The Origin of Old Prussian “dūrai”

S aipsniai / A icles 11 DANIEL PETIT École No male Supé ieu e, Pa is ORCID: h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0001-8432-5600 Fields o esea ch: Bal ic s udies, Indo-Eu opean s udies. DOI: doi.o g/10.35321/all85-01 THE ORIGIN OF OLD PRUSSIAN DŪRAI Senosios p ūsų kalbos žodžio dū ai kilmė Schlage nich die Augen niede ! (Simon Dach) ANNOTATION The Old P ussian adjec i e dū ai ‘shy’ is adi ionally connec ed wi h he Sla ic amily o *du ь (Russian дýрь ‘s upidi y’) and *du ъnъ (Russian дурнóй, Polish du ny ‘silly, s upid’). Bu he o mal and seman ic ela ionships be ween hese wo lexical amilies s ill emain obscu e. The aim o his pape is o elucida e he o igin o Old P ussian dū ai and pa icula ly o mo i a e i s de i a ion om a oo ‘ o s ing, o p ick’ e lec ed by Li huanian dù i. I can be sugges ed ha his de i a ion is based on a ph aseological exp ession nudù i aks  žẽmę ‘ o look down o he g ound’ used as a sign o psychological di icul y. KEYWORDS: Old P ussian, Li huanian, Sla ic, Indo-Eu opean, e ymology, ph aseology. ANOTACIJA Senosios p ūsų kalbos būd a dis dū ai ‘d o us’ adiciškai siejamas su sla ų žodžių *du ь ( us. дýрь ‘k ailumas’) i *du ъnъ ( us. дурнóй, lenk. du ny ‘k ailas’) šeima. Tačiau o malūs i seman iniai san ykiai a p šių d iejų leksinių šeimų is da lieka neaiškūs. Šio s aipsnio ikslas y a išsiaiškin i senosios p ūsų kalbos žodžio dū ai kilmę i ypač mo y uo i jo de i aciją iš šaknies, ku ią a spindi lie . dù i ‘įgel i, (į)du i’. Galima eig i, kad šis edinys y a pag įs as azeologine iš aiška nudù i aks  žẽmę ‘žiū ė i žemyn’, a ojama psichologiniam sunkumui žymė i. ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: Senoji p ūsų kalba, lie u ių kalba, sla ų kalbos, indoeu opiečių p okalbė, e imologija, azeologija. DANIEL PETIT 12 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV 1. OLD PRUSSIAN DŪRAI In he Old P ussian Enchi idion (1561), we ind an isola ed ins ance o an adjec i e dū ai co esponding o Ge man schew ‘shy’ (III 9319, Mode n Ge man scheu): (1) Enchi idion III 9319 (Ge man) J Va e ei ʒe ew e Kinde nich ʒu ʒo n / das ʃie nich ʃchew we den, Sonde n ʒiehe ʃie au in de ʒuch nd e manunge ʒu dem HERRN. (Old P ussian) Jous Tawai ni enʃei i ioūʃans malnikans p ei ne ien / kai ʃ ai ni dū ai poʃ ānai / Schlai poauginnei i ʃ ans / en Kanx iʃku p eiʃ an Rikijan. ‘And you, a he s, do no p o oke you child en o w a h, les hey become discou aged, bu b ing hem up in he aining and admoni ion o he Lo d.’ The ex is ob iously based on Ephesians 6, 4, bu he subo dina e clause is a seconda y addi ion, adop ed om he pa allel passage o Colossians 3, 211. The Old P ussian adjec i e dū ai ende s Ge man scheu ‘shy, ea ul’. A ew lines ea lie (III 9316), he e is ano he Old P ussian adjec i e bū ai ansla ing Ge man ʃchuch e ‘shy, imid’ in e e ence o women: (2) Enchi idion III 9316 (Ge man) So j wol hu / nd nich ʃo ʃchuch e ʃey . (Old P ussian) ikai ious labban ʃeggē i / bhe ni ij bū ai aʃ i. ‘i you do well and a e no igh ened.’ I is commonly ecognized ha he Old P ussian bū ai is a sc ibal e o o *dū ai. The ex is di ec ly based on 1Pe e 3, 62. The Old P ussian o m dū ai can be unde s ood ei he as a nomina i e plu al (masculine in III 9319, mis akenly in III 9316) o al e na i ely as an ad e b in -ai, which is some imes used o ende unin lec ed p edica i e adjec i es o he Ge man o iginal. I mus be based on an adjec i e *dū as. A Li huanian equi alen d as was men ioned by Jonas Jablonskis (1860–1930) wi h he meaning ylus, nekalbus ‘silen , aci u n’ (LKŽ II 897). The LKŽ also men ions an abs ac noun d as glossed k ailumas ‘s upidi y’ (LKŽ II 897, om he dialec s o Nočia and Valkininkai) and a ew e bs like dū  i glossed lauk i, 1 Ge man au das sie nich schew we den (Lu he 1545), La in u non pusillo animo ian (Vulga a). 2 Ge man so j wol hu nd nich so schüch e seid (Lu he 1545), La in bene acien es e non imen es ullam pe u ba ionem (Vulga a). S aipsniai / A icles 13 The O igin o Old P ussian dū ai ūno i ylin , nekalban ‘ o wai , o emain silen , wi hou a wo d’ (LKŽ II 899, om Jonas Jablonskis), d in i glossed k ailin i, mulkin i ‘ o make s upid’ (LKŽ II 901, om he dialec s o Nemunai is and Leipalingis) and especially d o i glossed bū i paniu usiam, akis į žemę įbedus, niū ė i, niū o i ‘ o be discou aged, o look down o he g ound, o ge dep essed’ (LKŽ II 905, om An anas Juška 1897–1922). O he simila e bs a e men ioned by F aenkel (LEW I 113) om di e en lexicog aphical o dialec ological sou ces. 2. THE SLAVIC LOANWORD Since he 19 h cen u y, he adjec i e *dū as, common o Old P ussian and Li huanian, bu absen om La ian, was compa ed wi h Sla ic *du ь (Russian дýрь ‘s upidi y’) and i s de i a i e, he adjec i e *du ъnъ (Russian дурнóй, Polish du ny ‘silly, s upid’). To his a e adi ionally added a ious o ms om o he Indo-Eu opean languages such as G eek θοῦρος ‘ ushing, impe uous, u ious’3. Howe e , wo p oblems ha e o en been le aside: (1°) he dis inc ion be ween genuine Bal ic wo ds and Sla ic loanwo ds; (2°) he econs uc ion o he e bal basis and he seman ics o i s de i a i es. To begin wi h, i is well known ha he Sla ic adjec i e *du ъnъ ‘silly, s upid, u ious’, o one o i s his o ical descendan s, was bo owed in Bal ic. The adjec i e dunas ‘silly, s upid’ is al eady ound in Old Li huanian and unanimously ecognized o be a loanwo d om Bela ussian дурн o om Polish du ny4. A a ian is he Old Li huanian noun dunius ‘silly, s upid man’, adap ed om Bela ussian дýрань o Polish du eń. Bo h o ms a e men ioned by Kons an ynas Si ydas in he i s Li huanian dic iona y (DTL3 ca 1643): du nas ‘silly, s upid’ (DTL3 69 = Polish głupi, La in s ul us, e c.) and du nius ‘silly, s upid man’ (DTL3 69 = Polish głupiec, La in s ipes, e c.). The e is also a e b du na ó i ‘ o be u ious, o age’ a es ed since Jonas B e kūnas (16 h cen u y) and bo owed om Bela ussian дурнавáць. Al eady in he 16 h cen u y, Ma ynas Maž ydas (1570: 46818) had a de i a i e du niʃ e ‘silliness, s upidi y’ (= Ge man To hei ). In mo e ecen imes, F ied ich Ku scha (1883: 99) has he adjec i e dunas ‘ u ious, mad’ (= Ge man asend, oll), he abs ac noun du nỹs ė ‘ u y, madness’ (= Ge man Tollhei , Ve ück hei ) and he e b du nju ‘ o age’ (= Ge man asen, oben). 3 C . Be neke (1896: 288); T au mann (1910: 325). See also U bu is (2000). 4 C . B ückne (1877: 82); Ska džius (1931: 125). See also LEW I 113; SEJL 136. DANIEL PETIT 14 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV O he o ms o he same amily a e a es ed in Sla ic, especially in Russian and Polish, which chie ly conce n us he e. In Polish, he e a e no only he adjec i e du ny ‘silly, s upid’, he noun du eń ‘silly, s upid man’ and he e b du nieć ‘ o be silly, o ac s upidly’, bu also, wi hou he nasal su ix, he e b du zyć ‘ o mislead, o decei e’, du zyć się ‘ o all in lo e’. In Russian, we ind дурнóй ‘silly, s upid’ and e bs like дурнéть, дурнúть ‘ o ac s upidly’, bu also, wi hou nasal, he noun дурáк ‘silly, s upid man’. The exis ence o a laye o ob ious loanwo ds does no imply ha e e y Bal ic o m should be conside ed o be bo owed om Sla ic. On he con a y, one may assume ha a leas some o ms migh be inhe i ed in Bal ic. This is sugges ed by he ac ha some o hese o ms do no e e o ‘silliness, s upidi y’ in hei co e meaning, bu con ey a no ion o ‘discou agemen , silence, sadness’, which does no necessa ily de i e om his meaning. In La ian, he adjec i e duns is a es ed, as a as I know, since he 17 h cen u y, bu i s meaning may a y conside ably. In he Manuale Le ico-Ge manicum (ca 1690), we ind he adjec i e Du nis ‘silly, s upid’ (MLG 114 = Ge man Tho ich , unweise) and he abs ac noun Du niba ‘silliness, s upidi y’ (MLG 114 = Ge man Unweishei , Abe wi z, Unsinnigkei , c . also 501), wi h a meaning ha clea ly e eals he Sla ic p o enance. The Le iʃches Lexicon (1758: 97) by Go ha d S ende gi es in squa e b acke s he adjec i e du ns ‘silly, s upid’ (= Ge man doll, dwa sch Li .) wi h a simila meaning, bu p esen ed as de i ed om a Li huanian sou ce5. In he Le iʃches Wö e buch by Ca l Ch is ian Ulmann (1872), beside he ecen Russian loanwo d du aks ‘silly, s upid’ (1872: 55 = Ge man ein Na ), he adjec i e du ns is ende ed in Ge man bo h as dwa ʃch ‘silly, s upid’ and as benommen ‘con used, emba assed’. The examples p o ided by Ulmann illus a e bo h meanings: galwa ahda du na ‘my head is so s upid’, du ns ʃi gs ‘a abid ho se’ (= Ge man ein P e d, das den Kolle ha ), du na ai a ‘a d owsy man’ (= Ge man ein Schla skop ). In addi ion, Ulmann (1872: 55) p esen s a e b du neh ‘ o walk asleep, o s ay sea ed, o lounge, o ege a e’ (= Ge man schlä ig einhe gehen, ʃo ʃi ʒen, aulenʒen, ege i en) and an abs ac noun du nums ‘ o po , numbness, s upidi y, e igo o sheeps’ (= Ge man Benommenhei , Dwa ʃchhei , D ehk ankhei de Scha e). The ME (1923: I 519) has duns ‘sad, emba assed, silly, isola ed’ (= Ge man au ig, benommen, dwa sch, wüs ) and he e b du nê ‘ o go slowly, o be lazy, quie , o keep silen , o be un iendly, o be sick’ (= Ge man ödeln, aulenzen, uhig sein, schweigen, un eundlich sein, sich k ank zeigen). I one summa izes, he Bal ic o ms a e associa ed wi h wo di e en meanings, ‘silly, s upid’ on he one hand, ‘discou aged, emba assed, silen , sad’ on he 5 C . also S ende (1789: 55). S aipsniai / A icles 15 The O igin o Old P ussian dū ai o he hand. I is likely ha he o me meaning de i es om a Sla ic sou ce: his is pa icula ly e iden o Bal ic *du nas ‘silly, s upid’, di ec ly bo owed om Bela ussian дурн o Polish du ny. Once es ablished in he Bal ic languages, he Sla ic loanwo d could de elop i s own amily, wi hou di ec Sla ic model, e.g. Li h. du nỹs ė, La . du nība ‘silliness, s upidi y’ wi h Bal ic su ixes. The o he meanings, howe e , a e mo e di icul o accoun o , since hey do no e lec seman ic ea u es al eady p esen in Sla ic. Ei he do hey ep esen an in e nal de elopmen ha ook place wi hin he Bal ic languages on he basis o he Sla ic loanwo d o hey suppose ano he sou ce. In he o me case, one would ha e o assume an e olu ion ‘silly, s upid’ > ‘discou aged, emba assed, silen , sad’, which does no sound impossible in i sel , bu would emain o be subs an ia ed om a seman ic poin o iew. I is p obably p e e able o hink ha he e was in he Bal ic languages a genuine lexical amily *du -/*dū - ‘discou aged, emba assed, silen , sad’, independen o he Sla ic loanwo d, and his b ings us back o he compa ison wi h Old P ussian dū ai ‘shy’. 3. THE VERBAL BASIS On he basis o he o egoing, one may assume in Bal ic he blending o wo lexical laye s, a Bal ic amily ‘discou aged, emba assed, silen , sad’ and a Sla ic loanwo d ‘silly, s upid’. The con amina ion be ween hese wo laye s could ake place in bo h di ec ions. The Bal ic amily could adop he meaning o he Sla ic loanwo d (hence Li huanian d as ‘s upidi y’, d in i ‘ o make s upid’, o mally de i ing om he Bal ic amily, bu seman ically connec ed o he meaning ‘silly, s upid’) and, on he o he hand, he Sla ic loanwo d in Bal ic could locally adop he genuine meaning o he Bal ic amily (hence La ian duns no only ‘silly, s upid’, bu also ‘sad, emba assed, isola ed’). I his analysis is co ec , he Old P ussian adjec i e *dū as ‘shy’, a es ed h ough he o m dū ai in he Enchi idion (1561), is no isola ed, bu inds i s place wi hin a cohe en lexical amily, whose meaning was only locally dis u bed by he p essu e o he Sla ic loanwo d. The ques ion ha emains open is he o igin o his Bal ic amily. Judging om he compa ison be ween Old P ussian dū ai and Li huanian d as, he genuine Bal ic o m seems o be an adjec i e *dū as. The e is no eason o hink ha he Bal ic languages ha e inhe i ed an adjec i e co esponding o he Sla ic o m *du ъnъ. Whe e e we ind i in Bal ic, i can be suspec ed o be a Sla ic loanwo d, e en i i was locally hyb idized wi h he Bal ic amily. I ollows ha he only o m ha can be asc ibed o Common Bal ic is *dū as. All o he o ms a e ei he de i ed om his basic o m o bo owed om Sla ic. DANIEL PETIT 16 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV As a as we can judge, he meaning o *dū as was ‘discou aged, emba assed, silen , sad’, desc ibing a s a e o mind ha combines psychological di icul y and social wi hd awal. The meaning o Old P ussian dū ai ‘shy’ i s well wi h his seman ic econs uc ion. The o igin o he Bal ic adjec i e *dū as is unclea , bu wo assump ions ha e been ou inely epea ed since he 19 h cen u y. Fi s , i is adi ionally assumed ha Bal ic *dū as belongs o he same amily as Sla ic *du ъnъ. This assump ion equi es a de ailed discussion, which has no been conduc ed so a . The second assump ion is ha all o ms de i e om a e b *dū - i- ‘ o s ing, o p ick, o s ick, o s ab’ e lec ed by Li huanian dù i, La ian du ‘ o s ing’ and indi ec ly by Russian дырá ‘hole’6. These wo assump ions a e epea ed by Topo o (PJ I 391–392) and Mažiulis (PKEŽ 11988: I 239–240; 22013: 149), bu i mus be emphasized ha hey en ail wo complemen a y equi emen s: (a) we ha e o b idge he seman ic di e gence be ween Bal ic *dū as and Sla ic *du ъnъ; (b) we ha e o explain how bo h o ms can go back o a e b meaning ‘ o s ing, o p ick’ bo h o mally and seman ically. A his s age, he psychological meaning o his oo seems o ollow a clea - cu dis ibu ion: ‘silly, s upid’ in Sla ic s. ‘discou aged, emba assed, silen , shy’ in Bal ic. Bu he e is a Sla ic o m ha could p esen a meaning e y close o he Bal ic amily. A he end o he 19 h cen u y, he Slo enian dic iona y published by Maks Ple e šnik (Slo ensko-Nemški Slo a 1894: 195) men ions an adjec i e dú ‘shy, wild’ (= Ge man ʃcheu, wild, menʃchenʃcheu)7, whose meaning is iden ical o ha o he Old P ussian adjec i e dū ai. Mo e emo e, bu ce ainly ela ed, is he Slo enian e b du í i ‘ o make ha e ul, o ill wi h disgus ; o despise’ (= Ge man e haʃs , ekelha machen, e abʃcheuen, e ach en), which is also ound in Se bo-C oa ian dú i i se ‘ o be ang y, o ill wi h disgus ’. I has also been no ed ha some Russian dialec s ha e p ese ed he same wo d дýр ‘shy, ea ul’8. The Sla ic oo *du - means ‘shy’, hence ‘ o be disgus ed, o despise’ (p obably calqued om Ge man scheu → e abscheuen). I is s ongly eminiscen o he meaning obse ed in Bal ic. Howe e , he o ms hemsel es canno be equa ed di ec ly, since Sla ic *du - supposes PIE *d(h)ou - whe eas Bal ic *dū - can only go back o PIE *d(h)uH -, *d(h)u H-, o *d(h)H-. 6 C . EDSIL 132. Bu EDSIL 126 sugges s ha Sla ic *du ъ and Old P ussian dū ai migh be analyzed as *dhou- o- om a oo *dheu- ‘ o un’ (c . Sansk i dh a i, G eek θέω ‘ o un’), which is seman ically uncon incing. 7 C . EDSIL 132. Acco ding o Ple e šnik (and Cigale 1860: 1355), he sou ce o he Slo enian adjec i e seems o ha e been he w i ings o he Slo enian bishop Ma e ž Ra ikna (1776–1845). 8 See U bu is (2000: 229). S aipsniai / A icles 17 The O igin o Old P ussian dū ai We a e hus acing a g ea e challenge han expec ed. I seems o be he case ha Sla ic possessed wo main ep esen a i es o a s em *du -, an adjec i e *du ъ ‘shy’ (Slo enian dú , Russian dial. дýр) and a noun *du ь ‘silliness, s upidi y’ (Russian дýрь), he la e being he sou ce o he adjec i e *du ьnъ ‘silly, s upid’ (Russian дурнóй, Polish du ny). The seman ic complexi y o he s em *du - does no cons i u e a dema ca ion line be ween Bal ic and Sla ic, i is al eady in e nal in Sla ic. In addi ion, we mus no e ha he o mal equa ion is no pe ec , since he Sla ic o ms suppose *d(h)ou -, whe eas he Bal ic o ms a e based on a ze o g ade, wha e e i s p ecise econs uc ion migh be. The e bal basis o hese o ms has adi ionally been iden i ied as he e b *dū - i- ‘ o s ing, o p ick’, which is p ese ed only in Bal ic (Li huanian dù i, La ian du ‘ o s ing’), bu he seman ic link be ween his no ion and he wo main meanings o i s pu a i e de i a i es, ‘shy’ and ‘silly, s upid’, is no al oge he clea . Ou side o Bal ic, he p ima y meaning ‘ o s ing, o p ick’ su i es in Russian дырá ‘hole’, bu he e is ano he wo d o ‘hole’ in Sla ic wi h a sligh ly di e en o m (Bela ussian дзюрá, Uk ainian дра, Czech džu a, Polish dziu a ‘hole’). Taken a ace alue, i seems ha Sla ic had wo di e en s ems *dy - in Russian дырá (< PIE *d(h)ū -), *d’u - in Polish dziu a, e c. (< PIE *d(h)eu -); i is di icul o go beyond his basic s a emen and o de e mine he o iginal dis ibu ion be ween hese wo ablau g ades. The o mal p oblem is compounded by he widesp ead idea ha mos o he o ms ci ed abo e wi h he meaning ‘ o s ing, o p ick’ a e cogna e wi h he well-known PIE oo *de - ‘ o ea , o lay’ (G eek δέρω ‘ o lay’, Go hic dis- ai an ‘ o ea apa ’), which su i es in Old Chu ch Sla ic дьрати, Russian драть and Li huanian di i (p es. de ù) o d i (p es. di iù), La ian d â 9. This iew is p obably ill- ounded, bu , as i plays a c ucial ole in he e ymology o Li h. dù i, i has o be se iously assessed. T adi ionally, Li huanian di i (p es. de ù), d i (p es. di iù), and Old Chu ch Sla ic дерѫ, дьрати ‘ o ea ’ a e de i ed om PIE *de -, and he e b Li huanian dù i, La ian du ‘ o s ing’ is aced back o an al e na i e ze o g ade o he same oo 10. This analysis is p oblema ic. The acu e one o he Bal ic o ms (Li huanian dù i, La ian du ) poin s o a se oo , which is a odds wi h he de i a ion om PIE *de -. A PIE le el, he oo *de - is clea ly ani (c . G eek νεόδαρτος ‘newly s ipped o ’, Sansk i d á- < PIE *d- o-); he se a ian *de H- some imes men ioned in he li e a u e (c . SEJL 115) is ce ainly an 9 See e.g. BSW 52; SEJL 136. See also U bu is (2000: 229). 10 See e.g. Jēge s (1969); Smoczyński (2001: 148); Ka ulis (2001: 243). An agnos ic posi ion is p esen ed in EDBIL 147. I is no necessa y o eopen he deba e abou he dis ibu ion o i and u as di e ging e lexes o PIE ze o g ades in Bal o-Sla ic. DANIEL PETIT 18 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV illusion. To begin wi h, he acu e one o he Li huanian in ini i e d i (p es. di iù) is seconda y in compa ison wi h he ci cum lex one o di i (p es. de ù) and canno be used p ima acie as piece o e idence o a PIE se oo . Simila ly, he nasal in ix o m in Sansk i dṇ i ‘he ea s’, Young A es an də ənəṇ i ‘ hey ea ’ does no necessa ily suppose PIE *d-né/n-H-, bu can e lec he seconda y expansion o he nā- o ma ion. The e idence o PIE *de H- is hus based on shaky g ound and u ns ou o be comple ely un eliable. On he o he hand, he se cha ac e o Li huanian dù i, La ian du ‘ o s ing’ can ha dly be explained as seconda y: i is i mly es ablished in all o ms o he lexical amily and is suppo ed by a ious la yngeal-induced phenomena such as he acu e one o he owel (Li huanian dù -, La ian du- + consonan ) o i s compensa o y leng hening (Li huanian d - o wi h me a ony d -, La ian dũ - + owel). The cons an se cha ac e o he amily ules ou he possibili y ha i de i es om PIE *de - ‘ o ea , o lay’. A mo e se ious op ion, p oposed by he ALEW (I 249–250), is o de i e Li huanian dù i, La ian du ‘ o s ing’ om a di e en PIE oo *dhue h1- ‘ o damage, o hu ’ (c . Hi i e duua nizi ‘he b eaks’, Sansk i dh a i ‘he damages’)11. This analysis has he ad an age o sol ing he p oblem o he se cha ac e o he oo . Li huanian dù i, La ian du could ou inely be aced back o he ze o g ade *dhu h1-. In addi ion, his analysis would make i possible o sa e he ancien compa ison be ween La ian dũ e ‘ is ’ and Cel ic *du no- ‘ is , hand’ (Old I ish do n, Middle Welsh dw n, B e on dou n ‘ is ’), which shows he an iqui y o he owel u; he seman ic e olu ion (‘ o s ing’ → ‘ is ’) is i ial and pa alleled by he case o La in pungō ‘ o s ing’ → pugnus ‘ is ’. A a ian *dheu h1-, p obably a seconda y ull g ade o *dhu h1-, would nicely explain some o he Sla ic o ms (c . Bela ussian дзюрá, Uk ainian дра, Czech džu a, Polish dziu a ‘hole’), and he seconda y ablau g ade *dhou h1- could be di ec ly e lec ed by Sla ic *du ь ‘silliness, s upidi y’. The basic o m would be he ze o g ade *dhu h1-, s ill p ese ed in he Bal ic e b (Li huanian dù i) and ex ended o i s de i a i e (Li huanian d as, Old P ussian dū ai). F om a o mal poin o iew, he ela ionship be ween a e b *dū - i- and an adjec i e *dū -as in Bal ic is ce ainly seconda y, ep oducing he ablau g ade o he e b in he adjec i e wi hou any change, whe eas ha be ween *dū - i- and *dou os in Sla ic ollows an ablau pa e n ha appea s o be mo e widesp ead, c . he model o Bal o-Sla ic * oudos ‘ ed’ (Li huanian aũdas, Russian рудóй < 11 C . IEW 277; LIV 1140; EDHIL 905–908. Sansk i dh a i ‘he damages’ belongs o a se oo (c . he e bal adjec i e dh a-), bu he hema ic a ian dh á a i (< PIE *dhué h1-e/o-) was analyzed as ani, which ga e ise o a seconda y e bal adjec i e dh u á- ( om *dhu á-). A di e en econs uc ion is p oposed in he LIV 1140. S aipsniai / A icles 19 The O igin o Old P ussian dū ai PIE *h1 oudh-o- = Go hic auþs, Ru al La in ū us) s. * udē- i- ‘ o be ed’ (Li huanian ud i, Old Chu ch Sla ic ръдѣти < PIE *h1 udh-eh1- = La in ubē e): he p essu e o his ype is esponsible o he c ea ion o a seconda y o-g ade *dou os (as i PIE *dhou h1-o-) ins ead o PIE *dhuo h1-o- (PIE oo *dhue h1-). The Sla ic abs ac noun *du ь e lec ed by Russian дýрь ‘s upidi y’ and he de i a i e *du ъnъ ‘s upid, silly’ is ce ainly a seconda y o ma ion (as i om PIE *dhou h1-i-), pa allel o ins ances such as Old Chu ch Sla ic зъль ‘ he e il’ (= G eek κακία) om зълъ ‘bad, e il’ (= G eek πονηρός, κακός). The p oblem is wi h he seman ics o he lexical amily. The de i a ion o he meanings ‘silly, s upid’ and ‘shy, discou aged, emba assed, silen , sad’ om he basic meaning ‘ o s ing’ emains unmo i a ed a his poin . Fo some o hese o ms, o he compa isons we e made since he 19 h cen u y, bu wha hey ha e in common is a lo o imp ecisions in hei phonological o mo phological o mula ion. To begin wi h, he G eek adjec i e θοῦρος ‘ ushing, impe uous, u ious’ is o en compa ed wi h Old P ussian dū ai ‘shy’ and Russian дурнóй ‘silly, s upid’, bu i should p obably be le aside, since i is no likely o e lec a PIE o m *dhou h1-o-, bu mo e easonably belongs o he e b θρώσκω, ao is ἔθορον ‘ o sp ing, o leap up’, which supposes a di e en oo *dhe h3-: we ha e a ze o g ade *dhh3- in θρώσκω, ἔθορον and an o-g ade *dho (h3)-uo- (wi h Saussu e’s e ec ) in *θορ-ϝος > θοῦρος (wi h he Ionic G eek compensa o y leng hening esul ing om he all o he digamma). We a e hus le wi h he Bal o-Sla ic da a. As al eady said, i is likely ha , e en i hey a e sepa a ed by hei ablau , Sla ic *du - ( om *dhou h1-) and Bal ic *dū - ( om *dhu h1-) belong o he same amily. We ha e seen ha he seman ic di e ence is no coex ensi e wi h he o mal di e ence, since Slo enian dú belongs o Sla ic *du -, bu has he meaning ‘shy’, which seems o connec i di ec ly wi h Bal ic *dū as. The meaning o Old P ussian dū ai and Li huanian d as ‘shy, silen , aci u n’ is likely o de i e om a e b *dū - ‘ o emain silen , o be emba assed, o look down o he g ound’. This is sugges ed by he a ious e bs associa ed wi h his meaning, such as Li h. dū  i ‘ o wai , o emain silen , wi hou a wo d’ and d o i ‘ o be discou aged, o look down o he g ound, o ge dep essed’. In La ian, his meaning sp ead o he Sla ic loanwo d and i s amily, as shown by La ian duns ‘sad, emba assed, silly, isola ed’, du nê ‘ o go slowly, o be lazy, quie , o keep silen , o be un iendly, o be sick’. The sou ce o his meaning was men ioned in passing by F aenkel (LEW I 90 and 113), bu was clea ly seen by Mažiulis (PKEŽ 11988: I 239; 22013: 149). The e is in Li huanian a ph ase nudù i aks  žẽmę ‘ o look down o he g ound’ (li e ally: ‘ o s ick down one’s eyes o he g ound’):