Nevaldomas skolinimasis kaip kalbos nykimo požymis

S aipsniai / A icles 113 NIJOLĖ TUOMIENĖ Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as Resea ch a eas include dialec ology, mo phology o dialec s, lexicology, sociolinguis ics, and he in e ac ion o languages. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. KAIP KALBOS NYKIMO POŽYMIS Uncon olled Bo owing as a Sign o Language Loss This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal. The a icle, based on con empo a y […] end o he 20 h cen u y […] beginning o he 21s cen u y […] dialec ological ma e ial om he sou he n Li huanian islands belonging o he uppe councils in Bela us (Va ana o ., Ga dino s .), analyzes he cu en s a e o he Li huanian language and i s change. The objec o he wo k is lexical bo owings om he Bulga ian, Polish and Russian languages. The aim is o de e mine whe he he gausa o Sla ic languages is a na u al change o language o a consequence o i s ex inc ion (dea h). Speech p ocesses a e examined he e in obse a ional ime: he cu en language o se e al in o man s is s udied and compa ed. The wo k also desc ibes he ac o s ha change he language and cul u e o a na ion. The main aspec s, he decision and he accele a ed supp ession o he Li huanian language a e examined. This s udy shows an asymme y o bo owing: wo ds mo e easily om one language o ano he , elemen s o one language a e adap ed less and less, and he same discou se uses he same pa o ano he language ins ead. The a icle deals in de ail wi h he p oblem o he adequacy o Li huanian slang alues and loan seman ic exp essions li ing in he ac i e con ac zone, and aims o cap u e he di ec ions o seman ic shi s. ESMINIAI WORDS: sou he n highlands, islands o Li huanian language, obse ed ime, dea h o language, ex inc ion o language, uncon olled bo owing, seman ic gap. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal. Based on con empo a y […] la e 20 h cen u y[…] ea ly 21s cen u y […] dialec ological ma e ial om he Li huanian islands in Bela us a ibu ed o he Sou he n Aukš ai ian subdialec (Vo ana a dis ic , G odno egion), he a icle analyzes he cu en si ua ion o he anian language and i s change. The esea ch cen es on lexical loanwo ds om Bela usian, Polish and Russian languages. I a emp s o de e mine whe he he abundance o Sla ic NIJOLĖ TUOMIENĖ 114 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVIII loanwo ds is he ou come o na u al language change o i s loss (dea h). Appa en - ime language p ocesses a e analyzed in he s udy: he p esen -day language o in o man s o se e al gene a ions is s udied and compa ed. The s udy also desc ibes he ac o s changing he naa ed he decay o he Li huanian language. The s udy shows he ion’s language and cul u e. I poin s ou he majo aspec s which de e mined and accele - asymme y o bo owing: wo ds easily ansi ion om one language o ano he ; language elemen s a e inc easingly less adap ed; an en i e passage o ano he language is used in he same discou se al e na ely. The a icle p esen s an in-dep h s udy o he p oblem o adequacy o seman ic exp ession o con ac zone; i is aimed a g asping he di ec ions o seman ic changes. loan ansla ions and loanwo ds used in he subdialec s o Li huanians esiding in he ac i e KEY WORDS: Sou he n Aukš ai ian, Li huanian islands, appa en ime, language dea h, language loss, uncon olled bo owing, seman ic exp ession. 1.The ollowing able is inse ed: All languages change wi h he li e o socie y. The consequences o his change a e a as e o slowe sp ead o new wo ds, g amma ical o ms, speech s yles, egional o social changes, co ela ed wi h a mo e apid o g adual disappea ance o olde o ms o speech. The changes in he o m o he o me also depend on changes in he li e o socie y: om he poin o iew o he uni o mi y o language consump ion in socie y and language changes a e mo e mode a e, while ca dinal social changes can lead o la ge, e en ca dinal language changes, o example, in he same social space o use s o o he languages and he e o e he eme gence o bilingual (o e en icolingual) popula ions. I is p ecisely because o his ha new and old o ms ine i ably coexis side by side in language a he same ime, bu no en i ely p edic able and unp edic able, since hey a e di ided in socie y acco ding o he age, gende , social s a us and p o ession o he consume s. 1.2. The aim o his s udy is o analyse he cu en s a e and damage o he Li huanian language in he islands whe e i was o is s ill spoken in addi ion o Li huanian. De e mine whe he he gausa o o eign language elemen s […] loanwo ds […] is a na u al change in he language o a consequence o i s ex inc ion (dea h). The s udy is based on con empo a y dialec ological ma e ial om he la e 20 h and ea ly 21s cen u ies om se e al Li huanian islands belonging o he sou he n highlands (PA) subdi ision in Bela us: Va anã o […] (b . 1 The a icle uses he e ms o he sou he n highland pa ibio islands, he Va anasi islands, which ha e no ye se led, bu , in he opinion o he esea che s, a e mo e app op ia e o desc ibe he a eas o he Li huanian language ha , due o one o o he ci cums ances, ha e se led ou side he e i o y o Li huania. Vy au as Ka delis in his a icle […]Li huanian language islands: p oblema ic aspec s[…] (2014) e y p ecisely o mula ed he de ini ion o he e m language island: […]The main language a ea is geog aphically comple ely isola ed, speci ic geog aphical A icles by A icle 115 Ne aldomas skolinimasis kaip kalbos nykimo požymis Vo ono o, he dis ic cen e ); Ramashkanis (also known as Ramashkanis); Acco ding o he a las o languages, hese a e he poin s VI (Va anã as, Ne ãšiai), VII (Nočià) and VIII (Ródūnia, Plkiai). Acco ding o Nočiõs (b . Нáча), Pãa adnės (b . Пагарóдна), Asa õs (b . Асавá)2. Lie u ių he la es me hodology o de e mining he deg ee o iabili y o poin s, hese h ee poin s a e conside ed o be uninhabi able and pa ially o comple ely ex inc (see mo e widely Meiliūnai ė, Mikulėnienė 2014: 124128). using sound eco dings o a ious leng hs and con en s s o ed in he da abase o he Ta mių a chi e o he Li huanian Language Ins i u e, as well as eco dings om he pe sonal au ho 's phono eca (mainly ex s in local Sla ic languages), The language communi y, which li es in a much la ge e i o y o ano he coun y and cons i u es a linguis ic mino i y he e, is su ounded by a o eign language communi y and is physically, linguis ically and cul u ally isola ed kuo ų a minių eks ų inkinių (ž . li e a ū os są ašą). om he mainland, assimila ed linguis ically and sociocul u ally, has a unique in e nal dynamic, as well as a linguis ic le e ela ed o he sup ana ional con ac (see Ka delis 2014, 2015; Tuomienė 2014: […] 85). The c i e ia o he classi ica ion o he Li huanian language islands […] he i ali y o he dialec ological uni […] a e clea ly o mula ed in he la es wo k on Li huanian dialec ology o he beginning o he 21s cen u y: geolinguis ic and sociolinguis ic esea ch. Maps and hei commen s (2014). He e i applies o he en i e Li huanian language a ea, bu he language islands as a speci ic language and e i o ial uni can also be classi ied based on he c i e ion o i ali y (ž . This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. The cen e s o he Va anasi islands a e conside ed o be la ge se lemen s, owns o illages o which he illages o illages belonged e i o ially, which a he end o he 20 h and he beginning o he 21s cen u y included he ollowing illages o Li huanians, o example, he island o Ramaškoni: Bilia, Bieli, Daina, Laškai, Na as, Naujšai, Naujšai, Tšaišai, Tšaišaišai, Šaišaišai, Šaišaišai, Šaišaišai, Šaišaišai, Šaišaišaišai, Šaišaišaišai, Šaišaišaišai. The island o Rdunios (mo e p ecisely he islands o Rdunios, because he Li huanian illages a e isola ed om he es o he islands): Asa á (Asa á), Dubny (Dubny), Ka gauda (Ka goud), Klaišė (Klaiš), Kemėšiai (Kemėšiai), Magny (Magny), Pliakalnis (Ga adžšiai), Plžkiai (Plžkiai), Sklodnys (Sklodna), Smilb iai (Smilb iai), Žymb iai (Žymb iai), Žymb iai (Žymb iai). These place names a e w i en and spelled in Li huanian on he basis o he publica ion Li huanian T adi ional Place Names o Gudija, Ka aja, La ia and Poland (2002), in Bulga ian […] on he basis o he o icial lis o illage names in he Va anasi dis ic , published on he In e ne . In he geolinguis ic sense, hese sou he n highland dialec s a e e y simila , especially in ocabula y, bū ų ikslinga jung i į ieną Va anã o šnek ą. Da i dėl o, kad pagal šnek oms būdingas ypa ybes, he mo e dis inc he phone ic cha ac e is ics o hese dialec s. In addi ion, he e is a sha p decline in he numbe o people speaking Li huanian in some illages, wi h only wo, h ee o one pe son speaking Li huanian qui e well. The e is a ca ego y o people who unde s and, bu do no speak - in hei a ious illages he e may be om 3 o 8 people o he oldes gene a ion. NIJOLĖ TUOMIENĖ Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVIII is almos an obliga o y sign o he island o he language, says Vy au as Ka delis in one o his scien i ic wo ks. The esea che eg e s ha "in o de o ha e a comp ehensi e synch onous pic u e o he islands o Li huanian in Bela us, a mo e de ailed analysis is needed, based on he cu en da a o hese days" (Ka synch onous s uc u es o he delis 2015). Taigi šiuo da bu, aikan a i inkamą me odiką, siekiama (už)pildy i islands o Li huanian, in his case […] lexicon, explana ion, compa ing some cases o he s udy wi h he la ge a ea o dialec s and sys ems o nouns. The language p ocesses desc ibed in he a icle we e examined in obse a ional ime, i.e. he cu en se e al-gene a ion in o man language was s udied and compa ed: acco ding o he language, he condi ionally senio (see 80 and mo e yea s) and middle (see mo e han 60 yea s) gene a ions (mo e b oadly, he Va anasi gene a ion o speake s) we e dis inguished. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. In he case o younge local esiden s (abou 50 yea s old), Li huanian-speaking amilies o Li huanian-speaking people in he public en i onmen ha e no been p esen in he dis ic s la ely. The oldes na i e Li huanian slang is mos o en spoken by child en and g andchild en isi ing hem om Li huania. Such esea ch allows us o obse e he ups and downs o language, i.e. he decline o language and he dea h o language, he e and now. This sociolinguis ic me hod also akes in o accoun he con ex o he con e sa ion wi h he in o man and assesses o he non- e bal ac o s (e.g. whe he he speake is adjus ing o he esea che and ying o speak "co ec ly"). All collec ed da a […] all a ian s o language a ia ion wi h […]excep ions[…] and […]sys em inconsis encies[…] a e analyzed. The s udy o he ma e ial ollows he sociolinguis ic assump ion ha he cons an di e si y o language p omo es language change, so i cons an ly changes i s sys em (Kalėdienė 2015: 213214). Fi s o all, he changes a e e lec ed in he mos uns able pa s o he language sys em - in phone ics, in ocabula y. In addi ion, he chosen me hod o language analysis allows us o desc ibe and p edic he possible u he cou se o changes. The i s skleis i pe ilgesnį laiko a pį ykusio kalbos ki imo p oceso ezul a o p iežas is, obse a ional ime hypo hesis was o mula ed by William Labo (1963: 207[…]309; 1975: 199[…]228 and o he s): in o de o he change o language o be ixed in he cou se o ime, i mus be obse ed in he language o se e al gene a ions li ing a he same ime. Se e al Li huanian language ansla ion s udies ha e al eady been ca ied ou using he obse a ional ime me hod. Since 2001, he au ho has been s udying Li huanian snails (mos o hem […] al eady exis ing) in he Va anasi dis ic using his me hod. Ch is mas 2015: 213 […]214; Tuomienė 2014: 84 […]85). This is he i s ime in he his o y o he Eu opean Union ha he e m "communis " is used. A icles by A icles 117 Ne aldomas skolinimasis kaip kalbos nykimo požymis 2. Languages and Cul u es o he Islands Changes in ac ion 2.1 The ex inc ion and e en ual dea h o a language depends on many in e ela ed ci cums ances and condi ions. The mos impo an and decisi e condi ions a e ela ed o he use s: on an isola ed island, he language dies ou and e e yone speaks hei own language again. So in he a eas ha we' e ja kalbėjusiems žmonėms, dėl ienų a ki ų aplinkybių nepe da usiems a ei- s udying, he dea h o language is di ec ly ela ed o people, o changes in hei li es, in hei beha io . The a e o he speake s hemsel es and hei language is de e mined by changing and un a ou able his o ical and cul u al ci cums ances, on which he economic si ua ion depends, some imes e en he ed awing o poli ical and geog aphical bo de s o he s a e, and changing poli ics and ideology ine i ably a ec s he p es ige o he language. Li ing in small u al communi ies, Li huanians in he Va anasi egion we e unable o wi hs and he p essu e o la ge and long- e m displacemen o he majo i y. The decline o he Li huanian language he e was accele a ed by he se e ing o ies wi h he la ge local communi ies o Pelesõs, Ge čių (s a o ., b . As a éc)4. A e all, o decades, no one has suppo ed o won he in e es s o he mino i y he e. In ime, only a ew en husias s emain. The e a e many cases in he scien i ic li e a u e whe e language acquisi ion has occu ed qui e apidly, e en wi hou passing all he language acquisi ion s ages assigned by he esea che s (see D essle 1994: 84-90; C ys al 2005: 83-84). Such a apid decline is cha ac e is ic bo h o he Li huanian dialec s o he sou he n highlands o he Bela usian islands unde conside a ion in his wo k, namely Nochios, Asaus, Ne as, Rodunios, Plukos, A moniškios, Ramaškoni, and o o he s, especially isola ed and mos dis an om he main Li huanian-speaking a ea: pso, B èslaujos, Laznų, Ze elos5. 4 He e in Peles, he la ges island in Bela us, in he Va anasi dis ic , he e is a Li huanian-inhabi ed sou he n high- ise apa men building. The e a e s ill qui e a ew amilies in he su ounding illages ha s ill speak Li huanian a home. Li huanian is mainly spoken in Pelesojė i sel . Since 1992, he Li huanian School has been ope a ing he e. I is he i s Li huanian p ima y school in Bela us and he cul u al and educa ional cen e o he Pelesõs egion. The local Li huanian communi y and he communi y associa ion Gim inė a e suppo ed and suppo ed by he S a e o Li huania. The aids o Li huanian knigh s in he icini y o Peles illage a e no iceably di e en om hose in he o he Va anasi dis ic and h oughou he Lydos egion o exis ing and o me Li huanian knigh s. In his a icle, he ocus is mo e on he smalle , ex inc o e en comple ely ex inc snails geog aphically belonging o he e i o y o he p esen -day Va anasi dis ic . Ge čiai is a own in Bela us, in he Os a a egion (abou 65 km eas o Vilnius), whe e a numbe o Li huanians cu en ly li e. I is he li elies and la ges island in he eas e n highlands o he Vilnius egion (Ka delis 2015; Vai ke ičius 2011: 17 […] 34). 5 The Li huanian islands o B eslau and Ops in Bela us we e mainly s udied and desc ibed by Kazimie Ga š a (2005: 171-180). The now ex inc Ze elos (belonging o he wes e n highland councils) and Laznų (eas e n NIJOLĖ TUOMIENĖ 118 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVIII lie u ių kalba i apsk i ai kul ū inis sa i umas, bend uomenės cha ak e is, pe - In he absence o a na u al con inuous pe spec i e, he in e up ion is ela i ely sudden (see mo e b oadly Ga š a 2005: 24 […] 34; Tuomienė 2008: 25 […] 41; Vidugi is 2004: 37 […] 47; 2014: 40 […] 47). Wi hou a doub , along wi h he loss o signi ican 2.2 In dė os žinios: nebe eikiami i gy ojoje kalboje nebe a ojami sa i a dai, nyks a kalbos į ai o ė i belieka ienas kalbos s ilius – bui inis. Da ienas aspek as, paspa inan is kalbos nykimą, šiame s aipsnyje minimose ie o ėse Bal a usi- joje – lie u ių kalba en nebu o jokios o icialios aš edybos. small, isola ed communi ies in he su eyed a eas, om he beginning o he 20 h cen u y, he ull- ledged Li huanian and Bulga ian bilingualism began o sp ead and e en ually acqui ed, la e i g adually weakened. Fi s o all, because he easons and unc ions o he wo languages we e comple ely di e en . The dominan e e yday language o communica ion among people o di e en ages became he local Bal a ese dialec o dialec , and on ce ain occasions se e al languages we e adop ed: in illages […] Bal a ese, in ci ies and owns […] Russian and pa ly Polish (i became he language o eligious i es, chu ches). This acili a ed he mo emen and iden i ica ion o he local communi y, a leas wi hin he bounda ies o he pa ishes o Va ano o, Benekání, Kaullišky, A mõniški, Ródūnios, Asa õs, Pãa adnė. In gene al, i simpli ied li e acco ding o accep ed s anda ds, as he dominan Bulga ian language (in his case […] Bulga ian and Polish o bo h Russian languages) became a b idge o mu ual communica ion and unde s anding. Then he ole o he o he , non-dominan language o language […] Li huanian […] became comple ely di e en : i e y ea ly los all he mos impo an and i al unc ions o sel -de elopmen , so i was le o a e, i simply began o decline. This language has e en become unsui able o ce ain speaking si ua ions (mo e public, mo e digni ied, because i was in hese en i onmen s ha i was i s abandoned al oge he ). Due o he di e en si ua ions o he use o di e en languages and he g adual wi hd awal om he public Li huanian language, ap a nau i kai ku ių isuomenės gy enimo s ičių, odėl nebegalėjo a lik i kai ku ių unkcijų. Kaip minė a, ap ašomose e i o ijose lie u ių kalba daug me ų gy a o ik saky ine o ma, ji niekada nebu o u ėjusi o icialiosios aš o kalbos igh s we e no los . Li huanian snacks in Bela us ha e been s udied o many yea s and desc ibed in de ail by Aloyzas Vidugi is (2004; 2014). 6 The ac ual igu es and pe cen age exp ession o hese exis ing and o me Li huanian salos bu o aplanky os 2011–2013 m., išsamesnė in o macija dėl na ū alios a mių ąsos nebu imo, non-li ing, se led poin s, which a e mo e o less dis an om he main a ea o Li huania, a e p esen ed in he i s publica ion desc ibing he esea ch on he beginning o he 21s cen u y Li huanian language: geolinguis ic and sociolinguis ic s udy (Danguolė Mikulėnienė, Viole a Meiliūnai ė, 2014). A icles o he 119 h Ne aldomas skolinimasis kaip kalbos nykimo požymis In he second hal o he 20 h cen u y, he Li huanian language only exp essed he iden i y o he local popula ion and was one o he means o main aining amily ela ions be ween he amilies (li ing in di e en egions o bo h coun ies). The Li huanian language has helped he inhabi an s o he Li huanian-speaking islands in Bela us o p ese e hei his o ical ies wi h Li huania, as i has gi en people a sense o hei own iden i y. This is he psychological and social alue o language, because language i sel is main ained as long as i gi es people a ma k o iden i y (see Russel 1992: 82; D essle 1994: 86 […] 87; C ys al 2005: 41 […] 43). Howe e , bo h he Li huanians in he Va anasi egion and in o he egions o Bela us unde in es iga ion ha e ecen ly ound i inc easingly di icul o ecognize hei iden i y as hey a e losing hei language. The so-called hi d s age o he decline o he Li huanian language, which has been cha ac e is ic o he Li huanian islands a ound Va anasi since he end o he 20 h cen u y, acco ding o mos esea che s, begins when he younge gene a ion is much be e a mas e ing he new language, and he younge ones use i essen ially in all a eas and iden i y mo e wi h i , e en conside ing ha he i s language co esponds less and less o hei new needs. This happened abou 5070 yea s ago in he li es o he ep esen a i es o he majo i y o he su eyed islands. In addi ion, pa o he popula ion assimila ed h ough mixed ma iages. Thus, al hough he membe s o he communi y con inued o li e in hei usual e i o y, he na i e Li huanian language o many o hei pa en s and g andpa en s s ill exis ed and e en ually disappea ed. Fo example, Ramak ishna, his has happened in he las 50 yea s. In addi ion, he e ha e been many amilies, bo h he e and in he Li huanian illages o he Ródun egion, in which, a one ime, and some imes o a decade, he " ib an " d ikalbys é has ansi ioned in o conscious pusiaukalbys é7 and hen in o one- albys é ( he si ua ion in he eas e n subu bs o Vilnius (RA) is desc ibed by V. Ka delis (2013)). 2.4. Language change and ex inc ion is s ongly linked o cul u al assimila ion, i.e. one cul u e is in luenced by ano he , mo e powe ul, cul u e, so he o me begins o lose i s cha ac e is ics, as i s membe s inc easingly adap o he new beha io , as men ioned, mo ing om bilingualism, in a e cases e en icolingualism, o monolingualism. In Ramashkonis and o he islands, his was p ima ily done " om abo e" because Li huanians could no a o d o send hei child en o Li huanian schools ie inės aldžios spaudimą, pe š ie imą i bažnyčią. So ie iniais laikais ie iniai a all ( he las ones we e closed in 1936). The e was no possibili y o es o e he Li huanian skysc ape , which hos ed a ious cul u al e en s, commemo a ions and mee ings. The e m usually yklas-biblio ekas, sekmadienines mokyklas, ku iose anksčiau lie u iai o gani- desc ibes a si ua ion whe e pa en s speak o hei i s language (na i e language) wi h hei child en only a home, in a p i a e amily en i onmen . The e a e also ewe and ewe people ( amilies) in he neighbo hood and in socie y in gene al wi h whom i would be possible o communica e publicly in he i s language. The use o hei language by he i s gene a ion o he middle gene a ion becomes in a e ed and exclusi e. The o he e m […] passi e language use […] is also essen ially app op ia e o desc ibe his si ua ion (see C ys al 2005: 80 […] 85). NIJOLĖ TUOMIENĖ Linguis ica Li uaniana (Li huanian Language Ac ) No. 120 o he LXXVIII Village (o se e al neighbou ing illages) Communi y O he -speaking people also came o Li huanian e en s. In he Ca holic chu ches o hose places, se ices we e held only in Polish, bu mos o hem we e closed a e he wa . The p ocess o closing he chu ches con inued un il abou 1986. Due o he so-called wa ming policy o he A menian chu ches, he pa ishione s we e a ac ed o i in 1987. P aye s we e again held only in Polish, now in al e na e languages, bu no in Li huanian, bu in Bulga ian. Almos all esiden s speak Polish as a con essional language o a g ea e o lesse ex en (see Čekmonas 1988: 37[…]54; Tuomienė 2008: 26[…]35). In addi ion, he local adminis a ion du ing he collec i iza ion pe iod, as well as he la e go e nmen s uc u es, gene ally denied he p esence o Li huanians. Some local elde s claimed in hei accoun s ha because o hei ances y, hey el social isola ion, p essu e, and e en pe secu ion e en in o old age. Since abou 1976, mos o he Li huanians, especially u al people, ha e been lis ed as o Polish na ionali y in he pe sonal documen s (passpo s o he So ie Union) (especially hose whose bi h ce i ica es did no con ain a men ion o hei pa en s' na ionali y […] so ha Li huanian na ionali y did no ha e o be en e ed, hey we e simply ma ked wi h a c oss). Acco ding o he esiden s hemsel es, hey we e simply w i en o and no one lis ened o hem. An o ganized and consis en celeb a ion o he popula ion was ca ied ou a he s a e le el (see mo e widely Čekmonas, G umadienė 1993: 132137; Gaučas 2004: 9599; Zinke ičius 1993; see Zie elos, Lazūnų si ua ion: Vidugi is 2004: 3738; 2014: 4142). This s udy discusses he linguis ic esul s o his p ocess. 2.5 Thus, he p ocess o assimila ion is g ea ly accele a ed by he acquisi ion o ano he language, domina ed by he lea ning o he na i e language. In he case o he Va anasi egion, his is he sp ead and acquisi ion o he laikų iki daba . Galu inai įsi i ina šnekamoji os kalbos a maina – ie inė bal- Russian (pa ly also Bulga ian) language om he So ie dialec s. Only hese wo Sla ic languages will be en olled. Russian has become he o icial language o he ci y, public ins i u ions, local adminis a ions, ele ision and adio, and he main language and means o communica ion o all w i ing. A a ian o he Bal a language, called pop os u, has become an uno icial language o he s ee s, especially o u al ba pakeičia, odėl y a isiems sup an amos. Vis mažėjančios lie u ių bend uo- people. Pa ly sepa a ed unc ionally, hey complemen ed each o he in he absence o A menian needs, and he h ee Sla ic languages g adually pe mea ed e e ywhe e, e en in o eligious, eligious se ices (pages, pamphle s and ca echism books o child en we e p in ed in Polish, bu wi h Russian cha ac e s), amilies and a ound he house. Thei posi ion is undoub edly cons an ly s eng hening. A icles o he 121s Ne aldomas skolinimasis kaip kalbos nykimo požymis 3. Linguis ic languages Resul s o he s udy 3.1 In disappea ing languages, such as he Li huanian dialec s o he Va anasi Islands, changes ha e occu ed and a e occu ing mo e apidly and in one di ec ion, as mo e and mo e o he cha ac e is ics o he languages in luencing hem a e disappea ing and aking hold. The in ensi y o lea ning depends on he in ensi y o language con ac s, which was no uni o m and uni o m in he Va anasi egion du ing all he pe iods unde conside a ion. When language con ac s a e no in ensi e, bo owing is usually only a he lexical le el, and he bo owings a e necessa ily adap ed, ansla ing he whole wo d o pa s o i (e.g. Bi gelienė in he yea 2015: 28 […]32; D Z I 18 […]22). This is he i s ime ha his has happened. In addi ion o he abo e-men ioned, he Va anasi language has also been used in he de elopmen o ocabula y and ocabula y, which has led o he de elopmen o ocabula y and ocabula y in he Va anasi language, which has led o he de elopmen o ocabula y and ocabula y in he Va anasi language. Some mo phological ca ego ies, especially a chaic ones, ha e simply disappea ed, o example, p onouns: i was s opped using p onoun adjec i es and p onoun p onouns. The o he a chaic sys em o nume als was comple ely b oken: i ook he plu al nume als and he plu al nume als. D iskai a has almos disappea ed h oughou he cu en Li huanian language, so i is no su p ising ha his happened in he Va anasi dialec s. Ins ead o pa iciple and pa iciple cons uc ions, seconda y sen ences a e ixed. In pa icula , i inc eases he seman ics, he ph ases, he ocabula y. 3.2 The e is no doub ha changes in he s uc u e o language a e no iceable in he language o people who a e hemsel es a ec ed by a ious changes. Fo šumoje a o i sa o pi mąją (gim ąją) kalbą, bijo bū i nesup as i a k i ikuoja- example, he speake s hemsel es a e a oided and e en condemned. A sense o insecu i y encou ages conscious abandonmen o he hings ha make li e di icul and complica ed, o cing one o adap . In he expedi ions, a numbe o local elde ly people had o speak, who simply inse ed Li huanian wo ds, compound wo ds, quo es in o hei own language, and ice e sa […] in o Li huanian sen ences inse ed Bulga ian wo ds, e.g. bažn[…]·čón g[…]edαm pα psku p[…].cæ yža p[…] p[…]k[…].bām […]bažna giedam lenkiškai, po e is also speak lenkiški; I'm going o kill you. We slaugh e ed he chicken, see, which was h ee inge s hick. I don' nai); næm·ku an / mlekijα maji. / j. á.m l.pe pαp òs u askaž. / sku. unde s and any hing, my dea , I'll ell you in plain English, I' e o go en e e y hing, as i will be in Li huanian. wi h s[…]. I'm going o bed. I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . I spoke only Li huanian wi h my mo he and only Li huanian wi h my neighbou s. I'm no going o ell you. no less han € 10 NIJOLĖ TUOMIENĖ 128 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVIII ka ė, he sla e-gi l who was seen as a "ma ga" (s adadan ). Due o he in luence o he local Bulga ian language, he abb e ia ion p ũ.s i(s) om b is used in Li huanian slang. Ins ead, he mazg i(s), plá.u is(s), ska.b i(s) and eiksmažodžių, e.g. sæsu à gá.l u, which would ha e been pushed ou o he snek os. "I'm going o wash my sis e 's head". I'm no going o be able o do i . I'm no going o be able o do i . need he memo y o he child); I 's clean. I'm going o he ba h oom. I'm going o he ba h oom. I ' e cleaned up he po . I'm going o ell you some hing. I'm going o кастрлю); ell you some hing. I'm going o ell you some hing. I will. o which: 5.4. In Bal o-Russian slang, he palm and he palm a e called by he same wo d […] ladón (SBG II 608) ‘delnas, which is why he Li huanian slang also uses he wo d delnas, e.g. lašynė pæ dé.lnu. (plu al o b . slana on he boa ). The same can be said o he synonyms he e o e bs kándžio i(s) and k am ý i(s) and adjec i es iš as, -a and ankùs -i, o example, you can say: gile m·u k α. you can say […]kliai miške k am osi (gelia)[…] and pk as šu am à k à[…]. you can say […]p š. k osi (kandžio)[…], plg. The ollowing de ini ions shall apply: hick og, hick og, hick o es . Such and simila sayings clea ly ha m he li e o he Li huanian language, he applica ion and egula i y o wo ds. In hese cases, he Li huanian slang lacks he e bs kandžio i(s) and būd a džio i š as. 5.5. Va anã os snec s eco d a numbe o alues, each mo pheme o which depends on he co esponding bal a usiškė. Such include many p eposi ional e bs, he lexical meaning o which is pu ely Bal a ian. And his meaning is c ea ed by he use o he Li huanian language, which is cha ac e ized by he Li huanian p e ix usually bal a usian o coinciding wi h he Li huanian p e ix and a ious, mos ly Li huanian, p eposi ions, e.g. : I 's called apkal i: nã·mu. I'm going o kill you. I'm going o kill you. he ollowing pa ag aph is added: I'll ake ca e o i . O he , o a hickness o I 's called he "bubble". I 's called he "bubble". I 's called he "bubble". I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . (English) P i izhin[…][…] […]Raishio i[…]: pamidõ[…] us pap i izhin[…][…]jau (English: P i izhin[…][…]) is he name папрывзую). o he coun y in which i is loca ed. These alues undoub edly indica e ha he Bal ic in luences om Li huanian mo phology a e much mo e easily ansmi ed by p e ixes, ewe […] p eposi ions, he smalles and loudes […] oo , which o en emains comple ely unchanged. 5.6. The e a e a numbe o alues in he Ramaškoni, Ródūnios, Ži mnų, Plkių schnek os, in which Li huanian means o exp ession a e eplaced by Bela usian ones. This c ea es a wo-p onged and comple ely ambiguous mindse ha c ea es S aipsniai / A icles 129 Ne aldomas skolinimasis kaip kalbos nykimo požymis įspūdį, kad aip uos žodžius a ojan is žmogus nelabai moka lie u iškai. To- which alues, due o hei g ea dis ance om he Li huanian language, a e pe haps he easies o ecognize, e.g. minkš ā. ‘Small, ‘small, ‘small, ‘small, ‘small, ‘small, ‘small, ‘small, ‘small, ‘small, ‘small, ‘small, ‘small, ‘small, ‘small,  i ble. kã·la ‘lesa’ g ú·dus (b . вараб’ кусь зярнó) i k . Ve iniais laiky ini i į ai ūs i iamų šnek ų nelie u iška eikšme pa a o- i žodžiai. Daugiausia už ašy a s e ima eikšme pa a o ų eiksmažodžių, p z.: aps ó· i ‘apnik i, apspis i’ mùses man aps ó·jọ (plg. b . мхi аступлi); ‘small, ‘small I 's closed. I 's closed. I 's closed. I don' know. (F ench) closed he ligh deck school); "I' e had enough o his. I' e had enough o his. I' e had enough o his". he "iden i y" o he pe son conce ned; I'm going o ell you wha I'm going o ell you. I'm going o ell you wha I'm going o ell you. simαini. con e ed ã·nas p simαinẹ in lanọ (B . He's going o u n a ound. he cha ); The hand- o-hand comba is a o m o hand- o-hand comba in which he hand- o-hand comba is a o m o hand- o-hand comba in which he hand- o-hand comba is a o m o hand- o-hand comba . The sec is no a sec . I is no a sec . I has been obse ed ha he ep esen a i es o he main slang, who wan o exp ess hei hough s condi ionally, some imes ell he wo wo ds […] as be o e, in pu e Li huanian, wi h hei own meaning in wo ds, and wi h he alue o he meaning o o he s om he Bal a s, e.g. […]l[…]nas p […]dægė p […]s […]l[…] (plg. b . bl[…]n[…]pal[…]ся), […]p […]j[…]u[…] ga […]. Yes e days lnus (b . handádób ay óny) and k . This ac indica es ha he use o alues he e is no ye s anda d, bu is app oaching he limi o he usual usage. 6. The ollowing able is inse ed: 6.1.The Li huanian language s ill exis s on he Li huanian islands o Va anasi in Bela us, bu i does no unc ion. The bounda ies be ween Li huanian and Bela usian languages a e blu ed, and wo ds a e easily ans e ed om one language o ano he . Household ocabula y wo ds usually ha e adjacen Sla ic equi alen s. būdai, pas ebimai kin a a ski ų žodžių seman ika – iškyla seman inės aiškos adek a umo p oblema. 6.2. Daugelį a i inkamų e inių galima as i g e imose pak aš inėse lie u ių In ensi e Sla ic hough is exp essed in he language, bu i may ha e a isen independen ly in hese languages due o simila condi ions and con ac s wi h Sla ic languages. I is di icul o ecognize some o he alues used in he sen ences. Ghana success ully highligh s he ends and pa hs o he o ma ion and eme gence o such alues by compa ing NIJOLĖ TUOMIENĖ 130 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVIII sys ems o bo h […] Li huanian and Bulga ian […] languages, di e en and simila ways o exp essing hem. 6.3. Al hough he uling class has condi ionally main ained and used mos o he old iškų žodžių, ačiau aki aizdu, kad jų kalba jau nė a okia iš aiškinga, nes su- Li huanian-language dialec s spoken in he a eas unde s udy. I looks a he alignmen o he sphe es o unc ioning o indi idual elemen s o he Li huanian language. Fi s o all, hose ph ases ha a e no in he con ac ing Bulga ian language begin o disappea . 6.4. Quan i a i e analysis o household ocabula y shows ha he in luence o he Bal ic languages on he Li huanian-language ocabula y is cons an ly inc easing. F om he abundan ma e ial collec ed, i can be seen ha he alues om he Bulga ian language […] a e a i icially composed wo ds om wo pa s, he i s o which […] Li huanian o m, unde which he Bulga ian con en […] Bulga ian language is hidden meaning. I is a pe manen sou ce o Li huanian gossip. In he cu en condi ions, he e a e almos no possibili ies o manage and Li huanianize he isola ed Li huanian snacks o Bela us. Geolinguis ic analysis con i ms he conclusion o phone ic and mo phological analysis ha he Va anasi dialec s a e a con inua ion o he sou he n highland dialec s In he Republic o Bela us. LITERATURA and yellow Alyuki e Dai a, Mikulė Danguolė 2014: Geolinguis ics: ideology, heo y and me hodology. He is also he au ho o he book Geolinguis ics: Ideology, Theo y and Me hodology. The basic concep s. […] Li huanian language a he beginning o he 21s cen u y: geolinguis ic and sociolinguis ic s udy, 39[…]41. The ollowing is a lis o cha ac e s om he manga and anime se ies D agon Ball Z: D agon Ball Z: D agon Ball Z: D agon Ball Z: D agon Ball Z: D agon Ball Z: D agon Ball Z: D agon Ball Z: D agon Ball Z: D agon Ball Z: D agon Ball Z: D agon Ball Z: D agon Ball Z: D agon Ball Z: D agon Ball Z: D agon Ball Z: D agon Ball Z: D agon Ball Z: D agon Ball Z: D agon Ball Z: D agon Ball Z: D agon Ball Z: D agon Ball Z: D agon Ball Z: D agon Ball Z: D agon Ball Z: D agon Ball Z: […] Li huanian languages a he beginning o he 21s cen u y: geolinguis ic and sociolinguis ic s udy, 39, 159[…]163, 168[…]173. Bi gelienė Nijolė 2015: The cu en impac o he Polish language on he Polish language. […] P oblems o language his o y and dialec ology 3, 27[…]39. Czech Vale ijus [Chekmonas V.] 1988: Func ioning o languages and bilingualism (In he ma e ial o Romanian dialec s). 27, 37–54. Čekmonas Vale ijus, G umadienė Laima 1993: Kalbų papli imas Ry ų Lie u- Ques ions abou he Li huanian language a e in he oje. - The mo ning o Li huania. Vilnius: S a e publishing cen e , 132137. A icles by A icles 131 Ne aldomas skolinimasis kaip kalbos nykimo požymis C ys al Da id, The Dea h o he Language Vilnius: Ty o alba ( ansla ed om English by Edi a Šidlauskai ė, Gab ielė Gailiū ė). D essle U. Wol gang 1994: The dea h o he language ( ansla ed by R. Ma cinke ičienė). Sociolinguis ics and language cul u e. Vilnius: na i e language, 84[…]90. The dic iona y o he wo-le e wo ds Die eniški šnek os 1. The au ho s a e Laima G umadienė, Mikulėnienė Danguolė, Mo kūnas Kazys, and Vidugi is Aloyzas. The book was published by he Eu opean Pa liamen and he Council o Eu ope. Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e, 2005; 2. The au ho s a e Danguolė Mikulėnienė, Mo kūnas Kazys and Vidugi is Aloyzas. The Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, 2010. 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The Vilnius: Li huanian language ins i u e. Kalėdienė Laima 2015: The language o he ci y o Vilnius: he hypo hesis o obse ed ime. The e m […] Cul u al he i age o he peoples o Eu ope Dialec s […] Cul u al He i age o Eu opean Na ions. Vilnius: MRU, 211244. This is he In he 2013 edi ion o he magazine, "The Use o Languages in he Eas e n Highlands o he Vilnius Region," Ka delis Vy au as w o e: […] Li huanian language 7. In e ne access is a ailable a www.lie u iukalba.l . Vi aly Ka delis, The island o Li huanian language: p oblema ic aspec s. […] Li huanian language 8. In e ne access is a ailable a www.lie u iukalba.l . Vy au as Ka delis 2015: Pe spec i es on he s udy o he island o Li huanian language. Li huanian language 9. In e ne access is a ailable a www.lie u iukalba.l . Leskauskai ė As a 2006: The ex s o he chan s o he Kuciūnai egion. Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e. Lescau is e, The Tex s o he Ma cioni es. Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e. Leskauskai ė As a 2016: Sei ijų šnek os ex s. This is he i s ime I' e seen his. Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e. NIJOLĖ TUOMIENĖ 132 Ac o Linguis ic Li huanian LXXVIII William Labo (1963): The social mo i a ion o a sound change. […] Wo d 19, 207[…]309 Wha is he meaning o he name […]? Лабов Уильям 1975: О механизме языковых изменений. – Новое в лингвистике 7. Москва: Прогресс, 199–228. LKA I […] A las o he Li huanian language 1. The dic iona y, please. This is Kazys Mo kūnas. Vilnius: Minis y o Educa ion las, 1977. LKŽe […] Li huanian language dic iona y (I[…]XX, 1941[…]2002), elec onic e sion. The edi o ial boa d is composed o Ge uda Nak inienė (edi o ), Jonas Paulauskas, Ri u ė Pe okienė, Vy au as Vi kauskas, and Jolan a Zaba skai ė. The edi o ial boa d is composed o Ge uda Nak inienė (edi o ), Jonas Paulauskas, and Ri u ė Pe okienė. Vilnius: Ins i u e o he Li huanian Language, 2005. In e ne access is a ailable a h p: www.lkz.l . LKŽ XIV […] Dic iona y o he Li huanian language 14. Vilnius: Science, 1986. Model: Meiliūnai ė Viole a, Mikulėnienė Danguolė 2014: T ina is op imizacijos deg ees o i ali y o he poin s. […] Li huanian language a he beginning o he 21s cen u y: geolinguis ic and sociolinguis ic s udy, 124 […] 128. Mikulėnienė Danguolė, Meiliūnai ė Viole a [ed.] 2014: The beginning o he 21s cen u y in he Li huanian language: a geolinguis ic and sociolinguis ic s udy. Maps and commen s. Vilnius: B iedis is loca ed in Vilnius. Mikulėnienė Danguolė, Mo kūnas Kazys 1997: The ex s o he chan s o he gods. Vilnius: Ins i u e o Science and Encyclopedia Publishing Pe e Jonas, Vidugi is Aloyzas 1985: The dic iona y o he language o he Lazunians. The Vilnius: I 's science. Razmukai ė Ma ija, Pangony ė Ais ė [s.d.] 2002: Li huanian adi ional place names o Gudija, he Ka elia egion, La ia and Poland. Vilnius: Science and encyclopedia publishing cen e . Romančiuk Ona 1987: Because o he lexical in e e ence o he Li huanian language in he islands. […] Ques ions on he Li huanian language 26, 140[…]149. Vilnius: The science. Rudai ienė Vida 2011: Li huanian language and socio-cul u al ac o s. […] Man and he Wo d 3, 40[…]49. Russel Be na d H. 1992: P ese ing language di e si y. He is he au ho o he book 82–91. P ese ing Language Di e si y. […] Human O ganiza ion 51, SBG II […] Slo ak Bela usian dialec s in no he n and wes e n Bela us and i s bo de s 2. Minsk: Science and echnology, 1980. SB IV […] Slo ak Bela usian dialec s in no hwes e n Bela us and i s bo de 4. Minsk: Science and echnology, 1984. A icles o he 133 d Ne aldomas skolinimasis kaip kalbos nykimo požymis Tuomienė Nijolė 2005: Con empo a y isola ion o Li huanian a chaeology and you h. Language […] 2005 The scien i ic a icle collec ion XV. Dauga pils Uni e si y, 88-94, Dauga pils, Dauga pils, Dauga pils, Dauga pils, Dauga pils, Dauga pils, Dauga pils, Dauga pils, Dauga pils, Dauga pils, Dauga pils, Dauga pils, Dauga pils, Dauga pils, Dauga pils, Dauga pils, Dauga pils, Dauga pils, Dauga pils, Dauga pils, Dauga pils, Dauga pils, Dauga pils, Dauga pils, Dauga pils, Dauga pils, Dauga pils, Dauga pils, Dauga pils, Dauga pils, Dauga pils, Dauga pils, Dauga pils, Dauga pils, Dauga pils, Dauga pils, Dauga pils, Dauga pils, Dauga pils, Dauga pils, Dauga pils, Dauga pils, Dauga pils, Dauga pils, Dauga pils, Dauga pils, Dauga pils, Dauga pils, Dauga pils, Dauga pils, Dauga pils, Dauga pils, Dauga pils, Dauga pils, Dauga pils, Dauga pils, Dauga pils, which a e also known as Dauga pils, which a e also known as Dauga pils. In 2005, she was awa ded he Nobel P ize in Physiology o Medicine o he wo k on he "Ramaškų šnek os daik a a džio kai yba: sociolinguis ic s udy" (Doc o 's disse a ion manusc ip ). The ci y o Vilnius. In he yea 2006 he was awa ded he i le o "Ramaškonoski šnekos kodas" (Ramaškonoski dialec code). Language cul u e 79. Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e, 161172. In he yea 2006 he was awa ded he i le o "Pe i e isko Lie u os izlokšnu loda dažādu kul ū u kon eks ā. Zinā nisko aks u k ājums XVI. Dauga pils Uni e si ā es kalki" (Pe i e ic Li huanian Exclusion). […] Language […] yea 2006 Academic dis ic […]Saule[…], 2006, 80[…]86. Tuomienė Nijolė 2008: The ex s o he poems o he Ramaškonių. Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e. In 2010, she was awa ded he Nobel P ize in Li e a u e o he wo k in he ield o sociolinguis ic esea ch. Vilnius: Ins i u e o Li huanian Language, 232 p.: illus a ed. he map. (Li huanian language ope a) nica 13). In he mid-1990s, he was a membe o he "Di e gen " g oup, a g oup ha ad oca ed he "pe iphe al endencies o monolingualism" in he Va anasi dialec . Man and he 62–67. wo d 2(1). Vilnius: Vilnius Pedagogical Uni e si y, Tuomienė Nijolė 2010b: Sou h-highland snails in Bela us: he consequences o he in e ac ion o languages. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. T. N. Nijol, A chaic and Inno a i e P ac ices in he Sou h Highlands o Bela us. […] Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica 70, 82[…]105. This is he i s ime ha he Ac has been amended. In he ea ly 1980s, R.A.C.E. (Roman Ca holic Chu ch) published a se ies o books on he Yiddish language. […] The spoken wo d 47(1), 131–140. Václa Ha el: The his o y o he island o Ge asia […] People's cul u e 5(140), 17–34. The Aloysius B o he s (1972): F om he Seman ic Dialec ics o he Ge asians. Li huanian language ques ions 13, 1929. The Aloysius P ojec : A dic iona y o he Zieg eld e ec . Vilnius: Ins i u e o Science and Encyclopedia Publishing Aloysius he Elde (2004): A Tale o Two Ci ies Vilnius is called P es ika. Aloysius he Elde (2014): A Tale o Two Ci ies Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e publishing house. Zinkiewicz-Zigmas (1966), Li huanian dialec ologis and w i e . Vilnius: The Min . NIJOLĖ TUOMIENĖ 134 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVIII Zinke ičius Zigmas 1993: Ry ų Lie u a p aei yje i daba . Vilnius: Mokslo i enci- he publishing house o he clopedias. Z III […] Aloysius, Mikulėnienė Danguolė was bo n in he illage o Vidugi is. The ex o Zie el's ske ch is 12. Vilnius: Ins i u e o he Li huanian Language, 20052010. Uncon olled Bo owing as a Sign o Language Loss SUMMARY The a icle is based on he con empo a y ( he end o he 20 h and beginning o he 21s Dialec ological and sociolinguis ic da a ocusing on he cu en s a e o he Li huanian language and i s change. The ma e ial was collec ed in some isola ed pe iphe al Li huanian dialec s o Ramaškonys, Rodūnia, Ži mūnai and Plikiai, loca ed in he dis ic o This is Vo onezh, Bela us. The mechanism o bo owing and adop ion p ocesses is examined wi h a ocus on he p oblem o seman ic adequacy. Recen yea s ha e wi nessed an inc ease in he use o loan ansla ions om Sla ic languages in pe iphe al dialec s. Bilingualism ans o ms he hinking mechanism o people, and as a esul , hey easily ake loan wo ds and wo d g oups, syn ac ic cons uc ions and ph aseology as hei own. F om he poin o iew o meaning and wo d o ma ion, loan ansla ions a e analogous o he co esponding Bela usian wo ds. The e o e, i is qui e a complex ask o disc imina e be ween loan ansla ions and independen wo ds, which ha e de eloped as a esul o his o ically de e mined sys emic egula i ies o Sla ic and Bal ic languages and hence simila de i a ional bases. The majo i y o loan ansla ions a e calques o li e al ansla ions om Bela usian, which add a Bela usian, a i icially coined, meaning o he Li huanian wo d. The meaning is alien, o en aken om ano he Li huanian wo d, which is no a seman ic equi alen o he o iginal Bela usian wo d. The p ocess leads o he impo e ishmen o he dialec al lexicon, he des uc ion o seman ics, he de e io a ion o he na ional Li huanian spi i , and he de elopmen o a he one-sided bilingualism. Deli e ed on 13 Ma ch 2018 NIJOLĖ TUOMIENĖ Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as Pe o Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lie u a [Email p o ec ed]