietuva ir Tvanksta. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, Mažosios Lietuvos fondas. PR – [B r o d o v s k i s J o k ū b a s] after 1716: Littauiſch[e] Sprichwörter[r] u[nd] Räthſel; LMAVB RS: F 137–1. RgB – R u h i g P h i l i p p. Betrachtung der Littauiſchen Sprache, in ihrem Urſprunge, Weſen und Eigenſchaften; Aus vielen Scribenten, und eigener Erfahrung, mit Fleiß angeſtellet, und zu reiferer Beurtheilung der Gelehrten, zum Druck gegeben, von Philipp Ruhig, Pfarrern und Seniore zu Walterkehmen, im Hauptamt Inſterburg. Königsberg, druckts und verlegets Iohann Heinrich Hartung, 1745; facsimile and translation into Lithuanian: Ruigys Pilypas. An Investigation of the Origin, Nature, and Characteristics of the Lithuanian Language, edited by Vytautas Jurgutis and Valerija Vilnonytė. Vilnius: Vaga, 1986, 20–164. R h e s a M a r t i n u s L u d o v i c u s 1797: Ueberſetzung des 2ten Pſ[alms] ins litthauiſche.“ – Acta des Königl. Ober-Schul-Collegii, von den Polniſch- und Litthauiſchen Prediger- und Schullehrer Seminar zu Königsberg in Preußen, 1797–1805; GStA PK: I. HA Rep 76 alt Ältere Oberbehörden für Wissenschaft, Kunst, Kirchen- und Schulsachen, II Nr. 271, Bl. 42r–42v. R o g g e A d o l f 1873: Geſchichte des Kreiſes und der Dioecese Darkemen von Adolf Rogge, Pfarrer in Darkemen. Darkemen, Druck und Verlag von M. Glaſer. S a l y s A n t a n a s 1992: Raštai 4. Lietuvių kalbos tarmės. Roma: Lietuvių Katalikų Mokslų Akademija. Š i o ž i n y s J o n a s 1950: Liudviko Rėzos rinkinys (LR). – Lietuvos TSR mokslų akademija. Centrinė biblioteka. Rankraščių skyriaus informacinis biuletenis Nr. 4, parengė Lietuvos TSR mokslų akademijos bibliotekos Rankraščių skyrius, vadovaujant direktoriaus pav. mokslo reikalams T[adui] Adomoniui. Vilnius, 10–13; LMAVB RS: Rc–1/4, įrištas mašinraštis. Straipsniai / Articles 49 ONA ALEKNAVIČIENĖ Šlaitaitė Rita 1994: Gotfrido ir Zigfrido Ostermejerių biografijos. – Senoji Lietuvos literatūra 3. Devynioliktan amžiun įžengus. Vilnius: Pradai, 149–171. Wilhelmsberg Praecentorat 1758–1803; GStA PK: XX. HA Hist. StA Königsberg, EM 55 d, Nr 975, Bl. 4r–16v. Zaikauskienė Dalia 2010: Lietuvių paremių funkcijos. Teorinės pastabos. – Tautosakos darbai 40, 97–107. Zinkevičius Zigmas 1990: Lietuvių kalbos istorija 4. Lietuvių kalba XVIII–XIX a. Vilnius: Mokslas. Zinkevičius Zigmas 2002 [1989]: Buvusios Mažosios Lietuvos tarmės. – Rinktiniai straipsniai 1. Lietuvių kalbos kilmė ir ryšiai su kaimynų kalbomis. Istorinė gramatika. Tarmių kilmė. Dialektologija. Rašomosios kalbos kilmė. Vilnius, Lietuvių katalikų mokslo akademija, 444–448. Zinkevičius Zigmas 2006: Lietuvių tarmių kilmė. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Gotfrydas Ostermejeris’s inscriptions in Jokūbas Brodovskis’s manuscripts: Litauische Sprichwörter und Rätsel and Lexicon Germanico-Lithvanicum et Lithvanico-Germanicum SUMMARY The article addresses the problem of authorship of the manuscript collection of sayings, proverbs, and riddles Litauische Sprichwörter und Rätsel (PR), held at the Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences (LMAVB RS: F 137–1). Among the short folklore items recorded by the manuscript’s principal compiler, the precentor of Trempen (Darkehmen County), Jacob Brodowski (1692–1744), are inscriptions by Gottfried Ostermeier (1716–1800; precentor of Trempen from 1744 and priest from 1752): 16 German and 11 Lithuanian phrases. The article also discusses Ostermeier’s inscriptions in Brodowski’s dictionary Lexicon Germanico-Lithvanicum et Lithvanico-Germanicum (B; LMAVB RS: F 137–15) and analyzes the linguistic features of Ostermeier’s inscriptions in PR and B. 1775 can be considered terminus ad quem of Ostermeier’s inscriptions in PR and B; therefore, the inscriptions may be considered earlier Ostermeier’s autographs compared to those previously known and dated 1781–1797. Most of Ostermeier’s inscriptions are related to Brodowski’s entries in the collection Litauische Sprichwörter und Rätsel by vertical relations and comprise the collection’s macrostructure. Eight Lithuanian units of small folklore are absent in B, thus making Ostermeier rather 50 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXVII Gotfrydo Ostermejerio prierašai Jokūbo Brodovskio rankraščiuose: Litauische Sprichwörter und Rätsel ir Lexicon Germanico-Lithvanicum et Lithvanico-Germanicum than Brodowski their actual recorder (PR º1r II5–11, º1v II3–6, º7v II4–6, º10v I2–4, º18r II1–6, º20v II1–3, º24v I9–12, º24v II10–12). Of them, seven Lithuanian – six proverbs and one riddle – were recorded for the first time (PR º1v II3–6, º7v II4–6, º10v I2–4, º18r II1–6, º20v II1–3, º24v I9–12, º24v II10–12). They had not been recorded in earlier works of the Lithuanian written language; they were most likely recorded by Ostermeyer from the living language. Ostermeyer’s language is attributed to the south-western Aukštaitian (Highlander) sub-dialect by the feature which is traditionally considered the principal distinctive feature of such sub-dialects: a comparatively intact vocalism of unstressed endings. Though the reduction of long endings and the morphological shortening of a word ending are also a characteristic feature of Ostermeyer’s language, however, it is not as evident as in Brodowski’s language. Submitted on 23 September 2012. ONA ALEKNAVIČIENĖ Institute of the Lithuanian Language 5 Petro Vileišio St., LT-10308 Vilnius, Lithuania [email protected] Straipsniai / Articles 51