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Before the Spatial Turn: The Areal Aspect in 1980s German Onomastics and its Application in Current Research

Christian Zschieschang

Abstract

    Mapping isn’t just mapping. Far from an easy matter, presenting and analysing place names on maps is theoretically and practically challenging. In onomastic research at Leipzig, the areal aspect was concluded decades ago to be one of three main aspects useful for investigating language contact. Accordingly, the geographical distribution of names needs to be examined within the broader linguistic, cultural and social context. The areal aspect thus seems to be a forerunner of the ‘spatial turn’. ‘Areal onomastics’ also played a prominent role in Czech research.    Practical problems include ensuring a clear mapping design, the careful interpretation of mapping without undue conclusions, the definition of place-name areas, and the choice of a base map suitable for the aim of cartographic presentation. Given the objective of mapping place names as evidence of the historical settlement landscape, the base map should also show the former landscape as precisely as possible. This means for example that contemporary objects like reservoirs and canals etc. should be erased from present-day topographic maps while features such as historical shorelines must be taken into account.

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S aipsniai / A icles 193 CHRISTIAN ZSCHIESCHANG Se bski ins i u / So bisches Ins i u Fields o esea ch: geog aphic names in an in e disciplina y con ex , geog aphic names as e idence o medie al his o y in he Ge man-Sla ic con ac zone, poli ical signi icance o se lemen names in he Ge man-So bian-Polish language con ex in he 19 h and 20 h cen u ies, mino place-names / mic o oponyms. DOI: doi.o g/10.35321/all83-09 BEFORE THE SPATIAL TURN: THE AREAL ASPECT IN 1980s GERMAN ONOMASTICS AND ITS APPLICATION IN CURRENT RESEARCH Iki e d inio posūkio: a ealinis aspek as okiečių onomas ikoje XX amžiaus 9 dešim me yje i jo p i aikymas daba iniuose moksliniuose y imuose ANNOTATION Mapping isn’ jus mapping. Fa om an easy ma e , p esen ing and analysing place names on maps is heo e ically and p ac ically challenging. In onomas ic esea ch a Leipzig, he a eal aspec was concluded decades ago o be one o h ee main aspec s use ul o in es iga ing language con ac . Acco dingly, he geog aphical dis ibu ion o names needs o be examined wi hin he b oade linguis ic, cul u al and social con ex . The a eal aspec hus seems o be a o e unne o he ‘spa ial u n’. ‘A eal onomas ics’ also played a p ominen ole in Czech esea ch. P ac ical p oblems include ensu ing a clea mapping design, he ca e ul in e p e a ion o mapping wi hou undue conclusions, he de ini ion o place-name a eas, and he choice o a base map sui able o he aim o ca og aphic p esen a ion. Gi en he objec i e o mapping place names as e idence o he his o ical se lemen landscape, he base map CHRISTIAN ZSCHIESCHANG 194 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIII should also show he o me landscape as p ecisely as possible. This means o example ha con empo a y objec s like ese oi s and canals e c. should be e ased om p esen -day opog aphic maps while ea u es such as his o ical sho elines mus be aken in o accoun . KEYWORDS: place names, se lemen names, mapping, spa ial u n, his o ical se lemen landscape. ANOTACIJA Žemėlapiai – ai ne ik žemėlapių suda ymas. Teo iškai i p ak iškai y a gana sudė in- ga ie ų a dus pažymė i žemėlapiuose i juos analizuo i. A liekan onomas inius y imus Leipcige, e i o inis aspek as p ieš kelis dešim mečius bu o numa y as ienu iš pag indinių aspek ų, p i alomu i ian kalbų kon ak us. A i inkamai geog a inis a dų išsidės ymas u- i bū i nag inėjamas pla esniame kalbiniame, kul ū iniame i socialiniame kon eks e. Taigi a odo, kad e i o inis aspek as y a „e d inio posūkio“ pi m akas. „E d inė (a ealinė) ono- mas ika“ aip pa a liko s a bų aidmenį ykdan y imus Čekijoje. P ak inių klausimų sp endimo s i is apima suda omų žemėlapių aiškumo už ik inimą, de alųjį jų paaiškinimą be nepag įs ų iš adų, ie o a džių s ičių nus a ymą i galu inio že- mėlapio, ep ezen uojančio ka og a inį, pa eikimą. Siekian a aizduo i ie o a džius kaip is o inio gy en ie ės k aš o aizdžio liudininkus, pag indiniame žemėlapyje aip pa u ė- ų bū i kuo iksliau pa ody as bu ęs k aš o aizdis. Pa yzdžiui, ai eikš ų, kad daba inių objek ų, okių kaip andens eze ua ai ( elkiniai), kanalai i pan., galė ų nelik i šių dienų opog a iniuose žemėlapiuose, ačiau į okias jų cha ak e is ikas, kaip is o inės k an ų lini- jos, a siž elg i bū ina. ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: ie o a džiai, gy en iečių a dai, žemėlapių suda ymas, e d inis posūkis, is o inis gy enamųjų ie ų k aš o aizdis (landša as). INTRODUCTION Mapping is no jus pu ing signs on some base map. I is a sophis ica ed ask equi ing app op ia e heo e ical p emises and p ac ical ca e o achie e a con incing and eliable esul . As in all o he schools o onomas ics in a ious coun ies,1 onomas ics in Leipzig also de eloped a heo e ical and me hodological basis. Rega ding language (especially Ge man-Sla ic) con ac , h ee aspec s we e iden i ied which had o be aken in o accoun oge he in all s udies:2 The aspec o language le els, The sociolinguis ic aspec , The a eal aspec . S aipsniai / A icles 195 Be o e he Spa ial Tu n: The A eal Aspec in 1980s Ge man Onomas ics and i s Applica ion in Cu en Resea ch This heo y also o med a o wa d-looking maxim o p ac ical onomas ic wo k. The aspec o language le els s uc u ed he e alua ion sec ion o oponymic dic iona ies,3 whe e he phone ics / phonology, mo phology o ypology and lexicology o seman ics o he names examined we e comp ehensi ely se ou . Thei signi icance is appa en om he ac ha hey did no ollow he dic iona y (as would ha e been expec ed gi en he logic o he p ocess applied) bu p eceded i . The conside a ion o language le els and he e alua ion o names in e ms o se lemen his o y we e wha cons i u ed onomas ics i sel , he dic iona y o names ‘me ely’ p o iding he basis o wo k. Admi edly, his basis was compiled wi h a g ea deal o e o , and was ega ded by many, especially non-linguis ic use s, as he main esul o onomas ic esea ch. The sociolinguis ic aspec conside ed he “ ealiza ion o an onym belonging o he code in sociolec s and idiolec s and he co esponding classi ica ion o name a ian s”4 (Eichle 1981: 10), i.e. he ela ions be ween names and social s uc u es. I also played an impo an ole in onomas ic esea ch. Rela ed s udies ended o be con ained in nume ous essays a he han in sepa a e monog aphs.5 Co esponding explana ions can also be ound in he ele an dic iona ies o names (e.g. Wal he 1971 [DS 26]: 47–57; Hengs 2003 [DS 39]: 192–207). These wo ac o s we e augmen ed by he a eal aspec . The a eal aspec s summa ized wo opposing bu complemen a y pe spec i es: he ixa ion o onyms in he a ea and he o ma ion o a eas (Eichle 1981: 10). I add essed bo h he ques ion o how a eas a e cons i u ed om indi idual names ( om he indi idual o he whole) and he posi ion adop ed by indi idual names in he a eas ( om he whole o he indi idual). Alongside g amma ical and linguis ic pe spec i es, g ea impo ance was a ached o he loca ion o onymy on he Ea h’s su ace. (Rema kably, his o y is no men ioned in hese h ee aspec s, despi e being i ually inhe en o diach onic esea ch). In p inciple his was no new, o since he beginnings o schola ly o , om oday’s poin o iew, quasi-schola ly wo k on p ope names, mapping hem has been one o he undamen al ac i i ies. This is bo ne ou by he imeless quo a ion equen ly ci ed in esea ch li e a u e: “We a ach pa icula impo ance o maps. Thei 3 See he o e iew in Wal he (2004: 115–123) and since hen Eichle & Zschieschang 2011. The place-name dic iona ies o he B andenbu gisches Namenbuch (BNB) ha e a simila s uc u e. By con as , a di e en s uc u e is ound in Hengs 2003; Eichle & Wal he 2010 and Fos e & Willich 2007. 4 O iginally in Ge man: „Realisie ung eines dem Kode angehö igen Onyms in Soziolek en und Idiolek en und die en sp echende Eino dnung on Namen a ian en“. 5 See o example Namen o schung heu e: 42–50 as well as ‘De Name in Sp ache und Gesellscha ’ con aining se e al a icles, Wal he 1973 [DS 27]. CHRISTIAN ZSCHIESCHANG 196 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIII demons a i e na u e can say mo e han he alk o many pages”6 (F ings 1957: 9; ci ed by Udolph 1979: 12, no e 1; Obs 2001: 107, no e 1). This decla a ion was al eady based on decades o expe ience when i was coined and hus e lec s he onomas ic esea ch con ex spanning an en i e cen u y. A e humans spi i ually condi ioned o de o e hemsel es o ca og aphic abs ac ions o hei su oundings? Some esea che s en husias ically s ess in he i les o hei essays ha colou ed maps ha e been included. Mind you, he e’s no hing w ong wi h his, especially when we emembe ha appa en ly i doesn’ e en occu o some esea che s o use maps o depic complex geog aphical ci cums ances. No e ha he hi d aspec men ioned was called ‘a eal’ a he han spa ial, geog aphical o ca og aphic. E en i maps om imes pas o en appea somewha p imi i e due o he limi ed echnical possibili ies when hey we e made, he inno a ion o ou ances o s – no only in Leipzig – should no be unde es ima ed. As well as being dic iona y-w i e s wi h an in e es in e ymology, hey also le us a easu e o e o concep ual, me hodological and heo e ical conside a ions which is oo p ecious o be igno ed by pos e i y. Admi edly, pene a ing his moun ain o eading and ela ing i o cu en esea ch will equi e subs an ial e o . In a way, he a eal aspec an icipa ed wha he spa ial u n o his o iog aphy la e ep esen ed (Lübke 2018: 327–328, including wi h explici e e ence o onomas ics in Leipzig) – he ac ha names a en’ simply mapped. Ins ead, i examined how he p ope ies and speci ics o onymy became spa ially signi ican – no abs ac ly, bu in connec ion wi h human inhabi an s, hei language and hei socializa ion. Apa om desc ibing he a ea occupied by names o med wi h a ce ain su ix, i is essen ial o a leas a emp o explain why his a ea is cons i u ed in his way as well as o iden i y he o he cons i uen s and in luences in ol ed. This is closely ela ed o dialec ology,7 in which, in addi ion o mapping ce ain linguis ic de elopmen s, linguis ic a eas a e iden i ied. In he 1990s, inspi ed abo e all by he monumen al Hessian Flu namena las (Ramge 1987), ‘name spaces’ we e a e y popula opic o esea ch. 6 O iginally in Ge man: „Den Ka en messen wi besonde e Bedeu ung zu. Ih e plas ische A e mag meh zu sagen als das Ge ede iele Sei en“. 7 Š ámek 2007: 292–301. Fo he sake o cla i y, he i les o he indi idual essays in his olume and he o iginal places o publica ion ha e been omi ed. The co esponding in o ma ion can easily be ound in he publica ion ci ed. S aipsniai / A icles 197 Be o e he Spa ial Tu n: The A eal Aspec in 1980s Ge man Onomas ics and i s Applica ion in Cu en Resea ch Fo una ely, i was decided o use he e m ‘a eas’ o hese geog aphical pe spec i es a he han spaces o dis ic s. I would ce ainly be wo hwhile o asse a ea o e space in he e minology. The a eal aspec also played an impo an ole in Czech onomas ics. In his espec , Ge man and Czech onomas ic esea ch p o ed o be mu ually inspi a ional. Abo e all, Rudol Š ámek epea edly emphasized he cen al, sys emic impo ance o mapping names in hei linguis ic and social con ex ualiza ion (c . Š ámek 2007: 292–294, 300, 305–324). A eali y is hus one o he necessa y p e equisi es o he ealiza ion o language and a he same ime one o he undamen al cha ac e is ics (signs) de e mining he exis ence o language, e en hough a eali y i sel is no inhe en ly linguis ic. The a eali y o a linguis ic phenomenon only becomes linguis ically ele an as a esul o he p ocess o communica ion be ween people. I can be said ha language is also closely linked by means o i s a eali y (‘geog aphical space’) o he ypes o social, geog aphical, economic and cul u al milieu ha can also be classi ied as a symp om o social li e, including in geog aphical e ms, i.e. h ough hei a eali y. And his is why he a eas o eali ies, objec s and e ms o m he condi ions and he undamen al ex a-linguis ic ne wo k o he a eas o hei linguis ic exp ession o hei naming (Š ámek 2007: 292).8 Despi e i s complexi y, his s a emen exp esses he ac ual goal: ha name a eas do no exis in isola ion bu a e in eg a ed in o he sum o human cul u e in he b oades sense. Such a comp ehensi e iew is also he key equi emen o onomas ics o be able o pa icipa e in in e disciplina y discou ses (Š ámek 2007: 212). The esul o his heo e ical basis is ha i ’s no enough o simply en e hings on some map o o he . Indeed, ‘casual’ mapping is almos dange ous. This a icle add esses some o he ela ed p oblems. 8 O iginally in Ge man: “Die A eali ä bilde also eine de no wendigen Vo ausse zungen de Realisie ung de Sp ache und gleichzei ig eines de g undlegenden Me kmale (Anzeichen), die die Exis enz de Sp ache bedingen, obgleich die A eali ä an und ü sich nich inhä en linguis isch is . Die A eali ä eine sp achlichen E scheinung wi d linguis isch ele an e s als E gebnis des Kommunika ionsp ozesses zwischen den Menschen. Man kann sagen, dass die Sp ache auch mi els de A eali ä (de geog aphischen Räumlichkei ) eng mi den Typen des sozialen, geog aphischen, ökonomischen und kul u ellen Milieus e knüp is , die als ein Symp om des gesellscha lichen Lebens eben alls klassi izie ba sind, u.a. in geog aphische Hinsich , d.h. du ch ih e A eali ä . Und deshalb bilden die A eale de Realien, de Objek e und Beg i e die Bedingungen und das g undlegende auße sp achliche Ne z ü die A eale ih es sp achlichen Ausd ucks ode ih e Benennung”. CHRISTIAN ZSCHIESCHANG 198 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIII P oblem 1: Rep esen a ion on maps One yea a e he Be lin Wall was buil , a sho essay was published by one o Eas Ge many’s leading geog aphe s (see Og issek 1983) en i led ‘Basic Me hodological-Ca og aphic Requi emen s o Toponomas ic Maps’ (Og issek 1962). I explained he basic p inciples o making ca og aphic ep esen a ion meaning ul and comp ehensible. They included ensu ing ha he con en o maps was no o e loaded, and ha he objec s shown we e clea ly dis inguishable. This essay was s ill ci ed decades la e and he e we e calls o addi ional wo k o be done in his ield (e.g. Š ámek 2007: 324). I ’s easy o unde s and his demand when con on ed by some name dis ibu ion maps, many o which con ain symbols and a eas which a e di icul o dis inguish and, o make ma e s wo se, y o show a oo many objec s. E en he mos common isual impai men is igno ed wi h ed and g een – wo colou s which some people canno ell apa – o en being con as ed. Bu his is some hing which dese es a opic o i s own. Wha ’s mo e, he au ho o his pape does no claim ha his own maps a e pe ec ! P oblem 2: In e p e wi h ca e No ma e how well a map has been d awn, i mus be iewed clea -headedly in o de o esis he sugges ion o he mapped image. Geog aphe s, oo, see in GIS-gene a ed p oduc s wi h hei appa en p ecision and imp essi e colo a ion he isk o dis ance de e minism (o iginally in Ge man: “Dis anzde e minismus”) os e ed by geog aphic in o ma ion sys ems and hei isualiza ions (Tschaschel, Wild, Len z 2007: 5). This emp s he iewe o each conclusions which a e no ac ually indica ed by he mapped ma e ial. Fo example, measu able p ecision is o en implied because he da a and he map o igina e om a compu e , whe eas in eali y he e is only a ague signi icance. This applies o ins ance o dis inguishing be ween olde name ypes and mo e ecen ones. Thei empo al p oduc i i y can bes be desc ibed by he Gaussian bell cu e because i is in he na u e o many cha ac e is ics ha hey assume his shape o dis ibu ion (Qua embe 2011: 103). Acco ding o his no mal dis ibu ion, a name ype is ini ially used only spo adically, bu la e on employed wi h inc easing equency. A some poin i eaches he maximum o i s p oduc i i y, which hen dec eases again and g adually disappea s. P oduc i i y cu es o di e en name ypes could be isualized by means o box plo g aphs commonly used in s a is ics. Howe e , his is pu ely heo e ical since imes when o example se lemen s we e named in cen al Eu ope a e usually unknown o us, and so co esponding g aphs canno be plo ed. E en so, box plo g aphs (Fig. 1) a e ex emely i id when i comes o modelling ch onological di e en ia ion be ween di e en ypes o names. S aipsniai / A icles 199 Be o e he Spa ial Tu n: The A eal Aspec in 1980s Ge man Onomas ics and i s Applica ion in Cu en Resea ch Fig. 1: S a is ical model o he ch onology o place-name ypes I canno be assumed ha he onyms belonging o ea lie ypes o names a e all olde han mo e ecen ones. Ins ead, p oduc i i y cu es mus be assumed o o e lap. This means ha al hough he p oduc i i y pe iods a e concen a ed in di e en imes, clea dis inc ion is impossible and only ends can be iden i ied. On a map, howe e , wo dis inc g oups o med by wo clouds o accu a ely si ua ed poin s a e shown by wo di e en symbols. Howe e , hey can only be in e p e ed – and his is ul ima ely wha he scien i ic app oach is all abou – oge he wi h hei me hodological backg ound. The poin cloud o olde name ypes is no pe se he olde se lemen a ea, bu me ely indica es i . The map is he e o e only a mo e o less pale e lec ion o a mo e complex si ua ion which once exis ed. And his means ha i is essen ial o a oid ca eless in e p e a ions o he geome ic pa e ns o dis ibu ions o names. P oblem 3: Name a eas In his con ex , we need o ask how a name a ea is de ined. Gi en p e ailing p ac ice, he answe can only be: ‘by eye’. As a ule, poin clouds a e isually examined and ce ain agglome a ions and concen a ions a e decla ed a eas. Bea ing his in mind, i would be wo h explo ing whe he analy ical ins umen s could be de eloped o de ine a eas using ma hema ical me hods. The ope a i e wo d he e is ‘whe he ’, because only elics o he o me onymy a e conside ed. The gaps, he los names which we don’ know could alsi y he esul s ( h ough he abo e-men ioned dis ance de e minism) wi hou us being able o gauge he deg ee o alsi ica ion. CHRISTIAN ZSCHIESCHANG 200 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIII Ne e heless, i ’s wo h conside ing whe he simple bu e s a ound each poin on he map would be help ul when de ining se lemen a eas. Since each u al se lemen has a ce ain ac eage o usable land in i s su oundings, i could be oughly modelled wi h a bu e wi h a adius o 500, 1,000 o 2,000 me es eminiscen o on Thünen’s concen ic ings. A se lemen a ea could hen be deemed o exis when hese bu e s mee o o e lap, o ming a con inuous a ea. Ano he possibili y would be o de ine maximum dis ances be ween loca ions indica ed by poin s and hus o ep esen he a ea as a ne wo k o connec ing lines up o a ce ain leng h be ween loca ions. A chaeologis s ha e al eady de eloped co esponding models o he spa ial s uc u es o ea ly se lemen s (see o example Łosiński 1982: 168–176, Figs. 52–57; pa ly ep oduced by G ingmu h-Dallme 1996: 10; Volkmann 2009: 228–229, 241 and 243), which could also be used in an in e disciplina y sense o oponymy. P oblem 4: Base maps I ’s also impo an o choose he igh base map. O en, o example, i ems om he ea ly Middle Ages a e hough lessly p esen ed alongside, say, he p esen -day coas line o he No h Sea, he mo o way ne wo k, o abandoned mining pi s. In he la e case, when hese opencas mines ha e since been looded, his may esul in some o he mapped symbols being shown in wa e . Acco dingly, his o ical illages and so on whose names ha e been mapped appea o ha e been loca ed on islands o loa ing pla o ms. The base map on which names a e p esen ed mus he e o e ma ch he in o ma ion shown, some hing ha ul ima ely applies o all onomas ic mapping. Bea in mind ha he mapping o names can be based on wo di e en p emises: • To show whe e hese names a e loca ed so ha he iewe can co ela e hem wi h hei cu en spa ial pe cep ion, o • To ela e he names o he his o ical landscape in o de o show how he name landscape was in luenced by he opog aphy and in eg a ed in o i a he ime o i s c ea ion. Taking he o me app oach, o example on o e iew maps o place-name dic iona ies, i is no idiculous i some places a e loa ing on wa e . In ac , his may e en be highly ele an i a se lemen is desc ibed in he ex as, say, ‘dese ed’ o ‘de as a ed’. I is ob ious ha , seen in hei his o ical con ex , se lemen names did no o iginally loa on wa e . On he o he hand, e e ence o he his o ical landscape is impo an o he many linguis ic and his o ical analyses. Depic ing a his o ical landscape on a base map, howe e , equi es a lo o wo k and also comp omises. Sui able base maps a en’ always a ailable. E en he colou ul LIDAR scans (see o example Wes phalen, Zschieschang 2015: 65, Fig. 5) so popula o la e show no only S aipsniai / A icles 201 Be o e he Spa ial Tu n: The A eal Aspec in 1980s Ge man Onomas ics and i s Applica ion in Cu en Resea ch he ( o a ce ain ex en ) imeless e ain elie , bu also de ails o he cu en su ace o he Ea h such as buildings and oads, e c. I his dis up s o dis o s he depic ion o he his o ical landscape, manual co ec ion will be necessa y. Allow me o illus a e his p oblem wi h a p ac ical example in which oponymy was o be classi ied wi hin he his o ical landscape in connec ion wi h w i en sou ces and a chaeological inds (Al mann 2012; Al mann 2017; Zschieschang 2017). Fo one hing, he opencas ligni e mines had o be e ased. Mo eo e , he size and posi ion o he Mans eld lakes had o be a leas app oxima ely adjus ed o hei medie al s a e (Fig. 2a). Whe eas nowadays only Süsse See (‘Swee Lake) emains, i s coun e pa known as Salzige See (‘Sal y Lake’) also exis ed un il he indus ial age be o e disappea ing in he la e nine een h cen u y when he wa e seeped in o he g ound due o mining ac i i ies. Al hough no disas e , his was ce ainly an imp essi e phenomenon (Ule 1994 [1895]). Fu he mo e, because bo h lakes had al eady sh unk in p e ious cen u ies, sho elines eco ded as long ago as possible had o be en e ed. Wha ’s mo e, he e was once also a hi d lake nea Eisleben known as Faule See (‘Ro en Lake’). Fig. 2: The Mans eld lakes, p esen (a) and medie al (b) s a e CHRISTIAN ZSCHIESCHANG 208 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIII das-he s elde -zehn e zeichnis-und-die- uehmi elal e liche-g enzsi ua ion-an-de - mi le en-saale [Accessed 18 May 2020]. Zschieschang Ch is ian 2020 [in p in ]: O snamen und Gewässe – eine komplexe Beziehung. – Balode Laimu e & Čīšangs K is ians [Zschieschang Ch is ian] (eds.): Onomas ikas pē ījumi II / Onomas ic In es iga ions II. S a p au iskās zinā niskās kon e ences “Onomas ikas pē ījumi” (Rīga, 2018. gada 10.–12. maijs) aks u k ājums / P oceedings o he in e na ional scien i ic con e ence “Onomas ic In es iga ions” (Rīga, May 10-12, 2018), Rīga: LU La iešu alodas ins i ū s, 2020, 327–341. Iki e d inio posūkio: a ealinis aspek as okiečių onomas ikoje XX amžiaus 9 dešim me yje i jo p i aikymas daba iniuose moksliniuose y imuose SANTRAUKA Žemėlapių suda ymas y a ne ik ženklų žymėjimas am ik uose žemėlapiuose. Tai su- dė inga užduo is, eikalaujan i inkamų eo inių nuos a ų i p ak inių įgūdžių am, kad bū ų pasiek as į ikinan is i pa ikimas ezul a as. Kaip i isose ki ose onomas ikos mokyklose isame pasaulyje, Leipcigo onomas ikos mokykla aip pa iš obulino eo inius i me odinius pag indus. Jau p ieš kelis dešim mečius siekian nus a y i kalbų (ypač okiečių i sla ų) kon ak us bu o numa y i ys aspek ai, į ku iuos eikėjo a siž elg i isuose y imuose: 1) kalbos lygmenų aspek as, 2) socioling is- inis aspek as, 3) e i o inis aspek as. Bū en pas a asis i sp endė klausimą, kaip e i o ijos suda omos iš a ski ų a dų (nuo paski ų iki a dų isumos), i iš ki os pozicijos – kokie paski i a dai ose ie o ėse (nuo a dų isumos p ie paski ų a dų). Iš esmės ai nebu o naujiena. A ealinė onomas ika aip pa aidino s a bų aidmenį a liekan y imus Čekijoje. Nuo pa p adžių, ž elgian iš mokslinių, a šiandienos požiū iu, pusiau mokslinių, pozicijų, ik inių žodžių y imų ienas iš pag indinių ikslų y a ie ų a dų žemėlapių suda ymas. Tam ik a p asme e i o inis aspek as numa ė ai, ką ėliau pa i ino is o iog a ijos e d inis posūkis – ie ų a dai nė a pap asčiausiai pažymimi žemėlapiuose. Be o, šiuo aspek u bu o i iama, kaip onimijos ypa ybės i speci ika apo e d iškai eikšmingos – ne S aipsniai / A icles 209 Be o e he Spa ial Tu n: The A eal Aspec in 1980s Ge man Onomas ics and i s Applica ion in Cu en Resea ch abs akčiai, be san ykiaudamos su žmonių gy enamosiomis ie omis, jų kalba i socialinė- mis eikmėmis. G e a ie o a džių, suda y ų su am ik a p iesaga, e i o ijos apibūdinimo, bū ina ben pabandy i paaiškin i, kodėl šios e i o ijos ie o a džiai aip suda omi, aip pa nus a y i eiksnius i ap ašy i ki as e i o ijos sudedamąsias dalis. Taigi ie o a džių e i o ijos neegzis uoja a ski ai, jos y a in eg uo os į žmogiškąją kul- ū ą plačiąja p asme. Toks pla us požiū is aip pa y a pag indinis eikala imas onomas ikai, siekian ją į auk i į a ps i inius disku sus. Šių eo inių nuos a ų pama u pa odoma, kad nepakanka iesiog nu ody i objek us iename a ki ame žemėlapyje. Iš iesų „a si ik inis“ žemėlapių suda ymas y a ne gi pa ojingas. Šiame s aipsnyje i ap a iamos kai ku ios su uo susijusios p oblemos. P ak inis p oblemų sp endimas už ik ina aiškų žemėlapio suda ymą (1 p oblema šiame s aipsnyje), ikslų žemėlapių paaiškinimą be nepag įs ų iš adų (2 p o- blema), ie o a džių s ičių nus a ymą (3 p oblema) i galu inio žemėlapio, ep ezen uojan- čio ka og a inį, pa eikimą (4 p oblema). Nes a bu, kaip ge ai bebū ų suda y as žemėlapis, į jį eikia ž elg i objek y iai am, kad bū ų įmanoma a sispi i siūlomam suplanuo am (ne- ik am) aizdui. Pa yzdžiui, e d inių išma a imų ikslumas dažnai y a numanomas, nes duomenys i žemėlapis y a paim i iš kompiu e io, uo a pu ik o ė u i ik neaiškius pa a- me us. Tai, pa yzdžiui, aikoma a ski ian anks esnių i naujesnius ie ų a dų ipus. Pap as ai aškinių duomenų s i ys y a ik inamos izualiai, o am ik os aglome aci- jos i koncen acijos y a dekla uojamos e i o ijos. Tu in ai omenyje, e ė ų išsiaiškin i, a nebū ų galima suku i anali inius ins umen us, apib ėžiančius e i o ijas ma ema iniais me odais. Taip pa s a bu pasi ink i inkamą a aminį žemėlapį. Pa yzdžiui, dažnai, anks y- ųjų idu amžių objek ai y a neapgal o ai pa eikiami šalia, a kime, šiandienos Šiau ės jū- os pak an ės, g ei kelių inklo a apleis ų kasyklų. Pap as ai gy en iečių a dų žemėlapiai gali bū i g indžiami d iem ski ingomis nuos a omis: (1) pa ody i, ku y a šie a dai, kad a o ojas galė ų juos susie i su esama padė imi e d ėje a ba (2) susie i a dus su is o iniu k aš o aizdžiu, siekian pa ody i, kaip k aš o aizdžio a dynas bu o pa eik as opog a ijos i in eg uo as į ją sukū imo me u. A siž elgian į ikslą pažymė i ie o a džius kaip is o inio gy en ie ės k aš o aizdžio liudininkus žemėlapyje, u ė ų bū i kuo iksliau a spindė as i bu ęs k aš o aizdis. Pa yzdžiui, ai eiškia, kad daba iniai objek ai, okie kaip andens e- ze ua ai ( elkiniai), kanalai i pan. galė ų i nepa ek i į šių dienų opog a inius žemėlapius, a siž elgian į okias jų cha ak e is ikas, kaip is o inės k an ų linijos. Pas a asis aspek as y a bū inas, nes ykę is o iniai opog a iniai pokyčiai pa eikė iš isus egionus. Nea siž elgus į k aš o aizdžio pokyčius, ie o a džių geog a inio išsidės ymo duomenys gali bū i išk aipo- mi. Da blogiau, jei y a i iami ik is da egzis uojančių gy en iečių a dai, igno uojan į odymus apie nebeegzis uojančias gy en ie es. Ypač iksliai a skleis i anks esnių gy en ie- čių oniminius elik us galima i ian laukų a dus. Šiame s aipsnyje pa eik i pa yzdžiai y a ski i ilius uo i, kaip ka og a uojan geog a- inius a dus nepakanka ien ik naudo i am ik us žemėlapių suda ymo į ankius, o po o in e p e uo i ie o a džių išsidės ymą geome iškai. Analizuojan i aiškinan ie o a džių pa eikimą žemėlapiuose, eikia a sa giai pasi ink i pag indinį žemėlapį i pa eikimo o ma ą, CHRISTIAN ZSCHIESCHANG 210 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIII aip pa pa ik in i šal inius, kad gau i ezul a ai bū ų eisingi i nebū ų klaidingai in e p e- uojami. Ypač a siž elgian į naujausius echnologinius pokyčius, ku ie paleng ina žemė- lapių suda ymą kaip niekad anksčiau, s a bu už ik in i, kad y imai nea silik ų nuo seniai žinomų a ealinės ( e i o inės) onomas ikos iš adų. Į eik a 2020 m. bi želio 25 d. CHRISTIAN ZSCHIESCHANG Se bski ins i u / So bisches Ins i u Wó nožka za dolnose bske slěźenja Zweigs elle ü niede so bische Fo schungen D oga Augus a Bebela 82 Augus -Bebel-S aße 82 D-03046 Chóśebuz / Co bus ki o.ksizank@se bski-ins i u .de ch is ian.zschieschang@se bski-ins i u .de