τέρνακα: An Indo-European Ghost?

Įž algos / Insigh s 291 CARLO MARIA PERTICA Uni e si à Ca’ Fosca i Venezia ORCID id: o cid.o g/0009-0001-3385-5828 Fields o esea ch: Indo-Eu opean and G eek nominal sys em and e ymology. DOI: doi.o g/10.35321/all88-13 τέρνακα: AN INDO-EUROPEAN GHOST? τέρνακα: indoeu opie iškas žodis aiduoklis? ANNOTATION This no e aims o poin ou how Hesychian τέρνακα ‘s alk o he ca doon’, despi e he no ewo hy closeness o o he Indo-Eu opean o ms, should be a he conside ed a simple misspelling o an o iginal acc. sing. πτέρνικα om Theoph as us’ His o ia Plan a um. None heless, he possibili y ha in Theoph as us’ ex was ac ually a es ed τέρναξ, he G eek adap a ion o an I anian phy onym, canno be comple ely uled ou . KEYWORDS: Indo-Eu opean e ymology, Hesychius, ex ual c i icism, I anian languages. ANOTACIJA Šio eks o ikslas y a paaiškin i, kodėl Hesichijaus τέρνακα ‘dygiojo a išoko s iebas’, nepaisan aki aizdaus panašumo į ki as indoeu opie iškas o mas, u ė ų bū i laikomas pap asčiausia o iginalios ienaskai os galininko o mos πτέρνικα iš Teo as o eikalo His o ia Plan a um ašybos klaida. Nepaisan o, ne eikė ų a mes i galimybės, kad Teo as o eikale iš ik ųjų bu o paliudy a o ma τέρναξ – i anėnų i onimo adap acija g aikų kalboje. ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: indoeu opie iška e imologija, Hesichijus, eks o k i ika, i anėnų kalbos. In Hesychius’ Lexicon, unde he le e τ (545), he e is a lemma τέρνακα· τῆς κάκτου τοῦ φυτοῦ καυλός ‘(li .) s em o he plan o he ca doon’. Alois Walde and Julius Poko ny (1927: 641) we e he i s o associa e his hapax wi h Sk . ṇa- [n.] ‘g ass, s aw’, Go. þau nus [m.] ‘ ho n, ON þo n [m.] CARLO MARIA PERTICA 292 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII ‘id.’, OHG do n [m.] ‘id.’, OCS ъnъ [m.] ‘id.’, e c. Seman ically, he connec ion seemed s aigh o wa d due o he ho ny na u e o he ca doon plan , e en i , on he o mal side, i was necessa y o assume qui e an a icula ed de elopmen . Hjalma F isk (1970: 881) ied o sol e his p oblem hypo hesizing ha he phy onym τέρναξ esul ed om he emodeling on δόναξ, -ακος [m.] ‘ eed’ o an o iginal *τέρνον / τέρνος, ou come o a ull-g ade o m o * ŕnos (o * ŕnom) ‘ ho n’.1 On he o he side, Pie e Chan aine (1968: 1107) and Robe Beekes (2010: 1470) op ed o emain cau ious abou he ac ual Indo-Eu opean o igin o his wo d.2 Ne e heless, a mo e likely solu ion o his li le linguis ic iddle has been poin ed ou by Pe e A. Hansen and Ian C. Cunningham in hei edi ion o he Hesychian ex (2009: 30). The “o igin” o his wo d should be, in ac , a he connec ed o he misspelling o an o iginal acc. sing. πτέρνικα ‘ his le s em’ om Theoph as us’ His o ia Plan a um (4 h–3 d cen u y BC; Thph . HP 6.4.11): “Ἕτερον δὲ καυλὸν ὀρθὸν ἀφίησιν, ὃν καλοῦσι πτέρνικα” ‘The e is ano he kind which sends up an e ec s em, called he p e nix’. The simila i y o he wo o ms, he accusa i e case, oge he wi h he ex ual con ex , s ongly a gue in a o o conside ing τέρνακα a mons um o igina ing om πτέρνικα, a de i a i e o πτέρνη [ .] ‘heel’.3 The p esence o πτέρνικα in his passage is, mo eo e , con i med by A henaeus’ Deipnosophis ae (3 d cen u y AD; 2.70e). The ac ha his wo d is lis ed unde he le e τ poses no p oblem since i is ce ainly possible ha Hesychius (5 h o 6 h cen u y AD), i no an ea lie lexicog aphe u ilized by him, ound his wo d in a Theoph as us’ o A henaeus’ al eady co up ed ex (no e how πτέρνικα is no elsewhe e p esen in he Lexicon). Fo he sake o comple eness, an al e na i e scena io should, howe e , be aken in o accoun . The su ixal ex ension -ακ- s ongly esembles he one in *-aka o he I anian languages and, mo eo e , aces o a hypo he ical I anian p o o o m * n-aka- a e ound in some Middle I anian languages: c . Kho an Saka a a- ‘he b, g ass’, Zo . Pahla i lk / a ak/ ‘ga den he bs’, and, hen, Classical Pe sian a ah ‘Schni lauch’ (Bailey 1979: 123; May ho e 1992: 664). The wo d is un o una ely no known in A es an, whe e in he sequence CRnV 1 Hypo hesis accep ed e.g. in Mallo y & Adams 1997: 575. 2 Mo e bibliog aphy a Lloyd, e al. 1998: s. . do n1. 3 Seemingly on he model o o he phy onyms in -ιξ such as ἅρπιξ / ἅπριξ ‘ ype o ho nbush’, e c. C . Rigobianco 2021: 18 o a case o modeling o phy onyms a e lexical connec ions in Ancien G eek. τέρνακα: An Indo-Eu opean Ghos ? Įž algos / Insigh s 293 he esonan s n a e p ese ed wi hou any assimila ion (c . a ənā- ‘animal wool’ < *(h2)ulh1-neh2-). Conside ing his in o ma ion (as well as he ac ha πτέρνικα i sel is no elsewhe e a es ed), one migh ce ainly also concei e ha in His o ia Plan a um 6.4.11 was o iginally epo ed τέρνακα, a G eek adap a ion o some Old Pe sian o Median o m ou come o PI . * n-aka-.4 The Hesychian Lexicon would, hus, be he sole wi ness o he co ec lesson. To conclude, he econs uc ion o Co e P o o-Indo-Eu opean * ŕnos / * ŕnom ‘ ho n’ does no change d as ically a e he e lec ions he eby p o ided: i is simply no longe equi ed o somehow assume an unso ed ull-g ade G eek o ma ion. PIE * ŕnos [m.] / * ŕnom [n.] ‘ ho n’ PII . * ŕnam [n.] ‘ ho n; blade o g ass’ (bo owed in o P o o-U alic, c . * a na in Holopainen 2019: 273–274) PNu . (S and 2011) Wes e n and No heas e n Ka ë â·′i ‘ ho n; b amble’ Sou heas e n Ka ë âňʹi ‘id.’ PIA . * ŕnam Sk . ṛṇa- [n.] ‘g ass, he b’, e c. PI . * n-(aka-) Kho an Saka a a- ‘he b, g ass’, e c. BSl. * í nas [m.] ‘ ho n’ PSl. * ь nъ [m.] ‘id.’ (De ksen 2008: 505) OCS ъnъ ‘ἄκανθα’, e c. PGm. *þu na- [m.] ‘ ho n, b ia ’ (K oonen 2013: 552–553) Go. þau nus [m.] ‘ ho n’ (< *þu nu-), ON þo n [m.] ‘id.’, e c. 4 OP kā a aka- ‘ a ele ; o eign me cena y’ ~ G . κάρδαξ, -κος ‘Pe sian e m o o eign me cena ies’ (Hinz 1975: 148) would be a good analogous case. The p ese a ion o he clus e n and he ela su ix is con i med by Elami e ansc ip ions o Old Pe sian and Median wo ds and an h oponyms: c ., among o he s, ši- a-ba -na /çī a- a nah-/, i.e. ‘whose Fo une is beau i ul’ (Hinz 1975: 76) o he n clus e and ši- a-ak-qa /çī akā/ (Hinz 1975: 77) o he ela su ix. CARLO MARIA PERTICA 294 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII REFERENCES Bailey Ha old W. 1979: Dic iona y o Kho an Saka, Camb idge: Camb idge Uni e si y P ess. Beekes Robe 2010: E ymological Dic iona y o G eek, wi h he assis ance o L. an Beek, Leiden, Bos on: B ill. Chan aine Pie e 1968: Dic ionnai e é ymologique de la langue g ecque, Pa is: Klincksieck. De ksen Rick 2008: E ymological Dic iona y o he Sla ic Inhe i ed Lexicon, Leiden, Bos on: B ill. F isk Hjalma 1970: G iechisches e ymologisches Wö e buch, Bd. 2, Heidelbe g: Ca l Win e . Hansen Pe e A., Cunningham Ian C. 2009: Hesychii Alexand ini Lexicon, ol. 4 (T–Ω), Be lin: De G uy e . Hinz Wal he 1975: Al i anisches Sp achgu de Nebenübe lie e ungen, Wiesbaden: Ha assowi z. Holopainen Sampsa 2019: Indo-I anians bo wings in U alic, Helsinki: Facul y o A s, Uni e si y o Helsinki: PhD disse a ion. K oonen Guus 2013: E ymological Dic iona y o P o o-Ge manic, Leiden, Bos on: B ill. Lloyd Albe L., Lüh Rosema ie, Sp inge O o 1998: E ymologisches Wö e buch des Al hochdeu schen 2, Gö ingen: Vandenhoeck & Rup ech . Mallo y James P., Adams Douglas Q. 1997: Encyclopedia o Indo-Eu opean cul u e, London: Fi z oy Dea bo n. May ho e Man ed 1992: E ymologisches Wö e buch des Al indoa ischen 1, Heidelbe g: Ca l Win e . Rigobianco Luca 2021: I i onimi φέως, ἱππόφεως, ἱπποφαές e ἱππόφαιστον: una his oi e des mo s. – A chi io Glo ologico I aliano 106, 195–221. S and Richa d 2011: Lexicons o he Hindu-Kush: Kâm ʹi i, Kâ ʹa- a i, Kalaṣa-alâ, Saňu- i: i, Aćha ê âʹ, Bhaṭʹesa-zib, and Pax ʹo, on-line e sion. A ailable a : h p:// nu is an.in o/lngF ameL.h ml [ e ie ed 2023-04-09]. Walde Alois, Poko ny Julius 1927: Ve gleichendes Wö e buch de indoge manischen Sp achen, Be lin, Leipzig: De G uy e . τέρνακα: An Indo-Eu opean Ghos ? Įž algos / Insigh s 295 Acknowledgmen s: I am g ea ly indeb ed o he anonymous Indo-Eu opeanis e iewe (s) o poin ing ou a possible I anian solu ion, as well as o D . Luca Rigobianco and Simone Ma cazzan o hei ex emely help ul eedback. τέρνακα: indoeu opie iškas žodis aiduoklis? SANTRAUKA G aikų kalbos žodis τέρνακα (gal.) ‘dygiojo a išoko s iebas’, Hesichijaus hapax, anksčiau bu o į ai iai siejamas su indoeu opiečių p okalbės pama inio šaknies balsių kai os laipsnio a ian u * ŕnos / * ŕnom ‘spyglys’, paliudy u indoi anėnų, sla ų i ge manų kalbose. Šio palyginimo eikė ų a sisaky i, nes ikė ina, kad τέρνακα eikė ų sie i su eks u, ku iame bu o pada y a πτέρνικα (gal.) ‘usnies s iebas’ ( edinys iš Teo as o πτέρνη ‘kulnas’) ašybos klaida. Vis dėl o, negalima a mes i galimybės, kad Teo as o eks e o iginali o ma bu o τέρνακα – i anėnų i onimo, kilusio iš i anėnų p okalbės žodžio * n-aka- ‘žolė’ (ku io pėdsakai andami kai ku iose idu io i anėnų kalbose), adap acija g aikų kalboje. Tai eikš ų, kad Hesichijus bu o ienin elis o iginalios o mos liudininkas. Į eik a 2023 m. balandžio 11 d. CARLO MARIA PERTICA 1 T a e sa XXIV Vill. P ealpino, 25136 B escia (BS), I aly ca loma ia.pe ic[email p o ec ed]