Titles of “Poems Timid and Barefoot”: on Jan Twardowski’s Vague Synecdochical Biblionyms

136 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXII SERHIY YERMOLENKO Depa men o Gene al Linguis ics O.O.Po ebnia Ins i u e o Linguis ics Na ional Academy o Sciences o Uk aine Fields o esea ch: semio ic aspec s o a ious discou se and ex ypes (e e yday language, ic ion, poe y, and p o e bs), s udy o inne o m a a ious language le els, s udy o in e ela ions be ween he semio ic s uc u e o a ious ypes o linguis ic signs and epis emological pe spec i e o discou se. TITLES OF POEMS TIMID AND BAREFOOT: ON JAN TWARDOWSKI’S VAGUE SYNECDOCHICAL BIBLIONYMS „D o ių i basų eilė aščių“ pa adinimai: apie Jano T a do skio neaiškius sinekdochinius biblionimus ANNOTATION The au ho ocuses on some i les o poems by he Polish au ho p ies Jan Twa dowski (1915-2006) which he calls synecdochical (since hey epea a pa o he ex hey name), in pa icula , hose o hem which seem o be unin o ma i e, andomly and a bi a ily chosen as well as aguely, i a all, mo i a ed by he poem’s con en . He explains hei spe- ci ic na u e as de e mined by semio ic ea u es o mo i a ion p ope o hem as poe ic ex names, on he one hand, and by hei ole as an in eg al pa o poe ic ex , on he o he : aken ou o hei con ex and pu in he p ominen posi ion o he i le, such ex ag- men s no only o mally designa e he ex acco ding o he ‘pa s p o o o’ p inciple, bu also ge ein e p e ed, acqui ing new meaning as well as impa ing an addi ional sense o he poem. The seeming agueness o such i les ac s as a means o making he eade seek he in o ma ion hey add o he ex . Because o hei agueness and u e s ylis ic modes- y, hese i les ep esen hose ea u es o J. Twa dowski’s poe ics ha e lec he Ch is ian i ues o po e y and he belie in he inc edible. S aipsniai / A icles 137 Ti les o Poems Timid and Ba e oo : on Jan Twa dowski’s Vague Synecdochical Biblionyms KEYWORDS: Jan Twa dowski, biblionym, sign ep esen a ion, mo i a ion, ex s uc u e. ANOTACIJA S aipsnyje analizuojami kai ku ie lenkų au o iaus kunigo Jano T a do skio (1915– 2006) eilė aščių pa adinimai, ku ie adinami sinekdochiniais (pa adinimai paka oja dalį jais pa adin o eks o), ypač ie, ku ie a odo nein o ma y ūs, a si ik inai pasi ink i i neaiškiai a ba iš iso nepag indžiami eilė aščio u iniu. Paaiškinama jų kilmė, ku ią, iena e us, nulemia semio iniai jų, kaip poe inio eks o a dų, mo y acijos požymiai, o ki a e us – jų, kaip sudedamosios poe inio eks o dalies, aidmuo: išim i iš kon eks o i pa alpin i ma omoje pa adinimo ie oje, šie eks o agmen ai ne ik o maliai nu odo į eks ą, ado aujan is pa s p o o o p incipu, ačiau jie y a i naujai in e p e uojami, įgy- dami naują eikšmę i su eikdami eilė aščiui papildomą p asmę. Ta iamas okių pa a- dinimų neaiškumas naudojamas kaip p iemonė, ska inan i skai y oją ieško i in o macijos, ku ią jie su eikia eks ui. Dėl sa o neaiškumo i isiško s ilis inio kuklumo šie pa adin- imai iš eiškia okius Jano T a do skio poe ikos b uožus, ku ie a spindi k ikščioniškąsias ne u o do ybes i ikėjimą nepap as ais dalykais. ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: Janas T a do skis, biblionimas, ženklo iš aiška, mo y acija, eks- o s uk ū a. The p esen pape is a s udy o i les o poe ic wo ks by he ou s anding and e y popula Polish au ho p ies Jan Twa dowski (1915–2006), ocusing on hose o hem which I call synecdochical. Thus, he pape ’s subjec ma e is o double opicali y, ela ing o wo ields o linguis ic in es iga ion, one mo e speci ic, he s udy o J. Twa dowski’s i les as pa o his poe ic language and dic ion, and he o he mo e gene al, he heo y o (li e a y) p ope names. I ap- p oach hese i les semio ically, conside ing hem signs whose objec s a e wo ks hey e e o. Howe e , he ela ionship be ween he ex ’s i le (also e med bib- lionym, see: Подольская 1988: 42) and he es o he ex i names (o he ex p ope ) is ambi alen and mo e complex han in o he ypes o signs. Indeed, on one hand, he i le is conside ed an in eg al pa o he ex ’s s uc u e, he ini ial one, ha which he eade deals wi h i s (Kos kiewiczowa 1976: 474). Bu on he o he hand, he i le is also pe ec ly capable o occu ing au ono- mously, o ins ance, ep esen ing he ex in bibliog aphical lis s o oo no es. This dual na u e o he i le’s ela ionship o he ex i e e s o mani es s i sel in he cha ac e o he i le as a linguis ic en i y: Yu.O.Ka penko main ained SERHIY YERMOLENKO 138 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXII ha seen as he ex ’s name he i le is a lexical le el uni , whe eas as he ini ial ex ual componen i is a sen ence (Карпенко 1975: 4). He also poin ed ou ha such duali y o he biblionym is caused by bo h he ex and i s name ha ing he same, i.e. linguis ic, o m o exp ession (ibid.), o which i may be added ha , due o ha duali y, he ex i le deno es i sel along wi h he ex p ope . Be ha as i may, he ela ion be ween he li e a y wo k and i s heading is s ill mo e complica ed. Howe e impo an is he choice o he i le o a book o a icle ha is no a is ic, ye in i sel such a biblionym is jus a oken, o a ag, ha is o say, i is an ou e a ibu e o he ex i deno es, a ex ual compo- nen whose unc ion is a nomina i e and in o ma i e (and, possibly, pe suasi e) one, namely, o iden i y he ex i e e s o and o di e en ia e i om o he ones by p esen ing i in an e ec i e and a ac i e way ( o ha eason, e en i les o s ic ly schola ly wo ks can ha e a dis inc elemen o image y and s y- lis ic alue, c . H.Popowska-Tabo ska’s collec ion o wo ks and eminiscences named “Z óżnych szu lad”, Roman Jakobson’s imagina i e i les, such as “Po- e y o g amma and g amma o poe y”, Daniel Ne le’s monog aph “Vanish- ing Voices. The ex inc ion o he wo ld’s languages“, he book by Da id Bello “Is ha a ish in you ea ? T ansla ion and meaning o e e y hing”, and he like. The i le o he a icle «До питання про пареміологічний парадокс» by he linguis and pa emiologis Z.H.Ko siuba is an excellen example o a heading in which all he ele an unc ions balance ou : he i le objec i ely ep esen s he wo k’s con en and he e o e p ope ly in oduces he eade o he opics deal wi h, and a he same ime he men ion o a pa adox will un ailingly in igue he eade , ope a ing as an addi ional s imulus igge ing his immedia e in e - es in he a icle. On he o he hand, he li e a y wo k i le, besides being all ha , is di ec ly and a mo e in ol ed in he seman ic s uc u e o he wo k, especially a poe ic one whe e, gi en a poem’s ( ela i e) sho ness and poe ic lines being gene ally sho e han p ose ones, i s i le is isually in eg a ed in he ex which can be pe cei ed a a glance. A guably, his in ol edness is caused by ha p ope y o a is ic wo k (bo h e bal and no e bal) which is i s o e all iconici y: in such a wo k, any o i s o mal ea u es is meaning ul so ha any change in i s o m e- sul s in he change in meaning as well, see (Milewski 1969: 14–15; Єрмоленко 2006: 185–193). Because o ha , he a ie y o li e a y wo k i les is gene ally g ea e han non-li e a y ones. I.R.Gal’pe in indica ed ha he li e a y i le o - en does no exp ess i s meaning di ec ly (which is ye ano he co olla y o he a is ic cha ac e o he ex : i is a well-known ac ha a does no ole a e plain speech, see (Потебня 1976: 340)), i s sense being me apho ically o me o- nymically “ eiled”. Acco ding o him, li e a y i les can be classi ied as ollows in espec o he o m o in o ma ion hey con ain: 1) symbol i le, 2) ci a ion S aipsniai / A icles 139 Ti les o Poems Timid and Ba e oo : on Jan Twa dowski’s Vague Synecdochical Biblionyms i le, 3) message i le, 4) allusion i le, 5) na a i e i le (c . chap e headings in 18 h cen u y English no els) (Гальперин 2007: 134). Tha is no o say, how- e e , ha he e a e no nameless li e a y pieces o pieces wi h plain and unin- o ma i e names, since such ones do exis oo, c . poems wi h h ee as e isks ins ead o a i le as well as collec ions o e se called (ei he by he publishe o he au ho ) simply “Poems”, o ins ance, N.K.Kybal’chych i s collec ion o e se “Поезії” (1913) o B.Olijnyk’s book o he same name (1986). Then he e a e, o cou se, no els and s o ies ha a e named a e hei main cha - ac e , such as S ephen King’s Dolo es Claibo ne, Ch is ie, o Ca ie. While one may no ully ag ee wi h I.R.Gal’pe in who hough N.D.A u iuno a w ong in claiming ha L.N.Tols oy’s no el i le Anna Ka enina does no pe o m he in- oducing unc ion (ibid.) – o i ob iously does – ye e en o someone who has no p e ious knowledge o his no el’s con en , his name is mo e han a name. Appea ing in he i le o an a is ic wo k, i is p esumed o e e o he unique li e a y cha ac e (on he o he hand, such a name can be mo i a ed, and co - espondingly exp ess, an in e ex ual allusion, e e ing o a p eceden ex o ollowing a mo e gene al li e a y adi ion, see, e.g., L.Yu.Go nako a’s hesis on he allusi e Russian poe onym Лиза (Горнакова 2010)), while he ex ha ollows mus pe o m he es , in pa icula , help he cha ac e ’s name ealize i s po en ial seman ic ea u es: in Anna Ka enina, such ea u es a e gene a ed, acco ding o A.A.Fomin, by he con as o he pa onymously in e p e ed – as he SQUARE s. CIRCLE opposi ion – agmen s o he su names (Каре)нина and (Обло)нский (Фомин 2012). In a mo e gene al sense, a pa allel may be d awn he e wi h a is ic pho og aphs o pain ings i led Ma y, Louise and he like, an h oponyms used as hei i les meaning some hing essen ially di e en om wha hey deno e in e e yday usage, e en i pe sons such pic u es p esen ac ually ha e hese names. Bu hen again, he e a e mo e complica ed li e a y i les oo, ye he o ig- inali y o e en hose can be di e en , since, as T.Kos kiewiczowa poin s ou , “ he way o o ma ion o he li e a y wo k i le as well as i s s uc u e a e sub- o dina ed o he gene al p inciples o poe ics o he wo k in ques ion; being his o ically a iable, hey a e subjec o con en ionaliza ion along wi h o he componen s o he li e a y wo k” (Kos kiewiczowa 1976: 474); in pa icula , ha means ha he choice o a i le can be a ma e o li e a y ashion p e - e ences (c . he ollowing agmen o Vladimi Naboko ’s memoi s “Другие берега”: “…и у меня была с собой целая кипа беленьких книжечек стихов со всей гаммой тогдашних заглавий, т.е. от простецкого «Ноктюрны» до изысканного «Пороша»” (Набоков 1991: 167)). Tu ning now o he i les o poem o J. Twa dowski, his e y unusual au- ho (his biog aphy by Magdalena G zebałkowska, a jou nalis wi h “Gaze a SERHIY YERMOLENKO 140 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXII Wybo cza”, is called “Ksiądz Pa adoks”), hey a e o di e en cha ac e oo, some o hem qui e usual and adi ional, e.g. Ma ka Boża Pows ancza [1, 20]1, O ludzkim se cu pod wielkim baldachimem [1, 86], Wie sz dydak yczny [2, 396], Zau- ałem d odze [1, 405], Posąg Dawida [1, 64], Modli wa [1, 77; 1, 87; 1, 127; 1, 160; 1, 264; 2, 143] (besides six poems wi h his i le, he e a e h ee mo e whe e Modli wa co-occu s wi h o he wo ds), Ku wodzie [2, 330], Do Jezusa umęczonego o ganami [1, 141], Do albomu ( he e a e h ee poems o his name: [2, 21; 2, 244; 2, 387]), Do albomu po az d ugi [2, 141], Dob anocka [2, 386] and so on. Among hose, he e a e hose o he ype ha Galpe in called me onymical, in ha hey a e ealized by a wo d, a sen ence o an u e ance occu ing in he ex as well and so ep esen ing i ; in semio ic e ms, i les o his kind may be quali- ied as indexical (i.e. belonging o indexical signs as unde s ood by Ch.S.Pei ce (Єрмоленко 2006: 19–20), i.e. ones based upon con igui y o a ious kinds be ween hem and hei objec ) and, one should add, iconic as well (again ac- co ding o he Pei cean classi ica ion o ep esen a ional ela ionships be ween he sign and i s objec ), since he pa o he ex ep oduced by he i le is sim- ila o, o iden ical wi h, he co esponding agmen o he ex . I will hence- o h call hem synecdochical, bo h o b e i y’s sake and because one o hei essen ial ea u es is being mo i a ed acco ding o he “pa s p o o o” p inciple. Among J. Twa dowski’s i les o his ype he e a e some ha a e ai ly unusual, and i is hey ha a e he subjec ma e o his a icle. O cou se, he synechdochical ype o i les is by i sel pe ec ly usual, and among J. Twa dowski’s biblionyms, he e a e qui e a lo o such usual and, i one may say so, un ema kable names oo. Fo example, o he wo o his poems wi h he i les con aining he wo d koniec (Koniec [1, 419] and Koniec nie-koniec [2, 398]), i is in he i s ha he wo d occu s elsewhe e in he ex (Koniec – o kłamczuch w świecie nieskonczonym). Howe e , bo h i les seem usual and p e- dic able, since i is ac ually he end ha he wo poems a e abou so ha hese headings exp ess he poems’ heme and, consequen ly, a e gene aliza ions o hei con en . And ye in J. Twa dowski’s poe y he e a e also biblionyms which seem he- ma ically o be almos unconnec ed wi h he ex hey name, and inadequa e in ha hey lea e an imp ession o being andomly o a bi a ily chosen, no mo- i a ed and de e mined by, and he e o e ill o no a all i o ep esen , he ex o he poem hey e e o. The only hing hey ha e in common wi h he la e is a wo d o ph ase ound in i . I espec i e o hei composi ion, hei p incipal 1 The examples a e d awn om his e se collec ion: Twa dowski Jan. Miłosc miłosci szuka. Wie sze 1937–1998. Wa szawa: PIW / Poznan: Ksiega nia Swie ego Wojciecha, 1999. V. 1–2. S aipsniai / A icles 141 Ti les o Poems Timid and Ba e oo : on Jan Twa dowski’s Vague Synecdochical Biblionyms common ea u e is ha o a ai ly loose o e en (seemingly) non-exis en mean- ing ul ela ionship o poem hey name. Such biblionyms, oo, a e no unknown in li e a u e, and easons behind hei choice can be di e en . Say, he heading o W. Some se Maugham sho s o y The book-bag does no immedia ely bea on he s o y’s subjec ma e , a lo e ela ionship be ween a b o he and sis e , as old by ano he Englishman o he na a o a elling in Malaya. The cha ac e o his ela ionship, al hough unambiguously in e ed om wha is said, is ne e s a ed in di ec e ms ei he in he au ho ’s na a i e o in he embedded s o y, and pe haps i is his heme being a hose ime “ oo ho o handle” ha is he eason why his s o y has a somewha misleading name mo i a ed in a a he oundabou way ( he s o y begins wi h he na a o elling o his lo e o eading, which makes him, when a elling, ake a huge book-bag wi h him; his Malayan hos , a B i ish Residen , bo ows om him By on’s biog aphy, some de ails o which b ing him o ell his own s o y o lo e be ween a sis e and a b o he ). Ye he (appa en ) lack o mo i a ion in J. Twa dowski’s poe ic biblionyms seems o be o an al oge he di e en na u e which has no hing o do wi h a- boo subjec s (ac ually, J. Twa dowski, as a eligious poe , ne e a oided di i- cul and con o e sial issues o ai h and eligion and ne e ied o p o e wha canno be p o ed). Conside , o ins ance, one o J. Twa dowski’s mos popula poems, Kiedy mówisz [2, 68]. Dedica ed o Aleksand a Iwanowska, his long- ime assis an and li e a y sec e a y, his e y sho ex is an impe a i e u e ance in he second pe son e iden ly di ec ed o he add essee in answe o he le e ull o complain s o ill o une and bad luck. The wo inal lines o he poem summa ize he essence o he message: a od zwykłych zeczy naucz się spokoju / i zapomnij ze jes eś gdy mówisz ze kochasz. The ph ase co esponding o he i le is ound in he second o hese lines, wi h he di e ence ha in he ex he ph ase is in oduced by he ela i e p onominal ad e b gdy, whe eas in he i le gdy is subs i u ed, pe haps o he sake o euphony, by i s a ian kiedy. Howe e , his ph ase, aken sepa a ely, does no seem in any signi ican way o bea up- on he p incipal idea o he poem as exp essed by hese lines o , o ha ma e , by he whole ex ; o a he i ells abou some hing di e en . Occu ing in he con ex o dialogue (such as le e exchange), he ex ual agmen gdy mówisz ze kochasz seemingly e e s o some hing he add essee p e iously said, wi h an addi ional emphasis on he alleged, i.e. no ye ( ully) p o en, con en o he e- po ed/ci ed s a emen . Ac ually, howe e , i is an idioma ic exp ession mean- ing app oxima ely he same as gdy kochasz bu highligh ing he u h o his s a emen (gdy nap awdę mówisz ze kochasz “i you eally mean wha you say” = gdy nap awdę kochasz “i you eally lo e”): he ep esen a ion by he add ess- e o some hing as epo ed by he add essee himsel (gdy mówisz ze kochasz) SERHIY YERMOLENKO 142 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXII ope a es as a means o emphasis, e iden ly on he g ounds o he ollowing ea- soning: “When some hing is said o be ue i mus be ue”, he unde lying assump ion being ha elling any hing is an amoun o elling he u h. In o he wo ds, unde lying his exp ession is he assump ion abou language no unlike he G icean p inciple, in pa icula he Maxim o Quali y e e ing o he u h ulness o wha is said (Грайс 1985: 222–223). The e o e, aking he ph ase gdy mówisz ou o i s con ex and using i as he poem’s i le seems o b ing in o elie an addi ional opic, ha o one’s esponsibili y o u h ully as- se some hing, speci ically when claiming some hing essen ial (such as ha ing a Ch is ian i ue) abou onesel . Thus, he i le o his kind al e s he ocus o poe ic u e ance, de ia ing om he main heme and pu ing emphasis on some o he aspec o he poem’s con en o e en adding a new aspec o i . Fo ins ance, in he poem Lu a [2, 344], consis ing o only ou lines, his wo d, deno ing wa e y d ink o ood, is ound in he poem’s i s hal desc ibing a ceme e y in au umn: Lis opad cmen- a z pus y / deszcz zimna lu a. This desc ip ion p o ides backg ound o he ol- lowing s a emen (u e ed by an unspeci ied pe son): - o s aszne – k os mowi / p zes ać kochać zma łego dla ego ze uma ł. And ye wha he i le highligh s is his backg ound’s ea u e, a cold au umn ain. Howe e , his ea u e, supe imposed on he s a emen ha ollows, can be in e p e ed as a me apho o ha kind o weak and he e o e inadequa e lo e which s ops wi h he demise o he lo ed one, he common ea u e sha ed by i and a wa e y d ink being hei weakness (c ., in pa icula , he lu a’s de ini ion, “slaby, malo essencjonalny napoj” (Du- bisz 2004), on he one hand, and, on he o he , he a ibu e silny desc ibing lo e in he ue sense o his wo d, as in he de ini ion o miłość, “silna więź emocjonalna, jaka łączy ludzi sobie bliskich” (ibid.)). In he poem Na pół [2, 176] he ad e bial ph ase, meaning “hal ” and used as a biblionym, la e occu s in he ex whe e i modi ies he pa iciple p zeda e, and he la e is a cons i uen o he headless noun ph ase consis ing o se e al modi ie s (Niedokoczone / p ze wane / p zeda e na pół / niekochane / nic już nie wa e) sha ing he seman ic ea u e “inadequa e”. Judging om hese modi ie s one may in e ha he ellip ed head’s meaning should be cons ued as “you li e”: he e b in he 2nd pe son impe a i e, nie wyb zydzaj, coming immedia ely a e hem, indica es ha he whole ex is an apos ophic enuncia ion di ec ed o he unnamed pe son, possibly o he ly ical subjec (i.e. he speake as ep- esen ed in he a is ic ex ’s inne wo ld) himsel , who supposedly complains o he inadequacy o his li e. Bu i we ake in o conside a ion he gene al idea con eyed by he poem (some hing like “inadequacy is a human condi ion in gene al”), hen wha he ad e b ph ase used as he i le speci ies will be un- de s ood as a human’s lo . So, in he gene al con ex o he poem he i le Na S aipsniai / A icles 143 Ti les o Poems Timid and Ba e oo : on Jan Twa dowski’s Vague Synecdochical Biblionyms pół implies ha he human na u e is also essen ially di ided, no in eg al, and he e o e con adic o y, consis ing o wo pa s, good and bad. Thus, his i le is indexical oo, bo h o mally and seman ically, adding an impo an gene al- iza ion and a deepe philosophical sense o he poem’s message. In ano he poem by J. Twa dowski which also deals wi h he exis en ial as- pec o human condi ion and has he i le Na ok ągło, his ad e bial ph ase be- ing a pa o i s ex as well. The ph ase is polysemous, i s p ima y meaning being “ oundedly” and he seconda y, “con inuously, incessan ly”. Since his e y sho poem ells abou loneliness and aliena ion, and, used in he ex , na ok ągło speci ies he head noun jęk (Samo ność poś ód ludzi / pod apana d oga / ele on jak yba śnię a / sk zynka na lis y dla se ca pułapka / …jęk na ok ągło / samo ność bez Boga), i is qui e ob ious ha i is in he second meaning ha he ph ase is used in he ex . Ye being pu in he p ominen posi ion o he poem’s i le i seems o impa o i an addi ional sense unde lying which is he ph ase’s li e al meaning con eying he image o some hing ounded o ci cula . Mo e- o e , in he i s line he au ho speaks abou loneliness among people (Samo - ność poś ód ludzi) and in he inal one, abou loneliness wi hou God (samo ność bez Boga); his “soli ude”, signi ican ly men ioned wice, a he beginning and he end o he poem, also b ings along he image o ci cula i y, o a closed ci cle which is a well-known symbol o a hopeless si ua ion, which in spi e o any e - o s emains he same, c . he Polish idiom wi h he co esponding inne o m koło (kółko) się zamyka “jakieś sy uacje, czynniki wzajemnie się wa unkują, un- iemożliwiając ozwiązanie p oblem; sy uacja mimo wielu podję ych działań jes aka, jak na począ ku” (ibid.)2. And his is how he poe assesses ha kind o loneliness: as endless and despe a e. Besides, i should be no ed ha ci cula i y is ega ded as a ea u e o a pagan (o my hical) model o ime (Мелетинский 1992: 252–253)3, di e en om a lineal and di ec ional (and also hope ul) image o ime as concei ed by Ch is iani y (Леон-Дюфур e al. 1998: 927). In ano he poem by J. Twa dowski, Na słomce, he i le co esponds o he p eposi ional ph ase ound a ano he p ominen poin , he e y end o he las line and, co espondingly, he las sen ence o he ex : Ma ka Boska mnie zy- ma / jak niezda ną bankę na słomce. A he beginning, he ly ical subjec en is- ages his dea h a he al a (P zygasnę p zy oł a zu iskie ka po iskie ce / zos aną ylko bu y jak p zydep ane se ce), and he las line o his sho poem exp ess- es, h ough he simile compa ing i wi h a soap bubble, he dange ously poo 2 Ibid. 3 Элиаде Мирча. Миф о вечном возвращении. Архетипы и повторяемость, пер. с франц. Спб.: Алетейя, 1998, 249 с.; Мелетинский Е.М. Время мифическое. – Мифы народов мира. Энциклопедия 1, гл. ред. С.А.Токарев. Москва: Сов. энциклопедия, 1992, С. 252–253. SERHIY YERMOLENKO 144 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXII condi ion o he au ho ’s hea (indeed, in he ea ly yea s o his p ies hood J. Twa dowski su e ed om some obscu e ye g a e heal h p oblem ha was ne e iden i ied (G zebałkowska 2011: 133)). I will be no ed ha he ph ase na słomce, used wi hin he ex as a pa o he simile jak niezda ną bankę na słomce is, in syn ac ical e ms, an ad e bial modi ie o place wi hin an ad e bial mod- i ie o compa ison; hence, he ph ase belongs o he syn ac ic and seman ic pe iphe y o he las sen ence. Tha is o say, he poe , while compa ing him- sel o a bubble held on he s aw by Vi gin Ma y, ep oduces only a pe iphe al (bu supposedly signi ican ) ea u e o his image in he poem’s i le. In doing so, he omi s poin ing di ec ly no only o himsel bu also o he objec which he compa es himsel wi h (a bubble), and e balizes only whe e his bubble is ound (i.e. a s aw). Tha makes his i le doubly indexical, since i is a pa o he whole poe ic ex as well as i s agmen exp essing a complex image (a s aw ins ead o a bubble on a s aw ins ead o he ly ical subjec ). In spi e o he ac ha he poem’s heme is he poe ’s condi ion, i s i le masks him by pu ing him, so o say, behind he s aw. I may be added ha a s aw, i.e. a d ied ce eal s em, is ligh weigh , agile, apidly consumed by i e, and easily mo ed by he wind, which makes i a pe ec me apho ic image o some hing o somebody equally agile, ulne able and pe ishable. Thus, he i le a once hides and p o- iles he ly ical subjec . The same indi ec and, so o say, pa ial naming o he en i y wi hin he ex -in e nal wo ld is exempli ied by he biblionym Go ę sza od spój zenia [1, 99]. In he poem i e e s o he e is a lis o he ly ical subjec ’s wishes, nega i e and posi i e, which a e exp essed by in ini i e ph ases. A i s , he ells wha he does no wan o be (Żeby nie byc aką czcigodną osobą / k o ej podają pa asol / k o ą do Rzymu wysyłają…), hen, wha he does (Ale byc chlebem / k o y k ają / żywicą k ó ą z sosny na kadzidło sk obią / czymś z czego obią adio / żeby cho emu p zy e mome ze spiewało /… żół ym dla dzieci balonem). T ansi ion om he o - me o he la e , g amma ically mani es ed by swi ching om he nega i e o he a i ma i e, is also signaled by he double in e linea space. The las among he posi i e wishes is ha o always being a hos (i.e. a b ead disc used in Com- munion): // a zawsze hos ią małą / go e szą od spoj zena / co się zmienia w o ie ze. The impo ance o his wish is again emphasized by double line spacing sepa- a ing he agmen o he poem con aining i (which is also he poem’s las one) om he p e ious. Acco dingly, i is he hos ha he compa a i e clause used as he poem’s i le desc ibes. Ye i does so indi ec ly, no naming i bu speci- ying i s a ibu e (“mo e a den han he look”) ins ead. As a esul , he ocus is shi ed om he au ho ’s wishes o he hos , which is ep esen ed by i s p ope - y a he han di ec ly. This shi is made s ill mo e p onounced by he change o he case o m: in he i le, he adjec i e go ę sza is used in he Nomina i e S aipsniai / A icles 151 Ti les o Poems Timid and Ba e oo : on Jan Twa dowski’s Vague Synecdochical Biblionyms Cze nysz Tа iana, Je molenko Se giusz 2000: O księdzu k ó y pisze wie szy. – Twa dowski Jan. T zeba iść dalej, czyli space bied onki. / Wybó , łum. na jęz. uk ., ws ęp i p zypisy Ta iana Cze nysz i Se giusz Je molenko. – K aków, Kijów: Kaj os, 9–13. Dubisz S anisław 2004: Uniwe salny slownik języka polskiego. Ve sia 1.0. Wa sawa: PWN. G zebałkowska Magdalena 2011: Ksiądz Pa adoks. Biog a ia Jana Twa dowskiego. K aków: Znak. Kos kiewiczowa Te eza 1976: Ty uł. – Głowiński M., Kos kiewiczowa T., Okopień-Sławińska A., Sławiński J. Słownik e minów li e ackich. W oclaw e c: Ossoline- um, 474. Milewski Tadeusz 1969: Teo ia znaku. – Milewski T., Z zagadnień językoznaws wa ogólnego i his o ycznego. Wa szawa: PWN, 7–26. Twa dowski Jan 1999: Miłość miłości szuka. Wie sze 1937–1998. Wa szawa: PIW; Poznań: Księga nia Św. Wojchiecha. C edo quia absu dum 2014: h p://en.wikipedia.o g/wiki/C edo_quia_absu dum [ is- i ed 07.08.2014]. Oko opa zności 2014: h p://pl.wikipedia.o g/wiki/Oko_opa zności [ isi ed 07.08.2014]. „DROVIŲ IR BASŲ EILĖRAŠČIŲ“ PAVADINIMAI: APIE JANO TVARDOVSKIO NEAIŠKIUS SINEKDOCHINIUS BIBLIONIMUS SANTRAUKA Analizuodamas kunigo Jano T a do skio eilė aščių pa adinimus mo y acijos požiū iu, s aipsnio au o ius daugiausia dėmesio ski ia iems pa adinimams, ku ie paka oja lyg i ne eikšmingą eilė aščio eks o dalį. Vis dėl o y imas odo, kad okie pa adinimai y a SERHIY YERMOLENKO 152 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXII in eg alesnė eks o seman inės s uk ū os dalis nei išo inis ženklas, jų sa o iška s ilis ika a spindi am ik as k ikščioniškąsias do ybes. Handed in on 28 Feb ua y 2015. SERHIY YERMOLENKO Uk aine / Україна, 08292, Київська область, місто Буча, вул. Садова, № 70/1 Uk aine / Україна, 01001 Київ, вул. Грушевського, № 4, Інститут мовознавства ім. О.О.Потебні НАН України [email protected]