Reproduction Peculiarities of the Modern Political Discourse

254 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII OLEKSANDRA V. POPOVA The S a e Ins i u ion “Sou h Uk ainian Na ional Pedagogical Uni e si y named a e K. D. Ushynsky” ORCID id: o cid.o g/0000-0002-6244-5473 Fields o esea ch: eaching English and Chinese o u u e ansla o s/in e p e e s ( eaching ools and socio-poli ical backg ound o de eloping skills in lis ening comp ehension, speaking, eading and w i ing); T ansla ion S udies (discou se analysis, adequacy o ansla ion, ansla o ial compe ence, ac ic and s a egic issues o ansla ion); Gene al Linguis ics; Compa a i e Linguis ics, e c. ILONA M. DERIK The S a e Ins i u ion “Sou h Uk ainian Na ional Pedagogical Uni e si y named a e K. D. Ushynsky” ORCID id: o cid.o g/0000-0002-8979-4745 Fields o esea ch: T ansla ion S udies, Gene al Linguis ics, S ylis ic In e p e a ion, Discou se S udies, Ge manis ics. NATALYA S. ZHMAYEVA The S a e Ins i u ion “Sou h Uk ainian Na ional Pedagogical Uni e si y named a e K. D. Ushynsky” ORCID id: o cid.o g/0000-0003-3382-0155 Fields o esea ch: Discou se Analysis, Tex Linguis ics, T ansla ion S udies. DOI: doi.o g/10.35321/all88-12 REPRODUCTION PECULIARITIES OF THE MODERN POLITICAL DISCOURSE Šiuolaikinio poli inio disku so e imo ypa umai S aipsniai / A icles 255 Rep oduc ion Peculia i ies o he Mode n Poli ical Discou se ANNOTATION The a icle deals wi h he issues ela ed o he concep o e alua i e-a i udinal ca ego y ep esen ed in linguis ics and i s mani es a ion in poli ical discou se. The au ho s in es iga e he s uc u e o add essee’s posi i e and nega i e a i udes owa ds a ce ain si ua ion, which gene a es emo ional componen o conno a ion. Special a en ion is gi en o he seman ic s uc u e o e alua i e a i udes and means o hei exp ession. The no ions “e alua i e- a i udinal ca ego y”, “poli ical discou se” and “poli ical communica ion” a e conside ed om di e en iewpoin s. The unc ions o he poli ical ex alongside ansla ion s a egies ( he s a egy o e ia y ansla ion) and ac ics ( ansla ional g amma ical ans o ma ions – pe mu a ions, subs i u ions, addi ions and omissions) a e de e mined. The au ho s gi e examples o how in e locu o s’ pa icula eelings a ise by means o emo ional s uc u e o exclama o y and he o ical ques ions, exclama ions, exp essions o g a i ude, p aise, condemna ion, e c. on he ma e ial o Uk ainian poli ical ex s. The ways o hei ep oduc ion in English a e p esen ed. KEYWORDS: poli ical discou se, e alua i e a i udes, ansla ion s a egies and ac ics, emo ional conno a ion, seman ics. ANOTACIJA S aipsnyje analizuojami su e inamojo požiū io ka ego ijos są oka kalbo y oje susiję klausimai i šios ka ego ijos ap aiškos poli iniame disku se. Au o iai i ia eigiamo i neigiamo ad esa o požiū io į am ik ą si uaciją s uk ū ą, ku i suku ia emocinį kono acijos komponen ą. Daug dėmesio ski iama e inamojo požiū io seman inei s uk ū ai i aiškos p iemonėms. Są okos „ e inamojo požiū io ka ego ija“, „poli inis disku sas“ i „poli inė komunikacija“ y a e inamos į ai iais aspek ais. S aipsnyje nus a omos poli inio eks o unkcijos, e imo s a egijos ( e imo e iesiems asmenims s a egija) i ak ikos ( e imo g ama inės ans o macijos – pakei imai, sukei imai, p idėjimai i p aleidimai). Au o iai pa eikia Uk ainos poli inių eks ų pa yzdžių, ilius uojančių, kaip am ik i pašneko ų jausmai kyla naudojan šaukiamųjų i e o inių klausimų emocinę s uk ū ą, sušukimus, dėkingumo, pagy imo, pasme kimo i ki as azes. Pa eikiami jų e imo į anglų kalbą būdai. ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: poli inis disku sas, e inamasis požiū is, e imo s a egijos i ak ikos, emocinė kono acija, seman ika. 1. INTRODUCTION E alua i e a i ude is conside ed a a he gene alized phenomenon ha can be equa ed wi h cogni i e ac i i y. E alua i e ac i i y is cha ac e is ic o human OLEKSANDRA V. POPOVA, ILONA M. DERIK, NATALYA S. ZHMAYEVA 256 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII na u e, since he en i e en i onmen pe cei ed by a pe son co ela es wi h he exis ing e alua i e pic u e o he wo ld. E alua i e a i ude as a ca ego y has i mly en e ed he ield o di e se linguis ic s udies. The e m “a i ude” has been widely used in a icles, monog aphs and disse a ions o a long ime. The e alua ion ca ego y was s udied by many domes ic and o eign scien is s (Kosmeda 2000; P ychod’ko 2001; Os o s’ka 2001; Kolšanskij 2018; A u juno a 1984; Vol’ 1985; e al.). The in e ac ion be ween a pe son and his/he en i onmen con ibu es o he de elopmen o an e alua i e ision o he wo ld. The e alua i e na u e o human cogni ion is highligh ed in many s udies. I is gene ally accep ed ha he decisi e unc ion o communica ion is gi en o ocabula y. Aleksande I. Iliadi (2022: 30‒63) ocuses on e ymological ea u es o Sla ic-I anic compound wo ds which ha e ans o med hei seman ics. Thus, ancien and mode n seman ics o lexis mus be aken in o accoun while communica ing unde oday’s condi ions. The in e ac ion be ween a pe son and his/he en i onmen con ibu es o he de elopmen o an e alua i e ision o he wo ld. The e alua i e na u e o human cogni ion is highligh ed in many s udies. Nina D. A u juno a (1984) a ibu es he e alua i e a i ude o pu e human ca ego ies. On he one hand, he e alua ion is de e mined by he physical and men al na u e o a pe son, his/he being and eelings; on he o he hand, i de e mines a pe son’s way o hinking, his/he ac i i y, a i ude o o he people and objec s o eali y, pe cep ion o a (A u juno a 1984). E alua i e a i ude as a ca ego y is s udied in a ious ields o knowledge like philosophy, logics, e hics, and psychology. Mode n psychology claims ha a i ude is closely ela ed o he cogni i e unc ion. E alua i e a i udes a ise wi hin communica ion which can be o di e en na u e: social, in e pe sonal, cul u al, poli ical, mass-o ien ed (Lasswell 2006; McLuhan, Fio e 1967; Powell, Cowa 2016; Shannon 1948). The aim and cou se o communica ion a e subs an ia ed by social componen s (Habe mas 2000; Mo enko 2005; Sosnin, Mychnenko, Ly yno a 2011). Communica ion is ealized ia language signs, a common sys em o symbols, as well as ex alinguis ic means ( acial exp essions, ges u es, e c.) which may gene a e manipula ion in compliance wi h speake s’ aims and goals (Oleško 2006). Hence, we can assume ha du ing in o ma ion exchange communican s a e inclined o change hei ways o hinking (Ha e, Smi h 1995; Pa ygin 1999). The p ocess o ans e ing in o ma ion is classi ied in o e bal, non- e bal, emo ional, cogni i e. Psychologis s and language philosophe s conside ha communica ion mus ha e pe suasi e ools, including manipula ion echniques, o achie ing posi i e e ec s and de eloping social consciousness (And ee a 2000; Če no a, Slo ina 2012; Holo a yj 2006; Chmilja 2017). S aipsniai / A icles 257 Rep oduc ion Peculia i ies o he Mode n Poli ical Discou se Poli ical discou se, alongside o he ypes o discou se (adminis a i e, legal, mili a y, pedagogical, eligious, medical, economic, ad e ising, spo s- ela ed, scien i ic, media-based, e c.) belongs o ins i u ional discou se (Van Dijk 1995). I is e ealed, o a g ea ex en , in social en i onmen and in ol es he use o pa icula e bal and a i ude-p o oking means. The con ex ual backg ound o each pa icula discou se should be analyzed in o de o cognize how i unc ions and be able o model i s p ocess and ou comes (Ha is 1952; Sсhi in, Tannen, Hamil on 2001; Bace yč 2010; Ka asik 2010; Shymko 2021). I should be no ed ha nowadays Uk aine is li ing h ough complica ed imes connec ed wi h he mili a y ac ions. The e o e, poli ical ac i i y plays an essen ial ole in all sphe es o li e: social, cul u al, educa ional, economic, diploma ic, e c. The Uk ainians’ pe cep ion o he Go e nmen ’s decisions depends upon hei means and ways o ende ing socially impo an in o ma ion o he ci izens o Uk aine. Since Uk aine is in eg a ing in o he Eu opean Union, he ansla o ’s/in e p e e ’s mission has gained i s signi icance. These a e ansla o s/in e p e e s who ep esen Uk aine on he wo ld a ena and hei unde s anding o deno a i e and conno a i e seman ics e lec s on he esul s o ansmi ing poli ical “messages” o pa ne coun ies. In iew o he abo e, he ele ance o he wo k is de e mined by he need o a mo e in-dep h s udy o he p oblems ela ed o ep oduc ion o he e alua i e-a i udinal ca ego y wi hin he amewo k o poli ical discou se in he ansla ion s udies aspec , as well as an analysis o he peculia i ies o i s ep oduc ion when ansla ing he designa ed ex s om Uk ainian in o English. The speeches o he P esiden o Uk aine Volodymy Zelenskyi con ain e alua i e and a i udinal conno a ions which a e endowed wi h nega i e and posi i e seman ics. Unde he designa ed condi ions, i is o g ea impo ance o adequa ely decode hem, on he one hand, and o ans o m hei essence in o English, on he o he hand. Thus, he linguis ic and ex alinguis ic amewo k o Volodymy Zelenskyi’s o iginal speeches and hei ac ualiza ions in he a ge language (English) a e ou esea ch objec s; he means o ansla ing e alua i e and a i udinal ocabula y om Uk ainian in o English wi hin he ma e ial unde s udy a e he esea ch subjec . The aim o he cu en esea ch is o e eal he meaning o he concep o e alua i e-a i udinal ca ego y in linguis ics and i s mani es a ion in poli ical discou se. The aim is based on he ollowing goals: • o analyze he means o exp essing a i udes in he sou ce language (Uk ainian); • o de ec ansla ion means o ende ing a i udes in he a ge language (English). OLEKSANDRA V. POPOVA, ILONA M. DERIK, NATALYA S. ZHMAYEVA 258 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII Resea ch ma e ial and me hodology. The Uk ainian ex s o he speeches and daily add esses o he P esiden o Uk aine Volodymy Zelenskyi wi hin he pe iod om Ma ch 2022 o Decembe 2022 as well as hei ansla ions in o English we e chosen as he esea ch ma e ial. These ma e ials we e pos ed on he o icial websi e o he O ice o he P esiden o Uk aine (a ailable a : h ps://www.p esiden . go .ua/news/speeches), in Twi e , and Facebook. The olume o he sou ce ex s accoun s o 65 condi ional p in ed shee s. Comp ehensi e analysis o he Uk ainian public discou se in ou case in ol es he in eg a ed applica ion o scien i ic esea ch me hods, in pa icula : • sampling me hod – o o m he empi ical ma e ial wi hin poli ical discou se; • linguis ic analysis – o iden i y linguis ic and ex alinguis ic e alua i e and a i udinal ma ke s o poli ical discou se; • he me hod o heo e ical gene aliza ion o he ma e ial unde ocus – o de ec he adequa e ansla ion means o be used while ep oducing he speeches o he Uk ainian poli ical leade – he P esiden o Uk aine Volodymy Zelenskyi – in o English aking in o conside a ion linguis ic ea u es o Uk ainian and English; • he me hod o ansla ion analysis – o iden i y ansla ion peculia i ies o ende ing he ma e ial unde s udy in o English. 2. THE EVALUATIVE-ATTITUDINAL CATEGORY: THE LINGUISTIC ASPECT, ITS SUBJECT AND OBJECT IN EVALUATIVE-ATTITUDINAL STATEMENTS Language enables he e lec ion o human ela ionship wi h he su ounding wo ld in a ious aspec s. This is especially ue o he a i ude (e alua ion). E alua ion-a i ude can be conside ed a comp ehensi e ca ego y; i is wo h assuming ha he e is ha dly a language in he wo ld which has no p ope names o good o bad. This issue s ill emains u gen due o he di e si y o he s udy o he e alua i e and a i udinal ca ego y and a ious app oaches o he de e mina ion o e alua i e and a i udinal alues as well as he analysis o e alua i e and a i udinal ca ego ies. In addi ion, e aluabili y is a a he complex phenomenon o u he analysis and unde s anding and i is s udied no only in linguis ics, bu also in many o he sciences. The in e es o linguis s in he in-dep h s udy S aipsniai / A icles 259 Rep oduc ion Peculia i ies o he Mode n Poli ical Discou se o he e alua i e and a i udinal ca ego y is only g owing hanks o he p esence o a wide ange o i s exp ession means. E e y day, a pe son has o lea n abou en i onmen al phenomena and exp ess his/he a i ude owa ds hem. E alua ion is a componen o he p ocess aimed a e lec ing e e yday eali y and es ablishing an a i udinal ela ionship be ween he subjec and he objec . Today, he s udy o he e alua i e and a i udinal ca ego y is o pa icula impo ance, as he issue ela ed o he ela ionship and in e ac ion be ween seman ics and p agma ics becomes ele an , bo h in heo e ical and p ac ical aspec s. The con en o e alua ion and a i ude has always been he subjec o deba e among philosophe s, logicians, and linguis s. The conce n was caused by he lack o clea c i e ia o e alua ion and a i ude. The philosophical ca ego y o e alua ion and a i ude is cha ac e ized by he ollowing unc ions: wo ld iew- cen e ed, me hodological (gi es a pe son a gene al o ien a ion in he wo ld), logical (pa icipa es in he men al p ocess), p ac ical, and he unc ion o ien ed o he de elopmen o spi i ual cul u e (Zag ae skaja 2007). The main di ec ion in he s udy o he e alua i e and a i udinal ca ego y by mode n scien is s is ela ed o he de ini ion o e alua i e and a i udinal meanings and exp ession means. Nowadays, his esea ch has expanded o he s udies o i s seman ic, unc ional and p agma ic ea u es, compa ed o he ac ha scien is s’ a en ion used o be ocused only on he analysis o e alua i e and a i udinal seman ics and s uc u e. The e is an assump ion ha e alua ion and a i ude a e closely ela ed o p agma ics. Tha is, he speake in ends o in luence he lis ene in o de o o m his/he app op ia e eac ion. In he ield o linguis ics, he ca ego y o e alua ion causes a numbe o disag eemen s. Many au ho s o en conside he e ms “assessmen ” and “e aluabili y” o be iden ical. When explaining he ela ionship be ween hese concep s, we should s a e ha e aluabili y e e s o he linguis ic implemen a ion o he logical ca ego y o e alua ion, ha is, he p ope y o language uni s o exp ess a i udinal signi icance. E alua ion is conside ed as an opinion abou he a i ude, le el o p ope y o an objec . The concep “a i ude” ac s as a basis o e alua i e judgmen , ha is, in he p ocess o ela ing he subjec o e alua ion o he a i udinal pic u e o he wo ld, he e alua ion o he objec o eali y is o med. As a esul , e alua ion, objec i ied by language and exp essed by linguis ic means, u ns in o e aluabili y (Hele a, Žmaè a 2022: 31–43). O en, he wo d combina ions “ca ego y o e alua ion” and “ca ego y o e aluabili y” a e used in a simila o he same con ex , bu cu en ly he e is no clea dis inc ion be ween hese concep s, and in mos cases, hey a e used in e changeably. I is impo an o no e ha he use o he e m “ca ego y o e alua ion” is la gely ela ed o he de ini ion o a logical ca ego y and OLEKSANDRA V. POPOVA, ILONA M. DERIK, NATALYA S. ZHMAYEVA 260 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII i s implemen a ion in language, while he ca ego y o e aluabili y mani es s i sel mainly as a linguis ic concep , especially as a componen o conno a ion (Hele a, Žmaè a 2022: 31–43). E alua ion is conside ed he main ca ego y o eali y. A pe son analyzes he en i e su ounding wo ld: eali ies, objec s, phenomena, p ope ies, ways o beha io . Pe son’s hough s, ac ions, and eelings a e also analyzed. The e o e, almos any hing can be he subjec o e alua ion. E alua ion is a ac o gene a ing he o ma ion o a pic u e o he wo ld alues and a i udes, since alues and a i udes a e inhe en in e e y cul u e. A posi i e o nega i e a i ude owa ds a pe son, objec o phenomenon, due o he con o mi y o non-con o mi y o i s quali ies wi h he e alua ion c i e ia o he e alua ion subjec , i.e., emo ional e alua ion (Ma kelo a 1993), like any e alua ion s uc u e, is e lec ed by wo ac o s: objec i e and subjec i e, and ep esen s he subjec o he e alua ion o he objec and he p ope ies o he objec i sel o which he e alua ion is di ec ed. All e alua ions a e based on he human sys em o alues and ep esen a complex seman ic pola i y o he p edica e pai , i.e., good/bad, posi i e/ nega i e, e c., which helps o de e mine he alue o objec s a all linguis ic le els. The e alua ion ca ego y has a lo in common wi h he modali y ca ego y. Since he e bal exp ession o subjec i e a i udes and e alua ions is ac ualized only in he p ocess o communica ion, acco dingly, he subjec i e modali y is a ca ego y o communica ion exp essing he subjec i e ela ionship o he con en o he s a emen . E alua ion is a conscious phenomenon ha e lec s he esul o unde s anding he alue o en i onmen al phenomena. Ways o e alua ing li e ac s, pe cei ed h ough pe son’s own o gene ally accep ed sys ems o alues, no ms and laws, a e inhe en in each indi idual. Scien is s’ a en ion is ocused on he s udy o a ious aspec s o e alua ion: he co ela ion o exp ession, modali y and e alua ion; means o exp essing e alua ion, objec s o e alua ion, he meaning o e alua ion ca ego ies in ansla ion, gende aspec s o e alua ion hesau us, classi ica ion o wo d- e alua ion o ms and e alua ion; speech ac s, e c. E alua ion, as a unc ional-seman ic ca ego y, ex ends o all le els o language and is ep esen ed by a se o language uni s wi h an e alua i e-a i udinal alue which exp ess he posi i e o nega i e a i ude o he speake o he con en o he message aimed a he implemen a ion o a ce ain communica i e ask (K ysano a 1999). E alua ion is a consequence o he unc ional-communica i e ocus o discou se. I s o ma ion is in luenced no only by i s immedia e ope a o s, bu also by many o he ac o s: p esupposi ion, cul u al and social ision o he wo ld, knowledge o psychology, habi s, iews o he sende o in o ma ion, S aipsniai / A icles 261 Rep oduc ion Peculia i ies o he Mode n Poli ical Discou se knowledge o he con en o he ex ha immedia ely p ecedes he message (P ychod’ko 2001). Due o he ac ha e alua ion is cogni i e in na u e, i can be conside ed logical-subjec i e. E alua i e and cogni i e unc ions o language a e closely ela ed. A he same ime, hey a e equal, e alua ing accompanies cognizing. In he p ocess o e alua ing, cogni ion is c ea ed. The in e dependence o e alua ion and cogni ion belongs o he ield o cogni i e linguis ics. An exclusi ely cogni i e app oach, which egula es he ela ionship be ween language and hinking, is mo e app op ia e o he s udy o he e alua ion ca ego y, as i s udies a pe son’s cogni i e ac i i ies. E alua ing, as a p ocess o pe cei ing and p ocessing in o ma ion, is o ien ed owa ds decision-making and helps o choose u he p ac ical ac ions. A pe son acknowledges he su ounding wo ld and makes sense o i , he e o e, in his/ he e e yday li e, he/she has he abili y o e alua e speech ac s in his/he daily p ac ice. The o igin o he concep “e aluabili y” ixes in i s meaning a leas h ee essen ial elemen s: a desc ip ion o he ex e nal p ope ies o objec s and hings as objec s o a pe son’s aluable a i ude owa ds hem; psycho ypes o he pe son himsel /he sel as he subjec o hese ela ions, ela ionships be ween people and hei communica ion. Thanks o his, alues acqui e a gene alized meaning. Each ca ego y o alues has a basic meaning o alue – objec i e, psychological and social. By lea ning he na u e o an objec o phenomenon, a pe son e eals ce ain aspec s o social ela ions. The impo ance o a hing o a phenomenon is de e mined p ima ily by he social a i ude owa ds i , and alues, bo h indi idual and uni e sal. As he mos comple e exp ession o he li e expe ience o a pa icula socie y, alues a e o med in o a ce ain sys em which he indi idual adhe es o in he p ocess o his/he own e alua ion. Indi idual alues a e a pe sonal ep oduc ion o gene al o collec i e alues. Each pe son has his/he own ones, depending on he communica ion peculia i ies o a pa icula pe son. Iden i ica ion, assignmen , and assimila ion o social alues by indi iduals a e de e mined by hei social iden i ica ion wi h he alues o small con ac g oups in e locu o s belong o. Vinog ado ’s opinion o ha “ he wo d shines wi h he exp essi e colo s o social en i onmen ” s ill emains ele an . The schola assumes ha “ e lec ing he pe sonali y (indi idual o collec i e) o he speake , cha ac e izing his/ he e alua ion o eali y, i is expedien o highligh ha his/he pe sonal e alua ion quali ies him/he as a ep esen a i e o one o ano he social g oup. Exp ession is always subjec i e and pe sonal – om he mos lee ing o he mos s able one, om he exci emen o a momen o he pe manence o a OLEKSANDRA V. POPOVA, ILONA M. DERIK, NATALYA S. ZHMAYEVA 262 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII pe son alongside his/he immedia e en i onmen , class, epoch, people, cul u e” (Vinog ado 1986: 135). In an indi idual e alua ion, he au ho e lec s no only his/he a i ude, bu also he gene ally accep ed p inciple o hings ha exis s in his socie y. Tha is, e en in he case o a subjec i e e alua ion, he e is a concep o a no ma i e posi ion. Thus, he s e eo ypical pe cep ion o he subjec o he e alua ion in ela ion o he no ma i e s a e o a ai s, which is accep ed in his socie y, is one o he c i e ia on he basis o which he e alua ion is gi en. The lack o a gene al opinion ega ding he independence o he e alua i e and a i udinal ca ego y p omp s us o conside i as a cons i uen elemen o he compa ison ca ego y, highligh ing he in eg al ca ego y o “compa ison and e alua ion”. Such a gene aliza ion is no de oid o meaning, because “ o compa e means o exp ess one’s a i ude, o “e alua e”, “ o measu e”, guided by ou eelings and ou passions” (Ka ce skij 1976: 107–112). Elena M. Vol’ belie es ha e alua ion in ol es he inhe en quali ies o he subjec , i.e., i con ains an objec i e componen . Acco ding o Vol’ , he subjec o e alua ion is based on bo h pe sonal a i ude owa ds he objec o e alua ion and s e eo ypical a i udes owa ds he objec (Vol’ 1985). The selec ion o e alua ion ypes is one o he p oblems o e alua ion esea ch. The e a e a numbe o a ing classi ica ions based on a ious c i e ia. Vol’ (1985) di ides e alua ions in o emo ional and a ional ones. Emo ional e alua ion is p ima ily an indi idual e alua ion which is a di ec eac ion o an objec . I is based on indi idual s e eo ypes con ained in he imagina ion o a pa icula speake . The alue o a ional e alua ion ends o emo e ime ames. Emo ional e alua ion is aimed a changing he emo ional s a e o he in e locu o and causing an app op ia e eac ion, while a ional e alua ion is designed o ag ee o disag ee wi h he exp essed opinion (Hele a, Žmaè a 2022: 31–43). Depending on he numbe o e alua ion objec s, absolu e o ela i e e alua ions a e dis inguished. To de ine absolu e e alua ion, we can use he e ms “good” and “bad” and o de ine he ela i e (compa a i e) one – he e ms “be e ” and “wo se”. When dealing wi h absolu e e alua ion, usually, he e alua ion objec is one, and when dealing wi h ela i e e alua ion, he e a e wo objec s. In o he wo ds, absolu e e alua ion con ains an implici compa ison based on he commonali y o social s e eo ypes, whe eas compa a i e e alua ion consis s in compa ing objec s wi h each o he (Sapi 1985: 43–78). As a esul , acco ding o he na u e o e alua ion, i can be di ided in o posi i e, nega i e and neu al, based on app o al, condemna ion o he absence o p onounced cha ac e is ics. Scien is s claim ha di e en ypes o e alua ion can be exp essed di e en ly in language (Hele a, Žmaè a 2022: 31–43). S aipsniai / A icles 269 Rep oduc ion Peculia i ies o he Mode n Poli ical Discou se 4. THE SPECIFICITY OF THE EVALUATION CATEGORY TRANSFER IN POLITICAL DISCOURSE O e he pas decades, mos esea ch in he ield o poli ical discou se analysis has ocused on he ela ionship be ween language and poli ics. Fo example, he s udy o poli ical discou se by Paul Chil on (2004) epo s ha language and poli ics a e closely ela ed a a undamen al le el. Simila ly, Sa a Rubinelli (2018: 17–29) ound ha language is impo an o poli ics because poli icians use hei powe o make decisions and in luence ci izens h ough language. In o he wo ds, he connec ion be ween language and he poli ical li e o socie y is qui e close. Fi s , he p oposed ype o communica ion akes on he cha ac e is ics o he means o mass manipula ion. Secondly, he language mechanisms used o manipula e he mass consciousness a e seen as plan ing democ a ic ideas and alues. Thi d, o ace hese mechanisms, schola s need o u n o poli ical discou se and ind app op ia e me hods o i s analysis. Indeed, unde s anding he a gumen a i e na u e o poli ical ex s is keyno e o being able o app ecia e he poli ical s a egies (Fai clough, Fai clough 2012). The ansla ion o poli ical discou se is a se o incompa ible equi emen s: i mus be accu a e and capable o co ec ly and quickly pe o m some speci ic asks, and a he same ime be poli ically co ec and accu a e. The e m “discou se” embodies many concep s bu i is di icul o de ine i p ecisely. In he middle o he 20 h cen u y, ep esen a i es o he Ox o d and Camb idge linguis ic schools de ined he heo e ical ounda ions o he s udy o poli ical discou se. The mos p omising indings in his a ea and i s sys ema ic esea ch we e epo ed by Teun A. Van Dijk (2009). Based on he concep o poli ical discou se, he scien is showed ha in addi ion o di e ences in he e y cons uc ion o social si ua ions as con ex s, cul u es can also di e depending on how con ex de ini ions a ec a ex and a con e sa ion. The image o a poli ician is a e lec ion o his/he pe sonal “pic u e o he wo ld”, his/he axiological a i udes and e alua ion. E alua ion is gene ally a e y cha ac e is ic ool o in luence on he lis ene , and in he poli ical sphe e i gene ally plays a special s uc u ing ole. I is wi hou e alua ion ha he expansion o poli ical iews is impossible. Poli ical discou se is based on u ili a ian, mo al, and e hnic alues. Fo mo e in-dep h esea ch, discou se analysis is widely used. I s main pu pose is o desc ibe he con en ions o encoding and in e p e ing cul u e in ce ain discu si e ields, as well as he unde lying assump ions o cul u e OLEKSANDRA V. POPOVA, ILONA M. DERIK, NATALYA S. ZHMAYEVA 270 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII (Fe ze , Laue bach 2007: 3–30). In addi ion, i can e eal a hidden meaning and show he di e ence be ween a poli ician’s speech and his/he ue in en ions. A e all, he esul s o such an analysis make i possible o e eal baseless p omises and manipula i e s a egies e balized by linguis ic means. The alue o his me hod in he s udy o poli ical discou se is undeniable. Powe , ela ionali y and di e ence a e said o be keyno e cha ac e is ics o global poli ics in ansla ion (Be ge , Esgue a 2018: 1–21). Thus, he main goal o ansla ion s udies is o s udy he speci ic si ua ion in which he au ho i ies had an in luence on ansla ion ac i i y and cul u al de elopmen . T ansla ion, which is unde s ood as a mechanism o ep esen a ion o ano he cul u e, plays an essen ial ole in he mode n wo ld. This is no jus a linguis ic ans e , bu also an in e cul u al ac i i y (Bánhegyi 2014: 139–158). The accu acy o he ansla ion is achie ed no only due o he knowledge o he algo i hms o he o he language bu also o he in e sec ion o he o iginal message and he cul u al space o he ansla o . In his espec , ansla ions and ansla o s a e si ua ed in e y speci ic social and poli ical con ex s and a e ine i ably subjec o he changes, up u es and uphea als hese con ex s unde go (Be ge , Esgue a 2018: 1–21). Poli ical discou se is an in eg al pa o social ela ions. In he implemen a ion o poli ical discou se, he language means alongside ex alinguis ic ac o s and cogni i e s uc u es a e in ol ed. The e is an opinion among ansla o s ha he ansla ion o poli ical ex s does no equi e a specialis o ha e speci ic knowledge in a na owly ocused opic, when compa ed wi h a special ansla ion which equi es in-dep h knowledge in he speci ic ield o ansla ion ac i i y ha is being ca ied ou . I should be s essed ha when ansla ing poli ical opics, he ansla o ’s “backg ound knowledge” is s ill an impo an componen and he b oade i is, he mo e adequa e he ansla ion will be. The implemen a ion o he ansla ion o he poli ical discou se enables conside ing and analyzing he ea u es ela ed o he ansla ion, as well as a high lexical le el, since he ocabula y o poli ical opics is e y p one o seman ic changes. A la ge numbe o scien is s ag ee ha ansla ion is a a he complex p ocess. In o de o adequa ely and co ec ly con ey he con en o he o iginal exp ession, i is necessa y o choose he necessa y e sion o ansla ion and o co ec ly con ey i s g amma ical cons uc ion. Some imes i is complica ed by he ac ha s ylis ic ac o s a e subjec o ansla ion which a e also impo an o ake in o accoun . The success o a ansla ed ex o poli ical discou se is de e mined by how e ec i e he linguis ic means o in luencing he lis ene a e and how a ansla ed ex mee s he gene ally accep ed no ms o he o he language wi hin he amewo k o mass communica ion. S aipsniai / A icles 271 Rep oduc ion Peculia i ies o he Mode n Poli ical Discou se The p ima y pu pose o ansla ing poli ical discou se is o elici a esponse om he a ge ecipien somewha simila o ha o he o iginal speake . In his ega d, he ole o he ansla o is g owing. Since poli ical discou se appeals o a hie a chy o alues p e alen a a ce ain s age o social de elopmen , he ansla o mus ake a ce ain poli ical posi ion (Gen zle 2002: 195– 218). The e o e, he la e mus in e p e he sou ce ex and ind app op ia e linguis ic means o ully p ese e i s p agma ics and emo ionali y in he a ge ex . In addi ion, poli ical ex s lack logical sophis ica ion. As a esul , ce ain linguis ic s e eo ypes a e in ol ed in ansla ing wi h “awkwa d” ph ases and o en con en ional o meaning ul ph ases. I should be bo ne in mind ha he ansla ion p ocess in ol es ce ain men al e o s on he pa o he ansla o . An impo an ea u e o poli ical discou se is i s in luence on he lis ene o audience. The e o e, i is impo an o unde s and he communica i e-p agma ic a i ude which is a pu pose ul se o linguis ic means used by he subjec o exp ession o u he in luence on he ecipien . Discou se by i s e y na u e is ela ed o p agma ics, he p agma ic aspec o language and communica ion is ela ed o a pe son’s a i ude o language signs aimed a exp essing his/he e alua ions, emo ions, in en ions when pe o ming and pe cei ing linguis ic ope a ions in discou se. Issues o ansla ion s a egies ha e ecei ed conside able a en ion in ansla ion s udies. Some linguis s ha e p oposed di e en s a egies o esol e he con lic be ween syn ac ic and communica i e unc ions in ansla ion. Fo example, Mona Bake (2018) lis s eigh ansla ion s a egies ha p o essional ansla o s use o ans e linguis ic and p agma ic meanings om he sou ce language o he a ge language. They include ansla ion con aining mo e gene al wo ds, ansla ion con aining neu al ocabula y, ansla ion wi h cul u al subs i u ion, ansla ion using loanwo ds wi h explana ions, ansla ion- pe iph asis using ela ed wo ds, ansla ion-pe iph asis using un ela ed wo ds, omission and addi ion. Howe e , he en i onmen in which ansla ion akes place ine i ably in luences he s a egies used by he ansla o (Bake 2018). Poli ical discou se is c ea ed o ob ain, main ain and use poli ical powe . I is aimed a exp essing iews on he wo ld and con incing he audience o whom a en ion is di ec ed in he undoub ed co ec ness o such a iew. Fiodo o s a es ha “ he main eason o accu a e ansla ion is he knowledge o he subjec ” (Fiodo o 2002: 34). I is also impo an o he ansla o o poli ical ex s o ealize ha “language o ganizes he wo ld in i s own way acco ding o language no ms. I e lec s he his o ical de elopmen o an e hnos, people’s cus oms and adi ions, cul u al adi ions ha a e e ac ed and changed a each new s age o de elopmen o his linguis ic and cul u al communi y” (Popo a 2011: 105‒107). OLEKSANDRA V. POPOVA, ILONA M. DERIK, NATALYA S. ZHMAYEVA 272 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII The ansla ion o poli ical discou se has a numbe o s ylis ic and unc ional p ope ies ha a e in e dependen wi h he ea u es o poli ical discou se i sel . The mos ele an unc ion o poli ical discou se is in luence on he add essee. Mode n ansla ion heo y sees a close ela ionship be ween ansla ion and sociolinguis ic ac o s. The ecipien always pe cei es a ansla ed ex h ough he lens o hei na ional cul u e and, acco dingly, some meaning ul aspec s may be inco ec ly in e p e ed o no unde s ood a all. Poli ical discou se can be desc ibed as a “complex o m o human ac i i y” based on he ecogni ion ha poli ics canno be done wi hou language. Poli ics is abou people and he li es hey lead in o ganized communi ies. Poli ics, like any o he social ac i i y, has i s own cha ac e is ics, he a ie y o language cha ac e is ic o a ce ain g oup. The discou se needs de ailed analysis. Al hough esea ch on he ela ionship be ween language and powe began a long ime ago, a de ailed and nuanced app oach om a c i ical pe spec i e is ce ainly new. The analysis o a ex in he o iginal language should no be limi ed o he s udy o syn ac ic ela ionships be ween linguis ic uni s o he deno a i e meaning o wo ds bu i should conside he conno a i e meanings o he o mal s uc u e o communica ion. A conno a i e e alua ion o he o mal s uc u es o a message is essen ially an analysis o a communica ion s yle and discou se is he main a ea o s ylis ic conce n. The na u e o a message, he pu pose o he au ho and he ansla o , as well as he audience can in luence he ype o ansla ion. In many cases, he ansla o may ha e an impe a i e goal, ha is, o make he ac ion clea and con incing, and his is p ecisely wha happens in he ansla ion o poli ical discou se. T ansla ion s udies and in e cul u al communica ion a e closely ela ed. T ansla o s mus be able o wo k a a high le el o in e cul u al compe ency which is whe e complex p oblems come in o play. The cul u al aspec is an impo an indica o o he in e disciplina y na u e o mode n ansla ion s udies and e e s o he analysis o ansla ion in i s cul u al, poli ical, and ideological con ex . The ansla o mus come o ecognize he ideological de ices ha a e ypical o a pa icula discou se and pe iod in o de o use hem o es uc u e he seman ic ela ions in he a ge ex . In mode n ansla ion s udies, he e has been a shi in ocus om language o human ac i i y in a cul u al con ex . The ansla o mus be awa e o he cha ac e is ics ha de ine a discou se in which a ex is loca ed i i is o p ese e any sense o his o ical o seman ic iden i y. The ansla o mus unde s and ha he connec ion be ween a discou se and a ex is o a pa icula impo ance: discou se is embodied in ex s, and ex s make up a discou se. Discou se goes beyond a se o ex s, ha is, abs ac s uc u es a e connec ed o ma e ial condi ions ha unde lie he a icula ion o meaning (Sco , B uce 1994: 580–607). S aipsniai / A icles 273 Rep oduc ion Peculia i ies o he Mode n Poli ical Discou se 5. MEANS OF EXPRESSING THE EVALUATION CATEGORY IN THE UKRAINIAN POLITICAL DISCOURSE Ha ing analyzed he ac ual ma e ial, based on he classi ica ion o Wol who dis inguishes be ween a ional and emo ional e alua ions, some means o exp essing he e alua ion ca ego y we e highligh ed. Bo h a ional and emo ional e alua ions a e p esen in he o iginal ex . Du ing he analysis, we also di ided he e alua ion in o absolu e o ela i e; posi i e, nega i e o neu al. Lexemes o posi i e seman ics a e he ep esen a i es o a ional e alua ion, such as adjec i es, nouns, and ph aseological uni s (a ailable a : h ps://www. p esiden .go .ua/; Twi e , and Facebook): “Це був результативний для України тиждень. Багато різних активностей – за моєю участю, за участю першої леді України, за участю Премʼєр-міністра та міністра закордонних справ.” (I was a p oduc i e week o Uk aine. Many di e en ac i i ies – wi h my pa icipa ion, wi h he pa icipa ion o he Fi s Lady o Uk aine, wi h he pa icipa ion o he P ime Minis e and he Minis e o Fo eign A ai s.) “Провів сьогодні засідання Ставки Верховного Головнокомандувача. Питання зрозумілі. Передова. Забезпечення наших військових…” (Held a mee ing o he S a o he Sup eme Commande -in-Chie oday. The issues a e clea . F on line. P o ision o ou mili a y. And new h ea s c ea ed by Russia.) “Хто насправді міцний, а хто вдає міцність. Хто справді відчуває свою силу, а хто намагається з усіх сил приховати слабкість і невпевненість.” (Who is eally s ong, and who p e ends o be s ong. Who eally eels his own s eng h, and who ies his bes o hide weakness and insecu i y.) “До речі, з моменту започаткування такої відзнаки для наших військових підрозділів – а вона була започаткована у травні цього року – вже 46 військових частин відзначені за мужність і відвагу. Героїзм, мужність наших воїнів, прагнення до незалежності та справедливості […].” (By he way, since he es ablishmen o such an awa d o ou mili a y uni s – and i was es ablished in May o his yea – 46 mili a y uni s ha e al eady been awa ded o cou age and b a e y. The he oism and g i o ou wa io s, he s i ing o independence and jus ice […].) “Наша держава демонструє безпрецедентну сміливість […].” (Ou coun y shows unp eceden ed cou age […].) Wo ds ha ha e an e alua i e meaning, namely e ec i e, clea , s ong, help- cen e ed, he oic, ank, cou age- illed, unp eceden ed cou ageous, angible, u h-o ien ed, s eng h-based, ini ia i e can be a ibu ed o a ional e alua ion, OLEKSANDRA V. POPOVA, ILONA M. DERIK, NATALYA S. ZHMAYEVA 274 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII since he speake has no goal o p o oke a eac ion om he lis ene s, he/she only s a es his/he own opinion. Since he objec o e alua ion is he same in each o he sen ences, he e alua ion can be conside ed absolu e which, in mos cases, has a posi i e cha ac e . “Дякую за влучність нашим воїнам!” (I am g a e ul o ou wa io s o accu acy!) “Вдячний усім у світі, хто допомагає нам захищати життя і свободу!” (I am g a e ul o e e yone in he wo ld who helps us p o ec li e and eedom!) “Я дякую всім нашим воїнам – від командувачів до рядових! Дякую кожному, хто допомагає нашій обороні!” (I am g a e ul o all ou soldie s – om commande s o o dina y soldie s! I am g a e ul o e e yone who helps ou de ense!”) “Дякую партнерам за ці вагомі кроки солідарності. Завдяки таким рішенням наших друзів ми зберігаємо соціальну стабільність […].” (I hank he pa ne s o hese weigh y s eps o solida i y. Thanks o he decisions o ou iends, we main ain social esilience […].) “А зараз окремо подякую прикордонникам Чопського загону, які воюють саме на Бахмутському напрямку […].” (And now I would like o sepa a ely hank he bo de gua ds o he Chop de achmen , who a e igh ing nea Bakhmu […].) “Кожного дня здобуваємо для України нові сили, щоб пройти цю зиму, і я дякую всім, хто працює заради цього і хто допомагає нашій державі.” (E e y day we gain new s eng h o Uk aine o ge h ough his win e , and I hank e e yone who wo ks o his and who helps ou s a e.) “І я ще раз дякую всім нашим партнерам, які допомагають. Дякую всім нашим героїчним працівникам ДСНС, нашій поліції, військовим, які прово- дять розмінування.” (And I hank once again all ou pa ne s who help. I am hank ul o all ou he oic employees o he S a e Eme gency Se ice, ou police, and he mili a y who ca y ou demining.) “Це відчутний тиск. І я вдячний усім нашим воїнам, які його витримують. Вдячний і партнерам, які розуміють, що в таких умовах ми потребуємо збільшення оборонної допомоги. Я дякую всім, хто воює, працює й допомагає, захищаючи Україну!” (I ’s a palpable p essu e. And I am g a e ul o all ou soldie s who endu e i . I am also g a e ul o he pa ne s who unde s and ha in such condi ions we need an inc ease in de ense assis ance. I hank e e yone who igh s, wo ks and helps o p o ec Uk aine!) These sen ences a e an example o an exp ession o g a i ude on he pa o he speake o he o iginal ex and by hei na u e, in addi ion o being a ional, hey can also be conside ed absolu e wi h a posi i e meaning. “Коли Росія заявляє, що нібито хоче переговорів, а сама оголошує мобілізацію […]. Усім усе зрозуміло. Росія сама ховає перспективу переговорів своїми ж руками” (When Russia decla es ha i supposedly wan s nego ia ions, bu S aipsniai / A icles 275 Rep oduc ion Peculia i ies o he Mode n Poli ical Discou se i i sel announces […]. Russia i sel hides he p ospec o nego ia ions wi h i s own hands.) “Розбиті будинки, катівні, масове поховання […].” (Ruined houses, o u e chambe s, mass bu ial […].) E aluabili y is exp essed in whole sen ences; his is e idenced by he seman ic load o he sen ence ein o ced wi h he help o g aphic signs in w i ing and he co esponding alling in ona ion in o al speech. The e alua ion can be cha ac e ized as a ional, absolu e and nega i ely exp essed. A la ge pa o he sou ce in o ma ion o hese poli ical exce p s o speeches is endowed wi h a ce ain p onounced emo ional con en simila o he na u e o e alua ion. He e a e some o hem: “Уже 218 днів ми захищаємось від тих, у кого більше, ніж у нас, ракет та людей […]. І ми робимо все, щоб захистити своїх людей та незалежність України. Це наш святий обов’язок. Обов’язок перед нашими батьками. Обов’язок перед нашими дітьми. Обов’язок перед усіма поколіннями нашого народу – тими, хто жив, і тими, хто житиме на нашій землі. Нам не потрібно чужого!” (Fo 218 days, we ha e been de ending ou sel es agains hose who ha e mo e missiles and people han we do […]. And we do e e y hing o p o ec ou people and he independence o Uk aine. This is ou sac ed du y. Du y o ou pa en s. Du y o ou child en. Du y o all gene a ions o ou people – hose who li ed and hose who will li e on ou land. We don’ need wha ’s no ou s!) “Що на них усіх чекає? Ви знаєте відповідь […]. ” (Wha awai s hem all? You know he answe […].) The speech o he speake o he sou ce ex is o al, so hanks o he inc eased in ona ion and emphasis on indi idual wo ds, we can unde s and which o hem a e e alua i e. By he ype o e alua ion ca ego y, such wo ds as ile, c iminal, senseless, c uel y, e ible a e emo ional aimed a causing a ce ain eac ion o ecipien s o he con en o he s a emen . I can also be emphasized ha all o hem a e absolu e and nega i e in na u e. “Катастрофічна ситуація в окупованому Криму. Повністю підтверджується інформація щодо кримськотатарського народу: більшість мобілізаційних повісток розписана там саме на киримли […] ще одна причина для негайної й жорсткої реакції всього світу.” (Ca as ophic si ua ion in he occupied C imea. The in o ma ion abou he C imean Ta a people is ully con i med: mos o he mobiliza ion summonses a e w i en he e speci ically o C imeans […] ano he eason o he immedia e and ha sh eac ion o he whole wo ld.) The adjec i e “ca as ophic” is cha ac e ized by he nega i e na u e o he assessmen wi h an emo ional and absolu e meaning. “Депортації. Спалені міста й села, знищені повністю – нічого не залишається живого […]. Ракетний терор. Масові поховання […].” OLEKSANDRA V. POPOVA, ILONA M. DERIK, NATALYA S. ZHMAYEVA 276 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII (Depo a ions. Bu n ci ies and illages, comple ely des oyed – no hing emains ali e a e acism […]. Rocke e o . Mass bu ials […].) By na u e, he e alua ion o hese exp essions can be classi ied as nega i e and absolu e wi h a p onounced implici emo ional con en o he s a emen . “Очевидний контраст із нами.” (An ob ious con as wi h us.) “Що на них усіх чекає? Ви знаєте відповідь.” (Wha awai s hem all? You know he answe .) “Хотите больше? Нет? Тогда протестуйте. Боритесь. Убегайте […]. Это – варианты для вас, чтобы выжить” (Russian a ian ). (Wan mo e? No? Then p o es . Figh back. Run away […]. These a e op ions o you o su i e.) “Та й коли це сталося? Одразу, як в Індонезії завершився перший день саміту «двадцятки» і найбільш помітні заяви прозвучали, основні зустрічі відбулися.” (And when did i happen? As soon as he i s day o he G20 summi ended in Indonesia, he mos signi ican s a emen s we e made, he key mee ings ook place.) “Чому саме Одеса? Чому саме Україна? Чому саме Чорне море? Цьогоріч Україна стала світовим взірцем сміливості […].” (Why Odesa? Why Uk aine? Why he Black Sea? This yea , Uk aine became a global example o cou age […].) “Ці слова я казав на цьому ж місці у цей же день рівно один рік тому. Що відтоді змінилося? Чимало. В нашій країні, Європі й усьому світі.” (I said hese wo ds in he same place on he same day exac ly one yea ago. Wha has changed since hen? A lo in ou coun y, Eu ope and he whole wo ld.) Taking in o conside a ion he ob ious e alua i e nega i e conno a ion, hese sen ences a e endowed wi h a signi ican emo ional con en , since hey a e he o ical ques ions, he answe o which is al eady clea o e e yone. “Ми встановимо всі особистості тих, хто катував, хто знущався, хто приніс це звірство […] на нашу українську землю.” (We will es ablish all he iden i ies o hose who o u ed, abused, who b ough his a oci y […] o ou Uk ainian land.) Thanks o he use o lexical epe i ions in sen ences, emo ionali y is enhanced. The wo ds “ o u ed”, “abused”, “a oci y”, “c imes” ha a e nega i e, as well as absolu e in hei exp ession, a e aluable in ansla ion. “Світ шукає засоби для захисту людей від голоду та цінової кризи, і Україні є що запропонувати. Ми постійно збільшуємо експорт продоволь- ства, ми допомагаємо Продовольчій програмі ООН, відправляємо зерно як гуманітарну допомогу країнам, які цього потребують – Ефіопії, Сомалі. І ніколи, ніколи Україна не провокувала жодних криз на продовольчому рин- ку.” (The wo ld is looking o means o p o ec people om hunge and p ice c isis, and Uk aine has some hing o o e . We cons an ly inc ease ood expo s, we help he UN Food P og am, we send g ain as humani a ian aid o he coun ies ha need S aipsniai / A icles 277 Rep oduc ion Peculia i ies o he Mode n Poli ical Discou se i – E hiopia, Somalia. And Uk aine has ne e e e p o oked any c isis in he ood ma ke .) In he o iginal ex , he e is a double nega ion which also emphasizes he emo ionali y o he s a emen and exp esses a nega i e a i ude. “Дякую вам усім, хлопці! Молодці!” (Thank you all guys! Well done!) “Бити ракетами по території НАТО […]. Це дуже суттєва ескалація. Треба діяти.” (Fi ing missiles a NATO e i o y. This is a e y signi ican escala ion. We mus ac .) “І я хочу зараз сказати всім нашим польським братам і сестрам. Україна завжди вас підтримає! Перемога можлива, коли немає страху!” (I wan o say now o all ou Polish b o he s and sis e s: Uk aine will always suppo you! Vic o y is possible when he e is no ea !) “Робимо все, щоб допомогти нашим хлопцям на цьому напрямку. Нашим героям, які тримають там оборону. Кожен, хто там, заслуговує найвищої подяки!” (We do e e y hing o help ou boys in his di ec ion. Ou he oes who a e holding he de ense he e. E e yone he e dese es he highes g a i ude!) “Ми про це пам’ятаємо. Мусимо! І ми бачимо, що відбувається сьогодні у світі, що відбувається в Україні.” (We emembe ha . We ha e o! And we see wha is happening oday in he wo ld, wha is happening in Uk aine.) “Звільнили Ірпінь. Молодці! Вдячний кожному і кожній – усім, хто працював на цей результат.” (I pin has been libe a ed. Well done! I am g a e ul o e e yone who wo ked o his esul .) The e alua ion o hese examples can be cha ac e ized as a ional, absolu e and posi i ely o neu ally exp essed. Due o he seman ic load o sen ences, i is possible o unde s and he mood o he speake and his a i ude o si ua ions hanks o g aphic meanings in he o m o exclama ion ma ks. The communica ion manne o he speake has cha ac e is ic ea u es and exp esses his a i ude o eali y using he nouns wi h an e alua i e componen : “Допомагайте тим в окупованих районах, хто цього потребує: літнім людям, одиноким, родинам із дітьми. Україна повернеться на всю свою землю, і маємо зберегти там якнайбільше наших людей.” (Help hose in he occupied a eas who need i : elde ly people, single people, amilies wi h child en. Uk aine will e u n o all i s land, and we mus keep as many o ou people he e as possible.) “Відсутність масованих ракетних ударів говорить лише про те, що ворог до них готується і може вдарити в будь-який час. Хоча очевидно, що і без світла ми добре знаємо, куди стріляти та що звільняти […].” (The absence o massi e missile s ikes only means ha he enemy is p epa ing o hem and can s ike a any ime. Al hough i is ob ious ha e en wi hou ligh we know well whe e o shoo and wha o libe a e […].) OLEKSANDRA V. POPOVA, ILONA M. DERIK, NATALYA S. ZHMAYEVA 278 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII All e alua i e nouns om hese ex passages a e examples o emo ional e alua ion aimed a causing a ce ain eac ion o he lis ene , and he e alua ion is absolu e, wi h a i id nega i e meaning. 6. LINGUISTIC INTERPRETATION OF THE OBTAINED DATA In he p esen ed wo k, he e alua ion ca ego y was classi ied acco ding o a ious c i e ia. One o he main classi ica ions was p esen ed by Vol’ (1985) who dis inguishes emo ional and a ional e alua ion. O he linguis s and scien is s dis inguish e alua ion as ela i e o absolu e: hey di ide i in o posi i e, nega i e and neu al in na u e. Emo ional e alua ion is aimed a causing he audience a ce ain eac ion o a speci ic e en o ci cums ances; he e o e, by he na u e o he message o hese examples o poli ical speeches, i is mos ly endowed wi h nega i e con en . Ra ional assessmen , in i s u n, does no se i sel he goal o changing he emo ional s a e o he in e locu o , bu in ol es exp essing one’s own opinion aimed a ag eemen o disag eemen on he pa o he add essee. Because o his, almos all examples o a ional e alua ion a e posi i e o neu al in na u e. T ansla o s/in e p e e s end o use he s a egy o e ia y ansla ion (c ea ion o a a ge ex ha sa is ies he needs o he a ge language speake , he pu pose o a a ge ex may be di e en om he one o he c ea o ) when dealing wi h poli ical ex s. In he ci ed ex s o poli ical speeches used in his wo k, he e is no ela i e e alua ion a all. Then, as he absolu e alue occu s in all he examples gi en, he ole o he only objec o compa ison is usually implici . Many examples o bo h emo ional and a ional e alua ions a e exp essed in whole sen ences, o example: Emo ional e alua ion: “Вони хіба що не роблять мило з людей, не роблять абажури зі шкіри... Масштаб не на всю Європу […].” – “They don’ make soap ou o people, hey don’ make lampshades ou o lea he ... The scale is no he whole o Eu ope […].” “Дякую всім, хто воює й працює заради перемоги України!” – “I am g a e ul o e e yone who igh s and wo ks o he ic o y o Uk aine!” “Вдячний усім у світі, хто допомагає нам захищати життя і свободу!” – “I am g a e ul o e e yone in he wo ld who helps us p o ec li e and eedom!” “Скільки разів Україна говорила про те, що нашою країною держава- терорист не обмежиться?” – “How many imes has Uk aine said ha he e o is s a e will no be limi ed o ou coun y?” S aipsniai / A icles 285 Rep oduc ion Peculia i ies o he Mode n Poli ical Discou se Pa ygin Bo is D. 1999: Парыгин, Борис Д. Анатомия общения [Ana omija obščenija], Санкт Петербург: Издательство Михайлова В. А. [Sank Pe e bu g: Izda el’s o Michajlo a V. A.]. Pisano a Ta ’jana V. 1997: Писанова, Татьяна В. 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Психологія символічної регуляції поведінки особистості [Psycholohija sym oličnoji ehuljaciji po edinky osobys os i], Київ: НАПН [Kyji : NAPN]. Zag ae skaja Ta ’jana B. 2007: Заграевская, Татьяна Б. Категория оценки как лингвистическая проблема [Ka ego ija ocenki kak ling is ičeskaja p oblema], Пятигорск: ПГЛУ [Pja igo sk: PGLU]. S aipsniai / A icles 287 Rep oduc ion Peculia i ies o he Mode n Poli ical Discou se Šiuolaikinio poli inio disku so e imo ypa umai SANTRAUKA S aipsnyje ap a iami su e inamojo požiū io ka ego ijos są oka kalbo y oje susiję klausimai i šios ka ego ijos ap aiškos poli iniame disku se. Analizuojami kai ku ie e i- nimo klasi ikacijos ipai. Ve inimo pag indai analizuojami iš žmogaus e ybių sis emos požiū io aško, apimančio modalines kono acijas, ak ualizuojamas komunikacijos p ocese. Pab ėžiama, kad indi idualaus e inimo a eju kalbė ojas pe eikia ne ik sa o požiū į, be i isuo inai p iim inus, isuomenėje egzis uojančius p incipus a ba, ki ais žodžiais a ian , s e eo ipinį požiū į į objek ą. Emocinis e inimas (asmens iesioginė eakcija į objek ą) y a p iešingas acionaliam e inimui (ku is emiasi p o u, o ne emocijomis). Au o iai eigia, kad emociniu e inimu siekiama pakeis i pašneko o emocinę būseną i sukel i a i inkamą eakciją, o acionalaus e inimo ikslas y a su ik i a ba nesu ik i su iš eiškiama nuomone. Absoliu us e inimas y a susijęs su są okomis „ge as“ i „blogas“, o san ykinis e inimas iš eiškiamas są okomis „ge esnis“ i „blogesnis“. Ty ime analizuojama eigiamo i neigiamo ad esa o požiū io į am ik ą si uaciją s uk ū a, ku i suku ia emocinį kono acijos kompo- nen ą. Daug dėmesio ski iama e inamojo požiū io seman inei s uk ū ai i aiškos p ie- monėms: šaukiamiesiems i e o iniams klausimams, sušukimams, dėkingumo, pagy imo, pasme kimo i ki oms azėms. Poli inis disku sas y a susijęs su poli ine komunikacija, ku ios pag indinis ikslas y a į ikin i ad esa ą, pasi ikė i juo i paska in i jį eik i, o poli inis eks as – su masiniu in- o ma imu apie pag indines isuomenei s a bias p oblemas i į ykius, ku ie šiuo me u yks a isuomenėje. S aipsnyje analizuojami Uk ainos p eziden o Volodymy o Zelenskio kalbų i kasdienių k eipimųsi eks ai, apiman ys laiko a pį nuo 2022 me ų ko o mėnesio iki 2022 me ų g uodžio mėnesio, i jų e imai į anglų kalbą. Kadangi uk ainiečių i anglų kalbos u i am ik ų s uk ū inių ski umų, s aipsnyje ap a iamos šios g ama inės e imo ans o macijos: pakei imai, sukei imai, p idėjimai i p aleidimai ( e imo ak ikos). Į eik a 2023 m. gegužės 23 d. OLEKSANDRA V. POPOVA The S a e Ins i u ion “Sou h Uk ainian Na ional Pedagogical Uni e si y named a e K. D. Ushynsky” 34, S a opo o anki ska S . 65020, Uk aine, Odesa alex-popo a@uk .ne OLEKSANDRA V. POPOVA, ILONA M. DERIK, NATALYA S. ZHMAYEVA 288 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII ILONA M. DERIK The S a e Ins i u ion “Sou h Uk ainian Na ional Pedagogical Uni e si y named a e K. D. Ushynsky” 34, S a opo o anki ska S . 65020, Uk aine, Odesa [email p o ec ed]om NATALYA S. ZHMAYEVA The S a e Ins i u ion “Sou h Uk ainian Na ional Pedagogical Uni e si y named a e K. D. Ushynsky” 34, S a opo o anki ska S . 65020, Uk aine, Odesa [email p o ec ed]om