Category of Repetition in Linguistic Discourse

162 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI ZINAIDA PAKHOLOK Lu sk Human De elopmen Ins i u e o he Open In e na ional Uni e si y Uk aine Fields o esea ch: philology, philosophy, psychology, cul u al science, coun y s udy. DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.35321 all-0781/ CATEGORY OF REPETITION IN LINGUISTIC DISCOURSE Ka ojimosi ca ego ia no discu so linguís ico ANNOTATION The a icle deals wi h he phenomenon o ca ego ies, ype desc ip ion o linguis ic ca ego ies in he s uc u e o he language, as well as he his o y o hei s udy. De ido ao a o de que a ciência mode na é ca ac e izada não só pela o mação de new concep s, mas ambém po en iching he con en o long-exis ing ones, he emphasis is made on he ca ego y o epe i ion. This ca ego y is unde s ood as he objec i e egula i y inhe en in all objec s and phenomena o he ma e ial wo ld in o de o ep oduce he objec o phenomenon pa ially o comple ely. The ca ego ical s a us o epe i ion o igina es om he abili y o abs ac and i is ansmi ed by a sys em o language means. The usage o his e m and he new concep ual scheme o analysis allows us o desc ibe he he e ogeneous linguis ic phenomena ha unde lie he epe i ion. KEYWORDS: ca ego y, linguis ic ca ego ies, ca ego y ype, epe i ion, language uni s, discou se, philosophy, me hodology. ANOTACIA O a igo analisa-se enômeno das ca ego iões, desc e em espécies de ca ego iões linguís icas e sua his ó ia de es udo. Dado que na ciência con empo ânea não apenas o mulam-se no os concei os, mas e expandiam-se há mui o empo susi o m usių concei os con eúdo, acen o o na-se ca ego ia ka ojimosi. Es a ca ego ia en ende-se como obje i ous dėsningumas, ca ac e ís ico de odos os obje os e enômenos do mundo ma e ial e pe mi indo aqueles obje os ou enômenos ep oduzi em pa e ou comple amen e. Ka ojimosi ca ego ia s a us começa a pa i possibilidade, le a pa a abs ahação e exp essa-se sis ema de linguís icos A igos A icles 163 / Ca ego y o Repe i ion in Linguis ic Discou se meios. Esse e mo a osena e no a esquema de análise concei ual pe mi e desc e e di e en es enominius linguís icos, que cons i uem ka ojimosi base. ESMINIAI VOODŽIAI: ca ego ia, linguís icas ca ego ias, ca ego iões espécies, ka ojimasis, unidades de linguagem, discu so, iloso ia, me odologia. 1. INTRODUCTION In mode n philosophical and scien i ic discou se, an inc easing numbe o men , signs p o e ha science is on he e e o a quali a i ely new s age o i s de elop- which, wi h a ce ain deg ee o con en ionali y, can be called pos -neoclassical. One o he mos impo an ea u es o pos -neoclassical science is associa ed wi h he ansi ion o he knowledge o complexly o ganized, mul i-le el sys ems. Language, being such a sys em, e lec s he p ocesses and phenomena ha occu bo h wi hin a single language and beyond i . In gene al linguis ics he scien i ic concep o language as a se o ca ego ies and ules (Будагов 1980: 126), which de ined he concep ual sphe e o he s udy o linguis ic ca ego ies a he beginning o he 21s cen u y, was widely used. De ining he concep and gi ing a ca ego y ank o i is an impo an s ep in he s udy, aimed p ima ily a es ablishing he s a us and place o he ca ego y in he sys em. Ca ego ies a e ideal en i ies o human consciousness ha acqui e meaning and p ac ical ealiza ion in language hence hei close connec ion wi h linguis ic o ms. Linguis ic ca ego ies play a signi ican ole in he unc ioning o he languages o e he wo ld, i espec i e o hei ypological s uc u e and o igin, and such ca ego ies include he ca ego y o epe i ion (he eina e CR). The p oblem o s udying o epe i ion as a esul o ep oduc ion o a linguis ic o speech uni , in whole o pa ly, has always been ele an o science and has i s o igins in ancien he o ic. In mode n imes, he ac i e s udy o epe i ion as a linguis ic phenomenon began in he middle o 1950s. The la ges numbe o s udies in linguis ics, o e wo hund ed, is ela ed o ex (Москальчук 2003: 22). Os aspec os linguís icos de he ca ego y o epe i ion ha e been and s ill a e one o he cen al p oblems o mode n linguis ics. They do no exhaus hei heo e ical and p ac ical po en ial, bu encou age a cons an sea ch o a new pe spec i e. ZINAIDA PAKHOLOK Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI 164 The main pu pose o he a icle is o p esen a new concep ual scheme o he analysis o CR. Acco ding o his pu pose, he main asks a e o desc ibe he ypes o linguis ic ca ego ies; o ep esen he his o y o hei s udy; o CR de ine; o name he uni s o he language sys em ha o m he CR; o ind ou he place o he CR in he language sys em; o jus i y he necessi y o he use o he e m CR o he e ogeneous epe i ions. 2. CONCEPT OF CATEGORIES IN LINGUISTICS The p ocess o lea ning linguis ic ca ego ies began in ancien imes. I was based on he logical and seman ic p inciple, because o which objec s, p ocesses and hei p ope ies we e in he ocus o a en ion. In linguis ic eali y ca ego ies o pa s o speech we e dis inguished: noun and adjec i e, e b and ad e b. In he classical adi ion, pa s o speech began o be conside ed in a new, onomasiological pe spec i e (con en , o m, unc ion) and om he s andpoin o he heo y o nomina ion (pa s o speech wi h ull and incomple e nomina ion), ha imply he dialec ic o hei cogni ion. A signi ican place in he his o y o science is occupied by he heo y o Oleksand Po ebnia abou he o ma ion o linguis ic ca ego ies in he s uc u e o language. The scien is was he i s o in oduce he concep o g amma ical ca ego y in o Uk ainian g amma , using i in ela ion o such phenomena as a e b, noun, ense, numbe , pe ec and impe ec o m, anima eness and inanima eness, 3 d pe son, ins umen al case (Потебня 1958: 3845, 8283). In he wo ks o Le Shche ba exp essed he idea ha he exis ence o any g amma ical ca ego y is de e mined by he close, inex icable connec ion o i s meaning and all o mal ma ke s (Щерба 1957: 65). Fu he de elopmen o hese ideas can be ound in I an Meshchanino s wo ks. Em elação a concep ual ca ego ies, he esea che concluded ha hey con ey in he language i sel he concep s exis ing in a gi en social en i onmen (Мещанинов 1978: 238). Je zy Ku yłowicz obse ou que he ca ego ies o case ( o a noun), ime ( o a e b), deg ees o compa ison ( o adjec i es) can be conside ed as he mos impo an pa o he mo phological s uc u e o he language, hey o m he co e o any desc ip i e g amma and a e o p ima y in e es o a philologis (Курилович 1965: 428). A igos A icles 165 / Ca ego y o Repe i ion in Linguis ic Discou se Aleksand Bonda ko in he book Theo y o mo phological ca ego ies p esen ed he expe ience o cons uc ing a sub heo y o mo phological ca ego ies on an induc i e conc e e-linguis ic basis. The au ho ʼs app oach o special e minological iden i ica ion is aluable (Bonda ko 1976: 10). One o he mos s udied ypes o linguis ic ca ego ies a e g amma ical ones, which gene alize g amma ical meanings ha a e co ela i e in con en and me hod o exp ession and combine hem in o a single sys em (Курилович 1962: 14). I is necessa y o dis inguish g amma ical ca ego ies om he lexical and g amma ical ca ego ies, which a e g oups o wo ds wi hin a ce ain pa o wo ds. They a e cha ac e ized by a common seman ic ea u e, he p esence o absence o a o mal mo phological exp ession, he in e ac ion wi h ela ed g amma ical ca ego ies, he p esence o absence o a se ies o o ms inside he ca ego y. Lexico-g amma ical ca ego ies a e o ms o hinking ha e lec any aspec s o objec i e ac i i y in ou minds. A o mação de no ms o g amma ical ca ego ies oco eu a he same ime as he s udy o concep ual ones, which a e iden i ied wi h seman ic no ms o ega ded as di e en aspec s o he same objec . The ques ion emains unclea wha exac ly should be assigned o seman ic ca ego ies. Consequen emen e, he classi ica ion o he linguis ic ca ego ies o he h ee bina y ypes was p oposed, which is based on p i a i e opposi ions. The i s ype includes uni e sal ca ego ies inhe en in all o mos languages o he wo ld, and non-uni e sal, o he o he o mal-seman ic ca ego ies, di ided in o ou g oups: p ope g amma ical, lexical-g amma ical, seman ic, lexical-seman ic and concep ual; he hi d ype is o med by explici and implici ca ego ies (Колоїз 2006: 76). The wo ks o o eign schola s we e in ac i e use in gene al linguis ics. The b ainwa es abou he na u e o he ca ego ies belong o Joseph Vend yes, who a i med: g amma ical ca ego ies and logical ones e y a ely co e each o he ; almos ne e he numbe o he i s and second does no coincide (Вандриес 20012: 112). Leona d Bloom ield conside ed ca ego ies o pa s o speech, in lec ional o ms, syn ac ic ca ego ies cha ac e is ic o di e en languages o he wo ld. Ele en a izou ha , ne e heless, pa s o speech should no be s udied in ela ion o di e en phenomena o he eal wo ld, bu only in hei unc ions in he syn ac ic s uc u e o he English language (Блумфилд 1968: 297). O o Jespe sen, in his Philosophy o G amma , poin ed ou ha non-language ca ego ies, which a e independen o he andom ac s o exis ing languages, a e uni e sal because hey apply o all languages, al hough hey a e ZINAIDA PAKHOLOK 166 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI a ely exp essed in hese languages in a clea and unambiguous way (Есперсен 20022: 58). In mode n Wes e n linguis ics, in e es in language ca ego iza ion has in ensi ied a e he scien i ic esea ch o Eleano Rosch (Rosch 1978). The app oach based on he p o o ypes by Geo ges Kleibe (Kleibe 2003) and John Taylo (Taylo 20033) is widely used. Howe e , such an app oach has been easonably c i icized by William C o and Alan C use (C o 2004). Resea che s a Law ence Ba salou (Ba salou 2003), William C o , and Alan C use (C o 2004) ha e p oposed imp o ed ca ego iza ion models, based on which Je ome Feldman o mula ed new es ic ions ha human na u e imposes on ca ego iza ion p ocesses (Feldman 2006). A b ie excu sion in o he his o y o he s udy o linguis ic ca ego ies allows us o make ce ain ha he philosophical base o linguis ic me hodology is made up o he ca ego ies o classical dialec ics. A es e espei o, a p incipal a e a me odológica é esol e ais issues, em p imei o luga , how he ca ego ies a e mani es ed in he unc ioning and de elopmen o he language, and, em segundo luga , wha he language gi es o hei o ma ion, de elopmen and unde s anding (Алефиренко 2005: 329). Ca ego ies, being he ideal mo phogenesis o consciousness, ha e meaning and p ac ical implemen a ion in he language. A i s , hey a e o med unconsciously in human ac i i y and only hen a e e lec ed in he language. O p ocesso de o mando ca ego ias é in imamen e conec ado com he o ma ion and cons an de elopmen o he human language, and he ques ion o a sys em o scien i ic ca ego ies in a ious b anches o knowledge, including linguis ics, emains essen ial o science. Ca ego y is a key concep in linguis ics. On he one hand, a ca ego y has a sys emic and s uc u al con en as a de e mining componen o he ho izon al and e ical cons uc ion o he in e p e i e model o a language. On he o he hand, his concep is me hodological, i is a ool o cognizing and classi ica ion o linguis ic ma e ial. Linguis ic ca ego ies a e a p ojec ion o no only he mechanism o cogni ion, bu also human consciousness. The e is a wide and na ow unde s anding o he ca ego y in linguis ics. In a wide unde s anding a ca ego y is conside ed as any g oup o linguis ic elemen s, dis inguished on he basis o some gene al p ope y, and as a ce ain ea u e ha is undamen al o he di ision o homogeneous linguis ic uni s in o classes, membe s o which ha e he same meaning o his ea u e (Булыгина, Крылов 1990: 385). The di e ences in he use o he e m ca ego y in mode n concep s o g amma ical heo y we e poin ed ou by John Lyons. This e m is o en used A igos A icles 167 / Ca ego y o Repe i ion in Linguis ic Discou se like he e ms class o se o ep esen any g oup o elemen s seen in he desc ip ion o speci ic languages (Лайонз 1978: 286). The al eady ci ed Zhanna Koloiz sugges s o unde s and a linguis ic ca ego y as he abs ac gene ic concep , which includes species ea u es and is a o m o e lec ion o he mos gene al laws o objec i e eali y in he minds o people (Колоїз 2006: 74). Since a he p esen s age o esea ch he e is no adequa e de ini ion o he e m ca ego y, he e is no gene ally accep ed classi ica ion o linguis ic ca ego ies a he p esen s age o esea ch. 3. THE PHENOMENON OF REPETITION In ecen decades, epe i ion has been in ol ed in sol ing ca ego iza ion p oblems. Using he e m epe i ion, we he eby ecognize he quan i a i e deg ee o ealiza ion o a phenomenon, ac ion, objec , sign, s a e wi hou es ic ion. Quan i a i e de e mina ion dis ingues epe i ion p ocess om epe i ion insel on a scale o mo e less. The heme o epe i ions ha a ose in he ancien wo ld (Античные 1996: 280285) has been en iched o e he cen u ies by empi ical ma e ial ha equi es e hinking and sys ema iza ion. Apesa de signi ica i as conquis as in he s udy o a ious aspec s o epe i ions, seus p oblemas pe manecem ele an es e eque em um núme o de heo e ical p oblems sol ing ha would make possible o pene a e he mechanisms o he language unc ioning. O ca ego ical s a us o epe i ion, he ea u es o he exp ession o epe i ions, on he one hand, in philosophy and science and, on he o he hand, in e e yday consciousness and li e a y wo ks, a e o mulados in he s udies o specialis as om di e en ields o knowledge. Language, like hinking, e lec s he eal wo ld by i s own means and ex a-linguis ic eali y, which is con ained in speci ic meanings, linguis ic abs ac ions o wo ds and g amma ical o ms. Tha is why he language e lec s no only objec s, bu also hei inhe en connec ions. Since he connec ions be ween he phenomena o eali y as i is, ha e a dialec ical dependence, hen eali y is also cha ac e ized by de elopmen o dialec ics. linguis ic Mode n linguis ics has an unde s anding o epe i ion as a p ocess and i s esul , ha is, epe i ion uni . In o al monologue, he e a e many epe i ions o sounds, syllables, wo ds, ph ases and sen ences. Mos ly hey a e unin en ional and a ely used as a special echnique o emphasizing hough . Alguns deles são elacionados à he uno icial ans o ma ion o he in e nal speech in o he ex e nal o o he simple ZINAIDA PAKHOLOK 168 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI sounding o he in e nal speech, i you do no wan o ind o he wo ds o he objec o in luence. The e a e many pleonasms and au ological exp essions. Speake s, i hey do no pay special a en ion o i , do no hea in hei speech he wo ds used wi h he same oo , anapho o epipho a. The epe i ions in he dialogic speech a e p o oked by spon anei y, he need o espond immedia ely o he p e ious u e ance o he add essee. Since e lec ion is minimized, he o ma ion and exp ession o hough occu s almos simul aneously wi h he ansmission o he add essee. Func ional ea u es o dialogical epe i ions gi e he eason o di ide hem in o wo g oups. The i s con ains epe i ions o na a i e sen ences ha do no cause a speech esponse; hey mus be ega ded as mechanical, unconscious ep oduc ion o a p e ious ema k. This ype o epe i ion is based on echolalia an unconscious epe i ion o o he pe sons wo ds, which lacks subjec i e-modal meanings o he speake and does no elucida e any in o ma ion. The second g oup o dialogic epe i ions include such ema ks ha con ey subjec i e-modal meanings and seek new in o ma ion. In addi ion, his g oup can be di ided in o wo subg oups. The i s is a epe i ion o exclama ion, in e oga i e and na a i e sen ences ha begin wi h he wo ds yes o no. The sen ences o his subg oup do no ca y new in o ma ion, hey include objec ions, doub s, dissa is ac ion, e c. The second subg oup is o med by ema ks ha a e domina ed by in ellec ual in o ma ion. W i en speech is mo e gene alized and logical han o al, i is no spon aneous, i can be edi ed, so he epe i ions used in i should be p ope ly e alua ed. Unconscious use o epe i ion leads o hei edundancy, is pe cei ed as a speech de ec caused by ocabula y po e y, inabili y o use synonymy. Conscious use allows o use epe i ion as a s ylis ic de ise. I comes om a olk adi ion known o all peoples o he wo ld. An example o he conscious use o de s anding o he mul i unc ionali y o his phenomenon. In spoken language, he e is o en a epe i ion o wo ds, due o he lack o speech cul u e o he speake . I is di icul o choose he igh wo d and a pe son does no da e o exp ess opinion epe i ion is a is ic speech, in which he au ho demons a es he dep h o un- clea ly, illing he meaning ul pauses wi h uni s ha do no ha e any meaning: well, yeah, so, ha is. Such epe i ions a e called ille wo ds. Clichés a e well-known in e e yday speech, because in o dina y communica ion ac s we y o use eady-made e ique e o mulas o g ee ings, wishes, goodbyes, e c. The appea ance o he cliché is ela ed o he equency and epe i ion o he speech si ua ion. A igos A icles 169 / Ca ego y o Repe i ion in Linguis ic Discou se High- equency uni s in a speech o in a sepa a e ex a e called key wo ds; hey a e included in he speake s ac i e ocabula y and a e illus a i e o impo an concep s. 4. REPETITION CATEGORY The p esence o ca ego iza ion in he language should be seen in he possibili y o abs ac ion. A base de ca ego iza ion é a capacidade o he human mind o isola e om he phenomena o he su ounding eali y, om he low o in o ma ion any common, ai ly s able ea u es ha a e egula ly epea ed in some backg ound en i onmen (Mane ko 2000: 39). In linguis ics, he ques ion o CR om aspec ological poin was conside ed by Olga G eko a o he i s ime (Грекова 1979: 3748) and Galina Pano a (Панова 1979: 8). The essence o epe i ion is o con ey a deg ee o measu e, quali y, ac ion ela i e o he no m (ze o deg ee o measu emen ). The linguis ic aspec s o CR ha e been and emain one o he cen al p oblems o mode n linguis ics. Linguis ic epe i ion is an ex emely wide ange o heo e ical p oblems in i s spec um. I co e s esea ches o on ology, epis emology and a he same ime he in e ac ion o epe i ion wi h o he language ca ego ies: quan i y, in ensi y, quali y, aspec uali y. O componen e decisi o o unde s anding o he essence o epe i ion in a language is he iden i ica ion and comp ehensi e analysis o he ea u es o i s o mal ep esen a ion, syn ac ic implemen a ion, he o ma ion o a seman ic scope and in luence on he ac ual di ision o a sen ence. The linguis ic aspec s o he epe i ion ca ego y we e and s ill a e one o he cen al p oblems o mode n linguis ics. Being a he junc ion o allied and noncon iguous disciplines, he p oblems o epe i ion no only do no exhaus hei heo e ical and p ac ical po en ial, bu , on he con a y, encou age a con1843, he Danish hinke , heologian s an sea ch o a new pe spec i e in he s udy. I ʼs no coincidence as a back as and philosophe Sø en Kie kegaa d w o e: Repe i ion is a new ca ego y ha emains o be in oduced (Керкегор 1997: 30–31). Among he ca ego ies ha a e on he ma gins o scien i ic esea ch, o a long ime he e was a ca ego y o epe i ion. Howe e , now i is one o hose language ca ego ies, he in e es in s udying o which is g owing, since i is associa ed wi h such basic philosophical concep s as quali y, quan i y, ex end, deg ee, which a e essen ial cha ac e is ics o any phenomenon. The essence o epe i ion is he ans e o ex end o deg ee, quali y ex end, ex end o ac ion compa ed o he no m (que is, a e e ence poin o a ze o deg ee o ex end). ZINAIDA PAKHOLOK 170 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI The concep ual scope o he ca ego y o epe i ion lies in i s on ological na u e, because i no only e lec s he objec i e wo ld, bu is an in eg al pa o i s being (Pakholok 2019: 104113). P ocess o epe i ion ac s as an objec i e eali y ha a pe son unconsciously assimila es while gaining expe ience. The abili y o epea can be in e p e ed in e ms o he a che ype o human consciousness. The philosophical basis o epe i ion is he law o he ansi ion o quan i a i e changes o quali a i e ones. In linguis ics, i inds display a he le el o seman ics, since an elemen epea ed wice o se e al imes acqui es a new meaning. A ca ego ia de epe ição é incluída in he ca ego y o lexical and g amma ical ca ego ies, que is, he meaning o he deg ee ex end, quali y ex end, ac ion ex end is exp essed by lexical and g amma ical means, and he unc ional-seman ic epe i ion ca ego y is cha ac e ized by he uni y o o m and con en . In mode n imes he ca ego y o epe i ion, which is conside ed as a uni e sal language ca ego y ha o ganizes he communica ion p ocess, co e s he psychological, linguis ic and communica i e-p agma ic aspec s o communica i e ac i i y; pa icipa in he implemen a ion o he in o ma i e and ad e ising unc ion o ex s; p o ides hei p agma ic-communica i e e ec i eness. Mode n science is cha ac e ized no only by he o ma ion o new concep s, bu also by en iching he con en o long-exis ing ones, expanding he scope o hei applica ion. No p esen s age o he linguis ics de elopmen , new oppo uni ies open up o ui ul esea ches, bo h gene al heo e ical, undamen al, and applied, which a e a he c oss oads o a ious sciences, in pa icula , na u al and echnical, and a e ela ed o scien i ic knowledge as a whole, in all b anches. In he ca ego y o epe i ion as a ca ego y o consciousness, in addi ion o he adi ional logical o m, a pe cep ual o m o ca ego iza ion is dis inguished. The pe cep ual comp ehension o epe i ion is domina ed by logical ca ego ical con en , howe e , i is no exhaus i e o he pe cep ual image o ime. The uni e sal cha ac e is ics o epe i ion a e eco ded in logical ca ego ies; in he pe cep ual ision o ime hey ake he o m o subjec i e being. Pe cep ual ca ego iza ion, in con as o logical ca ego iza ion, has i s own cons an con en , seman ic con en and s uc u ed subca ego y o ganiza ion, which gi es i a ull ca ego ical s a us. Pe cep ual epe i ion can be de ined as he in e nal empi ical o ganiza ion o human sensa ions, in which objec i e empo al eali y is e lec ed. The ca ego ical na u e o pe cep ual ime lies in he ac ha , wi h all he indi idual a iabili y o he imagina i e pe cep ion o ime, a cons an uni e sal con en is