„XXI a. pradžios lietuvių tarmės: geolingvistinis ir sociolingvistinis tyrimas: žemėlapiai ir jų komentarai“. Sudarytojos Danguolė Mikulėnienė, Violeta Meiliūnaitė

392 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXI Mi osŁaW jankoWiak ins i u e o sla ic s udies, Polish academy o sciences ields o esea ch: he bela usian language, Polish „k esy“ dialec , bela usian-bal ic-Polish linguis ic on ie . XXi a. P adŽios Lie uViŲ a Mės: geoLingVis inis i socioLingVis inis y iMas: ŽeMėLaPiai i jŲ koMen a ai suda y ojos danguolė Mikulėnienė, Viole a Meiliūnai ė Vilnius: b iedis, 2014, 459 p. isbn 978-9955-26-468-2 In 2014 he monumen al wo k en i led The Mode n Geolinguis ic Resea ch in Li huania: The Op imisa ion o Ne wo k Poin s and he In e ac i e Dissemina ion o In o ma ion was published in Vilnius, which is he esul o long- e m wo k o amous linguis s doing esea ch on he Li huanian dialec s, he Polish, bela usian and ussian languages / dialec s in Li huania. a e he second Wo ld Wa he Li huanians de eloped a ne wo k o esiden ial poin s o he Li huanian language owns, co e ing mo e han 720 owns. he col- lec ed ma e ial was he basis o he c ea ion and issue o “ he a las o he Li hua- nian Language” (Lie u ių kalbos a lasas). he collec ed ma e ial, which is unde - s andable, e lec s he si ua ion o he decades behind, i does no conce n o he languages spoken wi hin he Li huania ss . on he o he hand, i con ains a clas- si ica ion o he Li huanian dialec s (1966) de eloped by aleksas gi denis and zigmas zinke ičius. i has been 60 yea s since he ma e ial was ga he ed, Li huania has egained i s independence, he demog aphic and socio-economic si ua ion has changed. he ac o s men ioned abo e ha e in luenced he language si ua ion in he s a e o Li huania. bo h he Li huanian and La ian linguis s ha e commenced new ex en- si e esea ch in o de o show he con empo a y condi ion o he Li huanian and La ian dialec s on he e i o y o Li huania and La ia. his is all he mo e im- XXI a. p adžios lie u ių a mės: geoling is inis i socioling is inis y imas: žemėlapiai i jų komen a ai suda y ojos danguolė Mikulėnienė, Viole a Meiliūnai ė 393 ecenzijos / e iews po an because bo h languages a e spoken by ew inhabi an s (in he s a e and in exile he Li huanian language by app oxima ely 4 million, he La ian language app oxima ely by 2 million), and he language is s ill conside ed o be one o he mos impo an elemen s o na ional iden i y in hese coun ies. in 2009 The A las o he Bal ic Languages. A p ospec 1 was issued by he La ian Language ins i u e in iga and he ins i u e o he Li huanian Language in Vilnius, and in 2014 he i s olume o he A las, p esen ing he plan ocabula y ( Bal ų kalbų a lasas. Leksika 1: Flo a)2 . ano he e y impo an s udy is he book being e iewed now, c owning a mul i-annual p ojec en i led The Mode n Geolinguis ic Resea ch in Li huania: The Op imisa ion o Ne wo k Poin s and he In e ac i e Dis- semina ion o In o ma ion. o h ee yea s (2010-2013) p o . danguolė Mikulėnienė oge he wi h 33 colleagues and s uden s was examining and analysing he Li hua- nian dialec s in he geolinguis ic and sociolinguis ic aspec s. he membe s o he p ojec se se e al main objec i es – o collec and pub- lish he la es ma e ial depic ing he cen al and pe iphe al Li huanian dialec s, o p ecisely de e mine he bo de s o he Li huanian dialec s and subdialec s on he basis o he phone ic ea u es analysis, o show he sociolinguis ic si ua ion in he en i e a ea o he Li huanian language and o ca y ou a p elimina y analysis o he collec ed ma e ial. as many as 735 owns in Li huania and 15 ab oad we e esea ched (in o al app ox. 5,000 hou s o digi al eco dings), upda ing he ne - wo k o dialec ological poin s (some illages had al eady become ex inc , and also new owns had been added) and c ea ing a con empo a y a chi e o he dia- lec s o he XXi cen u y. he i s pa o he publica ion is de o ed o heo e ical aspec s ( heo ies, me hodologies, e minology), as well as o he ole and posi ion o he Li huanian dialec ology wi hin he wo ld dialec ology. he au ho s s ess ha he e y no ion geolinguis ics appea ed in he Li huanian dialec ology only a he beginning o he XXi cen u y. he adi ional dialec ology shows he language eali y s a ically, and geolinguis ics – dynamically. he Li huanian dialec s and subdialec s equi ed newe analysis and in e p e a ion, which a e consen o he achie emen s o he con empo a y linguis ics, ega ding he linguis ic, social and geog aphical aspec s and wi h he la es e minology applied. o example, he au ho s use he e m opolec (a e chinese esea che , Vic o h. Mai i), which ela es o a code, which 1 Bal u alodu a lan s, anna s a ecka, danguolė Mikulėnienė, iga / Vilnius, 2009. 2 Bal u alodu a lan s. Leksika 1: Flo a. Bal ų kalbų a lasas. Leksika 1: Flo a. A las o he Bal ic Lan- guages. Lexis 1: Flo a. 2nd e ised edi ion. edi ing by danguolė Mikulėnienė and anna s a ecka. Vilnius: La ijas uni e si ā es La iešu alodas ins i ū s, Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as. he La ian Language ins i u e o he uni e si y o La ia and he ins i u e o he Li huanian Language, 2013, 568 pp. 394 Mi osŁaW jankoWiak ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXI coexis s on he same e i o y wi h o he languages mu ually incomp ehensible, and opolec s lack any independen linguis ic iden i y. hus, in espec o Li hua- nia he au ho s ea as opolec s all he local a ian s o he ollowing languages: Polish, bela usian, he local a ian o he ussian language, La ian. he app op ia e use o me hodology (ma e ial collec ion and i s elabo a ion) o e minology in his publica ion was e y impo an , e en c ucial. he e o e, in he book we can ind a de ailed analysis and desc ip ion o hese issues (desc ibed by: dai a aliūkai ė, Viole a Meiliūnai ė, ju gi a ja osla ienė, danguolė Mikulėnienė). he second undamen al chap e , w i en by danguolė Mikulėnienė, as a Leskauskai ė and Lau a ge žo ai ė is de o ed o he geolinguis ic esea ch in Li hua- nia. he au ho s p esen ed he de elopmen o esea ch s a ing om he p egeo- linguis ic s age (end o he XiX cen u y) h ough he in ense de elopmen o he linguis ic geog aphy (kazimie as būga) un il he p esen days – he neogeolinguis- ic s age. he g ea es wo k o he Li huanian dialec ologis s undoub edly was he issue o The A las o he Li huanian Language in h ee olumes (showing ocabula y, phone ics and mo phology in 376 maps). i included he ma e ial collec ed wi h- in 15 yea s, in mo e han 800 owns (beyond he bo de s o Li huania – 13 ad- di ional poin s), and he a chi e consis s o 30,000 me es o magne ic ape and 15,000 pages o manual no es – p epa ed by 600 people. ano he impo an e en was also he publica ion o he A las o he Bal ic Languages, depic ing he ma e- ial o he a ea o Li huania and La ia. he la es pe iod in he Li huanian dia- lec ology – he neolinguis ic one – began oge he wi h he abo e-men ioned p ojec , which esul ed in he publica ion being now e iewed. nex he au ho s discuss he adi ional classi ica ion o he Li huanian dialec s and subdialec s, s essing ha he e we e a leas h ee ypes o selec ion depend- ing on he ules adop ed by a ious esea che s (and mo e speci ically – on he choice o he app op ia e phone ic ea u es). Wi hin many yea s almos one- i h o esea ched poin s we e co ec ed, bu i did no change signi ican ly he ne wo k o he dialec ological poin s. his new classi ica ion, subjec o co ec ions – i.e. changing he subdialec names – did no change, howe e , he geolinguis ic si u- a ion in Li huania, al hough some elemen s o his classi ica ion e lec e en he p ewa adminis a i e- e i o ial di ision. he hi d chap e o he book (danguolė Mikulėnienė, Viole a Meiliūnai ė, janina Š amba y ė-Valužienė and o he s) desc ibes he geolinguis ic si ua ion o he Li huanian dialec s in he XXi cen u y and he op imisa ion o he ield poin s. he esea che s, in ela ion o he adi ional dialec ology, supplemen ed he su - ey o ms wi h he socio-demog aphic pa ame e s. he egional a ian i i y was analysed no only om he poin o iew o one language / dialec ; he de elop- men cha ac e is ic and changes o a ian i i y we e no ea ed as he phenomenon XXI a. p adžios lie u ių a mės: geoling is inis i socioling is inis y imas: žemėlapiai i jų komen a ai suda y ojos danguolė Mikulėnienė, Viole a Meiliūnai ė 395 ecenzijos / e iews o a closed sys em, bu as a de i a i e o he c oss-sys em in e ac ions. he e- sea che s de e mined a 7-s age le el o egionali y o he esponden speech, based, among o he s, on such c i e ia as a place o bi h, a place o he esidence du ing a pe iod o up o 18 yea s o age, o igin o pa en s, he p esen place o esidence. he pa icula le els o egionali y a e e lec ed in he language / dialec quali y. in o de o op imise he esea ch poin s, se e al ac o s we e speci ied, which had been aken in o conside a ion by p e ious esea che s: he geog aphical c i e ia o he poin de e mina ion (dis ance be ween poin s is 8–12 km), he adminis a i e- e i o ial di ision (old illages and se lemen s, a ely small owns), he c i e ia o he dialec pu i y – selec ing a illage no on he basis o adminis a i e loca ion, bu i s assignmen o a pa icula subdialec g oup; he name o he own ( illages o o eign, non-Li huanian names we e a oided). he poin is no always one own / illage, his may be a cen al and pe iphe al owns. he au ho s o his p ojec and publica ion also de ined a no ion o an ac i e and ex inc poin . an ac i e poin is a poin whe e all h ee gene a ions li e and speak one dialec o subdialec in e e- yday li e. in case o changes (e.g. he illage is ex inc o he neigbou ing own/ illage became a cen e) he numbe o he poin emained he same, bu i s name was al e ed. an ex inc poin is a poin whe e he e is no indigenous popula ion in a pa icula own/ illage (cen e) o in i s neighbou hood. he analysis o he ga he ed ma e ial con i med he adi ional di ision o he Li huanian e i o y in o wo majo dialec s – samogi ian and aukš ai ian, co e - ing he e hnogene ic di ision. he ma e ials also showed he changes aking place – o he wes e n samogi ian subdialec s he le el o ac i i y was assessed o be e y low, in con as o he a ea o he sou he n, eas e n and no he n Žemai ija egion, whe e he e a e ew ex inc poin s. in case o he aukš ai ian subdialec s we can also no ice a e y well-p ese ed s uc u e o he dialec among he esponden s. excep ions o his ule a e hose poin s, which a e loca ed ou side o he bo de s o he coun y – o example in bela us – hey disappea he e. a posi i e excep- ion, in he opinion o he au ho s, a e he Li huanian subdialec s in he a ea a ound Puńsk in Poland, whe e hey a e ac i e and o la ge p ospec s o su i al in he nea u u e. he na ional uni o mi y in mos o he a eas o Li huania sup- po s he linguis ic uni o mi y and good p ese a ion o he Li huanian subdialec s’ s uc u e. Whe e he e is mul ilingualism, changes in he Li huanian subdialec s’ s uc u e a e as e , as i akes place in he Vilnius egion. special a en ion should be gi en o chap e iV (The local a ian s o o he languages in Li huania). in he majo i y o coun ies, du ing wo king on he dialec a lases o a pa icula language, o he languages spoken in he a ea a e no usu- ally men ioned a all. he au ho s no only ook in o accoun o he languages and subdialec s, bu also desc ibed hem on he basis o he la es ield s udies. hus 396 Mi osŁaW jankoWiak ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXI he eade ob ains a comple e o e iew o he linguis ic si ua ion in he en i e Li huania. he La ian language is desc ibed in he a icle by gin a ė judžen y ė (The La ian language in Li huania). he Polish language o no he n bo de lands is desc ibed by k is ina u ko ska, he bela usian subdialec s – by Lilija Plyga ka, and he ussian language – by nadežda Mo ozo a. he Polish language conce ns h ee egions: he Vilnius egion, he kaunas egion and he ignalina-za asai egion. he Polish people in Li huania ep esen a signi ican p opo ion o he popula ion – app oxima ely 200 housand, o which in he alčininkai dis ic Municipali y he Poles a e as many as 79.5%, in he Vilnius egion – 61.3%, in he akai dis ic Municipali y – 33.2%, and in he Š enčionys dis ic Munici- pali y – 27.4%. hey p ese e hei adi ions, including he mo he ongue, pe - ec ly well. in he kaunas egion and in he ignalina-za asai egion he si ua ion p esen s wo se. he bela usian subdialec s a e qui e commonly used by he elde gene a ion o inhabi an s li ing in he sou h-eas e n pa o he coun y. in case o he ussian language we should speak o he old belie e s’ dialec ( hei il- lages we e no esea ched sepa a ely by he Li huanian esea che s) and o he speech o he ussians li ing in nume ous owns. he esea ch allowed no only o a chi e he con empo a y condi ion o he Li huanian dialec s as well as o he languages and subdialec s spoken in Li huania and in he neigbou hood, bu also allow o do he long- e m dialec ological esea ch and analysis o he linguis ic si ua ion on his e i o y, and e en o make p edic- ions o changes in he nea u u e. he esul s o he linguis s’ wo k on his p ojec showed he linguis ic si ua ion in Li huania in a mul i-laye and comp ehensi e way, and hey cons i u e he g ea po en ial o analyse no only he pa icula dialec s and subdialec s, bu also owa ds he gene al language and o he languages (Polish, bela usian, ussian, La ian) spoken in a ious egions o he coun y. he au ho s d aw ou a en ion o he changes in he linguis ic si ua ion nea he majo ci ies (e ol ing p ocess o u banisa ion) e en wi hin he dis ance o doz- ens o kilome es om he cen es. i is di icul o speak o he dialec in hese places. exis ence o o he languages makes he si ua ion mo e colou ul – espe- cially in Vilnius and klaipeda ( he ussian language). on he o he hand, he speech o he kaunas egion p ese ed he dialec al s uc u e e y well, which esul s om, among o he s, homogeneous s uc u e o he popula ion. in his chap e he au ho s p esen ed he con empo a y classi ica ion o he dialec s ega ding he pa icula subdialec g oups and hei cen es. he subdialec s a e be e p ese ed in places whe e he speake s had i s be e symbolic awa eness, which is be e in he a ea o , o ins ance, Žemai ija and no aukš ai ija. in pa icula , in he eas e n aukš- ai i ja i is di icul o ecognise good p ese a ion o he subdialec s uc u e – he coexis ence o a ious languages (Polish, bela usian) caused he con e gence – mu- ual in luence o he languages and hei assimila ion. XXI a. p adžios lie u ių a mės: geoling is inis i socioling is inis y imas: žemėlapiai i jų komen a ai suda y ojos danguolė Mikulėnienė, Viole a Meiliūnai ė 397 ecenzijos / e iews he s udy being e iewed is o pa amoun impo ance as i p esen ed he sys em o no only he linguis ic and geog aphical ac o s, bu also he social and cul u al ea u es. he me hodology adop ed enabled o analyse he linguis ic con inuum in Li huania bo h a e ical and ho izon al le els, libe a ing he Li huanian dialec ol- ogy om he classic esea ch me hods, showing only a agmen o he linguis ic eali y. he Li huanian dialec s a e p ese ed in he majo i y o places ma ked ea - lie in The A las o he Li huanian Language, bu a p esen hey a e cha ac e ised by changeabili y and dynamism, and no s abili y like decades ago. he lowes i al- i y conce ns he subdialec s o wes e n Žemai ija and sou he n and eas e n aukš ai ija, he highes i ali y – he samogi ian dialec s. he esea ch ca ied ou by he au- ho s pe ec ly show disappea ing and speaking o dialec s, and c ea ion o new, so-called de i a i e dialec s. he eldes gene a ion o speake s ep esen s in he bes way he s a ic dialec model (ho izon al changeabili y), middle-aged gene a ion – huge dynamism ( e ical changeabili y) – con e gence wi h o he languages o simila i y o he li e a y language. he mos mul idimensional is he language o he younges gene a ion o speake s, and i is going o shape he linguis ic si ua ion in he nea u u e. i will be he language ha should be e-examined in he decades again so as o obse e he changes in he language. he p esen ed book is an ex emely impo an publica ion and e en o c ucial signi icance o he Li huanian dialec ology. i is no only he la ge ma e ial me- iculously and p o essionally collec ed by he expe ienced linguis s, bu also he ex ensi e analysis and in e p e a ion ca ied ou wi h he applica ion o he la es me hodologies. du ing he h ee yea p ojec he au ho s pe o med i anic wo k. hey collec ed he ma e ial o he en i e e i o y o Li huania, which enabled o compa e he con empo a y linguis ic si ua ion wi h he old esea ch esul s, and i will be a e y good benchma k o nex ield s udies ca ied ou in he u u e. apa om an inno a i e app oach o he geolinguis ic esea ch, special a en ion is a ac ed by he ac ha he au ho s ook in o accoun o he languages spoken in he e i o y o Li huania – bela usian, La ian, Polish and ussian. all he abo e men ioned ac s allowed o p esen he eal linguis ic si ua ion in Li huania, including all he linguis ic, social and adminis a i e ac o s. he publica ion is o g ea a chi e-cogni i e impo ance. he au ho s pu a lo o e o o supplemen each chap e wi h nume ous colou ul maps, diag ams and cha s, which oge he wi h se e al appendices gi e a pe ec oppo uni y o compa e he con empo a y si ua ion in he XXi cen u y illage wi h he si ua ion o decades ago. in he pub- lica ion he e a e 14 maps ( o compa ison, he old one – om The A las o he Li huanian Language – and he con empo a y one), showing he la es endencies as ega ds he s uc u e o he Li huanian dialec s and subdialec s, including one map showing dis ibu ion o he bela usian, La ian, Polish and ussian language 398 Mi osŁaW jankoWiak ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXI poin s. a he end o he publica ion we can ind an ex ensi e appendix (conce n- ing he esea ch me hodology, ques ionnai es, he lis o he esea ched poin s – oge he wi h he names and numbe ing o The A las o he Li huanian Language and he new ones, in en ed o he pu poses o his p ojec ). he p esen ed wo k: XXI a. p adžios lie u ių a mės: geoling is inis i socioling is- inis y imas. Žemėlapiai i jų komen a ai cons i u es also a pe ec and ho ough compendium o knowledge o esea ches o he Li huanian dialec s and language, people dealing wi h he Polish, bela usian and ussian languages unc ioning in he e i o y o Li huania, issues conce ning he linguis ic bo de s, as well as o he bal ic s udies s uden s. he pa o he ma e ials ga he ed and elabo a ed by he au ho s is a ailable on a specially c ea ed websi e www. a mes.l , which allows he eade o ha e easy access o he esul s o he Li huanian dialec ologis s (p e- pa ed in Li huanian and english). habded on 5 sep embe 2014. Mi osŁaW jankoWiak Ins y u Slawis yki PAN ul. Ba oszewicza 1B / 17, 00-337 Wa szawa, Poland [email p o ec ed]