“Cimbri” et “Teutoni”

S aipsniai / A icles 27 HARALD BICHLMEIER Sächsische Akademie de Wissenscha en zu Leipzig Ma in-Lu he -Uni e si ä Halle-Wi enbe g Fields o esea ch: onomas ics ( oponymy), his o ical phonology o he Ge manic languages, Indo-Eu opean linguis ics, Aljamiado- ex s. VÁCLAV BLAŽEK Depa men o Linguis ics and Bal ic S udies, Masa yk Uni e si y, B no Fields o esea ch: onomas ics and his o ical geog aphy, Indo-Eu opean e ymology, compa a i e s udy o he A oasia ic, U alic, Al aic laguages; compa a i e my hology. DOI: doi.o g/10.35321/all83-02 CIMBRI ET TEUTONI Kimb ai i eu onai ANNOTATION The well-known names Cimb i and Teu oni / Teu ones a e adi ionally said o denomina e wo di e en Ge manic ibes. He e a new idea is p oposed, namely ha hey o iginally o med a syn agm consis ing o bo h wo ds, PGmc. *þeuđanōz kumƀ iiōn ‘chie ains o ibes’, which la e go spli up in o wo ibal names in ancien sou ces: Teu oni Cimb ique, o Τευτόνοι καὶ Κίμβροι. While PGmc. *kumƀ - mus be econs uc ed, he e a e di e en ways in which he name is ende ed in he La in and G eek sou ces, whe e we ind a a ia ion u/y – i in he oo owel. This may be due o he ac ha he e is a ce ain luc ua ion be ween u and i in inhe i ed wo ds in La in on he one hand and a luc ua ion be ween all hese owels in loaned wo ds and names in bo h languages. The o iginal o m o he name o he Cimb i, PGmc. *kumƀ iia, may con inue an obscu ed compound o he oo s PIE *gem- ‘p ess, squeeze, g ab’ and *bhe - ‘ca y’. PGmc. *þeuđanōz is he egula plu al o *þeuđanaz ‘ ibal chie ain’, la e ‘king’. I s o igin om PGmc. *þeuđō ‘ ibe’ is gene ally accep ed. Among a ious e ymological a emp s o analyze ‘Wes Indo-Eu opean’ * eu ā we p e e he idea o de V ies de i ing he wo d om 28 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIII HARALD BICHLMEIER, VÁCLAV BLAŽEK he Cel o-Ge manic isogloss o * eu o- ‘good, iendly’. The Hi i e cogna es imply he exis ence o he oo * eu- ‘ o be kind, iendly’. KEY-WORDS: Ge manic e hnonyms, discussion o exis ing e ymologies, new e ymological solu ions, obscu ed compounds, seman ic ypology. ANOTACIJA T adiciškai manoma, kad ge ai žinomi a dai kimb ai i eu onai į a dija d i ski ingas ge manų gen is. S aipsnyje keliama min is, kad šie a dai iš p adžių suda ė sin agmą iš abiejų žodžių – PGmc. *þeuđanōz kumƀ iiōn ‘genčių adai’, iš ku ios išsi u uliojo jau senuosiuose šal iniuose paliudy i d iejų genčių a dai: Teu oni Cimb ique, a ba Τευτόνοι καὶ Κίμβροι. No s PGmc. *kumƀ - u i bū i ekons uo as, šis a das lo yniškuose i g aikiškuose šal iniuose a ku as pa eikiamas į ai iai. Juose andami u/y – i šaknies balsio a ian ai. Taip galėjo nu ik i dėl o, kad pa eldė uose lo ynų kalbos žodžiuose, iena e us, y a am ik a u i i kai a i , ki a e us, abiejų kalbų skolin uose žodžiuose bei a duose y a šių balsių kai a. Pi minė Cimb i a do o ma PGmc. *kumƀ iia- galėjo išlaiky i užslėp ą šaknų junginį PIE *gem- ‘spaus i, slėg i, g ieb i / pasisa in i’ i *bhe - ‘neš i’. PGmc. *þeuđanōz y a aisyklingoji daugiskai a iš *þeuđanaz ‘gen ies adas’, ėliau ‘ka alius’. Šio žodžio kilmė iš PGmc. *þeuđō ‘gen is’ nekelia abejonių. Iš į ai ių bandymų e imologiškai išnag inė i „Vaka ų indoeu opiečių“ * eu ā, s aipsnio au o iams labiausiai p iim inas de V ieso pasiūly as šio žodžio kildinimas iš kel ų-ge manų izoglosės * eu o- ‘ge as, d augiškas’. Kogna ai he i ų kalboje leidžia many i, kad y a bu usi šaknis * eu- ‘bū i maloniam, d augiškam’. ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: ge manų e nonimai, esamų e imologijų ap a imas, nauji e imologiniai sp endimai, neskaid ios s uk ū os da iniai, seman inė ipologija. 1. CIMBRI The e hnonym Cimb i has been a es ed in se e al a ian s (c . Schön eld 1911: 63 .): Κίμβροι (Posidonius {135–51 BCE} apud S abo, Geog aphica 2.3.6, 7.2.2; u he S abo {63 BCE – 23 CE} 4.3.3, 4.4.3, 5.1.8, 7.1.3, 7.2.1, 7.2.3, 7.2.4; Diodo us Siculus {90–30 BCE}, Biblio heca His o ica 5.32.4) Κίμβριοι (Polyaenus {2nd cen . CE}, S a egema um 8.10.1, 8.10.2, 8.10.3) Κύμβροι (P olemy {c. 140 CE}, Geog aphia 2.11.16 in ms. X) Cimb i (Cice o {106–43 BCE}, Tusculanae Dispu a iones 2.65; De O iciis 1.38; Caesa {100–44 BCE}, De bello Gallico 1.33.3, 1.40.5, 2.4.2, 7.77.12, S aipsniai / A icles 29 Cimb i e Teu oni 7.77.14; Vale ius An ias {1s cen . BCE} apud O osius, His o iae ad e sum paganos 5.16) Cymb i (Vale ius Maximus {w o e be ween 14–37 CE}, Fac a e Dic a Memo abilia 2.11: Cymb o um in ms. L; 3.6. Cymb icumque in ms. A; F on inus {30–103 CE}, S a egema on 1.5.3: Cymb is, Cymb i in ms. H; 2.5.8: Cymb ico, Cymb is in ms. HP; Aulus Gellius {125–180 CE}, Noc ium A ica um 16.10.14: Cymb ico in ms. X) Cumb i (Aulus Gellius {125–180 CE}, Noc ium A ica um 16.10.14: Cumb ico in ms. Z) Conb i (Eu opius { inished 364 CE}, B e ia ium ab u be condi a 5.1.4: Conb is in ms. G1). 2. ETYMOLOGICAL ATTEMPTS The i s a emp o explain he e hnonym appea ed al eady in ancien imes. 2.1. Fes us {2nd cen . CE}, in De signi ica ione e bo um, p. 43, hough ha i designa ed ‘ obbe s’ in Gaulish: Cimb i lingua Gallica la ones dicun u “Cimb i a e called ‘ obbe s’ in he Gaulish language.” Sex us Pompeius Fes us, De e bo um signi ica u que supe sun cum Pauli epi ome, edidi Aemilius Thew ewk de Pono . Budapes : Academia Li e a um Hunga icae 1889. 2.2. Plu a ch {46–119/127 CE}, in Caius Ma ius 11.3, said he same wi h he only di e ence ha he p oposed he Ge manic1 o igin o his e hnonym: 1 Al eady in he middle o he 1s cen . CE Pliny [NH 4.28/40/99] p esen ed he i s classi ica ion o he Ge manic ibes, whe e he explici ly included bo h Cimb i & Teu oni among he Inguaeones: ge mano um gene a quinque: andili, quo um pa s bu godiones, a innae, cha ini, gu ones. al e um genus inguaeones, quo um pa s cimb i, eu oni ac chauco um gen es. p oximi au em heno is uaeones, quo um ... medi e anei he miones, quo um suebi, he mundu i, cha i, che usci. quin a pa s peucini, bas e nae, sup a dic is con e mini dacis. amnes cla i in oceanum de luun gu halus, isculus si e is la, albis, isu gis, amisis, henus, mosa. in o sus e o nullo in e ius nobili a e he cynium iugum p ae endi u . Plinius: Na u alis His o ia, ed. Ka l F ied ich Theodo Mayho . Lipsiae: Teubne 1906 “The e a e i e Ge manic aces; he Vandili, pa s o whom a e he Bu gundiones, he Va ini, he Ca ini, and he Gu ones: he Ingæ ones, o ming a second ace, a po ion o whom a e he Cimb i, he Teu oni, and he ibes o he Chauci. The Is æ ones, who join up o he Rhine, and o whom he Cimb i belong, a e he hi d ace; while he He miones, o ming a ou h, dwell in he in e io , and include he Sue i, he He mundu i, he Cha i, and he Che usci: he i h ace is ha o he Peucini, who a e also he Bas e næ, adjoining he Daci p e iously men ioned. The mo e amous i e s ha low in o he ocean a e he Gu alus, he Vis illus o Vis ula, he Albis, he Visu gis, he 30 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIII HARALD BICHLMEIER, VÁCLAV BLAŽEK καὶ μάλιστα μὲν εἰκάζοντο Γερμανικὰ γένη τῶν καθηκόντων ἐπὶ τὸν βόρειον ὠκεανὸν εἶναι τοῖς μεγέθεσι τῶν σωμάτων καὶ τῇ χαροπότητι τῶν ὀμμάτων, καὶ ὅτι Κίμβρους ἐπονομάζουσι Γερμανοὶ τοὺς λῃστάς. “The mos p e alen conjec u e was ha hey we e some o he Ge man peoples which ex ended as a as he no he n ocean, a conjec u e based on hei g ea s a u e, hei ligh -blue eyes, and he ac ha he Ge mans call obbe s Cimb i.” Plu a ch, Caius Ma ius. – Plu a ch’s Li es, wi h an English T ansla ion by Be nado e Pe in, Camb idge (MA): Ha a d Uni e si y P ess – London: Heinemann, 1920. I is laconically epea ed in he Byzan ine lexicon Suda, p. 600 {10 h cen . CE}: Κίμβρος ὁ λῃστής. Suidae Lexicon, ex ecogni ione Immanuelis Bekke i. Be lin: Reime 1854 Olde au ho s men ioned only he ambi ion o he Cimb i o plunde 2 (Diodo us Siculus 5.32.4.) o ha hey we e a pi a ical3 olk (Posidonius apud S abo 7.2.2.). Bu i is necessa y o e i y he possibili ies o bo h he Cel ic and Ge manic e ymologies in his pe spec i e ( he a emp o connec he Amisius, he Rhine, and he Mosa. In he in e io is he long ex en o he He cynian ange, which in g andeu is in e io o none.” Pliny he Elde : The Na u al His o y, ansla ed by J. Bos ock, H. T. Riley, London: Taylo & F ancis, 1855. 2 Diodo us Siculus {90–30 BCE} 5.32.4. διαβεβοημένης δὲ τῆς τούτων ἀλκῆς καὶ ἀγριότητος, φασί τινες ἐν τοῖς παλαιοῖς χρόνοις τοὺς τὴν Ἀσίαν ἅπασαν καταδραμόντας, ὀνομαζομένους δὲ Κιμμερίους, τούτους εἶναι, βραχὺ τοῦ χρόνου τὴν λέξιν φθείραντος ἐν τῇ τῶν καλουμένων Κίμβρων προσηγορίᾳ. ζηλοῦσι γὰρ ἐκ παλαιοῦ λῃστεύειν ἐπὶ τὰς ἀλλοτρίας χώρας ἐπερχόμενοι καὶ καταφρονεῖν ἁπάντων. Diodo us Siculus, Biblio heca His o ica, Vol 1–2, ed. by I. Bekke , L. Dindo , F. Vogel, Leipzig: Teubne , 1888–1890. 5.32.4. “And since he alou o hese peoples and hei sa age ways ha e been amed ab oad, some men say ha i was hey who in ancien imes o e an all Asia and we e called Cimme ians, ime ha ing sligh ly co up ed he wo d in o he name o Cimb ians, as hey a e now called. Fo i has been hei ambi ion om old o plunde , in ading o his pu pose he lands o o he s, and o ega d all men wi h con emp .” Diodo us Siculus, Lib a y o His o y, Volume 3: Books 4.59 – 8, ansla ed by C. H. Old a he , Camb idge (MA): Ha a d Uni e si y P ess, 1939 (Loeb Classical Lib a y 340). 3 Posidonius {135-51 BCE} apud S abo {64/63 BCE – 19/24 CE} 7.2.2. ταῦτά τε δὴ δικαίως ἐπιτιμᾷ συγγραφεῦςι Ποσειδώνιος καὶ οὐ κακῶς εἰκάζει, δίοτι λῃστρικοὶ ὄντες καὶ πλάνητες οἱ Κίμβροι καὶ μέχρι τῶν περὶ τὴν Μαιῶτιν ποιήσαιντο στρατείαν. “ Poseidonius is igh in censu ing he his o ians o hese asse ions, and his conjec u e is no a bad one, ha he Cimb i, being a pi a ical and wande ing olk, made an expedi ion e en as a as he egion o Lake Maeo is.” S aipsniai / A icles 31 Cimb i e Teu oni geog aphically dis an e hnonyms Cimb i and Cimme ii will no be sol ed he e – i is a ypical Volkse ymologie on he basis o he acciden al simila i y). 2.3. Müllenho (1887: 117) specula ed abou he Cel ic o igin om he poin o iew o he ‘ obbe y’-in e p e a ion. He sough suppo in such Old I ish glosses as cim(b) ‘ ax, ibu e, sil e ’ (DIL C-186), besides cimbid ‘ inc us’, i.e. ‘cap i e’, bu also ‘ana hema’, i.e. ‘ ic im’, gen.sg. cimbe ho ‘o he cap i e’, nom.pl. cimbidi ‘p isone s’ (DIL C-187). Rela ed can be Gallo-La . [Endliche ’s Glossa y] cambiā e ‘ em p o e da e’ ( i s a es ed in Apuleius), i.e. ‘ o change’,4 B e . kemm ‘change’ (< PCel . *kambio- < PIE *kBo), i he ibu e was paid in changeable sil e and he cap i es we e exchanged, oo (c . LEIA C-99 .; de Be na do S empel 1987: 96 .; Sch ij e 1995: 282 ., 289). This solu ion implies ha Cimb i we e called ‘ obbe s’, since hey ook cap i es, p obably o ansom. E en i i is accep ed, he e emains a phonological p oblem: he p eceding examples con i m ha he expec ed coun e pa o OI . cimbo is Gaul. *kambo, i hey bo h a e de i ed om *kBo (see Ma hias 1904; Much 1905: 2999). 2.4. Zeuss (1837: 142) s essed he bellige en cha ac e o he Cimb i, explaining hei name wi h he help o ONo . keppa ‘ o demons a e s eng h; o igh ’, kappi ‘w es le ’, OHG kamp ‘Ei e , S ei , We kamp ’, kempho ‘pugil’. Al eady Müllenho (1887: 118) ejec ed i , since hese o ms we e bo owed om La . campus ‘Schlach eld’ (c . AnEW: 300 ., 306; EWAhd 5: 368–370, 469 .). 2.5. Na u ally, i is also legi ima e o ake in o accoun he possibili y ha he e hnonym o he ibe, which was dishono ably enowned o obbe y, changed in o an appella i e, as e.g. in he case o he Vandals. This s a ing-poin opens up space o o he solu ions, which a e no connec ed wi h agg essi eness. 2.6. Müllenho (1887: 116 .) discussed se e al e ymological a emp s. Besides a ela i ely a ional Cel ic e ymology analyzed in §2.3 abo e, he also ejec ed he supe icial compa ison wi h he e hnonym Cym y ‘Welsh’, B e . Ken o p oposed by G a (AhdS IV: 405), since i e lec ed he B i onic compound pl. *kom-b ogī ‘o he same e i o y’,5 in opposi ion o he Gaulish e hnonym Allo-b oges [e.g. Cice o, De di in. 1.21; B u us ad Cic. Epis . 11.13.14] ‘o o he e i o y’ = ‘ o eigne s’ (ACS 1: 96–105, 1072; DLG1: 34, 77; DLG³: 39, 91) 4 La . cambiā e is gene ally ega ded a loan om Cel ic, while he Medie al Cel ic wo ds men ioned abo e a e some imes ega ded as e-loans om La in (c . Walde, Ho mann 1938–1956 1: 145 .; DÉLL: 89). 5 C . on his e hnonym in ex enso Zimme 2007 (wi h olde li e a u e). 32 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIII HARALD BICHLMEIER, VÁCLAV BLAŽEK o , acco ding o Zimme (2007: 674) “‘die au dem Land on ande en (d.h. au e obe em Land) wohnen’”. 2.7. Müllenho (1887: 118) himsel also ejec ed he possibili y based on OHG gamba ‘migh y, s ong’, Langoba dic o emo he Gamba a, whe e he expec ed oiceless *k- should be a esul o he s ic ‘Zwei e Lau e schiebung’. 2.8. Pe haps mo e p omising om he poin o iew o his o ical phone ics, bu weake in seman ics, is ano he a emp p oposed by Müllenho (1887: 118), based on OHG einkimpi ‘ unes us’, pikimpô , pikimbi ha ‘ unus’, which should be ela ed wi h kumbalbo o ‘Hee zeichen äge ’ (EWAhd 5: 861 .), OE cumbol, a . cumbo [Beowul 1022] ‘Hee zeichen, Banne ’ (Hol hausen 1963[1934]: 63), ONo . kumbl ‘G abmal, Helm(zeichen)’ (AnEW: 333 .). The common seman ic denomina o o hese meanings should be ‘deco a ion’, applied o bo h he helme and une al o g a e. Thus, he Cimb i we e cha ac e ized by hei deco a ed helme s (!). S ill less compa ible wi h he e ms o ‘g a e’, ‘banne ’ o ‘helme ’ om a seman ic pe spec i e is OHG kumba a ‘S amm, Volk, Geschlech s e band’, cumpu ie ‘ ibus’ [Vocabula ius S . Galli], made by G imm (1840: 92) and accep ed by Müllenho (1887: 118) and e en in EWAhd 5: 862 . 2.9. Müllenho (1887: 118) also specula ed abou he connec ion o he e hnonym Cimb i wi h OE cimbing ‘Kimmung, Fuge, Ve bindung’ (Hol hausen 1963[1934]: 49). Rela ed a e NF is. kimming ‘ho izon’, u he OE cimb-s ān ‘pedes al, socke ’, E chimbe, chime ‘edge o im o a cask o d um’, MDu. kimme ‘edge, chime’, D kim ‘ho izon’, dial. ‘edge o a cask, chime’, MLG kimme ‘Rand, Ho izon’, G Kimm ‘Ho izon linie’; Swed. kimb ‘Fassdaube’ (Kluge 1999: 442; Hol hausen 1963[1934]: 49). These o ms de i e om PGmc. *kemƀōn- > *kimbōn- . ‘c es , idge’, which is he ablau ed eminine n-s em pe aining o PGmc. *kamƀa- ‘comb’ (EDPG: 287, 279; EWAhd 5: 360–362). This idea was u he de eloped e.g. by Ma hias (1904: 40 .; c . Much 1905: 2999: “Kimbe – Leu e om Rand, on de Küs e des Mee es”) o by Schön eld (1911: 64: “Die ein achs e und jeden alls mögliche Deu ung is ‘die Leu e om Rande (kim), on den Küs en des Mee es, on de Wa e kan ’”). This seman ic mo i a ion migh be based on s o ies media ed e.g. by S abo (wi h doub s) o Flo us abou de as a ing ides, which had des oyed he sea coas o he homeland o he Cimb i: S abo (63 BCE – 23 CE), Geog aphica 7.2 S aipsniai / A icles 33 Cimb i e Teu oni περὶ δὲ Κίμβρων τὰ μὲν οὐκ εὖ λέγεται, τὰ δ᾽ ἔχει πιθανότητας οὐ μετρίας. οὔτε γὰρ τὴν τοιαύτην αἰτίαν τοῦ πλάνητας γενέσθαι καὶ λῃστρικοὺς ἀποδέξαιτ᾽ ἄν τις, ὅτι χερρόνησον οἰκοῦντες μεγάλῃ πλημμυρίδι ἐξελαθεῖεν ἐκ τῶν τόπων: καὶ γὰρ νῦν ἔχουσι τὴν χώραν ἣν εἶχον πρότερον, S abo: Geog aphica, ed. A. Meineke, Leipzig: Teubne , 1877. “As o he Cimb i, some hings ha a e old abou hem a e inco ec and o he s a e ex emely imp obable. Fo ins ance, one could no accep such a eason o hei ha ing become a wande ing and pi a ical olk as his – ha while hey we e dwelling on a Peninsula hey we e d i en ou o hei habi a ions by a g ea lood- ide; o in ac hey s ill hold he coun y which hey held in ea lie imes.” S abo: Geog aphy, ed. H. L. Jones. Camb idge (Mass.): Ha a d Uni e si y P ess – London: Heinemann, 1924. Flo us (74–130 CE), Epi ome III 3 Cimb i, Teu oni a que Tigu ini ab ex emis Galliae p o ugi, cum e as eo um inundasse Oceanus, no as sedes o o o be quae eban “The Cimb i, Teu ones and Tigu ini, ugi i es om he ex eme pa s o Gaul, since he Ocean had inunda ed hei e i o ies, began o seek new se lemen h oughou he wo ld.” Lucius Annaeus Flo us: Epi omae His o iae Romanae, ab E. S. Fo s e edi i apud Loeb Classical Lib a y, Londinio, 1929 A p oblem a ising wi h his e ymology, howe e , is he ques ion o wo d- o ma ion. I we accep some P e-PGmc. *gembā- → PGmc. *kimƀ-ōn- we would ha e o accep ha he e was an inne -Ge manic o-de i a ion om a ull-g ade oo . This would be a e y excep ional o ma ion in Ge manic. The egula o ma ion o be expec ed would be a ze o-g ade o ma ion, which, howe e would also ha e o be P e-P o o-Ge manic: PIE *ĝbh- ó- > PGmc. *kumƀ a. Bu he meaning o ha o ma ion would be a om clea , o iginally i would ha e mean some hing like ‘bi ing’, as PIE *ĝembh mean ‘schnappen, (ze -)beißen’ (LIV²: 162 .). As we canno ell, when he lexeme PIE *ĝómbh-o- ‘Zubiss’ (EWAhd 5: 362) unde wen he lexicaliza ion o PGmc. *kamƀa- ‘comb’, we canno ell ei he , whe he PGmc. *kumƀ a migh ha e had any seman ic connec ion wi h PGmc. *kamƀa- ‘comb’. 2.10. Pe haps only an anecdo al sense has he las a emp quo ed by Müllenho (1887: 118), namely he explana ion on he basis o Icelandic kimbi ‘mocke ’, in OIcel. ‘mockingbi d’ (!). 34 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIII HARALD BICHLMEIER, VÁCLAV BLAŽEK 2.11. Ma hias de o ed his disse a ion (1904) o he p oblem o he e hnonym Cimb i, which was e e ed o and commen ed on in de ail by Much (1905). Ma hias a o ed wo solu ions, each excluding he o he . The i s one was o mula ed al eady by Müllenho in 1887 (see §2.9.), he second one is new. He connec ed Cimb i wi h such Danish place-names as Himme land, o Himbe syssæl. I would imply ha he ini ial c- in he e hnonym ep esen ed an impe ec eco d o P o o-Ge manic *χ- (i.e. h- in he Old Ge manic li e a y languages) o ha he Fi s Lau e schiebung did no ope a e ye a he ime o adop ion o he e hnonym in o La in and G eek. Ma hias’ idea was accep ed by Much (1920: 95), who p oposed he Ge manic s a ing-poin o he e hnonym as *Himb ōs. And his solu ion is kep ill he p esen ime, e.g. Nedoma (2017: 875) says: “The i s Gmc. gen es ha came in o con ac wi h Rome we e he Cimb i and he Teu ones, who challenged he Roman empi e a he end o he 2nd c. BCE), subs i u es o Gmc. *Himƀ ōz and *Þeuđanōz, c . Himbe sysæl and Thy hæsysæl, wo a eas in no he n Ju land known om 1231 CE).” Ma hias (1904) also o e ed his e ymology, which was based on he compa ison wi h ONo . híma ‘in Gedanken e sunken sein, ödeln’; c . u he Swed. dial. hima ‘k änkeln’, No w. hīm ‘Schich on dünnen Wolken, dünne Rei - ode Schneeschich ’, Fae . hím ‘schwaches Lich ’, al hough he seman ic mo i a ion and wo d- o ma ion emained unexplained. Pe haps he p obable de i a i e, ONo . himb in ‘Eis auche (Colymbus glacialis)’, No w. imb e, (h) ymme , could ha e gi en he name o Dan. Himme land, and Swed. Himb a, Himme jä den (c . de V ies in AnEW: 227 who also did no exclude a ela ion wi h he name o Cimb i). 2.12. Rozwadowski (1928: 361; c . also REW 3: 61 .) and Goląb (1982: 166 .) saw a connec ion o he e hnonym Cimb i wi h he Sla ic appella i e *sęb ъ > Old Se bian seb ь ‘pa icipan , companion, pa ne ’, Se bian sȅba , gen. sȅb a ‘ a me ’, Sln. s ebǝ , gen. s eb a ‘peasan ’, ORuss. sęb ъ ‘neighbo , a membe o he same communi y’, Russ. dial. sjabë , gen. sjab á ‘neighbo , companion, pa ne ’, Uk . sjábe , sjab ó ‘pa icipan , companion, pa ne ’, Bl . sjab ‘ ela i e, companion, b o he ’, wi h ea ly bo owings in he Balkan languages, s ill p ese ing he nasal: Hung. cimbo a ‘companion, iend’, Rom. símb ă ‘socie y, communi y’, Alb. Tosk sëmbë ‘pa ne , co-owne o ca le’, MG . σέμπρος, σεμπρός ‘pa ne ’. I Cimb i e lec s PGmc. *χimƀ a-, i is indeed compa ible wi h PSl. *sęb ъ, and bo h a e de i able om he same p o o o m P e-PGmc./ P e-PSl. *im o-. Rela ed migh be PGmc. *χaima- m. ‘ illage, home’ (EDPG: 201; EWAhd 4: 905–907) and PSl. *sěmьja ‘ amily’, besides Li h. šeimà ‘ amily, kin, domes ic s a ’, wi h he -ex ension šeime ỹs ‘companion’, La . sàime S aipsniai / A icles 35 Cimb i e Teu oni ‘domes ic s a , amily {in b oade sense}’ (ESJS 13, 804 .) and u he OI . cóim, OB e . cum ‘dea ’ (EDPC: 220), all om PIE *ei- ‘ o lie down’ o * ei- ‘ o dwell’ (LIV²: 320 o 643 . espec i ely). The p oblem, howe e , wi h his e ymology would be ha P e-PGmc./P e- PSl. *im o- would ha e o be segmen ized *i-m- o-, as *i-m- would ha e o be ega ded as he ze o-g ade o a neo- oo *eim, whose m is o iginally a su ix. I one is willing o accep his, an o iginal meaning ‘belonging / pe aining o he home / amily’ migh be econs uc ed. 3. A NEW SOLUTION A key o a new solu ion migh be sough in OHG kumba ( )a6 . ‘S amm, Volk, Geschlech s e band’, gl. cumpu ie ‘ ibus’ [Vocabula ius S . Galli], which descends om PGmc. *kumƀa iōn- (c . EWAhd 5: 862 .), wi h a possible a ian PGmc. *kumƀu in-. 3.1. This solu ion, i s men ioned by G a in 1838 (AhdS IV: 405 .: “Is cumbi a ‘ ibus’ dami {scil. mi Cimb i} zusammen zu hal en?”) and accep ed e.g. by Lais ne (1892: 31), is hinkable, i he o iginal o m o he e hnonym was PGmc. *kumƀ a- o *kumƀ iia-. Al eady G a (AhdS IV: 405 .) men ioned he male pe sonal name Cumb o oge he wi h he appella i e kumba ( )a and he e hnonym Cimb i. The a ian s o he e hnonym wi h he back ocalism u/y/o o he i s syllable a e eally a es ed – see §1. 6 Lais ne (1892: 31) ied o add MHG kumbe ‘conge ies, moles, moles ia’, in WGS 37 p ojec ed in o PGe m. *kumƀ a-. Bu i is usually explained as an adap a ion o Gallo-La . *combo os ‘Zusammenge agenes’ (Kluge 1999: 493). Neumann e al. (2000: 494) ied o explain e en OHG kumba ( )a om Gallo-La in, c . Medie al La . con e o ‘zusammen agen’. On he o he hand, Taci us [Ge mania 37] called hem ci i as ‘communi y’. I is emp ing o see he e a hin o he in e p e a ion o he e hnonym: Eundem Ge maniae sinum p oximi Oceano Cimb i enen , pa a nunc ci i as, sed glo ia ingens. e e isque amae la a es igia manen , u aque ipa cas a ac spa ia, quo um ambi u nunc quoque me ia is molem manusque gen is e am magni exi us idem. Co nelius Taci us: de O igine e Si u Ge mano um Libe . In: Ope a Mino a, ed. by H. Fu neaux. Ox o d: Cla endon P ess, 1900. “In he same emo e co ne o Ge many, bo de ing on he ocean dwell he Cimb i, a now insigni ican ibe {mo e exac ly ‘communi y’}, bu o g ea enown. O hei ancien glo y widesp ead aces ye emain; on bo h sides o he Rhine a e encampmen s o as ex en , and by hei ci cui you may e en now measu e he wa like s eng h o he ibe, and ind e idence o ha migh y emig a ion.” Co nelius Taci us: Ge many and i s T ibes. In: Comple e Wo ks o Taci us, ansla ed by A. J. Chu ch, W. J. B od ibb, New Yo k: Random House, 1942. 42 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIII HARALD BICHLMEIER, VÁCLAV BLAŽEK insigne gen is obliqua e c inem nodoque subs inge e: sic Suebi a ce e is Ge manis, sic Suebo um ingenui a se is sepa an u . in aliis gen ibus seu cogna ione aliqua Suebo um seu, quod saepius accidi , imi a ione, a um e in a iu en ae spa ium: apud Suebos usque ad cani iem ho en es capilli e o quen u , ac saepe in ipso e ice eligan u . p incipes e o na io em haben : ea cu a o mae, sed innoxia; neque enim u amen amen u e, in al i udinem quandam e e o em adi u i bella comp i, u hos ium oculis, o nan u . “A na ional peculia i y wi h hem is o wis hei hai back, and as en i in a kno . This dis inguishes he Suebi om he o he Ge mans, as i also does hei own eebo n om hei sla es. Wi h o he ibes, ei he om some connec ion wi h he Sue ic ace, o , as o en happens, om imi a ion, he p ac ice is an occasional one, and es ic ed o you h. The Suebi, ill hei heads a e g ey, a ec he ashion o d awing back hei unkemp locks, and o en hey a e kno ed on he e y op o he head. The chie s ha e a mo e elabo a e s yle; so much do hey s udy appea ance, bu in pe ec innocence, no wi h any hough s o lo e-making; bu a anging hei hai when hey go o ba le, o make hemsel es all and e ible, hey ado n hemsel es, so o speak, o he eyes o he oe”. Co nelius Taci us: de O igine e Si u Ge mano um Libe . – Ope a Mino a, ed. H. Fu neaux, Ox o d: Cla endon P ess, 1900. Co nelius Taci us: Ge many and i s T ibes. – Comple e Wo ks o Taci us, ansla ed by A. J. Chu ch, W. J. B od ibb, New Yo k: Random House, 1942. As ano he example o he ole o he hai s yle in he Ge manic e hnonymy is he name o he Vandalic ibe Hasdingi, e ymologizable wi h help o ONo . hadd ‘woman’s head-hai ’, OE heo d ‘hai ’ (Schön eld 1911: 129) 6.1.2. Compound: (iii) *(ĝ)-bho -/-bh o-; (i ) *(ĝ)bh-bho -/-bh o-. Al eady Lais ne (1892: 31 .) o e ed o iden i y he i s componen wi h he IE oo *gem- ‘d ücken, zusammenp essen; assen’ (IEW: 368 .; LIV²: 186), c . G . γέμω ‘ o be ull’, γέντο ‘he g asped’. In Ge manic his oo is con inued in wo a ian s, *gem- and *gembh-: ONo . kumla ‘que schen’, No w. kumla ‘zusammenp essen, kne en; klumpen’, kumsa ‘Gemisch’ s. OE cimb(e) ‘Ve bindung, Fuge’, ONo . kimbull ‘Bündel’ (IEW: 368). 6.1.3. The su ixal de i a ion in - - is no oo ypical among he Ge manic e hnonyms (e.g. Sugamb i, Tung i), and so we p e e he a ian in 6.1.2, whe e he second componen seems o be de i ed om he IE e b *bhe - ‘ o ca y, bea , b ing’ (IEW: 128–132; LIV²: 76 .; c . PGmc. *ƀe anan ‘ o bea , ca y; gi e bi h’ [EDPG: 59]). An analogous use o he e b *bhe - can be shown e.g. in he compound *oi-bh ó- > PGmc. *aiƀ a- > OHG eiba , ei e ‘scha , bi e ; he ig, sch ecklig’, OE ā o ‘ ehemen , ha e ul’ (EWAhd 2: 969 .; NIL: 16). S aipsniai / A icles 43 Cimb i e Teu oni A compound consis ing o he con inuan s o he IE oo s *gem- + *bhe -, PGmc. *kem(ƀ)-/*kum(ƀ)- + *ƀe -, allows us o p opose se e al seman ic in e p e a ions: ‘bea ing assembly’, ‘bea ing union’, o ‘bo n in assembly’, ‘bo n in union’ el sim. 6.2. PGmc. *þeuđa-/*þeuđō-, oge he wi h i s Bal ic, I alic and Cel ic cogna es, is de i able om La e PIE * eu o-/* eu ā-, in oduced abo e (§3.2.). I he con inuan s o * eu o- we e neu e s, i seems na u al o in e p e he o m * eu ā- < * eu eh2- as he pl.n . = collec i e. P obably he mos exhaus i e lis o e ymological a emp s was compiled in EWAhd 2: 687 . 6.2.1. The mos equen e ymology, epea ed in mos handbooks beginning wi h Fick (1890: 61), de i es he wo d om he oo PIE * euh2- ‘schwellen, s a k we den’ (IEW: 1080 .; LIV²: 639 .). 6.2.2. Beekes (1998: 461–465) ejec ed he de i a ion om he oo PIE * euh2- ‘schwellen, s a k we den’ o bo h accen ological13 and seman ic easons (unmo i a ed acco ding o him) cas ing doub upon he Indo-Eu opean o igin o * eu ā in gene al and p oposed i s adop ion om some hypo he ical subs a um, which was iden i ied wi h he laye o ‘Old Eu opean’ hyd onymy al eady by Hans K ahe. While K ahe had no doub s conce ning he Indo-Eu opean a ilia ion o ‘Old Eu opean’ hyd onyms, Beekes explici ly de ined bo h hese hyd onyms and he lexeme * eu ā as non-Indo-Eu opean. 6.2.3. McCone (1987: 103, 111, 115 .) o e ed a new solu ion, based on he e b, which is con inued in La . ueo / uo , in . uē ī & uī ‘ o look a , wa ch o e ’, ppp. ui um & ū um, con uē ī & con uī ‘ o look a , see’, wi h nominal de i a i es as ū us ‘sa e, p o ec ed’, ū o ‘gua dian’, ū ēla ‘gua dianship, p o ec ion’, Tū ānus ‘dei y gi ing p o ec ion’, Tū ilīna ‘goddess gi ing p o ec ion’. He de i ed * eu ā om he aniṭ- oo * eu- and in e p e ed i as he collec i e *‘Diene scha [des Königs]’. I is possible o ag ee wi h his g amma ical iden i ica ion, as such a seman ic mo i a ion would mo e p obably ep esen he eudal o ganisa ion o socie y a ha ime han a he ime o he ‘Old Eu opean’ uni y. In any case, McCone ini ia ed he ques ion o whe he he oo was aniṭ o seṭ. Kümmel (LIV²: 639) econs uc ed he oo - inal la yngeal wi h ega d o La in ū us ‘sa e, p o ec ed’. De Vaan (EDLIL: 632 .) g an ed he explana ion o -ū- om 13 Beekes (1998: 463) men ioned ha in Bal ic he loss o he la yngeal should be e lec ed as he ci cum lex in ona ion, i.e. * euh2 eh2 > Bal ic * eũ ā and he diph hong au was incomp ehensible. I seems necessa y o b ing o mind ha he e a e eally o ms in Bal ic wi h he expec ed ci cum lex, namely Li h. aũ in i ‘na ionalen Cha ak e geben’, aũs i ‘seinem Volks um ab ünnig we den’, ap aũ ėlis ‘Zwe g’; La . dial. (Raipole) aû a, ‘kind, species; kin, people, na ion’ (see abo e). 44 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIII HARALD BICHLMEIER, VÁCLAV BLAŽEK he diph hong *-eu- o *-ou- in a non-ini ial syllable. The high numbe o p oduc i e p e ixes allows he accep ance o his solu ion as a eal al e na i e. 6.2.4. Re e ing o T ie (1942: 239), de V ies (AnEW: 613) also ejec ed he ‘s ong’-e ymology (§6.2.1.) and p e e ed he seman ic s a ing-poin based on he p ima y meaning ‘Gemeinscha ’. In his lemma þjóð ‘people’ he alluded o ONo . þýð ‘kind, a ec iona e, a able’, þýða ‘ iendship’. These o ms a e ela ed o OE geðīede ‘good, decen ’, OSax. gi- hiudo ad . ‘in a seemly way’, MDu. ge-diede ‘obliging, bene olen ’ (*þeuđia-), besides he de i ed ac i i e e b a es ed in Go h. þiuþjan ‘ o bless, p onounce good upon’, ONo . þýða ‘ o win o e , make iends wi h’, OE geðīedan ‘ o join, connec , associa e’ (*þeuđianan). Na u ally, hese ex ensions in *-ia- canno be he sou ce o PGe m. *þeuđō-. The e a e mo e p ima y o ms in Go h. þiuþ n. ‘τὸ ἀγαθόν’, i.e. ‘ he good’ (*þeuþa-), e.g. in þiuþ aujan ‘ o do good’, besides he ex ended de i a i es þiuþeins ‘goodness, gene osi y’, þiuþeigs ‘good, jus , pe ec ; blessed, p aised’ (Feis 1939: 498; GED: 362 .; EDPG: 539), and Runic OHG (i.e. Thu ingian?) þiuþ (*þeuþi-), appea ing in he o mula ion þiuþ:ida:x(x?)exxxxa:hahwa ‘Gu es, Ida! ... Hahwa .’ This ex was w i en on he ambe pe le ound in a g a eya d (No d iedho ) in Weima . I is da ed o AD 550 (Nedoma 2004: 313 .). The closes non-Ge manic cogna e can be ound in OB e . u ‘good, a o able; ?magician’, MB e . as u ‘misé able, malheu eux, ché i ’ < *es u < *eks- eu o-; c . also MWelsh Mo gan( ) Tu ‘chie physician o A hu ’s cou ’ (Fleu io 1964: 325; EDPG: 539). This ‘ iendly’-e ymology may be suppo ed by e ymologies o he o he e hnonyms. One o he mos equen e hnonyms in Eu ope, Vene i e c. (see K ahe 1942: 137), has been p ojec ed in o he p o o o m *uenHe oi, which has been de i ed om he e b *uenH- ‘liebgewinnen’ (IEW: 1146 .; LIV²: 682 .). The mos con incing con inuan s appea again in he Cel ic and Ge manic languages: Ge manic *ueni- ‘ iend’ > ONo . in ; OE, OF is. wine, OSax., OHG wini ‘id.’ (EDPG: 579). Cel ic *ueniā > OI . ine . ‘ amily’; OB e . guen-ceil gl. ‘cogna ionem’, coguenou gl. ‘indigena’, MB e . gouen(n), B e . goenn . ‘ ace, kind’; Lepon ic Uenia (Fleu io 1964: 112, 188; Lejeune 1971: 429; EDPC: 413). In he Gaulish onomas icon he e a e many p ope names wi h he componen *ueni-, which can be in e p e ed as ‘membe o he clan’, e.g. Ueni-ca us, Ueni-clu ius, Ueni-la i, Ueni-ma us e c. Ve y in e es ing is he compound Ουενι-τοουτα [G- 106]. This meaning is suppo ed by he Gallo-G eek insc ip ion om Vallau is [G-279] ουενικοι μεδου ‘ceux du clan pou Medos’ (DLG3: 313). I is legi ima e o ask, i he e a e any cogna es o he Cel o-Ge manic isogloss * eu o- ‘good, iendly’, na u ally, besides he a he emo e La . ueo . Neumann (apud HEG S aipsniai / A icles 45 Cimb i e Teu oni T-466) iden i ied i in he Hi i e e b ušk(iie/a)-zi ‘ o be happy, en e ain (onesel ), play’, uška i- ‘happiness’, uška a - and duška a / duška ann- ‘id.’, dušga auuan - ‘happy, glad’, i i is analyzed as con aining he oo * eu- ex ended by he ške/o-su ix. Kloekho s (EDHIL: 901 .), who documen ed he quo ed o ms, exp essed doub s abou Neumann’s e ymology, bu wi hou any coun e - a gumen . On he o he hand, Kloekho s himsel (EDHIL: 365) accep ed he de i a ion o he Hi i e e b ušk/a-zi ‘ o wai o , linge ’ om he oo *h2eu- ‘ o see’, plus he same ške/o-su ix. The con inua ion o he oo * eu- wi hou any su ixal ex ension was iden i ied by Aixen aľd, Bajun, I ano (1987: 122) in he Hi i e eduplica ed e b duddu- ‘gnädig behandeln’. Le us men ion ha Geo gie (1966: 36) di ec ly connec ed Hi i e duddu- wi h uzzi- ‘a my’ e c. and Go h. þiuda ‘people’. Summing up, he e is a ou disposal he p ima y e b * eu- ‘ o be kind’, con i ming he ‘ iendly’-e ymology o he e m * eu ā-. 7. CONCLUSION Bo h e hnonyms discussed he e, Teu oni & Cimb i, a e analyzed as pu ely Ge manic o ma ions. These names a e o med om wo ds o mo e o less he same meaning, ‘ ibe’, and so hey migh e e o one and he same ibe. Bu he meaning ‘ ibal chie ain’ o he nasal ex ension PGmc. *þeuđana-, which p obably lies a he beginning o he e hnonym Teu oni / Teu ones, could be a pa o a syn agm consis ing o bo h e hnonyms, *þeuđanōz kumƀ ijōn ‘chie ains o ibes’. This solu ion would also imply ha in eali y Teu oni & Cimb i ep esen ed only one ibe14 o ibal union, pe haps wi h a leading posi ion among o he ibes. 8. POSTSCRIPTUM Mo gens ie ne (1942: 266) and Szeme ényi (1962: 195, n. 107) ex ended he compa anda o he ollowing hypo he ical I anian coun e pa s: Pe sian oda ‘heap; a ick, s ack; a hillock, umulus; he bu o ma k a which a ows a e sho ’, od ( o oda) ‘hill; op, summi ; a heap; a camel’s bunch’ (S eingass 1892: 334) and Sogdian: Buddhis wδ’k, Ch is ian wdy, Manichaean wδyh, ‘heap, 14 In 113 BCE in No icum happened he i s his o ically documen ed mili a y con lic be ween he Romans led by Gnaeus Ca bo and Ge mans, ep esen ed jus by Cimb i [S abo 5.1.8; Taci us, Ge mania 37]. I mus be ega ded as a he imp obable ha he Romans we e able o ecognize di e en Ge manic ibes om he i s momen . 46 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIII HARALD BICHLMEIER, VÁCLAV BLAŽEK mass’ (Gha ib 1995: n. 9705). Accep ing ou ‘ iendly’-e ymology o * eu ā, i seems impossible o join hem. On he o he hand, hese I anian o ms could be ela ed o he o onym in Young A es an Tuδaska- ‘Name eines Be gs ode Gebi gs’ [Y . 19.2 .. 4.] (Ba holomae 1904: 655). ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The a icle o igina ed wi h suppo o he Resea ch Fund n . 2817 a Masa yk Uni e si y, B no. We a e g a e ul o John Beng son o his co ec ion o English. We would like o exp ess ou hanks o schola s who w o e us hei commen s, addi ions and c i ical ema ks, namely Robe Nedoma and S e an Zimme . We emain esponsible o all mis akes. ABBREVIATIONS acc. – accusa i e Akk. – Akkadian Alb. – Albanian Alph. Uga . – Alphabe ic Uga i ic Bl . – Belo ussian B e . – B e on Bulg. – Bulga ian Co n. – Co nish CS – Chu ch Sla onic CSla . – Common Sla ic Cz. – Czech Dac. – Dacian Dan. – Danish Du. – Du ch E – English Fae . – Fae oese G – Ge man Gaul. – Gaulish gen. – geni i e Go h. – Go hic G . – G eek Heb . – Heb ew Hi . – Hi i e Hung. – Hunga ian Icel. – Icelandic in . – in ini i e La . – La in La . – La ian Li h. – Li huanian Mac. – Macedonian Ma uc. – Ma ucinian MB e . – Middle B e on MDu. – Middle Du ch Mess. – Messapic MG . – Middle G eek MHG – Middle High Ge man MLG – Middle Low Ge man MWelsh – Middle Welsh NB e . – New B e on NF is. – No h F isian No w. – No wegian OB e . – Old B e on OCS – Old Chu ch Sla onic OCz. – Old Czech OE – Old English OF is. – Old F isian OHG – Old High Ge man OIcel. – Old Icelandic OI . – Old I ish OLF – Old Low F anconian OLi h. – Old Li huanian ONo . – Old No se OP uss. – Old P ussian ORuss. – Old Russian S aipsniai / A icles 47 Cimb i e Teu oni REFERENCES ACS – Holde Al ed 1896–1907: Al -cel ische Sp achscha z, 3 ols, Leipzig: Teubne . AhdS – Al hochdeu sche Sp achscha z ode Wö e buch de al hochdeu schen Sp ache, Vie e Theil (Gu u ale), e ymologisch und g amma isch bea bei e on D . E. G. G a , Be lin: Nikolai, 1838. Aixen aľd Aleksand a Ju., Bajun Lilija S., I ano Vjačesla V. 1987: Ma e ialy k ekons ukcii kuľ u no-is o ičeskogo p ocessa d e nej Maloj Azii (II). – Issledo anija po ėpig a ike i jazykam d e nej Ana olii, Kip a i an ičnogo se e nogo P iče nomo ’ja, eds. L. S. Bajun, V. P. Jajlenko, Mosk a: Akademija nauk SSSR – Ins i u seobščej is o ii, 106–191. ALEW – Al li auisches e ymologisches Wö e buch, Vol. 1 (A–M), Vol. 2 (N–Ž), un e de Lei ung on Wol gang Hock und de Mi a bei on E. J. Buke ičiū ė und Ch. Schille bea bei en on R. Fech , A. H. Feulne , E. Hill und Dagma S. Wod ko, Vol. 3 (Ve zeichnisse und Indices), un e de Lei ung on W. Hock und de Mi a bei iele ande e bea bei en on R. Fech , Hambu g: Baa Ve lag, 2015. AnEW – de V ies Jan 1962: Al no disches e ymologisches Wö e buch, 2. e g. Au lage, Leiden: B ill. Ba holomae Ch is ian 1904: Al i anisches Wö e buch, S assbu g: T übne . Beekes Robe S. P. 1998: The o igin o La . aqua, and o * eu ā ‘people’. – Jou nal o Indo-Eu opean S udies 26, 459–465. Beekes Robe S. P. 2014: P e-G eek: Phonology, Mo phology, Lexicon, ed. S. No buis, Leiden, Bos on: B ill. OSax. – Old Saxon OSe b. – Old Se bian PGmc. – P o o-Ge manic Phoen. – Phoenician PIE – P o o-Indo-Eu opean pl. – plu al Pol. – Polish ppp. – passi e pe ec pa iciple PSl. – P o o-Sla ic Rom. – Romanian Russ. – Russian SC . – Se bo-C oa ian Se b. – Se bian sg. – singula Syll. Uga . – Syllabic Uga i ic Slk. – Slo ak Sln. – Slo enian SPic. – Sou h Picenian Swed. – Swedish Uk . – Uk ainian Umb. – Umb ian USo b. – Uppe So bian Ven. – Vene ic 48 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIII HARALD BICHLMEIER, VÁCLAV BLAŽEK de Be na do S empel Pa izia 1987: Die Ve e ung de indoge manischen liquiden und nasalen Sonan en im Kel ischen, Innsb uck: Ins i u ü Sp achwissenscha de Uni e si ä Innsb uck. Delama e Xa ie 2007: Noms de pe sonnes cel iques dans l’épig aphie classique. Nomina Cel ica an iqua selec a insc ip ionum, Pa is: Édi ions E ance. DÉLL – E nou Al ed, Meille Al ed 2001: Dic ionnai e é ymologique de la langue la ine: his oi e des mo s. Re i age de la 4, éd. augm. d’addi ions e de co . pa J. And é, Pa is: Klincksieck. De schew Dimi e 1957: Die h akischen Sp ach es e, Wien: Roh e . DLG1 – Delama e Xa ie 2001: Dic ionnai e de la langue gauloise. Une app oche linguis ique du ieux-cel ique con inen al, p é ace P.-Y. Lambe , Pa is: Édi ions E ance. DLG³ – Delama e Xa ie 2018: Dic ionnai e de la langue gauloise. Une app oche linguis ique du ieux-cel ique con inen al, p é ace P.-Y. Lambe . T oisième edi ion, Pa is: Édi ions E ance. DIL – Dic iona y o he I ish Language, ed. E. G. Quin, Dublin: Royal I ish Academy (Compac Edi ion), 1998. DUL – A Dic iona y o he Uga i ic Language in he Alphabe ic T adi ion, 1–2 ols, ed. del Olmo L. G., Sanma in J., ansla ed and edi ed by W. G. E. Wa son (Thi d Re ised Edi ion), Leiden, Bos on: B ill, 2015. EDG – E ymological Dic iona y o G eek, Vol. 1, by Beekes R. wi h he assis ance o L. an Beek, Leiden, Bos on: B ill, 2010. eDIL – Elec onic Dic iona y o he I ish Language. A ailable a : h p://www.dil.ie/ [Accessed 2020]. EDHIL – Kloekho s Alwin 2008: E ymological Dic iona y o he Hi i e Inhe i ed Lexicon, Leiden, Bos on: B ill. EDLIL – de Vaan Michiel 2008: E ymological Dic iona y o La in and he o he I alic Languages, Leiden, Bos on: B ill. EDPC – Ma aso ić Ranko 2009: An E ymological Dic iona y o P o o-Cel ic, Leiden, Bos on: B ill. EDPG – K oonen Guus 2013: E ymological Dic iona y o P o o-Ge manic, Leiden, Bos on: B ill. ESJS – Ha lo á E a e al. 1989–2018: E ymologický slo ník jazyka s a oslo ěnského, 1–19, P aha: Academia / B no: T ibun EU. EWAhd – E ymologisches Wö e buch des Al hochdeu schen. S aipsniai / A icles 49 Cimb i e Teu oni Band I: -a – bezzis o, on Albe L. Lloyd und O o Sp inge , Gö ingen, Zü ich: Vandenhoeck & Rup ech , 1988. Band II: bî – ezzo, on Albe L. Lloyd, Rosema ie Lüh und O o Sp inge † un e Mi wi kung on Ka en R. Pu dy, Gö ingen, Zü ich: Vandenhoeck & Rup ech , 1998. Band III: adum – ûs slag, on Albe L. Lloyd und Rosema ie Lüh un e Mi a bei on Ge linde Kohl usch, Ma ia Kozianka, Ka en R. Pu dy und Roland Schuhmann, Gö ingen: Vandenhoeck & Rup ech , 2007. Band IV: gâba – hyla e, on Albe L. Lloyd und Rosema ie Lüh un e Mi a bei on Ge linde Schuhmann, Ma ia Kozianka, Ka en R. Pu dy und Roland Schuhmann, Gö ingen: Vandenhoeck & Rup ech , 2009. Band V: iba – luzzilo, H sgg. on Rosema ie Lüh , e a bei e on Ha ald Bichlmeie , Ma ia Kozianka und Roland Schuhmann mi Bei ägen on Albe L. Lloyd un e Mi a bei on Ka en K. Pu dy, Gö ingen: Vandenhoeck & Rup ech , 2014. Band VI: mâda – pûzza, H sgg. on Rosema ie Lüh , e a bei e on Ha ald Bichlmeie , Ma ia Kozianka, Roland Schuhmann und Lau a S u m, Gö ingen: Vandenhoeck & Rup ech , 2017. Band VII: quade na – skazzôn, H sgg. on Rosema ie Lüh , e a bei e on Dagma S. Wod ko (A bei ss ellenlei ung), Ha ald Bichlmeie , Ma ia Kozianka und Roland Schuhmann, Gö ingen: Vandenhoeck & Rup ech , 2020. [im D uck] EWU – Benkő Lo ánd e al. 1994: E ymologisches Wö e buch des Unga ischen, I–II, Budapes : Akadémiai Kiadó. Feis Sigmund 1939: Ve gleichendes Wö e buch de go ischen Sp ache. Mi Einschluß des K imgo ischen und sons ige ze s eu e Übe es e des Go ischen, 3. neubea bei e e und e meh e Au lage, Leiden: B ill. Fick Augus 1890: Wö e buch de Indoge manischen Sp achen. E s e Theil: Wo scha z de G undsp ache, de A ischen und de Wes eu opäischen Sp acheinhei , Gö ingen: Vandenhoeck & Rup ech . Fleu io Léon 1964: Dic ionnai e des glosses en ieux b e on, Pa is: Klincksieck. Fu née Edza d J. 1972: Die wich igs en konsonan ischen E scheinungen des Vo g iechischen, The Hague, Pa is: Mou on. GED – Lehmann Win ed P. 1986: A Go hic E ymological Dic iona y. Based on he hi d edi ion o Ve gleichendes Wö e buch de go ischen Sp ache by Sigmund Feis , Leiden: B ill. 50 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIII HARALD BICHLMEIER, VÁCLAV BLAŽEK Geo gie Vladimi 1966: Die Bilingue on Py gi als Beweis ü die he hi ische He kun de e uskischen Sp ache. – Balkansko ezikoznanie 11/1, 25–67. GEW – F isk Hjalma 1960–1972: G iechisches e ymologisches Wö e buch. 3 ols, Heidelbe g: Ca l Win e Uni e si ä s e lag. Gha ib Bad ozaman 1995: Sogdian Dic iona y: Sogdian-Pe sian-English, Teh an: F ahangan. Goląb Zbigniew 1982: Abou he Connec ion be ween Kinship Te ms and Some E hnica in Sla ic (The Case o *Sĭ bi and Slo ěne). – In e na ional Jou nal o Sla ic Linguis ics and Poe ics 25–26, 165–171. G imm Jacob (ed.) 1840: And eas und Elene, Casel: Fische . HAL – The Heb ew and A amaic Lexicon o he Old Tes amen , ed. Koehle L., Baumga ne W., ansla ed by M. E. J. Richa dson, Leiden, Bos on, Köln: B ill, 2001. HEG T – Tischle Johann 1991–1994: He hi isches e ymologisches Glossa . Teil III (Lie e ung 8–10: T/D), Innsb uck: Ins i u ü Sp achen und Li e a u en de Uni e si ä Innsb uck, Ab eilung Sp achwissenscha . Hol hausen Fe dinand 1963[1934]: Al englisches e ymologisches Wö e buch. 2. un e änd. Au lage, Heidelbe g: Ca l Win e Uni e si ä s e lag. IEW – Poko ny Julius 1959: Indoge manisches e ymologisches Wö e buch, München, Be n: F ancke. Jo dán Cóle a Ca los 1998: In oducción al cel ibé ico. P ólogo de F ancisco Villa , Za agoza: Uni e sidad. Kluge F ied ich, bea bei e on Elma Seebold 1999: E ymologisches Wö e buch de deu schen Sp ache. 23. Au lage, Be lin, New Yo k: Wal e de G uy e . K ahe Hans 1929: Lexikon al illy ische Pe sonennamen, Heidelbe g: Ca l Win e Uni e si ä s e lag. K ahe Hans 1942: Bei äge zu illy ischen Wo - und Namen o schung. – Indoge manische Fo schungen 58, 131–152. Lais ne Ludwig 1892: Ge manische Völke namen, S u ga : Kohlhamme (Sonde abd uck aus den Wü embe gischen Vie eljah she en ü Landgeschich e, neue Folge 1892). LDW IV – Le isch-deu sches Wö e buch, on K. Mühlenbach, edigie , e gänz und abgeschlossen on J. Endzelin, Riga: He ausgegeben om le ischen Kul u ond 1929–1932. S aipsniai / A icles 51 Cimb i e Teu oni Lejeune Michel 1971: Lepon ica: Documen s gaulois e pa a-gaulois de Cisalpine. – É udes cel iques 12, 357–500. LEIA – Vend yes Joseph: Léxique é ymologique d’I landais ancien. – A: Dublin: School o Cel ic S udies, Dublin Ins . o Ad anced S udies, 1959 (ND 1981). – B: Dublin: School o Cel ic S udies, Dublin Ins . o Ad anced S udies – Pa is: Cen e Na ional de la Reche che Scien i ique, 1981. – C: Dublin: School o Cel ic S udies, Dublin Ins . o Ad anced S udies – Pa is: Cen e Na ional de la Reche che Scien i ique, 1987. – D: Dublin: School o Cel ic S udies, Dublin Ins . o Ad anced S udies – Pa is: Cen e Na ional de la Reche che Scien i ique, 1983. – R, S: Dublin: School o Cel ic S udies, Dublin Ins . o Ad anced S udies – Pa is: Cen e Na ional de la Reche che Scien i ique, 1974. – T, U: Dublin: School o Cel ic S udies, Dublin Ins . o Ad anced S udies – Pa is: Cen e Na ional de la Reche che Scien i ique, 1978. LEW – F aenkel E nes 1962–1965: Li auisches e ymologisches Wö e buch. 2 ols, Gö ingen, Heidelbe g: Vandhoeck & Rup ech – Ca l Win e Uni e si ä s e lag. LIV² – Lexikon de indoge manischen Ve ben, un e Lei ung on H. Rix bea bei e on M. Kümmel, T. Zehnde , R. Lipp, B. Schi me , Wiesbaden: Reiche , 2001. Masson Émilia 1967: Reche ches su les plus anciens emp un s sémi iques en G ec, Pa is: Klincksieck. Ma hias F anz 1904: Übe die Wohnsi ze und den Namen de Kimbe n, Be lin: W Po me e . McCone Kim R. 1987: Hund, Wol und K iege bei den Indoge manen. – S udien zum indoge manischen Wo scha z, ed. W. Meid, Innsb uck: Ins i u ü Sp achwissenscha de Uni e si Innsb uck, 101–154. MLH V.1 – Monumen a Lingua um Hispanica um, Band V. 1: Wö e buch de kel ibe ischen Insch i en, on D. S. Wod ko, Wiesbaden: Reiche , 2000. MLM 2 – Monumen a Linguae Messapicae, edi i da C. de Simone, S. Ma chesini, Wiesbaden: Reiche , 2002. Mo gens ie ne Geo g 1942: I anica. – No sk Tidssk i o Sp og idenskap 12, 258–271. Much Rudol 1892: Deu sche S ammsi ze. Ein Bei ag zu äl es en Geschich e Deu schlands. Halle: Niemeye (Sonde abd uck aus den “Bei ägen zu Geschich e de Deu schen Sp ache und Li e a u ”, ol. XVII). Much Rudol 1905: Re e a e übe Ma hias 1904. – Deu sche Li e a u zei ung 48, 2997–2999.