Lithuanian incantation in Arabic script from a Tatar manuscript

11s aipsniai / a icles MichaiL a eLka cen e o bela usian cul u e, Language and Li e a u e esea ches o he na ional academy o sciences o bela us ields o esea ch: o ien al and sla ic s udies. se gejus eMČinas ins i u e o Li huanian Language ields o esea ch: sla ic and bal ic s udies. Li huanian incan a ion in a abic sc iP oM a a a Manusc iP Lie u iškas užkalbėjimas, už ašy as a abiškais ašmenimis o o ių ank aš yje anno a ion he a icle p esen s he i s e e known Li huanian manusc ip ex w i en in a abic sc ip by a a s o he o me g and duchy o Li huania. he ex was ecen ly iden i ied in a cha- mail w i en in la e 19 h–ea ly 20 h cen u y and now kep in a p i a e collec ion in Minsk. he manusc ip was p e iously in use in he own(s) o Pas a y and pe haps Myadzyel in bela us, in close icini y o he Li huanian bo de . he Li huanian ex is a sho incan a ion agains snake bi es. he au ho s publish i in La in ansli e a ion (along wi h a pho o o he co e- sponding manusc ip agmen ) and p opose i s in e p e a ion based on ex ually simila Li hua- nian olklo e incan a ions agains snake bi es. he Li huanian incan a ion known om he unique a a manusc ip mus ha e o igina ed mo e o less in he same egion o eas e n Li huania/wes e n bela us (somewhe e be ween he se lemen s o dysna, e ečius, Miela gė- nai, adu iškis in Li huania, and Pas a y in bela us) whe e, in all p obabili y, i was la e w i - en down by a a s using he a abic sc ip . keyWo ds: Li huanian a a s, manusc ip s, Li huanian language, olklo e, incan- a ions. esMiniai ŽodŽiai: Lie u os o o iai, ank aščiai, lie u ių kalba, au osaka, užkalbėjimai. 12 MichaiL a eLka, se gejus eMČinas ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXI ano acija Šiame s aipsnyje ap a iamas pi masis žinomas a abiškais ašmenimis už ašy as eks as. jį už ašė Lie u os didžiosios kunigaikš ys ės o o iai. neseniai eks as bu o ap ik as XiX a. pa- baigos – XX a. p adžios chamaile, šiuo me u saugomame p i ačioje kolekcijoje Minske. an- k aš is anksčiau bu o naudojamas Pas o io a ba Medilo mies ų egione bal a usijoje, esančiuo- se isai ne oli Lie u os sienos. Lie u iškas eks as – ai umpas užkalbėjimas nuo gy a ės įgėlimo. au o iai eks ą už ašė lo yniškais ašmenimis (ka u pa eikdami a i inkamą ank aščio agmen o kopiją) bei pasiūlė jo in e p e aciją, pa em ą panašiais lie u ių liaudies užkalbėjimais. Lie u iškas užkalbėjimas o o iškame ank aš yje g eičiausiai bus kilęs iš be eik o pa ies Lie- u os y ų i bal a usijos aka ų egiono (maždaug a p dysnos, e ečiaus, Mielagėnų, adu- iškio gy en iečių Lie u oje i Pas o io gy en ie ės bal a usijoje), ku ėliau jį i už ašė o o- iai, naudodami a abiškus ašmenis. in oduc o y eMa ks he manusc ip he i age c ea ed by a a s o he o me g and duchy o Li hua- nia (nowadays bela us, Li huania, and he eas e n Polish egion o Podlasze) has been objec o schola ly esea ch since he 19 h cen u y. ne e heless, hese s ud- ies a e s ill in hei ini ial s age, since esea che s con inuously ind new and new manusc ip s. by now, mo e han 300 a a manusc ip s w i en in la e 16 h–ea ly 21s cen u ies a e known o be kep in ce ain s a e lib a ies and museums o bela us, Li huania, Poland, ussia, g ea b i ain, ge many, uk aine, La ia, as well as in nume ous p i a e collec ions in bela us, Poland and Li huania. he a a manusc ip adi ion is mul ilingual and con ains ex s in sla ic (be- la usian, Polish and, in some la e manusc ip s, ussian), a abic and some u kic languages, all hese (including sla ic ex s) being w i en in a abic cha ac e s. since many a a manusc ip s s ill emain o ally unknown o he schola s, i is qui e possible ha some u u e disco e ies e eal ex s w i en in o he languages, such as Pe sian, uk ainian o Li huanian. he e y exis ence o ce ain a a manusc ip ex s w i en in Li huanian us- ing he a abic sc ip seems o be qui e plausible, since in he 16–17 h cen u ies he Li huanian-bela usian e hnic bo de wen mo e sou h- and eas wa d om whe e i is now. in he 14–16 h cen u ies, he eas e n bo de s o he e hnically and lin- guis ically Li huanian lands no only wen app oxima ely by he nowadays bela u- sian se lemen s o g odno, shchuchyn, na ah udak, Valozhyn, sma hon’, Pas a y, b aslaw and d uya wi h nume ous Li huanian se lemen s eas wa d, bu also some sla ic se lemen s wes wa ds om his line (Гаучас 1988; zinke ičius 1993: 31–39; gaučas 2004: 8–20). i means ha a g ea deal o he a a se lemen s had o 13s aipsniai / a icles Li huanian incan a ion in a abic sc ip om a a a manusc ip exis in p edominan ly Li huanian o a leas mixed Li huanian-bela usian e hnic and linguis ic en i onmen s. he memo ial add essed by a jesui p o incial o Li huania o i s gene al clau- dius aqua i a in 1611 explici ly s a ed ha he local Muslim popula ion could speak Polish, ussian (in ac , u henian) and Li huanian (Lebedys 1976: 217). a a manusc ip s a e di e en in hei con en s and p ac ical use: he e a e copies o he Qu an, a si s1, ki abs2, chamails3 e c. some chamails con ain in- can a ions which usually consis o an ins uc ion and a p ope apo opaic ex . he ins uc ion is no mally w i en in sla ic (bela usian, Polish o , a ely, us- sian), bu he apo opaic ex is e y o en in a abic which was and s ill is he sac al language o islam. his can be a quo a ion om he Qu an o a Muslim eligious o mula. some imes he apo opaic ex can be in u kic o sla ic4; some imes i can be a se o a abic cha ac e s wi h no clea meaning o jus an ab acadab a. some ab acadab a ex s esemble a abic (a e Pseudo-a abic) o e en La in (a e Pseudo-La in). one incan a ion agains snake ( ipe o g ass- snake)5 bi es d ew ou a en ion, since i seemed and eally u ned ou o be w i en in Li huanian. Li huanian incan a ion in a abic sc iP and i s oLkLo e Pa aLLeLs he ex is w i en on page 37b in a chamail, now kep in a p i a e collec ion in Minsk. he manusc ip wi h no co e consis s o 44 olios o 175 × 110 mm. un- o una ely, he e is no colophon in he manusc ip . i s pape does no con ain any wa e ma k, bu i does con ain a s amp wi h he image o an eagle and he ollowing ex : Кн[язя] Паске[вича] ‘(p oduced by) he P ince Paskie ich’ ( ol. 5a e c.). he e- o e, i canno p e-da e 1872 – he yea when he pape mill belonged o he p ince Paskie ich s a ed unc ioning in he own o dob ush (now in bela us). he man- 1 om he a abic ήϴδϔΗΏΎΘϛϞ΋ΎϤΣΏΎΑ [ a sī ] ‘commen ’. i consis s o he ex o he Qu an in a abic wi h a commen o ansla ion in o he ( u kic, Polish, bela usian) language. 2 om he a abic ήϴδϔΗΏΎΘϛϞ΋ΎϤΣΏΎΑ [ki āb] ‘book’. i is a collec ion o commen s on some agmen s o he Qu an, didac ic s o ies e c. in bela usian o Polish language. 3 om he a abic ήϴδϔΗΏΎΘϛϞ΋ΎϤΣΏΎΑ [ḥamā’il] ‘amule s’. i is a collec ion o p aye s, mos ly in a abic, wi h ce ain commen s in bela usian o Polish, accompanied by calenda , as ological and o he ex s. 4 o examples o a a manusc ip incan a ions in sla ic see (Сынкова 2012). 5 g ass-snake is ob iously hough o be enomous, like a ipe . i is wo h men ioning ha e e y enomous snake can be called g ass-snake, and e e y g ass-snake can be called jus snake in he Li huanian olklo e and spoken adi ion (dundulienė 2005: 13). 14 MichaiL a eLka, se gejus eMČinas ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXI usc ip , w i en in la e 19 h–ea ly 20 h cen u y, was la e in use in he own(s) o Pas a y and pe haps Myadzyel, in close icini y o he Li huanian bo de . he incan a ion is supplied wi h an ins uc ion in sla ic: bāb6 ’i ṭo ṭože ẓāmāwlāc hāʒiná ’ilī ’ūžā p ed ẓāḥodām ṣloncā ’i dūc nā pūḥlinu ‘a chap e [s a s] which is also o be spelled agains a ipe o g ass-snake7 be o e he sunse and [you should] blow on he umo ’. Wha ollows is a Li huanian apo opaic ex : žemā žimā ’ab iwā peḳ ibā ẓāmān ġūṣ ʒewā ġe ibā. he Li huanian ex is singled ou wi h a line abo e. he e is a qui e simila Li huanian incan a ion agains snake bi es: Žeme žemybe, ‘oh, ea h, g ea ea h, Dangaus gė ybe, oh, sky’s goodness, Ta a pik ybį, you e ilness, Ta a pik ybį you e ilness Ažumuž Die a galybė! will be des oyed by god’s migh ’ – A aduok gė ybę – – gi e back he goodness – Žmogaus bal ybę. he human whi eness [e.g. heal hy colo ] (Vai ke ičienė 2008: 217, n 280; c . also n 279). in he a a manusc ip , basically he same ex is p esen ed in a sho e e sion lacking he lines 2 and 4, as well as he wo concluding lines. sho e ex s o his kind a e also known, c .: Žeme žemybė, a o pik ybė, mano Die as duos man ge ybį. Amen. ‘oh, ea h, g ea ea h, you e ilness, my god will gi e me [his] goodness. amen’ (Vai ke ičienė 2008: 216, n 277). 6 a abic ήϴδϔΗΏΎΘϛϞ΋ΎϤΣΏΎΑ [bāb] ‘chap e ’. 7 he p eceding ex in he manusc ip is ano he incan a ion agains snake bi es (in sla ic). 15s aipsniai / a icles Li huanian incan a ion in a abic sc ip om a a a manusc ip he abo e olklo e incan a ion is he closes (al hough no qui e iden ical) pa allel o he one ound in he a a manusc ip ha we we e able o iden i y. eX uaL and Linguis ic in e P e a ion hese Li huanian pa allels allow he ollowing in e p e a ion o he a a Li hua- nian incan a ion: žemā žimā ’ab iwā peḳ ibā ẓāmān ġūṣ ʒewā ġe ibā *Žeme žemybe, a ą pik ybą ažumuž dzie a ge yba! ‘oh, ea h, g ea ea h, you e ilness will be des oyed by god’s migh !’ he exac linguis ic in e p e a ion is impossible, since he Li huanian incan a- ion w i en in a abic sc ip does no allow he di e en ia ion be ween he pho- ne ically and seman ically simila dialec al o ms pik ybą and pik ybę, o e en ge ybą, gė ybą, ge ybę and gė ybę. hey all a e equally possible in his con ex . he e a e a leas wo majo disc epancies be ween he ac ual ex and i s p o- posed in e p e a ion: 1) žimā ’ab iwā ≈ žemybe, a ą ‘g ea ea h, you ’; 2) ẓāmān ġūṣ ≈ ažumuš ‘[he] will kill’. hey a e di icul o explain. i is qui e possible ha hey a e me ely a esul o ex ual co up ion occu ed in he p ocess o a ce ain (no necessa ily e y long) ex ual ansmission. ne e heless, he possibili y o a di e en in e p e a ion canno be o ally uled ou . o ins ance, žimā ’ab iwā peḳ ibā migh be al e na i ely unde s ood as žeme, pe a a pik ybę ‘oh, ea h, because o you e ilness’, c . pe a o pik ybę ‘because o you e ilness’ in a ex ually simila Li huanian incan a ion (Vai ke ičienė 2008: 216, n 278). al e na i ely, he eading ’ab iwā somehow esembles Li huanian bjau ybė ‘c eep, oad’ which is qui e common in Li huanian incan a ions agains snake bi es8, bu mo e o less clea ex ual pa allels o he ex in ques ion which would con ain his lexeme a e unknown in he Li huanian adi ion. he eading ẓāmān ġūṣ migh be also unde s ood as a co up ed sequence man duos ‘(he) will gi e me’, c . he ollowing examples om wo ex ually simila 8 he e is an en i e g oup o abs ac nouns in -ybė equen ly used in Li huanian incan a ions: žemy bė ‘g ea ea h’, gė ybė ‘goodness’, pik ybė ‘e ilness’, galybė ‘migh ’, bal ybė ‘whi eness’, bjau ybė ‘c eep, oad’ e c. (c . Завьялова 2006: 87). 16 MichaiL a eLka, se gejus eMČinas ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXI Li huanian incan a ions: mano Die as duos man ge ybį ‘My god will gi e me [his] goodness’ and Die as duos man sa o ge ybę ‘god will gi e me his goodness’ (Vai ke ičienė 2008: 216, n 277 and 278). his in e p e a ion c ea es a new p ob- lem, since i needs nom. sg. Die as, and no gen. sg. Die o, which is ac ually p esen ed in he ex (in i s dialec al o m ʒewā). al e na i ely, one migh hypo h- esize ha he e he a a Li huanian incan a ion eads man bus ‘[i ] will be [gi en] o me’, which needs he wo d Die as ‘god’ in i s gen. sg. o m, exac ly as i is in he ex , bu his sequence is no known om he ex ually simila Li huanian incan a ions. in bo h cases, he ini ial segmen ẓā o he sequence ẓāmān ġūṣ emains unexplained. in spi e o hese mino p oblems, he ex ual ype o he a a Li huanian in- can a ion and i s gene al sense a e qui e clea . he Li huanian incan a ions ci ed abo e as pa allels o he one ound in he a a manusc ip ha e been eco ded in ignalina and u ena dis ic s ( he eas e n pa o Li huania), in close icini y o he se lemen o Pas a y (bela us) whe e he same a a manusc ip has been unc ioning a leas o some ime. in e e y case, he owels [e] and [i], which a e qui e dissimila in Li huanian p onuncia ion, a e bo h ansc ibed a iously using he a abic diac i ic ocaliza ion ma ks o [e] and [i], c .: žemā žimā – *Žeme žemybe; peḳ ibā – *pik ybą. hese may be mino esul s o ex ual co up ion, caused by speci ically sla ic (bela u- sian) p onuncia ion wi h i s owel educ ion (and neu aliza ion) egula ly occu ing in he uns essed syllables. i eally so, he co up ion o his ype mus be second- a y, made by a la e sla ic-speaking copyis wi h insu icien o no p ac ical knowl- edge o Li huanian9. in his case, he ex mus ha e unde gone a p ocess o ex- ual ansmission. he language o he a a Li huanian incan a ion can be iden i ied as a dialec , clea ly di e en om he Li huanian s anda d. a leas wo dialec al ea u es may be no ed: a) sou he n and eas e n Li huanian pala aliza ion o ( )¢, d( )¢ → c( )¢, dz( )¢ be o e he on owels o i- ype, e.g. he so called dzūka imas (zinke i čius 1966: 518, map n 73), c . ʒewā – *Dzie a (no *Die a); b) cen al and no he n Li huanian uns essed nom. sg. ending -a o he masculine nouns in -as, co esponding o he s anda d nom. sg. ending -o (zinke ičius 1966: 477, map n 32), c . ʒewā – *Dzie a (no *Dzie o). 9 i is ue ha a a sc ibes did no no mally encoun e simila p oblems wi h he ocaliza ion ma ks o [e] and [i] while w i ing o copying sla ic (bela usian o Polish) ex s in a abic sc ip , bu his was due o hei abili y o con oll he ex h ough i s pe ec unde s anding. he si ua ion mus ha e been qui e di e en when hey had o deal wi h a ex in a language hey could no easily unde s and. 17s aipsniai / a icles Li huanian incan a ion in a abic sc ip om a a a manusc ip i should be no ed ha he eading peḳ ibā does no necessa ily con ain he same esul o pala aliza ion (*peḳcibā) which could be expec ed as a pa allel o ʒewā – *Dzie a (no *Die a). he a abic cha ac e Tā’ (ت) which was used o he hi d consonan in peḳ ibā, egula ly e lec s a pala alized [ ¢] ( he e is an- o he cha ac e o ela [ ]), bu some imes also he esul o he sound change o [ ¢] → [c¢] (Антонович 1968: 256, 258). hus, i is no impossible ha in peḳ ibā he same a abic cha ac e e lec s [c¢], e.g. he esul o Li huanian dzūka imas. he use o he a abic cha ac e Tā’ o [ ¢ ] and i s subs i u e [c¢] is ypical o bela usian ex s in a abic ound in local a a manusc ip s o he 17 h cen u y, can be spo adically ound in he 18 h cen u y, and becomes ex emely a e in he 19 h cen u y (Антонович 1968: 250–261). i we allow a pa allel be ween he be- la usian and Li huanian ex s w i en in a abic, i would be possible o da e he hypo he ic p o og aph o he Li huanian incan a ion in a abic (now known om a manusc ip o he 19 h cen u y) back o he 17 h cen u y. in his case, he eading ʒewā – *Dzie a may be be e explained as a esul o la e o hog aphic mod- e niza ion (i we ag ee ha i is na u al o a sc ibe o w i e using a sys ema ic o hog aphy which would consis en ly e lec Li huanian dzūka imas)10. heo e ically, one migh hypo hesize ha he wo phone ic ea u es men ioned abo e we e no p ima ily p esen ed in he Li huanian ex in a abic, bu a e me ely a esul o la e modi ica ions in oduced by a bela usian-speaking a a sc ibe, since he e a e qui e simila phone ic phenomena o sekannie/dzekannie and akannie in bela usian. bu he e is no eal need o pos ula e la e modi ica ions o he ea u es which a e pe ec ly adequa e in a Li huanian ex (c . he p inciple o ockham’s azo ). he phone ic isoglosses o he wo dialec ea u es explici ly e lec ed in he a a Li huanian incan a ion o e lap in a qui e es ic ed a ea in he eas e n pa o Li huania – be ween he se lemen s o kal anėnai, Mielagėnai, e ečius, dys- na and adu iškis ( hese a e dispe sed alongside he eas e n segmen o he bo de be ween he Li huanian dis ic s o ignalina and Š enčionys), e.g. in close icini y o he bela usian se lemen o Pas a y whe e he a a manusc ip con aining he Li huanian incan a ion has been unc ioning o some ime. i should be emem- be ed ha in 1920–1939, he e hnic Li huanians a ound he bela usian se lemen s o Pas a y, h uzdaw, kamai, Lyn upy and zhukoini we e a he le el o a ound 10% o he en i e local popula ion (zinke ičius 1993: 178–179). 10 his assump ion is no obliga o y, since e en p o essional olklo e eco dings some imes a e inconsis - en in ansmi ing dzūka imas: c ., o example, he p esence o pa allel o ms o Dzie o ( wice) and Die o ( wice) in he same Li huanian incan a ion eco ded by V. Mansikka and a. bielinis nea aly us in he sou he n pa o Li huania (Vai ke ičienė 2008: 454, n 1057). 18 MichaiL a eLka, se gejus eMČinas ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXI i is qui e clea ha he Li huanian incan a ion in a manusc ip chamail has been ini ially w i en in a abic sc ip in an a ea whe e Li huanian incan a ions (and Li huanian popula ion as hei immedia e sou ce) we e a ailable o local a a s. i can be concluded ha i mus ha e o igina ed mo e o less in he same egion o eas e n Li huania/wes e n bela us whe e his a a manusc ip was ci cula ing. al hough he exac place o o igin o he manusc ip emains unknown, his geo- g aphical coincidence make us hink ha i was p obably he same egion whe e he Li huanian incan a ion was i s w i en down by a a s using he a abic sc ip ( he hypo he ical o iginal o he 17 h cen u y) and whe e i s ex an copy o la e 19 h–ea ly 20 h cen u y o igina ed (and was la e in use). c oss-cuL u aL con eX incan a ions agains snake bi es o en occu in chamails, bu o he manusc ip s con ain apo opaic ex s in languages o he han Li huanian. he ex published abo e is unique and known om a single manusc ip (wi h no o he copies o be compa ed wi h) which na u ally makes i s p ecise ex ual and linguis ic in e p e a- ion qui e di icul . ne e heless, i p esen s an in iguing and p e iously unknown (al hough no qui e unexpec ed) cul u al phenomenon as a Li huanian ex w i en in a abic sc ip by a a s o he o me g and duchy o Li huania. he incan a ions agains snake bi es o m he la ges g oup o he Li huanian olklo e incan a ions11 and also ha e a p ominen place in he bela usian olklo e (Завьялова 2006: 161). his may be unde s ood as a egional ea u e (wi h a p ob- able bal ic subs a e backg ound in bela usian) which is in sha p con as o he ussian olklo e whe e he incan a ions agains snake bi es a e much less equen (Завьялова 2000: 197). i is pe haps no a big su p ise o ind a Li huanian incan- a ion o exac ly his kind in a a a manusc ip . he p esence o he Li huanian incan a ion in a a a manusc ip does no necessa ily indica e ha he a a sc ibe who ini ially w o e down he ex using he a abic sc ip was well e sed in Li huanian – he migh ha e mo e o less me- chanically ansc ibed a ex p onounced o him by someone else. i is a well-known ac ha incan a ions we e o en seen mo e e ec i e when u e ed in a mo e o less “exo ic” language and/o by a pe son wi h an “exo ic” eligious o cul u al backg ound. his may, o example, explain he p esence o a ew ka elian-Veps incan a ions (accompanied by ussian ins uc ions and, hus, 11 his e y ac e lec s he ex emely impo an ole which he snake played in he adi ional Li huanian belie es (dundulienė 2005). 19s aipsniai / a icles Li huanian incan a ion in a abic sc ip om a a a manusc ip designed o ussian eade ship) which we e w i en oge he wi h nume ous us- sian incan a ions in he olone s manusc ip o he second qua e o he 17 h cen u y (Топорков 2010: 46–54, 286–310). some Li huanian cha me s used o spell incan a ions in se e al languages – Li huanian, Polish and ussian; a e in- can a ions in La in, La ian and ge man a e also known in he Li huanian adi ion (Vai ke ičienė 2008: 17–21, 53, 611–710). i is in e es ing o no e ha a single incan a ion p onounced in a abic has been eco ded in Š enčionys (in he eas e n pa o Li huania) by V. Mansikka in ea ly 20 h cen u y: A uzi-i bie-la-hi-i bez me-la-hi a-cha-li- a-chim (Mansikka 1929: 27, no e 1). his is a co up ed e sion o he amous Muslim o mula ’a‘ūzu billahi min aš-šajṭāni- - aǧīm bismi-llahi- - aḥmāni- - aḥīm ‘i seek p o ec ion om allah agains he de il; in he name o allah, mos me ci ul, mos kind’ which may be ound in nume ous a es a ions in chamails and, less o en, ki abs (see, o example: jankowski, Łapicz 2000: 110). un o una ely, V. Mansikka has no indica ed whe he he had hea d he a abic “incan a ion” om a ch is ian pe son, o om a local a a . he second a ian is qui e possible, since he e was a a a communi y in Š enčionys a ha ime. he e is a miza (Muslim ceme e y) in Š enčionys (buino ska 2014: 11). a leas one a a manusc ip (ki ab o aleksand chasene ich o 1868) is known o ha e been in use in he uyezd o Š enčionys in ea ly 20 h cen u y (Мишкинене, На- мавичюте, Покровская 2005: 62–64). ne e heless, he a abic “incan a ion” eco ded in Š enčionys is co up ed o he ex en which is ha dly compa ible wi h i s possible a a p o enience, since any a a , ega dless o his/he le el o li e acy and educa ion, is expec ed o know a leas he basmala ( he wo ds bismi-llahi- - aḥmāni- - aḥīm ‘in he name o allah, mos me ci ul, mos kind’ which make he second pa o he a abic ex unde discussion) qui e well as no o make mis akes simila o hose p esen ed in he sequence bez me-la-hi a-cha-li- a-chim in he “incan a ion” eco ded by V. Man- sikka. i seems mo e plausible ha he ex has been eco ded om a ch is ian (Li huanian- o sla ic-speaking) pe son who had lea ned he a abic o mula om a local a a . i i is eally so, Š enčionys appea s as one mo e a ea whe e a mu- ual ch is ian-Muslim exchange o eal o concep ional incan a ions ook place. his is in close icini y o he se lemen s o dysna, e ečius, Mielagėnai, adu iškis in Li huania, and Pas a y in bela us whe e he Li huanian incan a ion known om a a a manusc ip i s o igina ed in Li huanian milieu, hen was ansc ibed using he a abic sc ip in a a a chamail and la e was in use in he ex an copy. ou esea ch has shown ha he mos likely egion o he c oss-cul u al ex- change o his ype may be iden i ied as eas e n Li huania/wes e n bela us. his