Nidos kortelė Nr. 30084 Marburgo Pilypo universiteto vokiečių kalbos atlaso archyve: kalbos analizė

76 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVIII DALIA KISELIŪNAITĖ Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as Resea ch a eas include compa a i e Bela usian linguis ics, geolinguis ics, and e hnolinguis ics. NIDOS Cou o Jus ice No less han € 5 30084 MARBURGO PILYPO This is a lis o he municipali ies o he p o ince o Bu gundy. The Uni e si y o Ge many This is a lis o ai po s in C oa ia, g ouped by ype and so ed by loca ion. Analysis o he speech Language Analysis o Nida Ques ionnai e № 30084 in he A chi e o he Linguis ic A las o Ge many a he Phillips Uni e si y, The Ma bu g This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal. The a icle analyzes one o he ew su i ing w i en eco ds o he Ku sk language - he so-called Wenke ca d No. 30084, which was included in he a chi e o he "A las o Ge man Language" (Deu sche Sp acha las o DSA) s a ed by Geo g Wenke . The manusc ip o his ca d i sel , he ci cums ances o i s c ea ion and he w i ing sys em ha e al eady been p esen ed by he au ho oge he wi h Ch is iane Schille in an a icle published. O o Pohlmann, a eache a Nida, compiled a ca d o he Ku is language in a single ile, based on in o ma ion om local ishe man Mikel Peleikio. In his a icle, he language o his manusc ip is analyzed a a ious le els (w i ing, phone ics, mo phology, lexicon, and syn ax). Mos o he a en ion is paid o he au hen ici y o he language […] how he w i en ex e lec s he eal si ua ion o he Ku ys' language a he ime, and which ac s a e o be ega ded as sho comings o he documen a ion me hod ( ansla ion). The peculia i ies o he obse ed language a e compa ed wi h he ma e ial o he s udy published a ew yea s la e by Adalbe o Bezzenbe ge and o he s, published hal a yea la e , by Ju i Plaki. Recen ly, a DSA digi iza ion p ojec (DiWA) has been ca ied ou in Ge many, so i is belie ed ha a linguis ic analysis o each de ailed ca d would be use ul o his ask as well. These wo ds a e: Geo gas Wenke is, "A las o he Ge man language", documen a ion o he language, mode n language, language o he speake s, in e ac ion o languages, linguis ic analysis o he ex . A icles by A icles 77 Nidos ko elė N . 30084 Ma bu go Pilypo uni e si e o okiečių kalbos a laso a chy e: kalbos analizė This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal. The a icle analyzes one o he ew w i en monumen s o he endange ed Ku sk language, Ca d No. 3884, om Nydalen, which, along wi h o he analogues om he ci cums ances o i s c ea ion he 19 h cen u y Ge man egions, was included in he ile o he Ge man language a las (Deu sche Sp acha las, o DSA) launched by Geo g Wenke . The manusc ip o his ca d, and he o hog aphy sys em, was al eady p esen ed by he au ho and co-au ho Ch is iane Schille in he a icle published in 2015. The only analyzes he language o his manusc ip on Ku senieku language ca d in Wenke ’s p ojec was illed by Nida’s eache O o Pohlman. I was based on he in o ma ion p o ided by local ishe man Mickel Peleikis. The a icle a ious le els (o hog aphy, phone ics, mo phology, lexis, and syn ax). The au ho ocuses on he au hen ici y o he language, how he w i en ex e lec s he eal si ua ion o he Ku sk language a he ime, and which ac s a e o be conside ed as weaknesses o he documen a ion me hod. The obse ed language peculia i ies a e compa ed wi h he s udy by Bezenbe ge , published a ew yea s la e , and ano he s udy by Plakis, published i y yea s la e . In Ge many, he DSA digi iza ion p ojec (DiWA) has ecen ly been implemen ed, and i is he e o e hough ha a comp ehensi e linguis ic analysis o each ca d will also se e i s pu pose. KEYWORDS: Geo g Wenke , Ge man language a las, language documen a ion, endange ed language, Ku senieku language, language in e ac ion, linguis ic ex analysis. The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. W i en monumen s o Ku šininkai language a e no e y old. Pa ienių leksemų ixa ions a e associa ed wi h he names o Ma o P e o iaus and Po ilo Ruigio (see also Schille , Kiseliūnai ė 2015: 444). As a as I know, he i s published men ion o he Ku is language is conside ed o be a small dic iona y in Pe e Simon Pallasso's a las o wo ds Lingua um o ius o bis ocabula ia compa a i a (Pallasso 1786: 89), which was p esen ed in he wo ks o Vic o Diede ich (Diede ichs 1883: 4446), Dainos Zemza ė (Zemza e 1961: 164 […] 174), Kazan Kazansky (Kazan 2013: 2017) and A ina I ano na. The la e a icle publishes he ea lies known w i en eco d o he Ku is language […] he handw i en dic iona y egis e o he a o emen ioned P. S. Pallas, da ing om abou 1773. Se e al Ku is language wo ds ha e been included in he so-called Rich e dic iona y (Schille 2014). In his A icle, he e m "language" is used in he sociolinguis ic sense o he language spoken by he esiden s o he Ku šiai egion, bu in cases whe e i s cha ac e is ics a e compa ed wi h he common La ian language o i s dialec s, he e m "language o he Ku šiai" is used on he basis o he genealogical p o ision. DALIA KISELIŪNAITĖ 78 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVIII The sou ce discussed in his a icle is he so-called Wenke ca d […] handw i en ca d No. 30084 in he a chi e o he "A las o Languages o he Wes " (Sp acha las des Deu schen Reiches) p epa ed by Geo g Wenke , da ed 1879, i.e. a ew yea s ea lie han he s udy o Adalbe o Bezzenbe ge (Bezzenbe ge 1888). In he la e , in addi ion o indi idual examples illus a ing he cha ac e is ics o he Ku is language, he e a e also a numbe o linked ex s ha we e la e ansla ed in o La ian by he common language i sel . ašyba pe publika o Ju is Plakis s udijoje Ku senieku aloda (Pl). Wenke io nidiškių ko elės eks o aksimilė, jo sukū imo aplinkybės bei a- šybos ypa umai ka u su nuo ašu p is a y i au o ės ka u su Ch is iane Schille s aipsnyje (Schille , Kiseliūnai ė 2015), ačiau en be eik nebu o analizuojama He e is an analysis o he mos impo an ea u es o he Ku is language, e lec ed in he ca dboa d o he a chi es o he Wenke a las. I s pu pose is o iden i y he cha ac e is ics o bo h he old Ku sk language and he Ku sk language ha has de eloped in ecen imes, o e eal he signs and ends o language in e ac ion and o dis inguish only he cha ac e is ics o his sou ce, which a e no necessa ily sui able o all speake s. The manusc ip is gi en in p e-numbe ed sen ences, in he second line […] he same manusc ip in La ian w i en by he ca pen e s […] in he hi d line […] a li e al ansla ion in o La ian language […] wi h he ex edi ed in common La ian language […] in he no es, in he ou h line […] he ansla ion o he sen ence in Ge man […]. Analysis o he sou ce language is di ided in o language le els, ex ual and compa a i e analysis me hods a e used. On Wenke 's ca d No. 30084 is he handw i ing o he na i e eache O o Pohlmann's ansla ion o he so-called […]40 Wenke 's sayings[…] in o he language o he Ku is, using he Finnish and Li huanian sc ip s. On he second page, ill in he de ails o he ques ionnai e; In line 1 o he ques ion "Geschah die Uebe se zung du ch Schüle ode du ch den Leh e ?" he pa o he line "du ch Schüle " is c ossed ou by hand and con inues o be w i en: "mi Hil e eines Eingebo enen (Mickel Pelèikis) " (wi h a g a e sign a he op o he e, indica ing he ki ). I 's ha d o say igh now who Mikelis Peleikis helped he eache wi h. The dele ed line indica es ha , con a y o Wenke 's ecommenda ions, i was mos likely no he ma e ial o his ile. The Commission conside s ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y. 3 This ex was p epa ed by he au ho , ollowing he ules o spelling and phone ic ela ionship econs uc ion, bu wi hou co ec ing he language o he ex ; in he case o a phone ic ealiza ion, possible a ian s a e gi en in b acke s and commen s in oo no es. 4 Au ho hanks colleague D . Lienei Ma kus-Na il o helping o edi he La ian pa o he manusc ip . 5 O o Pohlmann, a na i e o P ussia, wo ked a he Niddes School om 1878 o 1883. The Commission conside s ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) TFEU. A icles o he 79 h Nidos ko elė N . 30084 Ma bu go Pilypo uni e si e o okiečių kalbos a laso a chy e: kalbos analizė The s uden . The genealogical da abase6 eco ds se e al pe sons as Michel Peleikis, who li ed o had child en in Nido du ing he pe iod o he ques ionnai e, bu i is mos likely ha he eache used he help o M. Peleikis, who en ed him an apa men . The ansla ion o Wenke 's wo ds w i en in he Ku sh language e lec s he language o he ime bos ypa ybes. Tiek one inėmis, iek mo ologinėmis, iek didžiąja dalimi leksi- nių ypa ybių Nidos ku šininkų kalbą eikė ų laiky i Ku šo la iškų a mių ge- olek u, susi o ma usiu ne ijoje iki XVII a.8, ačiau eikia pab ėž i, kad ai nė a ienos ku ios la ių pa a mės ęsinys, o į ai ių dialek ų są eikos ezul a as su p og esa usia lie u ių i okiečių kalbų į aka. This is RAYBOS YPATYBS In he sen ences o he Nidiškių ques ionnai es, he au ho ies o e lec he peculia i ies o he Bal ic phone ics, bu does no succeed in doing so consis en ly. The ocalism. I is o en sho ened o he ollowing: e, a + dd (is leddus ‘į ledą, lede, p adda snik i ‘p adeda snig i, p addim ‘s aiga10), i + (k i is ‘k i ęs), a + nn (pa Manni ‘man), i + bb (g ibb 3 p aes. + ‘no i), a mm (nammus ‘namus), u + (eß u u dik i sa ‘na ‘aš ha e a s ong memo y. I 's ha d o say wha he eache mean when he w o e "local". In he Ch onicle o he Chu ch o Nis, he membe s o he council o he Chu ch o Nis in 1887 a e men ioned by Michel Peleikis om P eil dus=&lang=de. 7 Pa a dė Peleikis labai papli usi Ku šių ne ijoje, ačiau genealogų po alai nu odo ne isų gimimo a palaidojimo ie ą, galimų in o man ų dai y is e ė ų ik a p ų, ku ie uo me u gy eno Nidoje, (Ch onicle 2012: 142). Howe e , i is mos likely ha he eache used he p emises en ed by M. Peleiki, who had been acquain ed wi h him since 1878. The same Michel Peleikis, as a enan o he school p emises, is p obably men ioned in he his o ical sou ces la e (ibid, 149). Al hough he e is e idence ha he i s se le s om Ku sk eached Ne iya as ea ly as he 15 h cen u y, he his o ical sou ces do no men ion hei i s names in he i s cen u y, and i is di icul o say whe he i was hese newcome s who helped lay he ounda ion o he la e language. The Gaussian mig a ion om he Ku sk egion eached i s peak in he 16 h cen u y and became pa icula ly in ense om he 17 h cen u y onwa ds. 9 The in luence o Li huanian spelling can be conside ed no qui e consis en wi h he ma king o he so ness o he accen in he le e i; he le e z is consecu i e and does no ha e a Ge man equi alen ; I' e encoun e ed bo h wi h diac i ical ma ks, bu appa en ly only in he wo d bedschān […]beždžionė[…], o. A) The diac i ic can be eliably conside ed a sign o leng h. 10 Fo he meaning, see […]Lexical ea u es[…]. DALIA KISELIŪNAITĖ 80 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVIII shou s) and k . Some imes his ma king o he sho ness o he owel es i ies o he phone ic peculia i ies o he spoken wo d, such as he sho ness o he owels o he e bs in he e bs, awennu (gen. pl. de i (la. b. k. gaidī ‘lauk i’), da e e (la. b. k. da ī ‘da y i’), neda es (la. b. k. neda īs ‘neda ys’) a žodžių da ybos p iesagų speci iką, p z.: a abolennis ‘su demin. om he e b a e, la. b. k. ai a, ‘a is). The e a e also cases o unma ked leng h (sho : aduschi) o wo imes w i en: esmanu jummies ‘as nesup an u jūa ejų: o example, wice w i en addus, addi ( addus niäkus okius nie- sų’, be win sch numis11 nepa manne ‘jis mūsų nesup an a’. Esama i abejo inų kus’; mußu kalni nau addi diźi ‘mūsų kalnai nė a okie dideli’), plg. la. b. k. āds ‘ oks’. The leng h o he hyme in he wo d wie s = ī s ‘ y as is ma ked in he Ge man way wi h ie, bu only once, ano he hyme is w i en: czijs i = čīs i ‘š a iai, zi i = dzī i o p o ec , o p o ec . The leng h o o he c ossed owels is a ely e lec ed: udingi = ūdiņa ‘ andens, jußu ‘jūsų, bu i = bū i ‘bū ai, ūkininkai, kajas = kājas ‘kojos; he diac i ical ma k bedschān = bedžāne ‘beždžionė (plg. bezdžãn ‘pē iķis (Plāķis 1927: 50) and beždžāns, m. (Pie sch 1991: 36)) and ac. sg. is used once. I'll gi e you a bo le. The long owels o he non-cu ing La ian language, as expec ed, a e no e lec ed in his documen , because in he speech o he cooks hey a e usually sho ened o sho , in some cases o hal -leng hs, less o en kep long, o example, in he p e-de ails o he b anches, he loca i e owels in he h oa s (mežes), he loca i e owels in he mou h (pakaļāpa), some in he o ms o he le owels ( ā). This is he case in he Uni ed Kingdom. Ki čiuo as d ibalsis ie dažniausiai ašomas iä: iäk i is = iek i is ‘įk i ęs’, aip žymimi i ki čiuo i ē i : iäd= d ‘ėda, algo’, ßiäź = sēž ‘sėdi’, miäs iäßam = we go we go, bu he e is ano he way: pi hose sewos = pie hose women o hose women wi h ha woman. I e en happened in one sen ence in wo Japanese insc ip ions in he same posi ion: whe e did you ea me o did you ea me? "Whe e a e you going, and shall we go wi h you? Whe e a e you going, and shall we go wi h you?" Abou he possible non-co ec ed mono ongiza ion, see he chap e Fone ic language ea u es. The owel in he c ossing posi ion is mo e o en deno ed by oa: doamajo = duomaju, la. I mean, I'm hinking, "Koki is like, "Kuki, la". b. c. wha […] ees […], goawes ac. pl. guo es, la. b. k. go is […]ka es[…], soasis koasch (zuoses kuož, la. b. k. zosis kož […]žąsys kanda[…]), some imes also known as uoglis, la. b. k. ogles […] English o o: kiozi […] o […] The 11 h Amendmen is a mis ake ha mus be co ec ed. 12 Judging om he gemina es, i is mos likely ma ked ŭ in he manusc ip . S aipsniai / A icles 81 Nidos ko elė N . 30084 Ma bu go Pilypo uni e si e o okiečių kalbos a laso a chy e: kalbos analizė The consonan . Pučiamieji and a ika os: La ian c is usually w i en z (we zaisch = ecaiš, la. b. k. ecais ‘senasis), occasionally s (lä s = lec ‘lekia) and once dz (dziäma = ciema ‘kiemo); I is mo e commonly w i en ds (isdse i = izdze i ‘išge i, paßadsis = pazadzis ‘pa ogęs, kadauds = kā daudz ‘kiek13), bu zi i = dzī i ‘gin i, a y i14; z s (a si gu = zi gu ‘su a kliu), š sch (sadeguschi = sadeguši ‘sudegę), bu i is also w i en di e en ly, e.g. wi z = e šiš (la bk ē šus), č č (czijs i čī a , la bk īšiš), ž ž ž ž ž (sugaja = laž, bk ėžo e), bu i is 3 p aes. ‘sėdi’, laużi = ļauži, la. b. k. ļaudis ‘žmonės’), be y a i sch (koasch = kuož ‘kanda’). Raide ß žymimas s: isch k aßnis (= iš k āsnes, la. b. k. k āsnī ‘į k osnį, k osnyje’), ßaußas lapas (= sausas lapas ‘sausi lapai’), es eßu (= esu, no w i en like ha . This has also happened wi h z: paßadsis (pazadzis […]pa ogęs[…]), uß15 o lauku (uz uo lauku […]į ą lauką[…]), bu his is a e. The his o ical connec ions o he ibes wi h […]: *n[…] compound e lec ion in Ge man ng: is a udingi = iz ā ūdiņa […]į andenį[…], winga = iņa […]ji[…]; o he La ian mino dialec s a e w i en as in mode n Li huanian, ma king he mino i y in aide i: niedelio = nediļu (Plāķis 1927: 69), la. b. k. no o ha e a "sa aichi", o plow = o plow, la. b. k. o cu , gallium = gaulish […], kiushis = chaushis, la. b. he egg, he eggshell, he eggshell, he eggshell, he eggshell, he eggshell. Oh, my God, ha 's aw ul. In he wo d wu schzu (gen. pl. u šķu, nom. u šķis ‘deš a) a he end o he oo is mos likely p onounced la iškas ķ, he e is no comple e consis ency in he case o c. pala alizuo o l < l: o example, iä lauźi = hose ļauži ‘ ie žmonės; In he nex sen ence, he e a e h ee posi ions whe e i is likely o be pala alized, bu i is p ecisely in he wo d ha he so ness is no ma ked: Es eßu o es lauźis iä pakallia pa pliawam iß g audu iäjajiß. I am wi h hose people he e (?) om he pas u e h ough he meadows o he bushes. The pala aliza ion o owels is one o he mo e in e es ing ques ions o he de elopmen o he Ku sk language, see he sec ion "Fone ic language cha ac e is ics" o mo e in o ma ion. The p e ix j is usually w i en as j (yes, kajas = kājas ‘kojos), bu i also occu s among he Balsians as g: sa segu = saciju, la. b. k. sacīju […] said […], pakagings = mus, mandagus’, mazigis = mācijis, la. b. k. mācījis ‘mokęs’. Asimiliacijos a ejai dažniausiai ašomi one iškai: snik i = snig i, auk i = packages […] aug i, laps = labs, jodisch = wi h him and so on. Bu he e a e also cases o mo phological spelling, o example, ads = āds ‘ oks, and o e o s: pudnenni = dem. Poul y (La in b. k. pu ni ‘bi ds) This is a lis o bi ds o he genus P e odac ylus. 13 Ž . „Leksikos ypa ybės“. 14 Šis a ejis gali a spindė i one inę ypa ybę, plg. ʃieda ‘gieda e’, ʃi di 2 p aes. ‘gi di’ (Bezzenbe ge 1888: 37). 15 I should p obably be conside ed a phone ic ma king, see below. DALIA KISELIŪNAITĖ 82 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVIII P okli ikai is some imes w i en oge he : is a = is ā (la. iz ā), kadauds = kā daudz ‘kiek (daug), nußi dis = nu(o) si des, la. b. k. no si ds […] om he hea […], jodisch = wi h him dižs, la. b. k. he la ge one. FONETINS TERMS YPATYBS This is no he case. In he ca d o he Nidi language o he Wenke a las, illed wi h unadap ed Ge man cha ac e s o he Bal ic languages, we see he e o s o he S e imkalbi eache o e lec he sound o he ex hea d, and his allows us o ecognize some (ce ainly no all) o he peculia i ies o he Ku sk language o ha ime. Pa o hem is inhe i ed om he Ku š a ms, bu he e we ind a ious elemen s o ad ice, so he name o he depa men is condi ional, applicable o he language o he Ku sians as a geolec o La ian language. Reduc ion o he gallbladde . The language o he p esen -day Ku is is cha ac e ized by a a - eaching educ ion in pi ch. Howe e , he ma e ial in his sou ce indica es ha in he second hal o he nine een h cen u y mos o he limbs we e s ill compa a i ely well sepa a ed, al hough he long ones p obably sh ank long ago. In many cases, he spelling o he ends s ill allows o mo e chee ul o ms: Who's gonna pick me up o wha ? […] Wha do you mean, you' e going o kill me o you' e going o kill me? he ollowing pa ag aph is added: who has my baske o s olen mea , i.e. who has s olen; w16 u ha d anas pa sawa ma i ga awas schu i = his u u ha d ānas pa sa a mā i ga a as šū i, la. he ollowing pa ag aph is added: She's go hose clo hes o he mo he o send o he mo he . o o be u ned = leppili (o o be u ned in o a leppili), la. o o ca ess i wi h a boiling spoon and so on. Di e en spelling o he same end indica es ha due o educ ion he oices a e no always clea ly dis inguished: ac. sg. I'm going o kill you. b. he size o my hand; ac. ewe ewi (you ), p . he ac . name. eßam pawa gusch (= pa a guši) pl (i ) sadaguschi, oc. sg. (English p onuncia ion (help·in o)) is he F ench p onuncia ion (help·in o) o he name o he illage in which i is loca ed. The be(ž)džān (be(ž)džāne) is he miälaisch waikili (meaning swee child). Howe e , such cases a e ela i ely ew. The only a ia ions o he spelling susiję i su ki ais one iniais pokyčiais (balsių pla inimu), o ka ais y a g ama- o he endings ha occu a e he mis akes: ha you a e winga bu pasinnis (= ha you know him o be) ‘i you knew him o be you sel . The educ ion o he endings o he Ku šininkai language has also been no iced by A. Bezzenbe ge , who claims ha he did no cu he a and he u ins ead o hea ing he educed e, bu he p eposi ions be o e i a e no pala alized: "a he able o he Tisches", "me mei " (my daugh e ) and so on (Bezzenbe ge : 24 […] 25). The The 16 h is he mos likely mis ake. S aipsniai / A icles 83 Nidos ko elė N . 30084 Ma bu go Pilypo uni e si e o okiečių kalbos a laso a chy e: kalbos analizė (Plāķis 1927: 17). Ku šininkų kalboje galūnės balsis a neišme amas, jeigu su- abb e ia ion o he e m "galus" is used by J. Plakis o e e o he s+s, z+s, sn+s and he like. An example o his is gaißas, la. b. k. gaiss […]o […], plg. he gues s, he b. k. he gues […] he s ange , he gues […] he gues . (Plāķis 1927: 83, 86) and o he s. A. The second hal o he w i ings o he Ku is indica e ha he educ ion o he limbs is e y p onounced and leads o a le eling o he le o ms: When he ishes o he labels o he saguumes d ink a lo o spelling, hey become pi aegus cêp e [...] (Pie sch 1983: 116) (wi h which he ishes o he labels o he saguumis become a lo o spelling, hey become pi aegus cep i), XX. ha hose ish o he good ca ch (lomiem) we e mo e ea en, ha he pī āgi cep i ‘when hose ishe men o he good ca ch we e mo e ea en, became he pi agai kep i (we e kepami). I ha e ead mo e abou he le eling o he speake s' h oa s and he sys em o chee ing and ea ing in he 20 h cen u y. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. The abb e ia ion o he oices I don' unde s and. The abb e ia ion o he unci cumcised owels in he non-ci cumcised mo phemes has been obse ed in all he esea che s o he Ku sk language (Pla z 1927: 17; Bezenbe ge 1888: 24:26), bu his p ope y is illus a ed only by hose cases ha appea in w i ing, i.e. he gemina o he e bs. I is pa icula ly ob ious ha he owels o e bs a e abb e ia ed: da e e ( o do, o do, o do), gaide i ( o wai , o wai , o wai ). Dis ibu ion o o es. In he speech o he Ku šininkai, he sho owels i and u a e dis ibu ed in he unci cumcised posi ion, bu his is no e lec ed in he ca d: da e e (= o do, la. b. k. o do […]), wiäno (= o do one […] one[…]), neda es (= no o do, la. b. k. no o do […]), p iäksch schiëscho niedelio mië es (= no o die, la. b. k. be o e he six h week he died […] be o e he six h week he died[…], iämegusch (= iemiguši […]migę[…]), ei und s awe (= ej un s ā i […]eik and s and[…]), pulä zis17 (= le him […]); winga [...] paschi (= hey hemsel es), jummies = jumes < jumis ‘jus, bu snik i ‘snig i, eß u u dik i sauk i (= es u u dik i sauk i, la. b. k. man and dik i jāssauc) ‘and I ha e o shou loudly and so on. In he w i en sou ces o he Ku is, his ea u e (unless we coun he ends, whe e he sign e can indica e he educ ion o he end) appea s only in ce ain cases, o example, in he o ms o he ac ional si si se, in he p e ix o he e b -ina (la. b. k. -): ziema sase inkas ziemā (= sasi inkās, la. b. ziemā salas […] hey used o mee ); This ea u e has ecei ed li le a en ion and is awai ing a sepa a e analysis. na i, la. b. k. iemācī ‘išmoky i’) (Pie sch 1983: 82). Pas ebė ina, kad iki šiol ku - šininkų kalbos y inė ojai, išsky us Ch is liebe El Mogha bel (Mogha bel 1993: Na owing o oices. Ano he s iking ea u e o he wo k is ha i is na ow and unin e up ed in i s posi ions, especially a e he sona as, app oaching wi h i (Bezzenbe ge 1888: 33, 17 Be o e he mis ake. 18 In he s udy o J. Plakius, he p eposi ions -ī and -inā a e men ioned in he g amma sec ion (Plāķis 1927: 33). DALIA KISELIŪNAITĖ 84 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVIII 34; Plāķis 1927: 16; Endzelīns 1931: 574). Wenke io ko elėje okie a ejai ne- e ai už ašomi aide i: ak. sg. uoglis = uogles, isch k aßnis = iš k āsnes, la. b. k. k āsnī, a ugni (= a i e); Pe haps because o his p ope y, he p e ix *-el(a)s -ele has been ans e ed o -ils: me ģils, aikils, s ukils, plg. da s iģiles < o >. Ziegel, men is < o. Wha is he name o he p oduc ? Coa o a ms (Bezzenbe ge 1888: 33 […] 34) I is no su p ising, hen, ha he Bible speaks o " he kingdom o he hea ens". The diph hongiza ion in he Ku is language is no egula and due o he in luence o Li huanian dialec s i occu s mo e o en in common wo ds: subs ance, la. O he , o ci cula c oss-sec ion, o s ainless s eel (Pla eau 1927: 16) The ollowing is an exce p om he book The Bible - God's Wo d o Man's? In Wenke 's ca d, such a ea u e is ound only in he wo d ie, la. ‘Ten (Plāķis, he same place), bu well = s ill ‘ eil. The esponses o he wins. Monoph hongiza ion is ca ied ou . The e a e (a es laužis = a ies ļaužis, plg. la. b. k. a iem ļaudīm, ku į a džio ie ins . ies (Plāķis 1927: 27), ž . „Mo ologinės ypa ybės“). Tačiau iek nepakanka nu- s a y i, a okia mono ongizacija bu o egulia i. Vėliau dokumen uo oje a - only a couple o cases o unci cumcised ie, which a e w i en as i (schoadin = šuodien ‘ oday, i < ie ‘ en) and e in m in unci cumcised ie mono ongiza ion occu s qui e o en (Mogha bel 1993: 85)19. As in o he La ian dialec s, na u ally monoph hongized p ologues a e used: nußi dis = om si des, la. b. k. no hea om he hea . Ano he case o mono ongiza ion obse ed in he language is he app oach o he na ow ē20, which in ou days is some imes w i en in he Li huanian aide […]: g ė […] g ei […] quickly, mė e […] mei a […] me gina[…], ėds […] eidas […] eidas, ėz […] eizka ą[…], e c. (Pie sch Mog: 126, 142, 1991; Mogha bel: 72 1991), bu in Wenke 's map we do no see hese ea u es: […] g ei i[…]. The p ese ed Ku zem language has a compound u in he wo d dui (la. b. k. di i) […]du[…], bu he e a e no illus a i e wo ds such as […]žu is[…] and […]dugnas[…] in his sou ce, e.g. zu e (la. b. k. zi s […]žu is[…]), dubens (la. b. k. dibens […]dugnas[…]), su […]ns (la. b. k. si ēns […]pa >) (Plā 1927: 16; Ābeles: 119). The pala aliza ion o he ibs. The linguis s o he Ku sk dialec emphasize ha he e b pala aliza ion is i egula , and he wo d luži, hey say, was o en used o deno e a non-pala alized l (Bezzenbe ge , 1888: 38; Plāķis, 1927: 17), so he e is no mis ake. Janis Endzelyn obse ed in he in e ludes (Endzelyn 1931: 574), and he au ho , ha ing s udied he language o con empo a y in o man s, can con i m ha in he la e pas ebė as „ ašybos nenuoseklumas“ a es lauźis Wenke io ko elėje ik iausiai pe iod o he language l and he opposi ion in all posi ions is le eled o he al eoli (i should be no ed ha in he 19 h cen u y he pala aliza ion o he on al lobes be o e he his o ical […] howe e P ielinksnio pi […] was used wi h he dna mono ongiza ion because i was no ansla ed in many čiausiai dėl okiečių kalbos į akos); iš klausos a ski i pala alizacijos lygį okiais a ejais kaip aluoda, lēk i ļauži y a sunku. Wenke io ko elės medžiaga leidžia La ian languages whe e he e is no egula mono ongiza ion (Endzelyn 1951: 679). 20 Ši ypa ybė būdinga Ven spilio apylinkių a mėms (Šmi e 1928: 116). A icles by A icles 91 Nidos ko elė N . 30084 Ma bu go Pilypo uni e si e o okiečių kalbos a laso a chy e: kalbos analizė o m, bu wi h he aid o being. How much Ge man in luence he e is and how old i is is ano he ques ion. I seems ha he e a e ew cases whe e he pa icipan is se ed in a mixed o m acco ding o he adi ion o he Bal ic languages, i.e. when he co ela ion o he ime o modal o he auxilia y and he main e b is main ained: bu pasinnis = would be he name […]mus ha e known[…], bu u d äschali pas ellajusch = would be d ešeli pas ela […]bu u kūlėją pasamdę[…], eßam pawa gusch = we a e pa a guši […]esame pa a gę[…], bija [...] [...] I' e been o sleep. The only pa iciple o m ha pe o ms he unc ions o an a ibu e is ound - p . I beg you pa don. he ac . Ins uc ion by he S.G. o I'll be spoon- ed wi h a spoon- ed spoon- ed spoon- ed spoon- ed spoon- ed spoon- ed spoon- ed spoon- ed spoon- ed I'll see you in a bi . Pa o he usual use o p onouns is: apka i (Plāķis 1927: 47 apkă ) ‘aplink, bischki = bišķi, la. he language. I 's like, you know, i 's like, you know, i 's like, you know, i 's like, you know, i 's like, you know, i 's like, you know, i 's like, you know, i 's like, you know, i 's like, b. k. sho e […] sho e […] and k . Reco ded ansla ions, Ku žmei cha ac e is ic lexemes and hei o ms: ne magg = nemaģ, la. b. k. nemaz ‘nėmaž’, nu ‘daba ’32, gana ‘gana’, dik i ‘sma kiai’ < o. dich , la. b. k. ļo i, s ip i, aukschum = augšum, la. b. k. augšā ‘aukš ai’ (ME I 218). In he cou ya d you can ind ad e bs ([…]īpa nējus eidojumus[…] […] Plāķis 1927: 38), which he ca oonis s made up speci ically: sämui = zemui […]zemai[…] (ž . […]Lexical ea u es[…]). The plu al o he p e ix mani es s i sel in he ocabula y o he ca d o m (EH I 310): pa daug ‘ oo much, wißu plu al ‘mos ly, bu kadauds = kā daudz ‘kiek (ž . […]Lexical ea u es[…]). In he Ku šininkai dialec , he e a e no La ian lexemes wi h mo e han one deg ee o p onoun, bu he e, as in adjec i es, analy ic o ms a e used wi h i and e e y hing. J. Plakis conside s he La ian and p e ix o m o be a "kiek" (Plāķis 1927: 38; ME I 392 only om w i ings). I exis s om he Li huanian "look a he p ope ies and hei cons uc ions" (see "Lexical p ope ies"). Once he e was a Ge maniza ion o as ing, which should be conside ed acciden al, due o he inconsis ency o he combina ion o he wo ds es am schla en […]giliai, ha d o sleep[…], al hough in he language o he Ku ys, he wo d cie s wi h he wo d sleep is used un il now. P ielinksnių a osena only pa ially co esponds o he cu en La ian language o adi ional a osena in he e minology: o si gu = o zi gu ‘wi h a ho se; bißales = wi hou sāles, la. b. k. wi hou sal […] wi hou sal […]; pi ha sewos = pi ha siewas, la. b. k. wi h ha woman […] wi h ha woman […]; he ollowing able is inse ed: b. k. un il dea h, un il dea h; o you, o you, o you, o you, o you, o you, o you, o you, o you. b. k. mo he […] mo he […]; o me, la. b. k. man […]man[…] and k . The mos no iceable di e ence is he use o he al eady men ioned p e e ence is om he inesy o unc ion: is mußu da za = is mūsu da za, la. b. k. ou ga den and so on. I can be a con amina ed o m: plg. la. he language. In he u nace, in he u nace, in he u nace. (wi h he gen. ME I 712), and Li huanian om 32 Bu he nuances o he je […] ME II 752, 753. DALIA KISELIŪNAITĖ 92 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVIII į aka. Esama i daugiau ski ybių: la ių aiz ‘už’ ku šininkų mono ongizuoja- mas wi h a s umpėjusiu a < āz (as namma = az nama, la. b. k. aiz nama)33; he p elinksnis uz wi h ac. pe o ms he inesy o unc ion (and [...] uß o lauku, la. In he ield, in he ield. he ollowing pa ag aph is added: ‘on he ield, i.e. ‘in he ield; o he mu enns, la. in he case o walls, s one ences; We los he manna, la. b. k. a my able […] a my able […]); because o he in luence o he Ge man language, i is mos likely used o indica e he di ec ion o mo emen (pi s maju iä = pic māju ie , la. b. k. majās ie ) (Endzelīns 1951: 677). In con as o he a ojami su į ai iais daugiskai os linksniais: pi s maju = pic māju (gen. pl.), la. b. k. mājās g e a ac. sg. uz māju; p iäksch schiëscho niedelio mië es = p iekš šešu nedeļu mi is (gen. pl.), pi mußu (= pi mūsu, la. b. k. pie mums), uz mumis (ac. pl.) p esen -day La ian language, he e a e p e equisi es (see Plāķis 1927: 40; I anickaja, Kiseliūnai ė 2015: 217). The only case whe e he plu al adjec i e is accompanied by an ins umen al (in mode n pa lance a singula wi h an acuza i e) is ga außim ( o. ac. um die Oh en)34. This is LEKSIKOS YPATYBS Mos o he wo ds in he ex a e amilia in La ian common language o dialec . Sepa a ely, i is wo h no ing some mo e in e es ing examples o he lexicon ypical o he Ku zem languages: a chaic wo d o ms, eal and seman ic dialec ics, Ge manisms ypical o Wes e n La ian languages. These a e he lexemes used o ixed in hese e ms: magg (= magic), la. O he , o a a con en , by weigh , in he d y ma e : I 's a big one. b. k. o big ‘ oo big, jodisch = he is big, la. (ME I 475) 35; dic iona y, la. (ME I 475) 35; dic iona y, la. (ME I 475) 35; dic iona y, la. (ME I 475) 35; dic iona y, la. (ME I 475) 35; dic iona y, la. (ME I 475) 35; dic iona y, la. (ME I 475) 35; dic iona y, la. (ME I 475) 35; dic iona y, la. (ME I 475) 35; dic iona y, which is also known as dic iona y b. e y, s ong, loudly and loudly (ME I 466); I 's called a d ana. In he case o he applican , he applican shall p o ide a desc ip ion o he goods in ques ion, and he applican shall p o ide a desc ip ion o he goods in ques ion. Kiozi is a wo d. Ge ou o he e. he dial. The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. […] Plāķis 1927: 68) […] o. […] Mū ena uz mū enes […] an o elės […] (mu is, mu enieks […] Plāķis 1927: 68) […] Mū ena uz mū enes […] an o elės […] (mu is, mu enieks […] Plāķis 1927: 68) […] is he name o he illage in which i is loca ed. he language. The wall. F om he diminu i e p eposi ions eco ded on he wedding ca d: el > il (waikili, […] aikeli[…], 33 P iešdėlis āz- i p ielinksnis az (Plāķis 1927: 39, ME I 233). 34 ga ausīm duo ‘einen um die Oh en k auen’ (ME I 601). s ukkila […]gabalėlio[…]), which a e used in a diminu i e sense wi hou a diminu i e shade, as is ypical o he Ku žemė dialec s (Ma kus-Nilaa 2011: 98); Al hough he e a e occasional examples o Li huanian, bu in he Ku sk dialec he e a e also au hen ic p eposi ions el > il edinių (puišilis […] aikinukas[…], lai ilis […] lai elis[…], uoķile 35 In he Ku sk dialec o he Ne ys, he wo d ku sk is no known, he lexema dižs, -a came om Ku zemė (See also Able 1928: 142). A icles o he 93 d Nidos ko elė N . 30084 Ma bu go Pilypo uni e si e o okiečių kalbos a laso a chy e: kalbos analizė […] ankelė[…] and k . […] Plāķis 1927: 14). I is also known as […] ankelė[…] and k . […] Plāķis 1927: 14). Ano he a o i e deminu y inė p e ix o he Ku ys is en, in siu (Plāķis 1927: 19): a abolennis = a ābuolenis ‘su obuoliais’; awennu = a eņu ‘a elių, ė iukų’ (iš a m. a e, la. b. k. ai a ‘a is’), pudnenni = pu neni ‘paukš eliai’; con as o he La ian common language, wi h he sho ened baluz mu enns = mū ena mū enes […]an o elės[…]. The endency o cu ious people o abs ac in hei wo k ( om he peculia i y o he o igin o he s a e, he esul and so on) o use he p e ix -ums: slapmu = slapmu, la. b. slāpes […] oškulys[…], also known as si ums, la. O he , o a hickness no exceeding 0,2 mm he e e ence, la. b. k. no una ‘ag eemen (Plāķis 1927: 19, 69) and k . I seems ha his o m o c ea ion se ed o o m he p e ix much o he highes deg ee o o m wi h he plu al "mos ly". A en ion should also be paid o he a o emen ioned sel -induced ac ion, which is pa ly simila o he Ku zem's ac ions: aukschum = aegum, la. The name o he species is de i ed om he name o he genus in which i is ound. I 's a small, la. b. k. apakša […] g ound, a he bo om […] (pl. iê suõj Paula, he e also) g e a apakscha= apakša […] . I has al eady been no iced by o he esea che s ha he Ku ske s use a ious lexemes in he meaning " e y": dik i, ā, ā much, pa daudz and does no ecognize he La ian e y (Plāķis 1927: 38); In he Ge man ca d, he magic is e y s ong, i says "pa daug" means " oo much", and " addi dizi" means "so big". The Ge man p onoun o(d) ‘dead he e ansla es as p elinksnine cons uc ion pi sme i shes = pi sme ča plg. la. he ollowing pa ag aph is added: I 's he same hing. The seman ics o some wo ds a e less di e en ia ed, bu in his case i is no necessa ily a peculia i y o he language i sel , bu a he he choice o he ansla o : o example, o. e zehlen ‘s o y in he language o he p esen -day Ku is is ollowed by ākuo (s o y), paßaziga = passage in he ca d (s o y); I is also no en i ely clea whe he he wo d " ai y ale" is used in a s ylis ically neu al way, o whe he i is in ended o gi e a de oga o y conno a ion o a " ake, in en ed s o y". Al hough he Ku is ha e he wo d upe i ‘ upe i (Plāķis 1927: 86), mos likely because o he in luence o he Vokian o iginal, he bi ds a e said o be siäž = sēž ‘sėdi. Howe e , he e a e undoub edly di e ences in he meanings a ibu ed o he language o he Ku is, eco ded in a ious sou ces o he p esen day, such as: iäjajiß = iejājis […]ge ah en[…] […] ažia ęs[…] (jâ i la. b auk , […] ažiuo i[…] Plāķis: 1927 60), nammus = namus, la. he ollowing pa ag aph is added: k. māja ‘namas’36. In he ocabula y o he wo ds o he ca ds, we see a lo o in luence o he Li huanian language, especially neighbo ing dialec s. T ansla ed in o bo h Li huanian and Li huanian om he lexemes o o he languages, i s e bs a e phone ically and mo phologically adap ed: g ai i = g ei i < lie. Hu y up, la. b. apidly 36 In he Ku šininkai dialec , he wo d māja singula is used mos o en in he sup ieksmėjusia loca i e o m mā(jā) ‘namie, namõ o plu al mājās ‘namie. In Reikšme ‘house, ind, building is used as a house. DALIA KISELIŪNAITĖ 94 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVIII kiauschis = ķauš’us < lie. kiaušis, la. b. k. ola waikili = aikilis < lie. aikelis, la. b. k. bē niņš I 's called p adda. I 's called p ada. o s a , la. b. k. o s a wi h p addim < lie. he language. Le 's s a wi h "no". b. k. always he de il. wel e, la. b. k. di padsmi miels < mielas (Plāķis 1927: 68 […] mĩlš), also known as di padsmi miels […] mielas. b. k. swee schischi = his (i) < lie. he language. This is a "la". b. k. e, jus down he oad. Righ now, igh now, la. b. k. o lie down. mo e, la. b. k. again o < lie. o (Plāķis 1927: 41 […] a), la. Wha 's he ma e ? The wo d "begin" has adap ed o he mixed ype o pe sonali y in he language o he Ku is: "begin", "begin", "begin" (Kiseliūnai ė 1998: 128). Some lexical ea u es ha appea o be "li e a y" may no always be easonably a ibu ed o bo owings by o he esea che s, such as lä s = lec […]sk aido, lakioja[…], la. b. k. lido was used in he Ku zemė wa e s (ME II 458). Wo ds adi ionally a ibu ed o Li huanians may be ku onisms, such as he g ea […]puikūs, g ažūs[…], which is common in he Li huanian coun yside, also known as Ku šo a mėse (ME 3: 403). Sla icism came o he Ku ys language mainly h ough Li huanian slang and eligious language. The e is only one o he , in Wenke 's ca d, dedica ed o hem, doamajo = duomaju, la. b. k. o hink. The e a e mo e Sla ic wo ds ha ha e appea ed in Li huanian language: pakagings = pakajings < hib . The packaging is " amus", la. b. peace ul; I 's called "chis i". he ollowing pa ag aph is added: I 's called "la". O he , o a a con en , by weigh , in he d y ma e : I 's no like I don' know wha I'm doing. he ollowing pa ag aph is added: Th ow i away. O he , o a a con en , by weigh , in he d y ma e : I is also known as budelki (budiļķ ‘bu ele Plāķis 1927: 51) < lie. he ollowing pa ag aph is added: he bo le […] bo le; budwa i < lie > o build. he ollowing pa ag aph is added: o build, o build, o build. b. k. o build; bedschān = unlea ened b ead. he b ake b ake b ake < b ush < b ush < b ush < b ush < b ush < b ush < b ush < b ush < b ush < b ush < b ush < b ush < b ush < b ush < b ush < b ush < b ush < b ush < b ush < b ush < b ush < b ush < b ush < b ush < b ush < b ush I 's called an aube gine, la. he ollowing pa ag aph is added: I 's called a pa idge. Some Ge maniza ions will also come h ough Li huanian dialec s: s ukkila (= s uķeļa, plg. ak. down. I 's going o be a li le ough. he dial. o a kind used in mo o ehicles he boa d o ‘bū ai, als iečiai < o. he dial. he buh ; I'm no going o lie o you. he language. I 's cold. Tha 's oo bad. he ollowing able is inse ed: as < o. Wu s , plg. la. b. k. desa ‘deš a’; pas ellajusch = pas eļajuši < lie. a m. s eliúo i ‘k ies i’, o. s ellen; a bä sch u ‘su šepečiu’ (bĕš as la. bi s e, sukas – I 's called a wu schzu. he language. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. he language. The en . I 's called a bu gla 's kni e. In e es ing wo d ac. sg. The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h See also A icle 37. The Hinze o 1993. S aipsniai / A icles 95 Nidos ko elė N . 30084 Ma bu go Pilypo uni e si e o okiečių kalbos a laso a chy e: kalbos analizė sunku pasaky i, a žodis *d ēšelis ku šininkams apsk i ai bu o pažįs amas. Ne- pa yko ap ik i jo i P ūsijos lie u ių kalbos šal iniuose, ačiau one iškai jis a - A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. D esche ‘kūlėjas, un eco ded in he dic iona ies o ca oonis s, is o. d eschen is ansla ed as cul […]kul i[…] (Pie sch 1991: 88). The Ku šininkai lexicon, ela ed o ag icul u e, spoke mo e Li huanian han Ge man, and shows how he Ge manism adap ed o Li huanian, plg. sk ybėl < o. he language. and you w i e. The e a e also mo e nuances o he use o wo ds ha make you hink abou he in e ac ion be ween he Li huanian and Ku is languages: he wo d el = ēl ka elės is used in sen ences no in he La ian meaning ‘da , bu as again Li huanian; < ield low. I'm going o do i . I'm going o do i . b. k. laukā, ā ā ‘lauke, laukan (J. Plakis classi ied he wo d lauke as one o he special i gins o he Vedas (Plāķis 1927: 38), bu he may ha e been un amilia wi h he wo d landlo d); This is sa i pis38, la. b. k. o be emo ed; This is i . O he , o a hickness no exceeding 0,2 mm o connec . o he wise ‘in he (bi ßales i bi pippa u = be sāles i be pipa u ‘be d uskos i be pipi ų’) y a lie u ių kalbos į aka, no s la ių a mėse jis aip pa iksuojamas (ME I 708). Tiesiai iš okiečių kalbos a ėjusios leksikos šiame eks e palygin i nedaug: opposi e case, o he wise, o he wise; I may be ha bo h he conjunc ion and he use o g e a un(d) and < o. I 's all igh . I 's all igh . I 's all igh , i 's all igh , i 's all igh . i m, ough, used in o he Ku ys sou ces as la. he ollowing able is inse ed: o a kind used in mo o ehicles The sound o he umpe is coming om he hea ens. Lö el, please. b. he name o he wa […]šaukš as[…]; b unaisch = b ūnaiš ‘ ed, he la e may ha e been b ough om Ku ša (ME I 341). Pe haps some py agai, pl. la, a e added o hem. he language. o cocaine. he language. (ME II, box numbe 342) When i comes o he use o he lexicon, i is wo h no ing ha hese ex s a e ansla ions, so we would no ha e o apply all he lexical usage […]keis enybių[…] o he Ku ys communi y a ha ime. Ob iously, he ansla o o en adhe ed no only o he Ge man sen ence s uc u e, bu also o he li e al ansla ion o he lexemes, no always choosing he au hen ic seman ic co espondence. In his way, seman ic calques appea ed in he ex , bo h in ee compounds and in ph aseology. Especially when i comes o a h oid names, i 's one, i 's one, i 's one, i 's one, i 's one, i 's one, i 's one, i 's one, i 's one, i 's one, i 's one. I'm going o ea hose eggs. I'm going o ea hose plg. das Feue wa zu s a k / heiß, die Kuchen sind [...] geb ann ; Mußu kalni nau eggs. I'm going o ea hose eggs. Tha 's wha I'm alking abou . Tha 's wha I'm alking abou . Tha 's wha I'm alking abou . I 's ho , i 's ho , i 's ho , i 's ho , i 's ho , i 's ho , i 's ho , i 's ho , i 's ho , i 's ho , i 's ho , i 's ho , i 's ho , i 's ho , i 's ho , i 's ho , i 's czijs i pa aisi = čīs i pa aisi ‘iš aly i’; e ig nähen: ga awas schu i = ga a as šū i ‘pasiū i’; ech on ihnen: labi no winga = labi nuo iņu ‘jie ge ai pada ė, pasielgė’. ho . The moun ains a e no e y high, hey a e much highe and highe . Some Ge man wo ds a e ansla ed in o he wo d: ein machen: simila ly beha ed and in he case o cons an Ge man wo ds: wie iel: kadauds = kā daudz ‘kiek, haben Du s (see below). 38 i p ‘ze liessen, schmelzen om he li e a u e (ME 4: 197), see also The End o he Wo ld, 1931: 575. DALIA KISELIŪNAITĖ 96 The Li huanian Language Ac LXXVIII Ne isada a idžiai paisoma žodžių eikšmių. Pa yzdžiui, o. du ch´s Eis ge- b ochen e čiama is leddus iäk i is = is ledus iek i is ‘į ledą įk i ęs, po ledu įk i ęs, I has been used, al hough he wo d used in he Ku is language is ielūz ‘lūž i. The e a e also misunde s andings in ansla ion. Fo example, o. Th ough he legs, appa en ly, he ansla o was misunde s ood (‘ o s ain, o hu ) and ansla ed as pa sisk ejis = pa sisk ējis, hus dis o ing he whole meaning o he sen ence. Simila ly, in he sen ence Es hö gleich au zu schneien, he ansla ion caused he combina ion o keblumes es hö [...] au nus os, baigsis, liausis (snig i) and is ansla ed in he opposi e way: well al eady p adda snik i = s ill al eady p ada snig i ‘well al eady s a s snig i. I 's in e es ing o ollow he ac ion o he wo d "ha e a ba h oom". In he Ku šininkai dialec , i is commonly used as he Li huanian ha e, o. They ha e. This meaning is no e ained in he wes e n La ian dialec s (Ozola 2007: 396[…]398). I seems ha i is di icul o ind he co espondence (plg. la. b. k. (ne)d īks a ), Ge man may be ansla ed as a ê […]galė i[…] (Pie sch 1991), in his ex […] (ne) u e i […](ne) u e i[…]. In addi ion o he ac ha he e b u e i is ansla ed whe e he g amma ically La ian language uses he e b debi i , i.e. co esponds o he Ge man modali y […]when nius müssen, sollen (ž . „Mo ologinės ypa ybės“), jis modaline eikšme a nauja i ikslo aiškai kad as piäns g ai i saswi i u = kad as piens g ei i sas(i) i i he milk is squeezed as e […]. The e b o ha e is also used in he sen ences o say: u am slapumu = shu up slāpumu ( u ime oškulį) Al hough J. Plakis ixes he e b " o hide" (Plāķis 1927: 81), he cu en gene a ion o cooks mo e o en uses p ecisely he analy ic cons uc ion, and " o hide" occu s in si ua ions whe e he ish is spoken o as " o hide". In addi ion o all hese cases, he e b o ha e plays he ole o a conjunc ion in he abb e ia ed o ms, which a e conside ed o be de i ed om he Ge man language (see "Mo phological ea u es"). Some Ge man wo ds wi h ansla ed meanings a e ansla ed li e ally (e.g. Das wa ech on ihnen), bu he e a e also cases whe e he ansla o con eys he meaning mo e na u ally: Augenblickchen: bišķi ‘ umpai, upu į, akimi ksnį. Some imes i is no en i ely clea whe he he coincidences wi h he cons uc ions o he Ge man language a e a ea u e o his ansla o , o a ea u e o he language o he en i e Ku sk communi y, o whe he he in luence o he Ge man language on he La ian language. Fo example, he ph aseological meaning o he wo d s and, ag ee, li e oge he , a osena (es hä e besse um ihn s ehen: bu s awejis o winga labi = would ha e s ood o his ( iņu) labi): plg. o. o li e, o ag ee, and whe he o no o sha e, o whe he o no o sha e wi h o he s (EH II 574). Some imes, i seems, i e en pe sis s, because he Ge man o iginal o he wo d "nep aso" s ands o "se so gu ": s awe ads laps = s and (esi) such a good one is "buck so good". The in luence o he Ge man language on ph aseology can also be in e p e ed in an un ealis ic way. I'm su e you don' wan o be in a kinde ga en like ha ! Ius ne u e addus niäkus zi i = you don' keep he kinds o hings you don' li e in, so speak he wo ds ha a e close o he La ian ph aseology, S aipsniai / A icles 97 Nidos ko elė N . 30084 Ma bu go Pilypo uni e si e o okiečių kalbos a laso a chy e: kalbos analizė he ollowing able is inse ed: b. k. jokus dzī ‘joke, bu he Kinde eien ansla o in Ge man did no ansla e he wo d, bu ound he co espondence no. SINTAKS and YPATYBs I is di icul o assess he peculia i ies o he syn ax o he ex o he ca d, no only because he syn ax o he cou ie s is poo ly s udied, bu also because he b ie sen ences in he sou ce we e ansla ed om Ge man, and a om e e y use o he language is able o able o unde s and how o ansla e he hough o a o eign language in hei usual syn ac ic app oaches. monėmis. Ve imui bu o pasinaudo a ik ieno pa eikėjo in o macija, odėl ne kiek ieną čia esan į neįp as ą sin aksės eiškinį eikė ų e in i kaip au en išką isos bend uomenės kalbos ypa ybę. In he second hal o he nine een h cen u y, howe e , he Ge man-speaking wo ld had swi ched o he classical Ge man language, and eache s we e augh om Ge man ex books and o he books, so i is likely ha some ea u es o Ge man syn ax had al eady been abso bed in o hei spoken language. Wi hou p e ending o be a inal assessmen o a de ailed s udy, some mo e s iking ea u es o he syn ax o his ex will be no ed he e. The cons ain o Sakini. Many o he sen ences ansla ed di e li le in hei cons uc ion om he o iginal in Ge man, i.e. hey ollow bo h he singula and he compound o de o he sen ence in Ge man. The mos s iking ea u e o he Ge man ai y ale is he ule o he place, which appea s a e eading only a ew sen ences, bu is especially no iceable whe e i iola es he na u al logical o de o i s language: Was si zen da ü Vögelchen oben au dem Mäue chen? Wha 's he ma e wi h you? Wha 's he ma e wi h you? Wha 's he ma e wi h you? Wha abou he bi ds si ing on he op o he wall? Wha kind o bi ds a e up he e on he wall? In his case, wha is pa pu nenni is an indi isible ac o , which is exp essed in he s o y and he ci cums ances. In he Vien iane p o e bs, composed wi h compound o ms, he conjunc ion and he noun pa o he s o y […]klauso[…] o he Ge man language ules39: 15. eßi pakagings bijis = esi pakajings bijis (simila o 5, 28, 32, 33, 40); e en in cases whe e he Ge manic o m is ansla ed in o one, he na a i e s ill emains a he end o he sen ence: Wem ha e die neue Geschich e e zähl ?: Kam win sch as jaunas paßakes paßaziga?, la. Kam iņš ās jaunas pasakas (pa)sacīja? In compound sen ences, he na a i e is almos always le a he end o he auxilia y sen ence (3, 9, 16, 17). The sen ence numbe s a e gi en below, and examples o hese can be ound in he annex. DALIA KISELIŪNAITĖ 98 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVIII The wo d is also used in he English language o e e o he combina ion o he wo ds "Sag Deine Schwes e , sie soll e [...] nähen: [...] saki awa maßai, wingai u iņai ( iņa) u [...] šū i; ich glaube, ich habe sie du chgelau en: es doamajo es eßu pa daug pa sisk ejis = es domāju, es esu pa daug pa sisk ējis. [...] schu i = saki a a māsai, Sujungiamieji and he mixed ype o compound sen ences as well as he wo d depends on he o de o he Ge man sen ence (4, 6, 14, 20, 31). The e ha e also been cases o inse ion o swi ches: 20. [...] hey ha e hei own ge han: winga ale paschi da ië = his ( hey) ale hemsel es da ija. The ac ha in many cases he wo d o de o a sen ence is no na u al is also indica ed by he ansla ion o sen ences in o mode n La ian (see he appendix, ansla ed by Liene Ma kus-Na ila), whe e he wo d o de is o en di e en . The Ge man language's p e e en ial cons uc ions also in luenced he conjuga ions o ansla ed sen ences. Such an e ec can be conside ed in cases whe e he co espondences o he ances al cons uc ions in he Bal ic languages, especially La ian, a e di e en : ga außim = la. b. k. by ea , o me: by mann = by mani, la. he language. Fo me, ha 's i . b. he man; Fo you mo he : o you mo he , la. b. k. o his mo he ; he a o emen ioned p e e ence pic a osena: pi s maju = pic māju (la. b. k. majās). Ano he obs acle o he ansla o was he nega i es, which a e exp essed in Ge man as dele ions and no es, and in Bal ic languages as p eposi ions o he e b. In he cou o law, wo o he h ee cases a e ansla ed acco ding o hei own ules, and in one sen ence he nega i e p e ix is missing in he e b: hab ih kein S ückchen [...]: wa jus ne u a newiena s ukkila = wa you ne u a ne iena s ukiļa; Hund hu Di nich s: suns ewi niëka neda es = suns you no hing is going o happen; Bu I don' wan o do i again! I don' wan o do ha . I can be no ed ha he Ge man syn ax has g ea ly educed he na u al low o sen ences and ph ases in he Bal ic languages, ansla ed in a loose o de , wi h hei own g amma ical co espondences, we will ind only one o he on he ca d: 12. Whe e's he hell a e you? A e you saying we' e going o hell? Whe e did you ge me o did I ea you? […] Whe e a e you going, a e we going o ake you? (no main ained in Ge man na a i e space). Ou moun ains a e no so high, hey a e much highe : he moun ains a e no so high, hey a e no so high, hey a e no so high. (neka ojama a inio jung is). 30. [...] who wan ed o ha e B od? When do you wan some co n? How much co n do you wan ? ( he un ansla able wo d is haben). 7. wi hou sal and peppe : bi ßales i bi pippa u = wi hou sales and wi hou peppe (ca ded p e e ence). Na u al ansla ions a e ound in cases whe e he g amma ical s uc u e o Ge man and Bela usian is comple ely di e en : 18. You' e going o kill him! Tha you' e a winge bu you' e no a winge . Tha you' e a winge bu you' e no a winge . okiečių beasmenis sakinys keičiamas asmeniniu: 22. Man muß lau sch eien: eß S aipsniai / A icles 99 Nidos ko elė N . 30084 Ma bu go Pilypo uni e si e o okiečių kalbos a laso a chy e: kalbos analizė Simila ly, "seeking om a posi ion" when u u dik i sauk i = es u u dik i sauk i. I seems ha he ansla o will "simpli y" and he Ge man cons uc ion lies in he sen ence: 25. De Schnee is [...] bei uns liegen geblieben = Tha sniaks and [...] pi mußu pulä zis = Tha snow and [...] pi ou emains. I 's no en i ely clea why in he 38 h sen ence one o he ai y ales is eplaced by he a ge a ound: sind [...] d außen au dem Felde und mähen hauen: Tä laużi and schoadinni wißu lauku uß o lauku pliau i = Those people and all he illage s in he coun yside o plough. Thus, he syn ax will p obably be he mos a ec ed by he choice o me hod by he language laye o he Ku is' ex , bu only a mo e de ailed analysis o o he sou ces, and especially o audio eco dings, could answe how he daily Ku is' language was ac ually a ec ed by bilingualism. O he , o a a con en , by weigh The Winkle A las, No. 3884, is a aluable w i en documen o he Ku sk language. Th ough i , he language o he Ku is was included in a majo Eu opean linguis ics p ojec . Ko elė language is well documen ed acco ding o he possibili ies, c ea i ely adap ing he okiškus and lie u iškus spellings o he non-w i ing language. A e s udying he spelling p inciples and linguis ic analysis o he ex , i can be concluded ha Nida's ca d is ca e ully w i en, i s linguis ic in o ma ion in many cases e lec s he au hen ic language o i s ime. A compa ison wi h p o essional linguis s' s udies o he Ku sk language (A. Bezenbe ge and J. Plaki) showed ha in he second hal o he 19 h cen u y, he Ku sk language was s ill a sys ema ic geolec om he poin o iew o La ian dialec ology, es i ying o an une en e minological basis. The in e ac ion o languages in he Ku šiai egion is also e lec ed in he Ko elė. The phone ics show he cha ac e is ics o he Ku sk dialec s and he esul s o he in e ac ion wi h he neighbo ing Li huanian dialec s in mo phology (phone ic changes in ce ain mo phemes), bu he in luence o Ge man is ela i ely unknown ( o example, he di e ences in La ian dialec s, he p ocess o educing he gaps). The e is also an a chaic in luence o he Ku sk dialec (compa ed o he clea declension pa adigm, he su i ing old o ms o nouns and adjec i e deg ees, he s ill unsol ed e ec o he alleged in allible e b language (in he kos o mos, paliudy a eiksmažodžio bū ojo laiko ē- kamieno o mų, p ielinks- niai a ojami su į ai iais daugiskai os linksniais); uo pa me u pas ebė inas ends o he e bs, he use o u e i + e c.) and he p e-exis ing in luence o he Ge man language, which e e s o he conjuga ion o p onouns and adjec i e o ms. Howe e , he in luence o he Ge man language is no always conside ed o be a ea u e o he language - o example, he use o he a oidal p onouns ha o ha o he e b o ha e in sudu o ms o Sla ic o igin lexemes, and DALIA KISELIŪNAITĖ 100 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVIII e in inas kaip e imo ūkumas. Leksikoje g e a senų Ku žemės žodžių i da- ybos būdų kons a uo ina yški lie u ių kalbos į aka, ypač kaimyninių žemai- čių a mių, iš ku ių ku šininkai pe ėmė ne ik lie u iškos, be i okiškos bei some common Bela usian wo ds o be used wi h Li huanian meanings. The di ec in luence o he Ge man language on he lexicon canno always be conside ed as an au hen ic cha ac e is ic o he Ku is language, as some wo ds o hei meanings a e no con i med by la e sou ces. I is expec ed ha pa o he lexical and seman ic Ge manisms in his ex a ose due o a li e al ansla ion. Some connec ions wi h Ge man equi alen s a e no easily in e p e ed, as simila phenomena exis in La ian. This is especially ue o syn ax. Mos o he sen ences ansla ed epea he cons uc ion o he sen ence in he o iginal Ge man, which is o en o eign o he Bal ic languages, and some imes makes he sen ence di icul o unde s and. Tačiau esama i išimčių ‒ su andama įp as ų, na ū alių sin aksinių a i ikmenų, lais iau pe sakoma min is. Dėl pasi ink o apklausos me odo ( e imo) bū en okiečių kalbos po eikis The wo ds o he ca oonis s in his sou ce should be in e p e ed wi h cau ion, because by using his me hod, li e al acking o he o iginal is almos ine i able. The book o Genesis was w i en in 1927 by Anna Ruca as. W i en by he Philological Socie y 7, 112128. Abigail Ann (1928) was bo n in Ruka a. - The Philological Socie y w i es 8, 135, 144. Adalbe Bezenbe ge (1888): "On he language o he P ussian La ians" The Gö ingen: This is Vandenhoeck and Rup ech . Ch onik 2013: Ch onik de Schule zu Nidden, which is published by he Swedish Academy o Sciences. Gi an Nausėda, Vilija Ge ulai ienė. She is a membe o he Russian Academy o Sciences. Vilnius: o se o Pe o. Diede ik Vic o (1883-1918) was he ounde o he P ussian Cu ia. […] In he magazine o he La ian Li e a y Socie y. 17. Flocks o 1. A piece o i . My h, one hund ed and nine y-se en. EH III ‒ Endzelīns Jānis, Hauzenbe ga-Š u ma Edī e. This is he i s ime I' e seen his. Addi ions and amendmen s o K. Mülenbacha's La ian language dic iona ies 12. Access o he In e ne : www. ezau s.l /me . A.D. 16 h cen u y silhoue e o socie y in he no he n pa o he Ku sk egion. ‒ Res humani a iae 15, 17 o 67. Endzelīns Jānis 1931 (1979): Pa ku seniekiem un iņu alodu. ‒ Da bu izlase 3(1). The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. Endzelin, J. 1951: G amma o he La ian language. Riga: Minis y o Fo eign A ai s o he Republic o La ia. A icles o he 107 h Nidos ko elė N . 30084 Ma bu go Pilypo uni e si e o okiečių kalbos a laso a chy e: kalbos analizė You' e he one who's going o kill him! Then i would ha e been di e en , and i would ha e been be e o hem o s and. 19. Wha will happen o me o o my amily? Kas u mana ķuoci a gaļu pazadzis? Wha 's he ma e wi h you? Wha 's he 19. We ha mi meinen Ko b mi Fleisch ges ohlen? 20. Win sch da ië a jaunas paßakes paßaziga27 kad wingi bu u d äschali pas- ma e wi h you? Wha 's he ma e wi h you? He's doing i so ha hey' e going o ha e a li le bi o un, and hey' e doing i hemsel es. He did i so ha hey would ha e a cake wi h pas els on i , bu hey did i hemsel es. 20 I ha we e he case, hey would ha e gi en him a d essing gown; They' e go hei own ge han. 21. Wha 's he use o a new pai o socks? Wha 's wi h he young ai y ale? Wha did he young man say? 28 21 Wha is he new s o y? 22. Eß u u dik i sauk i scha win sch numis29 which is no pe manen . I'm elling you, he's no going o le us down. I 's like saying, "I don' know", o "I don' know", o "I don' know", o "I don' know", o "I don' know". 23. Meß eßam pa wa gusch und u am slapumu. Mes esam pa a guš(i) un u am slāpumu. We' e he gua ds and we' e he gua ds and we' e he gua ds and we' e he gua ds. 23. We' e in he mud and we' e go Du s . 26 Whe e's he beau y o my lesh? 27 Dele ed in handw i ing. Appa en ly, a agmen om ano he sen ence was eco ded by mis ake, see below. 28 Whe e did he ell hose young ai y ales? 29 The e o mus be in us (Place 1927: 26). 30 I ha e e y loud wo ds o say, o he wise he won' unde s and us. 31 We' e he gua ds and he scou s. DALIA KISELIŪNAITĖ 108 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVIII 24. Kad mäß wacke wacke pa gajem, a gullejo a zi i jau gul a und bija I'm going o ake a nap. When we wen o bed las nigh , ha gi l was al eady asleep and as ing. (sighs) I'm going o die. When we le las nigh , he o he s we e al eady asleep and had allen asleep. 24 When we came back las nigh , he o he s had al eady gone o bed and we e celeb a ing hei sleep. 25. Tas sniäks i scho nak i pi mußu pulä zis33 ale scho i i win sch sa i pis. Tas sniegs i šuo nak i pi mūsu palicis, ale šuo ī i iņš sa i pis. Tas sniegs i šo nak i pie mūsu (pie mums) palicis, be šo ī iņš i sa i pis (excluded)34 The snow has s ayed wi h us his nigh , bu oday's mo ning is mel ing. As mus u namma s aw h ee g ea abole koaki o sa kanis abolennis. In ou house, he e a e h ee g ea apples, a cuckoo o a ed apple. F om ou house s and h ee ine (beau i ul) oak ees o ed oak ees (o ed oak ees).35 26. Behind he house s and h ee beau i ul apple ees wi h o hen I 's called Aep elchen. 27. Wa jus newa e wieno bischki usmumis gaide i ad miäs iäßam o o you. I you don' wan o wai o us, we'll come o you. I you don' wan us o wai o you, we'll come o you. 27. I you don' e en ha e a glimpse o us wai ing o you, hen we'll go wi h you. 28 - I'm no going o u n a ound. I'm no going o u n a ound. 32 By he ime we go home las nigh , hey we e al eady asleep and sleeping soundly. 33 P iešdėlyje g eičiausiai ko ek ū os klaida. 34 I 's been snowing all nigh , bu i won' s op in he mo ning. 35 In ou house, he e a e h ee beau i ul oses o oses. 36 Mažai ikė ina, kad āds bū ų su umpuoju, ačiau du ka us pa ašy a gemina a dd (ž . N . 29), Guess ha migh be allowed and no a mis ake. A icles o he 109 h Nidos ko elė N . 30084 Ma bu go Pilypo uni e si e o okiečių kalbos a laso a chy e: kalbos analizė You don' ha e any o ha . You' e no supposed o do ha . You can' ha e a kid like ha ! 29. The moun ains a e high, and he hills a e high, and he moun ains a e high. Ou moun ains a en' ha big, hey' e much bigge han you s. Ou moun ains a e no ha big, hey a e much bigge han you s. 29. The moun ains a e no so high, hey a e much highe . 30. I you' e hung y, you'll be hung y again. How much co n do you wan ? How much do you weigh and how much do you wan ? How much P und Wu s and how much B od do you wan ? I don' wan you o be su p ised when I ell you o si down. I don' wan you, you ha e o ell me. I don' unde s and you, you ha e o dic a e o me. I don' unde s and you, you ha e o speak a li le loude . 32. You don' ha e o wea a whi e shi o go o he ba h oom. And you don' ha e any whi e soap o me on my losses. Did you ge i ? Didn' you ind a whi e piece o silk on my desk? 32. Ha e you ound a sa e o me on my able? 33. Winga b alis g ibb dui puikus youngus nammus is mus u da źa39 budawa i. This is he i s ime I' e seen his. He b o he wan s o build a beau i ul new house in ou backya d. He b o he wan s o build a beau i ul new house in ou ga den. "My b o he will build wo beau i ul new houses in ou ga den. 34. Tas wa s nazi wingam nußi dis. Tha 's why he's go a hea a ack. 37 I don' unde s and you. You' e alking o a li le boy. 38 Didn' you ind a piece o whi e soap on my desk? 39 P obably he e is a spelling mis ake, because La ian da zs was used by he coachmen un il oday. DALIA KISELIŪNAITĖ 110 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVIII Tas ā ds nāca iņam no si ds. 34. Das Wo kam ihm on He zen! Tha was a good no-wing. Tha was good o hem. Tha was good o hem. 35. Tha wa is igh o hem! 36. Wha 's he ma e wi h you? You' e so p oud o us, you' e so p oud o us. Who's si ing on op o ha wall? Wha 's si ing on op o he bi ds on he oo ? Was he sea o Vögelchen up on he Mäue chen? 37. To bu y he e he wings o a goa and he wings o a goa and he wings o a goa and he wings o a goa and he wings o a goa and he wings o a goa and he wings o a goa . They had i e cows and nine goa s and wo sheep o he illage, and hey wan ed o sell hem. The a me s and he i e shephe ds and he nine cows and he wo shephe ds we e b ough be o e he ci y, and he shephe ds wan ed o ea hem. The Baue n had i e oxen and nine cows and a dozen sheep b ough o he illage, hey wan ed o sell hem. 38 And hou shal go down o he ield, and hou shal go down o he ield. They' e lazy, and hese days, e e ybody's plowing in he ield. They' e all ou in he open oday. 38. The people a e now all iends on he ield and in he ields. Well, ha b own suns won' do you any good. Well, ha b own sun won' do you any good. 40 The Ge man sen ence indica es he plu al. 41 Bu on he o he hand, i was a good hing. 42 - Suennuo mu is (Plāķis 1927: 68), also known as Suennuo mu is. b. k. mu is, bu unclea ypes o Vedic en e ainmen . 43 Wha abou he bi ds si ing on he op o he wall? 44 G eičiausiai klaida, u ė ų bū i a eduši. 45 The a me s b ough in i e bulls and nine cows, and wo goa s, and hey wan ed o ea hem. 46 Maybe i 's a mis ake: i should be all o hem. 47 Tie ļaudis i šodien isi ā ā uz lauka pļau . S aipsniai / A icles 111 Nidos ko elė N . 30084 Ma bu go Pilypo uni e si e o okiečių kalbos a laso a chy e: kalbos analizė Well, ha b own sun won' do you any good. The e's no hing w ong wi h ha . 40. Es Essu o es lauzis iä pakallia pa pliawam is g audu iäjajiß. This is he i s ime I' e seen his. I'm on he loose. They' e on he loose. I'm on he loose. I'm on he side o he oad. I'm on he side o he oad. I'm on he side o he oad. Wha 's he ma e wi h you? 40. I am wi h he Leu en da hin en o e he Wiese in Ko n ge ah en. 48 I'm one o hose bad guys who's always ying o ge in o he Language Analysis o Nida Ques ionnai e № 30084 in he A chi e o he Linguis ic A las o Ge many a he Phillips Uni e si y, ield. The Ma bu g Summa y The a icle p esen s a w i en sou ce o he Ku senieku language - Ca d No. 30084 (Nida Nidden) om Deu sche Sp acha las (DSA) launched by Geo g Wenke . The linguis ic analysis led o he ollowing conclusions: The Nida ca d is ca e ully w i en, and i s linguis ic in o ma ion in many cases e lec s he au hen ici y o he language. The compa ison wi h he esea ch o p o essional linguis s (Bezzenbe ge and Plakis) showed ha in he nine een h cen u y he Ku si language was s ill a sys ema ic geolec de i ed om a he e ogeneous dialec al basis. The ca d also e lec s he in e ac ion o languages in he Cu onian Spi . The phone ic ea u es e lec he dialec s o Cou land and he esul s o in e ac ion wi h he neighbo ing Li huanian dialec s in e ms o phonomo phology and a ela i ely insigni ican in luence o he Ge man language. Mo phology also con ains a chaic ea u es o he dialec s o Cou land ( he mani es ed declension pa adigms, he old in lec ions o nouns, and he g ades o adjec i es, he p ese ed DALIA KISELIŪNAITĖ 112 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVIII p e e i o ms o e bs, p eposi ions wi h plu al o ms). A he same ime, he in luence o he Li huanian language (p onoun lec ions, e b u e i + in ., e c.) and he beginning o ways a e ega ded as a dialec al ea u e - o example, he he in luence o he Ge man language, which mani es s i sel in he use o p eposi ions and compound e b o ms, is obse ed. Howe e , he e ec o he Ge man language canno al- o en- epe i i e use o as, o he e b u e i in compound e b o ms looks mo e like a aul o ansla ion. In he lexicon he e is a s ong Li huanian in luence, especially om he neighbo ing Ge man and Sla ic lexemes om Wes e n Li huanian dialec s, and some common Bal ic wo ds o Samogi ian dialec s, nex o he lexis inhe i ed om Cou land. The Ku senieki also adop - hei meanings a e no con i med by la e sou ces. a pa o lexical and seman ic Ge manisms in wo ds abso bed he Li huanian meaning. The di ec in luence o he Ge man language on lexis is no always conside ed o be an au hen ic ea u e o he Ku senieku language, since he ex a ose due o li e al ansla ion. Some simila i ies wi h Ge man language equi alen s a e no easy o in e p e , because analogical ea u es can be ound in La ian. This makes he de e mina ion o he ime o hei occu ence in he Cu onian Spi i ou . This is mos applicable o syn ax. Mos o he ansla ed sen ences li e ally epea he cons uc ion o he Ge man o iginal sen ence, which is o en no ypical o he Bal ic languages and some imes makes he sen ence ha d o unde s and. Howe e , he e a e excep ions - some na u al, c ea i e syn ac ic equi alen s a e ound. Due o he chosen me hod o language documen a ion ( ansla ion), he e ec o Ge man on he Ku sk language in he 19 h cen u y should be ca e ully conside ed in his sou ce, because he use o his me hod makes he li e al ans e o he o iginal almos ine i able. Deli e ed on 8 June 2018 DALIA KISELIŪNAITĖ Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as Pe o Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Li huania This is a lis o ci ies and owns in Li huania.