Susitikimai sielos peizažuose bei vieno žodžio istorija

S aipsniai / A icles 315 ALGIRDAS SAUDARGAS Scien i ic esea ch a eas: biophysics, ma hema ical modeling in biology and medicine. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Reliable souls The his o y o he wo d "Paisage Bay" Mo e han ou decades ha e passed. I picked up h ee copies o he pamphle s w i en on he ca . Wi h a copie , I can' emembe why i was called […]e a[…]. The shee s a e ied in o ops made o plas ic shee , w apped in hick olds. This is wha i says: Oska Milašius; Selec ed w i ings, in ou olumes. The ou h om didn' come ou . T ansla es om F ench. A he end o he ansla ions, he e a e explana ions, bu nei he he ansla ions no he au ho s o he explana ions a e indica ed. I don' emembe who ga e me hese pe mi s. I was no in ol ed in hei p epa a ion o publica ion, so he e a e no ac s o e en s in my memo y, only he spi i o he ime and he mood ha we call nos algia. On he ini ia i e and ca e o Algi das Pa acko, h ee olumes o Oska Milašiaus' w i ings we e published in he yea 1978-1983. He published he s udy Oska as Milašius unde he pseudonym o Algio Galinio in he unde g ound publica ion Pas ogė in 1979-1980. Th ee li es. In 1977 he w o e abou he expedi ion o Milose ic's home own o Che epo e s, nea he own o Tali a. In he sp ing o 2014, I spoke wi h di ec o Juozas Ja aičius. The di ec o ecalled ha he had made a ilm abou Oska Milašius. I hen u ged him o isi he e minally ill Algi das Pa acka while he was s ill wi h us. This publica ion con ains a ansc ip o a con e sa ion wi h Pa acaku ha ook place a he end o 2014. These wo ks a e ep in ed in he book Pa ach Algi das: 2014: LITUA, Vilnius, 469, 492. ALGIRDAS SAUDARGAS Ac a Linguis ica 316 Li huanica LXXXIV is he i s o i s kind in he Eu opean Union. The name o ha land Li huania cap u ed my mind and eelings. I wish I could e eal i o you. Come wi h me! "I will lead you in he spi i o a land no known, a land o hills and alleys, a land lowing wi h milk and honey." Why Pa ack? Wha abou Milash? In he a o emen ioned s udy, Pa ack w o e abou Oska Milašius: "I is no he wo k, no li e a u e i sel , ha exci es him abo e all, bu he landscape o his own soul".3 The ph ase " he landscape o his own soul" is a s ylis ic ool ha indica es he wo ld o he poe 's hough s and eelings. In his sense, Milašius was a ue landscape pain e : I am he g ea ga den o No embe , he ga den o ea s, whe e he colou o he mis o he Ku iam nuo šalčio apleis ieji i pa p iemies y senam; o gan says "Visada!" whe e he wo d "Ne e !" is spoken by he oun ains o he same yea . In he b oades sense, he ma ke is a good place o mee . Such a place is chosen so ha , while looking a he same landscape, expe iencing he same imp essions, we would expe ience simila moods. The same landscape e okes in ima e memo ies and expe iences in people's souls. The landscapes o he soul, on he con a y, a e hemsel es o p o oke moods, memo ies and expe iences. The soul c ea es i s own landscape. Oska Milašius and Algi das Pa ackas we e missiona ies o he Li huanian ideal. No he ideals o Li huania, bu he ideals o Li huania. Ideal is a e y b oadly unde s ood wo d. I mean he ideal no as an abs ac concep , bu as an ac i e one, p omising a beginning o ac ion. On Ma ch 29, 1919, in he hall o he Geog aphical Socie y in Pa is, Milašius begins his speech wi h he con ession: "I wonde whe e his deep eeling ha su ounds me comes om, emembe ing such a dis an and long-unknown coun y o he Wes , Li huania".5 Wha is he alking abou when he says "Li huania"? He men ions he newly es o ed s a e: "Then I will speak o you abou he new Li huania, abou a na ion whose independence was assessed by he membe s o he Peace Cong ess as one o he mos u gen ". Li huanian poli ical and poli ical jou nalism, Vilnius, 34, ansla ed by A. Vaičiulai is (see And ius Konickis 1996:... he only one ou o coun less places cu , Vilnius, 26). 3 Pa ackas Algi das 2014: LITUA, Vilnius, 474 The Eu opean Pa liamen and he Council ha e adop ed a numbe o esolu ions on he si ua ion in he Democ a ic Republic o he Congo (DRC). Osca -winning ac ess Mila Janko ić has been nomina ed o ou Academy Awa ds. […] Su emų dainos, Vilnius, ansla ed by Vaclo as Šiugždinis, 28 5 Milašius Oska as 1919-2013: con e ence on he 29 h o Ma ch in he yea o 1919. Li huanian and poli ical jou nalism, Vilnius, 28, ansla ed by A. Vaičiulai is. Susi ikimai sielos peizažuose bei ieno žodžio is o ija Language and des iny 317 o hei asks, as he e y hea o he new Eas e n ques ion. […]6 Bu o a Li huanian who has come o Pa is om Li huania o om ac oss he A lan ic, he e is no need o hink abou whe e he eelings come om when he emembe s his coun y. A F ench poe who w i es in an unp e en ious F ench language, e en hough his mo he ongue is Polish, since ely admi s ha he needs o hink abou whe e ha eeling comes om. Whe e do hese landscapes come om: "I will ake you in he spi i o a s ange land, a away, glowing, spa kling"... ; We we e su ounded by he scen o wa e lilies, he smell o lowing o es s... ; […]The swee a oma o he oo s is like ha o an old ee ha has allen, o go en by he summe , like he smell o a passing ain a he end o summe […]7? The e is no doub ha hese images come om my na i e Se bia, bu wha does Li huania ha e o do wi h i ? I is no spoken in Li huanian in Milašiaus home own. When i was spoken in he Bal ic languages, i was he subjec o discussions be ween linguis s and a chaeologis s. The w ong place o he w ong ime. In he end, i 's all w i en and p onounced in F ench: "I'll lead you in spi i įp asmina didžiąsias mūsų kančias: Ku y a e d ė?“9 owa ds a s ange con ée, apo euse, oilée, mu mu an e"...8 "Vienna's only ques ion, and Hi amai, Geog aphical, E hnic o Poli ical Li huania Milašius has only jus begun o know. He ound and chose Li huania in he landscape o his soul. Li huania's ideal is a space in which she has aken he sel because she no longe has a place in he wo ld. Milašius a eled a lo , go o know he mos di e se coun ies, spoke and w o e luen ly in F ench, Ge man and English. A ha ime he was ich, because he inhe i ed he acqui ed o es s o his ances o s nea he Dniepe . He sold hose o es s o he Russians, acqui ing Russian secu i ies. A e he Bolshe ik e olu ion, Milašius emained comple ely des i u e. The Poles condemned him as a ai o because he woods had been sold o he Russians. He was p obably igh when he claimed ha […]as, a F ench poe , wo hy o unwo hy o he espec o a an -ga de g oups, could ha e pain ed himsel in oses in Wa saw wi h many o he Li huanians o his wo ld. Howe e , I hough I could be mo e use ul by s aying unde he humble Li huanian c oss. I was a conscious choice, bu no coldly a ional, bu based on deep eeling. Guided by he same eeling, in he same landscape o souls ha we called he "Li huanian ideal", Milašius and Algi das Pa ackas ound. In e es ingly enough, Six igh he e, hi y-one. Se en igh he e, hi y- ou . 8 by L. Milosz O. V. 1990: The wo Messianic poli icians, Pa is, 32. Osca -nomina ed ilm "A s Magna" The sec e s. The ansla o is Pe e Kimb ys, 55. Milašius Oska 1927-2013: Two poli ical Messianisms. He was a membe o he Communis Pa y o he So ie Union. Li huanian and poli ical jou nalism, Vilnius, 167, 168. ALGIRDAS SAUDARGAS 318 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV ake he publica ion o Milas's w i ings he ecei ed on a ip o a speci ic place […] o he poe 's home own o Če ėja, whe e he me his childhood muse […] Ani, […]me gai ę a changel blaks ienomis[…], al eady a hund ed yea s old... Lis en o he sound o he nigh wind, he sound o he old song, he sound o he dead, he oices o you dead, he oices o you li ing... Lis en o he wind. This is an impo an lesson ha he ideal Li huania is no he same as he Li huanian ideal. We in Li huania […] is no he same as Li huania in us. Un o una ely, deep and unchanging eelings a e no longe us ed oday. The eeling oday is no e lec ed, bu measu ed by he abundance o explosions. We a e no looking o he ideal o Li huania in ou sel es, bu o he p ojec s o he ideal o Li huania, in which we wan o se le com o ably. I 's no condemnable in any way. We ha e a s a e and i is ou du y o ensu e he sa e y and well-being o i and i s ci izens. I equi es knowledge and a cold a ional mind. Bu ha s no enough. You ha e o ind Li huania in you sel , ind i and choose i . The landscape o he soul is no a pa icula ly o iginal li e a y ope, ans e ing he e m o eal na u e o a psychological plo . The landscape o he soul has a ce ain cha m. The landscape pain ed is he same. The landscape o he landscape has a iewing poin , which su ampa su žiū inčiuoju. Tapyboje s engiamasi pe eik i pe spek y ą. Sėkmė depends on he alen o he pain e . Being in na u e doesn' equi e alen o echnique. I 's he e. A landscape in na u e is always a landscape o he soul. The inne landscape o he soul is c ea ed by li e i sel . The images o na u e om he inne low in he wo k hemsel es become he c ea i e means o exp essing he c ea o 's eelings. Oska Milašius chose Li huania as his s a ing poin . Milašius chose a ebo n na ion ha was building i s own s a e and s ood up o de end i s igh o a place in he geopoli ical space o Eu ope. Soon he was in he se ice o his coun y. We mus ankly admi ha wi hou his choice, Oska Milašius would ha e emained a Polish poe w i ing in F ench. Wi hou his de e mina ion o de end Li huania's posi ions a Eu opean con e ences, wi hou his en husias ic publici y and he s uggle o Vilnius, based solely on his wo k as a poe , we migh ha e ound him somewhe e in his memo y in he humble space be ween Adam Micke ičius and Czechoslo ak Milo. Algi das Pa ackas had his choice and his deep mo i es in mind when he s a ed: O. The hie oglyph o V. Milas is s ill no enc yp ed. […]12 I is unlikely ha anyone in he las ou decades has decoded his hie oglyph. To unde s and his choice mo e deeply, we mus ask once again: Wha is a na ion? Osca -nomina ed 2012 ilm "Rudeness" […] Songs o he Day, Vilnius, ansla ed by Vaclo as Šiugždinis, 36. 12 […]Li huania[…], 469. This is he i s ime ha he Eu opean Pa liamen has o ed in a ou o his esolu ion. Susi ikimai sielos peizažuose bei ieno žodžio is o ija Language and des iny Language and des iny 319 […]Li huanian na ion[…] a e he i s wo ds o he Cons i u ion o he Republic o Li huania, adop ed by he ci izens in a e e endum on 25 Oc obe 1992, espec ully assembled in capi al le e s: The people o Li huania […] ha ing c ea ed he S a e o Li huania many cen u ies ago, […] ha ing based i s legal ounda ions on he S a u e o Li huania and he Cons i u ion o he Republic o Li huania, […] ha ing pe se e ed o cen u ies in de ending i s eedom and independence, […] ha ing p ese ed i s spi i , na i e language, sc ip and cus oms, […] es ablishing he inhe en igh o man and he na ion o li e and build eely in he land o hei a he s and ances o s […] in he independen S a e o Li huania, […] seeking an open, jus , ha monious ci il and legal s a e in he Land o Li huania The Cons i u ion Cons i u ional law schola s al eady a he end o he 19 h cen u y e ined he na ion's unde s anding o he poin o legal p ecision. The na ion is one o he h ee elemen s o he s a e s uc u e. The o he wo a e e i o y and go e nmen . I anyone we e nai ely in e es ed in how a na ion, being an elemen o he s a e, can c ea e ha s a e i sel , he would be answe ed by he a gumen s o ime and hea ed discussions. He e is one o he answe s gi en in he mode n Li huanian cons i u ional law manual: "The Li huanian na ion, which c ea ed he s a e o Li huania many yea s ago, ma ks he dawn o a ci il na ion, he beginning o he li e o he s a e. Howe e , a he beginning o he p eamble i is called " he people o Li huania", " he pionee o he c ea ion o he s a e", and a he end o he p eamble i becomes he mode n ci il socie y, whe e i is announced ha he will o he ci izens o he es o ed s a e o Li huania is accep ed and p oclaimed. I is u he explained ha he na ion ha ini ially c ea ed he s a e was a he "e hnic le el", and he na ion ha c ea ed he s a e mo es o he nex le el and becomes a "people's na ion". In his sense, he wo d na ion is used in he main ex o he Cons i u ion, which is i mly oo ed in cons i u ional law. The "e hnic le el" o he na ion, solemnly hono ed wi h capi al le e s, no longe appea s. Tha s his o y. The mode n s a e consis s o a e i o y de ined by laws and in e na ional ea ies, 13 Ja ašiūnas Egidijus 2002: Chap e VII, 1.1. The p oblem o he concep o s a e. […] Cons i u ional law o Li huania, Vilnius, 488. ALGIRDAS SAUDARGAS 320 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV democ a ically elec ed and law ully ac ing au ho i ies and hei ci izens […] ci il na ions. Why does he dic iona y o he hen Li huanian language in e p e he wo d na ion di e en ly: ‘his o ically o med communi y o people ha ing a common o igin, land, language, his o y, cul u e? I 's no a ci il na ion. I is a na ion on he "e hnic le el", some imes called an "e hnic na ion". Do he speake s ejec he concep o a mode n na ion? No, o cou se no . The speake s know pe ec ly well wha a ci il na ion is, and hey igno e i , bu hey make decisions acco ding o hei own ules. This is he e e yday, common pe cep ion o he wo d na ion, and cons i u ional law specialis s ha e o mula ed a special e m o hei ield. F om a linguis ic poin o iew, his is no e en ano he meaning o he wo d, bu a sepa a e na ow ield o specialis s. The lawye s know his and ecognize he e e yday meaning o he wo d. The e o e, when alking abou he legal sys em o he s a e, hey ask he wo qua e s o be sepa a ed as special e ms: e hnic na ion and ci il na ion. Tha 's whe e Michael Riome s a s his s udy o he S a e. A he beginning, he shows ha he e is no hing o eplace he wo d na ion, ejec ing he e ms socie y, people, inhabi an s and people. He sugges ed adding he La in wo ds "e hnic na ion" o "na ion" and "ci il na ion" o "people".14 Such a cons uc ion did no come, and oday i seems ha e e yone is sa is ied wi h in e p e ing he meaning o he wo d acco ding o he con ex . This is he ex o he Cons i u ion, as we ha e seen. The wo d na ion, as he au ho s o he a o emen ioned manual con i med o us, means a ci il na ion h oughou he ex o he Cons i u ion. F om a syn ac ic poin o iew, he whole p eamble is one sen ence, and he wo d na ion is i s e b. F om a seman ic poin o iew, he na ion has mul iple meanings in he p eamble. I is no only a ci il na ion ( he will o he ci izens o he newly bo n E ninė au a i au iškumas mode nioje als ybėje nieku nedings a. Mode ni s a e o Li huania accep s and publishes his Cons i u ion), bu i e eals he en i e e hnic na ion, which has made a ious jou neys o e many cen u ies and has become a mode n na ion, an e olu ion. A ci ic na ion is a d ess o an e hnic na ion ha is essen ial in he mode n wo ld. This is ecognized by he lawye s hemsel es, bu he e hnic na ion does no conside i , lea ing i o he public in es iga o s. His o ians a e in e es ed in he a e o he e hnic na ion in his o y. Fo esea che s o Li huanian his o y, he e hnic na ion is he mos impo an objec o s udy in he 19 h cen u y: […]Panašiai as a ha ime in Eu ope, so in ou coun y his pe iod was he long pe iod o he ans o ma ion o he Li huanian na ion, i s mode niza ion. By p ese ing he old adi ions o s a ehood and c ea ing new aspi a ions o a poli ical exis ence independen o he Union wi h Poland, he Li huanian na ion inc easingly ealized ha i is. The Cons i u ion o he Republic o Li huania by R. Mykolas (1995) Pa one. The s a e. This is Thomas. I. The na ion as an elemen o he s a e, Vilnius: P adai, 112. Susi ikimai sielos peizažuose bei ieno žodžio is o ija Language and des iny g adually began o unde s and ha i was pa o he na ion. In o he wo ds, he Li huanian na ion became wha i wan ed o be. […]15 Only he ci il na ion has legal meaning o he au ho s o he Cons i u ion. The p eamble o he Cons i u ion is a symbolic inse ion in o he legal ex . Fo his o ians, he con en o he p eambula sen ence is an impo an objec o s udy. They a e domina ed by he opics o e hnic na ion "ci il na ion", "mode n na ion", "na ion", "poli ical e i o ial communi y o he basic axonomic le el". They desc ibe he s ages o his peak based on w i en sou ces, bu he mechanisms o his peak a e le o be explained by o he s. The Monumen al S udios o Eu ope. The au ho o he s o y, No man Da ies, ejec s he basic elemen s o a na ional na ion, a guing ha "na ionalism need no be sough in blood, in land, o e en in language", since "in all ma e s o na ionalism, he mos impo an hing is human pe cep ion, consciousness". He quo es a lec u e by Du ch his o ian G. J. Renie , gi en in 1945 a King's College London: Tau icism exis s in people's minds, [...] i is he only place whe e i can be [...]. Ou side he bounda ies o he human mind, he e can be no na ionalism, because na ionalism is a way o looking a onesel , no a hing in i sel . Common sense can no ice i , and he only discipline ha can desc ibe and analyze i is psychology. This pe cep ion, his sense o na ionalism, his sense o na ionalism is some hing mo e han any o he cha ac e is ics o a na ion […] his is he essence o na ionalism i sel . […]16 The con on a ion o he concep s o e hnici y and poli ical na ionalism and he e lec ion on he ield o hei e ealed meanings is use ul o his o ians o su ok i elzasiečių apsisp endimus poli inėje į ampoje a p Vokie ijos i P an- poli icians. This helps o legalize ci izenship in he laws o hese coun ies, o he in e p e a ion o E nes o Renano's amous quo e abou he "daily plebisci e". To unde s and Osca Milaszew's decision, we ha e o ake No man Da ies' ad ice and u n o psychology. In e es ingly, he kel odis is hidden in Li huanian. LKZ has wo meanings. 1à na ion means: ‘a his o ically o med communi y o people belonging o di e en e hnic g oups, sha ing a common land, language, his o y, economic and cul u al li e. This is ou al eady discussed concep o an e hnic na ion. Howe e , he LKZ also p o ides ano he meaning o 2 na ions, which is explained as ‘ he longing o one's coun y, one's home. I we belong o a na ion, i is unde s andable ha we miss i o a e a om i . I is no su p ising ha his longing is exp essed in he same wo d, o we ind wo e bs in LKJ. The name o he coun y is de i ed om he G eek wo d o "land" - Alexand u Egidius Kulakou, An anas, 1996: Tsa 's ule. 19 h cen u y Li huania, Vilnius, 14. 16 No man Da ies 2002: Eu ope is he wo ld's mos populous coun y. The his o y o Vilnius. ALGIRDAS SAUDARGAS 322 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV is dele ed […] is dele ed. The e b aus i, usually used in he nega i e o m […] o d aw, has wo di e en meanings. G e a means o go away, o elax, o cool o ( om one's own, om home); In he pas , he meaning o "longing o home", "g andmo he ", "g andmo he ", " eeling nos algia" was used o deno e he loss o na ional cha ac e is ics. Bo h meanings belong o he same con ex , and hei exp essed mo emen o ac ion a e opposi e di ec ions. The house is blocked om he house, and he house is app oached om he di ec ion o he house. This is how LKJ b ings us o he psychological iew o he na ion. The na ion is nos algic. The wo d nos algia is an a i icial medical e m om he end o he se en een h cen u y. O e he cou se o h ee cen u ies, i unde wen an in e es ing e olu ion and was accep ed in o he e e yday ocabula y o almos all Eu opean languages. As an supe icial glance a he Google ansla o shows, his wo d is no used cul u ally by Icelande s, Sco s, I ish, and Welsh, who a e cul u ally a he away om Eu ope and who ake g ea ca e o he pu i y o hei language. Tu ks closely associa ed wi h Eu ope use his wo d. F om hem o om he Russians his wo d was adop ed by he Tu kmen and Uzbeks, bu no by he Kazakhs. O cou se, all na ions ha e wo ds ha exp ess homesickness in one way o ano he . Eu opean languages ha e o had such wo ds, bo owing nos algia. Google T ansla e epo s ha he wo d "nos algia" domina es he ocabula y in hese languages. The same hing happened in Li huanian. The wo d nos algia is made up o wo G eek wo ds, nos os and algos. Nos os is ano he wo d used by Home o mean a Gioachino Rossinio ope os „Vilius Telis“ u e iū oje pasigi s a anglų ago i jou ney home. We'll ge back o ha . Today, we encoun e algae in many medical e ms, such as pain- elie ing d ugs and analgesics. The lu e is pe o med by he melody Ranz des Vaches. I 's he ho n o he Swiss shephe ds in he Alps calling ou o hei he d o cows. Swiss neu ali y has old adi ions, bu i was o en paid o by sending ec ui s o o eign a mies. The Swiss gua ds used o be a loyal p o ec ion o he highes pe sonali ies, and oday hey s ill p o ec he Roman Popes. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, in his 18 h-cen u y encyclopedia o music, s a es ha i was s ic ly o bidden o Swiss me cena ies o sing Swiss songs. A song, o jus a melody, simila o he one used in G. Rossini's ope a, caused he Swiss me cena ies o lose con ol o hei a he 's longing, and hey no only los hei igh ing spi i , bu hey go sick. Tha league was called he Swiss League (F ench: mal du Suisse). When hey eached he plains o F ance o I aly, hey missed he Alpine landscape o hei homeland so much ha hey became eal pa ien s. The e a e also known cases o dea h, which om a medical poin o iew a e egis e ed as insul s. O en such pa ien s had o be sen home. As soon as hey hea d his news, hey g ee ed each o he . A he end o he se en een h cen u y, he Alsa ian physician Johannes Ho e is coined he medical e m […] nos algia o desc ibe his Swiss disease. In 1688, while s udying a he Uni e si y o Basel, he submi ed a medical disse a ion on he longing o home (Heimweh). In his wo k, he s ill used he wo ds nosomania and philopa idalgia, bu s ayed wi h nos algia. Longing o home, pe cei ed as a disease, quickly became popula among soldie s and Susi ikimai sielos peizažuose bei ieno žodžio is o ija Language and des iny 323 sailo s and nu ses. The symp oms a ibu ed o nos algia inc eased un il he diagnosis i sel became ague and doub ul. This e m was gi en a small place in he annals o his o y among o he obsole e wo ds used in medical his o y. I didn' happen ha way. We will ind his wo d de ined no only in he In e na ional Dic iona y, bu also in DLKŽ and LKŽ. Today, nos algia is used as a e b in many languages. How did his medical e m ge in o e e yday usage, and wha does i eally mean? When J. Ho e decided o gi e a special medical e m o he Swiss disease, he Thi y Yea s' Wa (1618-1648) was no oo long ago o e and Eu ope was ying o s a li ing acco ding o he p inciples o he T ea y o Wes phalia. This ga e a boos o he mode niza ion o he a my. In medicine, a disease mus ha e a cause. I he eason is no clea , hypo heses a e sough , aised and e i ied. The young in en o o he e m did no miss he oppo uni y o o mula e his hypo hesis, which, in e elling he e ms o he ime, sounded some hing like his: "A b ain disease o essen ially demonic o igin, he cons an ib a ions o li ing spi i s in he middle o he b ain, whe e he imp in s o he Fa he 's ideas a e apped".17 O he s sough simple explana ions. Fo example, he physician J. J. Scheuche a gued ha pe haps he descen o Swiss me cena ies om hei na i e highlands o he plains o neighbo ing coun ies jiems eko ko o i, dėl a mos e os slėgio pokyčio k aujas plūs elėda o į gal ą i caused symp oms o nos algia. O he s ha e no escaped he o iginal explana ion: he cons an inging o cows' ails damages he ea s and he b ain...19 A he end o he nine een h cen u y and he beginning o he wen ie h cen u y, he de ini ion o nos algia changed undamen ally. Due o un eliable o ganic easons, he diagnosis shi ed o he ield o psychia y. Un il he mid-20 h cen u y, i was desc ibed in e ms o psychodynamic adi ions as a subconscious desi e o e u n o he mo he 's womb. I was conside ed an immig an psychosis. As he 1990s app oached, assessmen s became mo e mode a e, and he e was inally a endency o a ibu e nos algia o a o m o dep ession and o equa e i wi h he "homesickness" expe ienced by ou g oups o people: immig an s, i s -yea s uden s, soldie s and lawye s. In he las decade 17 medical disse a ion on nos algia by johannes ho e , 1688 ansla ed by ca oline ise anspach. The Bulle in o he Ins i u e o he His o y o Medicine 2(6), AUGUST, 1934, published by he Johns Hopkins Uni e si y P ess, 376-391. Rou ledge Clay, Wildschu Tim, Sedikides Cons an ine, Juhl Jacob 2013: Nos algia as a esou ce o psychological heal h and well-being. […] Social and Pe sonali y Psychology Compass is published by Jeho ah's Wi nesses. 808–818. 20 Sedikides Cons an ine, Wildschu Tim, A nd Jamie, Rou ledge Clay 2006: Sel and A ec : The Case o Nos algia. This is he i s ime I' e seen his. […] J. P. Fo gas (Ed.), A ec in social hinking and beha io : F on ie s in social psychology, New Yo k, NY: Psychology P ess, 9.