Žodžių spekuliacija, spekuliantas ir spekuliuoti reikšmių pokyčiai

164 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIX ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as ORCID id: o cid.o g/0000-0001-8775-788X Resea ch a eas include seman ics, lexicology, lexicog aphy, and compu e linguis ics. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Changes in meaning Changes in Meanings o Wo ds specula ion, specula o , and specula e This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal. The a icle p esen s a s udy o wo d specula ion, specula i e and specula i e meanings, he pu pose o which is o de e mine he changes in he meanings o he wo ds unde s udy on he basis o colloquial (in e p e i e) and specialized ocabula y and he cu en Li huanian spelling. Thus, he a icle examines how many and wha meanings o he wo ds unde s udy a e eco ded in he dic iona ies o he Li huanian, English and Russian languages, examines p ielaidos, kokios p iežas ys lėmė naujų eikšmių a si adimą i k . wha he cu en use o he Li huanian sc ip indica es, aises he ollowing ESMINIAI WORDS: wo d specula ion, wo d specula ing, wo d specula ing, changes in meanings, de ini ions o meanings, dic iona y. ANNOTATION The a icle del es in o a comp ehensi e examina ion o he meanings associa ed wi h he wo ds specula ion, specula o and specula e. I s p ima y objec i e is o disce n shi s in he meanings o hese wo ds by d awing om gene al (explana o y) and special dic iona ies alongside con empo a y usage o he Li huanian w i en language. The discussion wi hin he a icle explo es he b ead h and a ia ions o meanings a ibu ed o hese wo ds ac oss Li huanian, English, and Russian dic iona ies. I u he examines insigh s de i ed om he cu en usage ends in he Li huanian w i en language while also o e ing conjec u es abou he easons o he eme gence o new meanings. KEYWORDS: wo d specula ion, wo d specula o , wo d specula e, changes in meanings, de ini ions, dic iona y. A icles o he Žodžių spekuliacija, spekulian as i spekuliuo i eikšmių pokyčiai Regula ion o he Eu opean Pa liamen and o he Council on he applica ion o he p inciple o equal ea men o men and women as ega ds access o employmen , oca ional aining and p omo ion o equal oppo uni ies o men and women A i s glance, i may seem ha he wo ds specula ion, specula o , and specula e a e e y clea , easy o unde s and, and ecognizable. Howe e , a lo o ques ions s a o a ise when conside ing he meaning o hese wo ds. Thus, he ocabula y šio s aipsnio y imo objek as – žodžių spekuliacija, spekulian as i spekuliuo i eikšmės, jų pokyčiai. Ty imo ikslas – emian is bend aisiais i specialiaisiais and he cu en Li huanian sc ip ha e been used o de e mine he changes in he meanings o he wo ds unde s udy. To his end, he ollowing asks a e se ou : 1) o s udy he de ini ions o he wo ds unde conside a ion in he gene al and special dic iona ies o he Li huanian, English and Russian languages; (2) o dis inguish he main cha ac e is ics chosen in de ining he meanings o he wo ds nėje lie u ių aš o kalboje. Ty imo me odai – ap ašomasis-lyginamasis i se- unde conside a ion; 3) o in es iga e he p esen -day analysis o he wo ds unde conside a ion. As Ri a Miliūnai ė says, he changes in he meanings o […][ž]odžių, especially ela ed o he de elopmen and iola ions o no ms, a e e y li le s udied in he Li huanian language. So a , no clea c i e ia ha e been o mula ed o e alua ing a ious a ia ions in he meanings o wo ds, excep o a ew gene al heo e ical s a emen s and examples (Miliūnai ė 2022: 161). When explaining he changes in he meanings o wo ds, i is impo an o de e mine unde wha ci cums ances and nyks a a ba ans o muojasi (Miliūnai ė 2022: 161). Dažniausiai nu odomi ke- why new meanings a ise, and some meanings, on he con a y, esul ed in di e en ways o meaning - deno a ion and conno a ion. Aloyzas Guda ičius dis inguishes ou classes o deno a ions: […]1) he p o o ypical deno a ion, 2) he ex ended o na owed de- no a ą, 3) p o o ipinio deno a o naują aspek ą i 4) naują deno a ą. A i inkamai daugia eikšmiame žodyje galima bū ų ski i ke u ias seman ines zonas, a spin- dinčias šiuos a pusa yje susijusius deno a us bei žodžio galimybes į a dy i pa- saulio elemen us, ki ais žodžiais – žodžio seman inės aidos k yp is“ (plačiau ž . Guda ičius 2013: 75). This is he i s ime ha he Commission has been able o do so. Remdamasi E alda Jakai iene (1986: 102), R. Miliūnai ė ski ia šiuos pag in- o he sou ces o ans e o he meanings o wo ds: 1) seman ic alues (seman ic alues), 2) ansla ions o he Li huanian language, 3) a ia ion o he Li huanian language subs anda d and 4) he common language sys em i sel (Miliūnai ė 2022: 162). Thus, he a icle will u he examine how many and wha kind o meanings o he wo ds unde s udy exis (a e eco ded) in dic iona ies and dic iona ies, and wha assump ions a e made ha led o he eme gence o new meanings. Resea ch sou ces and empi ical ma e ial. When in es iga ing he meanings o he wo ds specula ion, specula i e and specula e, no only Li huanian, bu also o he languagesEnglish, Russiansou ces a e used. Acco ding o Aloysius y imai y a labai s a būs nus a an ik o ės ka ego izacijos ypa ybes kalboje, ku- Guda icius, he adjacen seman ic ios […] bene[…] a e mos clea ly e lec ed in ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ 166 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIX he s uc u e o he meaning o he wo d, and his is mos p onounced when eikšmėmis“ (Guda ičius 2009: 93). Pasak K is inos Ru ko skos i k ., „[k]al- binio iene o eikšmė, kaip žmonių pasaulio in e p e acijos ezul a as, y a nu- lem a kul ū os, i ai [...] u i bū i pa ody a de inicijoje“ (Ru ko ska i k . 2017: 30). Ki aip a ian , ski ingų au ų žodynuose ie pa ys žodžiai gali bū i apib ėž i compa ed wi h o he meanings and especially wi h hose o o he languages di e en ly, i.e. o highligh hose o hem ha a e impo an and ecognizable o he people o a pa icula na ion. The e o e, his a icle is based on (1) he common Li huanian dic iona y (DLKŽ8e), ių kalbos žodynais – Lie u ių kalbos žodynu (LKŽe), Daba inės lie u ių kal- he special dic iona y […] he In e na ional Dic iona y o Wo ds (TŽŽ) and he dic iona y […] he mode n dic iona y o Li huanian language (ND); In addi ion o he English-language dic iona y, he e a e wo English-language dic iona ies: he Camb idge Ad anced Lea ne 's Dic iona y (CAMBRIDGE), he Collins English Dic iona y (COLLINS), he Me iam-Webs e Dic iona y and Thesau us (MERRIAM-WEBSTER), he Ox o d Lea ne 's Dic iona ies (OXFORD) and he Russian-language dic iona y (MAKS), he Russian Seman ic Dic iona y (SEM) and he Russian Dic iona y (TSO). The cu en Li huanian sc ip is based on he cu en Li huanian language ex (DLKT). The sea ch engine Google is used o b owse ex s on he In e ne . The examples discussed in he a icle a e selec ed om DLKT beau y, blackness2, adminis a i e li e a u e and publicis ic ex s. In o al, abou 1,000 specula i e wo ds, abou 500 specula i e e bs, and abou 450 examples o e bs ha a e used o analyze wo ds we e e iewed. When examining a a džio spekulian as pa yzdžių. Pe žiū ė a dauguma paieškos sis ema Google he examples om bo h sou ces, he ques ion a ises as o how many and wha meanings he examples o he wo ds unde s udy indica e. 1 These sou ces a e chosen because hey a e he mos ep esen a i e o hei ca ego y. Ano he ep esen a i e sou ce o he lexicon is he Common Li huanian Language Dic iona y (BLKŽ), bu since he dic iona y is s ill being p epa ed, he wo ds ha appea in he aide a e no ye publicly a ailable. 2 DLKT black li e a u e includes scien i ic, educa ional, cogni i e and o he li e a u e. A icles o he 167 h Žodžių spekuliacija, spekulian as i spekuliuo i eikšmių pokyčiai 1. Specula ion in he a s 1.1. Daik a a džio spekuliacija3 apib ėž ys lie u ių, in English and Russian dic iona ies To s a alking abou he specula i e de ini ion o a noun, i is bes o ha e a bend uosius (aiškinamuosius) lie u ių kalbos žodynus4 – LKŽe, DLKŽ8e, i special dic iona y […] TŽŽ (see able 1). One LENTEL. De ini ions o he wo d specula ion in Li huanian dic iona ies ŽODYNAS APIBRĖŽTYS5 LKJ 1. ade aimed a easy p o i ; he law p ohibi s he pu chase and sale o goods a highe p ices 2. s ock exchange ope a ions […] he pu chase and sale o a ious alues in o de o ob ain a di e ence in exchange a e The hi d. abs ac easoning un ela ed o p ac ice and expe ience DLKŽ8e 1. ade aimed a easy p o i ; buying and selling goods a highe p ices 2. s ock exchange ope a ions […] buying and selling o a ious secu i ies o ob ain a exchange a e di e en ial The hi d. abs ac specula ion, un ela ed o p ac ice and expe ience TŽŽ (La in specula io […] ollow-up, su ey, obse a ion) 1. pu chase o goods, secu i ies, cu encies in he hope o eselling and ea ning om he expec ed p ice di e ence 2. The laws o he USSR p ohibi he pu chase and sale o goods a highe p ices 3. philos. abs ac p onuncia ion, un ela ed o p ac ice, expe ience F om able 1 i can be seen ha h ee specula i e meanings o a noun a e ixed in dic iona ies. The de ini ions o he meanings o his wo d a e almos iden ical in LKŽ and DLKŽ8e. As can be seen, he i s de ini ion o specula ion e e s o ade (wi hou speci ying i s ypes) in o de o make easy money, e.g. Specula ion in land plo s (LKŽe). Small specula ion (LKŽe), in he second de ini ion […] s ock exchange ope a ions, i.e. buying and selling o a ious alues, in o de o ge he meaning o he wo d specula ion. 4 The specula i e de ini ion o he wo d BLKZ has no ye been p o ided, he wo d is included in he 3 S aipsnyje daik a a dis spekulia imas a ski ai nenag inėjamas, kadangi jo eikšmės su ampa su In e linea . In he 5 h column, he de ini ions o he wo ds unde conside a ion a e eco ded in he dic iona ies wi hou illus a i e pauses. yzdžių. Apib ėž ys iš anglų i usų kalbų į lie u ių kalbą e s os šio eks o au o ės. ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ 168 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIX cou se di e ence ( o be illed in). As ega ds he second pa o he de ini ion o he i s meaning (submi ed a e he in oduc ion), he LKŽ is ixed as ‘ he pu chase and sale o goods p ohibi ed by he law. DLKZ8e such pa o he de ini ion is no eco ded. The de ini ions o he hi d philosophical meaning in bo h dic iona ies a e he same, e.g. […]abs ac easoning, un ela ed o p ac ice and expe ience[…]6. o sell he pu chase and ea n om he TŽŽ pi ma eikšmės apib ėž is apima ‘p ekių, e ybinių popie ių, aliu ų expec ed p ice di e ence. The de ini ion con ains he e m ‘specula i e p ice di e en ial, which is no men ioned by ei he LKŽ o DLKŽ8. In he de ini ion o he second meaning, he me hod o employmen ypical o he USSR pe iod is ixed […] he laws p ohibi he pu chase and sale o goods a highe p ices, see. VLEe: […]Specula ion in he USSR was conside ed an economic c ime, i is una oidable in ma ke economy coun ies, bu specula ion in he black ma ke in de ici goods (such as ood du ing wa , emba go, na u al disas e s, icke s o spo s ma ches o o he e en s) en ails adminis a i e o c iminal liabili y[…]7. The wo d "specula i e" is an in e na ional wo d, so i is app op ia e o look a i as i is de ined in English and Russian dic iona ies (see able 2). Two slowly. De ini ions o he wo d specula ion in English dic iona ies ŽODYNAS APIBRĖŽTYS This is OXFORD81. o ming an opinion abou wha happened o wha may happen wi hou knowing all he ac s 2. buying and selling goods o sha es in companies in he hope o making a p o i , bu a he isk o losing money. 6 VLEe ixed simila specula ion de ini ion, see […]a heo e ical way o knowing ha is based no on senso y expe ience o scien i ic achie emen s, bu on e lec ion, abs ac ion and o he ways o hinking[…]. See also 7. The Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) TFEU. Specula ion is he ac o o ming opinions abou wha has happened o wha migh happen wi hou knowing all he ac s. 2. he ac i i y o buying and selling goods o sha es in a company in he hope o making a p o i , bu wi h he isk o losing money. Specula ion is he ac i i y o guessing possible answe s o a ques ion wi hou ha ing enough in o ma ion o be ce ain. he ac o specula ing in o de o make a p o i . S aipsniai / A icles 169 Žodžių spekuliacija, spekulian as i spekuliuo i eikšmių pokyčiai ŽODYNAS APIBRĖŽTYS COLLINS: An ac o e en o specula ion, an assump ion, heo y, o opinion o med in specula ion, an in es men in ol ing high isk bu wi h he possibili y o high e u n. MERRIAM- and WEBSTER11 specula i e ac ion o case: (a) Taking unusual business isks in he hope o ob aining app op ia e e u ns b) a ansac ion in ol ing such specula ion As can be seen om he de ini ions gi en in able 2, he wo d specula ion in English dic iona ies (OXFORD, CAMBRIDGE, COLLINS) is mos o en associa ed wi h he wo e bs […] 1) specula ion, specula ion, conside a ion (assump ion made wi hou ac s, wi hou in o ma ion o pan), e.g. His pe sonal li e is he subjec o much specula ion. Specula ion in he sale o goods in o de o make a p o i , bu a he isk o losing money, e.g. This is Spekuliacijos na a, in eu os (OXFORD). Some dic iona ies (COLLINS, wi h high isk and wi h he possibili y o high p o i ) also men ion unusual business isk and ansac ions expec ing o make a co esponding p o i . I is in e es ing ha jo a ei ies planus13 (CAMBRIDGE) i 2) p ekių (įmonių akcijų a pan.) pi ki- he de ini ions gi en in he MERRIAM-WEBSTER dic iona y do no eco d he meaning ela ed o specula ion, specula ion, conside a ion, making assump ions, bu sepa a e MERRIAM-WEBSTER) minima ne šiaip p ekyba, be in es icijos, susijusios (no o de ini ions) examples o he dic iona y indica e some hing else, e.g. He ejec ed hei heo ies as me e specula ion. His specula ions lea e many unanswe ed ques ions. 10 English specula ion 1. he ac o an ins ance o specula ing; 2. a supposi ion, heo y, o opinion a i ed a h ough specula ing; 3. in es men in ol ing high isk bu also he possibili y o high p o i s. 11 Specula ion an ac o ins ance o specula ing: such as a: assump ion o unusual business isk 12 His in hopes o ob aining commensu a e gain; b: a ansac ion in ol ing such specula ion. p i a e li e is he subjec o much specula ion. 13 English Specula ion abou his u u e plans is i e. 14 English He dismissed hei heo ies as me e specula ion. 15 English He specula ions lea e many ques ions unanswe ed. ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ 170 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIX In Russian dic iona ies, he wo d specula ion is dis inguished by wo homonyms […] he i s ela ed in a b oad sense o ade, he second […] o philosophical specula ions16 (see able 3). 3 LENTEL[…]. Wha is i ? De ini ions o he wo d specula ion in Russian dic iona ies ŽODYNAS APIBRĖŽTYS MAKS17 specula ion 1 1. buying and selling goods a highe p ices o a p o i 2. in capi alis coun ies: a s ock ma ke game in which he p ice o secu i ies inc eases o dec eases 3. he ollowing pa ag aph is inse ed: calcula ion, in en ion based on some hing, use o some hing o sel ish pu poses spekuliacija2 books. philosophical e lec ions SEM18 specula ion 1 1. e ybinių popie ių (akcijų, obligacijų), aliu os pi kimas i pa da imas, siekian pasipelny i iš ski umo a p pi kimo i pa da imo kainos (ku so) 2. u o, e ybių, p ekių pi kimas i pa da imas siekian pelno specula ion2 psn. knyg. iloso iniai samp o a imai 16 By de ining he e b o specula e and he noun speculan such a meaning is no eco ded in Russian dic iona ies. The 17 h. specula ion 1. Pu chase o goods and esale o hem a in la ed p ices o he pu pose o наживы. 2. В капиталистических странах: биржевая игра на повышение или понижение курса ценных бумаг. 3. перен. Расчет, умысел, основанный на чем-л., использование чего-л. в корыстных целях. спекуляция2 книжн. философское умозрительное построение. 18 Wha Does he Bible Really Teach? specula ion 1. Pu chase and sale o s ock (sha es, bonds, cu encies) с целью получения прибыли от разницы между покупной и продажной ценой (курсом) (спец.). 2. Скупка и перепродажа имущества, ценностей, товаров с целью наживы. спекуляция2 (устар. книжн.). Философское умозрительное построение. A icles by A icles 171 Žodžių spekuliacija, spekulian as i spekuliuo i eikšmių pokyčiai ŽODYNAS APIBRĖŽTYS TSOŠ19 specula ion1 1. e ybinių popie ių (akcijų, obligacijų), aliu os pi kimas i pa da imas, siekian pasipelny i iš ski umo a p pi kimo i pa da imo kainos (ku so) 2. u o, e ybių, p ekių pi kimas i pa da imas siekian pelno 3. he ollowing pa ag aph is inse ed: In he Russian language, he wo d "specula ion" has wo meanings ela ed o ade, i.e. i de ines di e en objec s o pu chase […] 1) he buying and selling o goods, asse s, alues and 2) he psn. knyg. iloso iniai samp o a imai buying and selling o secu i ies (sha es, bonds), cu ency (exchange ope a ions). The de ini ion o he homonym o o he specula ion in dic iona ies coincides wi h "philosophical easoning", e.g. Idealis ic specula ion 20. To summa ize wha has been said, i should i s be said ha he h ee-language dic iona ies examined by he specula ion o he wo d di e in he de ini ions o meanings (and hei numbe ), o example, " he conscious use o some hing (someone) o sel ish pu poses"21 is eco ded only in he Russian dic iona ies, o sp sp, spelling; he conside a ion; he meaning o making assump ions is eco ded only in English dic iona ies, al hough Li huanian dic iona ies eco d a meaning seman ically close o he a o emen ioned meaning […] abs ac easoning, no i pa y imu’. Žinoma, isuose žodynuose iksuojama daik a a džio spekuliacija ela ed o he p ac ice o ade. Some Li huanian-language dic iona ies also eco d he eali y o he USSR pe iod […] he p ohibi ion o he pu chase and sale o goods by law a highe p ices. The analysis o he de ini ions o nouns by specula ion and he agg ega ion o ixed signs (see able 4) showed ha some wo ds emphasize di e en signs o meanings (see pukimus). Fo example, in he case o ade- ela ed 19 Ru. specula ion 1. Pu chase and sale o s ock (sha es, bonds, cu encies) целью получения прибыли от разницы между покупной и продажной ценой (курсом) (спец.). 2. Скупка и перепродажа имущества, ценностей, товаров с целью наживы. 3. перен. Расчёт, умысел, направленный на использование чего-н. в своих корыстных целях. спекуляция2 (устар. книжн.). Философское умозрительное построение. The 20 h. Idealis ic specula ions. 21 Fo he sake o b e i y, he de ini ions o meanings a e summa ised he e. ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ In he Ac a Linguis ica Li uanae LXXIX, i is men ioned ha he easy passi e is ixed in LKŽ, DLKŽ8e, he Ox o d, COLLINS, MERRIAM-WEBSTER and so on. All o ymų d audžiamas supi kinėjimas – LKŽe, TŽŽ, izika (p a as i pinigus) – hese ea u es a e alid when edi ing a lexical specula ion a icle. 4 LENTEL[…]. Wha is i ? The specula ion o a noun, he associa ion o ai s ixed in he de ini ion o meanings Li huanian language language Russian English language ocabula y ocabula y P ima y school pupils T ade Easy o ea n Goods, secu i ies, asse s, secu i ies, ansac ions bonds), P ohibi ed by Exchange game SSRI p ice Di e ence in Spen p ice di e ence Inc eased p ices and Wo h o Goods, co po a e in es men s, Cu ency isk (loss law Unusual business comme ce and comme ce ea n sha es, Goods, secu i ies o money) (sha es, cu ency isk ac ion (exchange a e) di e en ial cou se Didesnė p ices The o ma ion o an opinion, a conjec u e, an assump ion, a heo y Fak ų nežinojimas Abs ac easoning Philosophical easoning Who's who panaudojimas, sa anaudiški ikslai The specula ion o he wo d " hing" 1.2. Examples ound in DLKT and Google show ha he noun specula ion has se e al meanings22: 22 The de ini ions o meanings he e (and in he analogous pa s o he a icle) a e gi en in he summa y. When o mula ing lexicog aphic a icles o he wo ds unde conside a ion, he meanings should be expanded and cla i ied. A icles o he 179 h A icle a) ‘A pe son engaged in he pu chase and sale Žodžių spekuliacija, spekulian as i spekuliuo i eikšmių pokyčiai o goods, p ope y, alues o he pu pose o making easy money, e.g. : (1) Banks ha e lea ned om hei mis akes and in end o make loans wo se o eal es a e specula o s who buy a ew apa men s and hope o make a lo o money la e by selling hem a a highe p ice. (Google) (2) How I don' ha e a nice sui han he one we bough om a specula o in he all o ha yea . On he s ee o Daukan o [...]. (DLKT) This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal. (3) A ma ke specula o who o en pays no axes wins. (DLKT) (4) Money was sough in he mos sophis ica ed ways - by collec ing axes and ees, collec ing ines, con isca ing and selling specula i e goods. As can be seen om he examples (see pa ag aphs 3 and 4), he specula o may also ha e a nega i e assessmen . Pasi aiko pa yzdžių, ku iuose minimas spekulian as, su ku iuo so ie iniais In he pas , he e was igh ing, o example. : (5) Independen Li huanian businessmen we e bo n om specula o s […] his is exac ly wha business daigai we e called in So ie imes and hey we e ie cely ough agains . This is Google. (6) The e was a man who sold ano he ca and was con ic ed o specula ion. (DLKT) This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal. b) "Sha es specula o ", e.g. (7) In es o s and specula o s di e in ha in es o s in es o he long e m, whe eas specula o s ade s ocks much mo e equen ly in o de o p o i om sho - e m s ock p ice luc ua ions. This is Google. (8) Some specula o s, who ade s ocks e e y day, accumula e weal h o a leas su i e by doing so. I canno be denied ha specula o s play an impo an ole in he s ock ma ke . This is Google. (10) Acco ding o A. Rimkaus, du ing he ading, he p ice o […]Lisco[…] sha es luc ua ed be ween LIT 3 and LIT 3.30, which p o ided a ai ly good oppo uni y o s ock ma ke specula o s. Howe e , he e a e examples whe e i is di icul o dis inguish be ween he wo meanings wi hou con ex , e.g. (11) A specula o is a pe son who, using luc ua ions in he p ice and alue o an asse ( inancial o physical), seeks quick p o i s. (Google) (12) Specula o s end o ocus on sho - e m in es men s. (Google) (13) Specula o s ake inancial isks, keep a close eye on changes, and eac quickly. This is Google. ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ 180 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIX (14) Dėl ag esy aus g ei o pelno siekio są oka „spekulian as“ dažnai u i nei- I 's a e lec ion o me. This is Google. (15) In ac , specula o s a e p obably he mos p o essional in es o s, who eel he pulse o he ma ke bes . The abo e examples show ha he specula o seeks quick p o i s by using p ice luc ua ions (see example 11), ha he usually ocuses on sho - e m in es men s (see example 12), akes inancial isks (see example 13), and so on. The specula i e cha ac e o a gene ic noun, he signs o i s meanings in he pic u e. The PAV. The specula o o a noun, he adjec i es o a noun 3. The specula i e ac i i y 3.1 De ini ions o he e b specula e in Li huanian, English and Russian dic iona ies and dic iona ies o he Li huanian language (LKŽe, DLKŽ8e, TŽŽ) and dic iona ies (ND) a e p o ided wi h de ini ions o he e b specula e (see able 8). A icles o he A icles 181 and 8 o he LENTEL. De ini ions o he e b Žodžių spekuliacija, spekulian as i spekuliuo i eikšmių pokyčiai specula e in Li huanian dic iona ies and dic iona ies ŽODYNAS APIBRĖŽTYS LKŽe 1. o ade in o de o make an easy p o i ; buying goods and selling hem a highe p ices 2. knowingly using wha o sel ish pu poses DLKŽ8e e s is, engaging in specula ion TŽŽ e s is, engaging in specula ion ND spending, specula ing; o be conside ed; As can be seen, he meaning o he e b specula e is de ined qui e abs ac ly, e.g. ‘ o ansla e, o engage in specula ion. I is no clea om his de ini ion which o he specula i e meanings (bo h DLK and TZ) is mean . Al hough i can be assumed ha all he meanings o he wo d "specula ion" a e mean by he e bs " o go, o engage" used in he de ini ion, pa eik os abiejuose žodynuose. In addi ion o he meaning ela ed o ade, ano he meaning is gi en conscious use o some hing o sel ish pu poses, e.g. You son is ac ing like some kind o gen leman: lying, chea ing and specula ing in his a he 's name. I should be ecalled ha he meaning o such a noun specula ion is eco ded in he dic iona ies o he Russian language (MAKS i TSOŠ) (plačiau ž . 1.1 posky į), lie u ių kalbos žodynai okios daik- a a džio eikšmės nepa eikia. ND is eco ded in he common new specula i e meaning ‘ o specula e, o specula e; o be conside ed; o make assump ions (see also 1.2 pos ula e, he specula ion o he wo d in he u u e), e.g. A he beginning o he pandemic, i was specula ed ha seasonal wea he pa e ns could in luence he sp ead o COVID-19, i was conside ed ha he i us may sp ead mo e easily in colde , d ie win e s and less easily in me ų laiku. Galbū ai nuo Lukašenkos ežimo bėgan ys žmonės? Apie ai daug spe- wa me , we e win e s, bu only 418 asylum eques s we e submi ed in Li huania since 2020. Only abou hal o hese eques s (206) we e g an ed. I can be specula ed ha he p ac ical need o shel e is no e y g ea , he only hing ha ma e s o a pe son is o be admi ed o he coun y. The ollowing is how he e b specula e is de ined in English dic iona ies (see able 9). 30 LKZ gi es only one example, and ha is om he w i en language. ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ 182 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIX This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. The 9 h LENTEL. The e b specula e (English: specula e) de ines he isk o žodynuose ŽODYNAS APIBRĖŽTYS OXFORD31 1. susida y i nuomonę apie ką no s nežinan isų de alių a ak ų 2. pi k i p ekes, nekilnojamąjį u ą, akcijas i . ., ikin is gau i losing money while ea ning money. CAMBRIDGE32 1. spė i galimus a sakymus į klausimą, kai nė a pakankamai in o ma ion o be su e 2. buying and selling, hoping ha he alue o he pu chased commodi y will inc ease and ha i can be sold o a highe p ice, in o de o make a p o i COLLINS33 1. specula ing on he na u e, iden i y, o u u e o he commodi y 2. Sell a a highe p ice and make money MERRIAM- and WEBSTER34 is in ansi i e 1. a) s a s y i am ik a ema b) o glance a some hing in ain o a andom and o en wi hou esul s 2. p isiim i e slo iziką ikin is pelno anzi y inis 1. o belie e ha i is ue on he basis o insu icien e idence wi hou su icien e idence, in o ma ion, 2. domė is a abejo i Kaip ma y i iš 9-os len elės, anglų kalbos žodynuose eiksmažodis spekuliuo i u i d i eikšmes. Visuose i uose žodynuose pi ma pa eik a eikšmės apib ėž- is susijusi su nuomonės susida ymu, spėjimu, eo e iza imu, s a s ymu a pan. e.g. E e yone was specula ing who he s ange was. Jou nalis s a e specula ing on whe he he e will be a educ ion in in e es a es. [in ansi i e, ansi i e] o o m an opinion abou some hing wi hou knowing sell hem, bu wi h he isk o losing money. 32 specula e o guess possible answe s o a ques ion all he de ails o ac s; 2. o buy goods, p ope y, sha es, e c., hoping o make a p o i when you when you do no ha e enough in o ma ion o be ce ain; Buy and sell in he hope ha he alue o wha you buy will inc ease and ha i can hen be sold a a highe p ice in o de o make a p o i . 33 English specula e 1. I you specula e abou some hing, you make guesses abou i s na u e o iden i y, o abou wha migh happen; 2.I someone specula es inancially, hey buy p ope y, s ocks, o sha es, in he hope o being able o sell hem again a a highe p ice and make a p o i . English: Specula e in ansi i e e b 1a: o medi a e on o ponde a subjec . b: o e iew some hing idly o casually and o en inconclusi ely; 2: o assume a business isk in hope o gain; especially: o make a ela i ely isky in es men in some hing (such as s ocks o eal es a e) in he hope o making a la ge sho - e m p o i om ma ke luc ua ions; T ansi i e e b: o ake o be ue on he basis o insu icien e idence. 2: o be cu ious o doub ul abou . A icles o he ules o A icle 183 (CAMBRIDGE). C i ics o he p ojec specula e Žodžių spekuliacija, spekulian as i spekuliuo i eikšmių pokyčiai on how many hospi als could be buil in hei place (COLLINS). We don' know wha happened, we can only specula e. F om he examples gi en, i is clea ha in such cases, when ansla ing in o Li huanian, he e bs ikks and eiksmažodžiai can be used o " y o say co ec ly wi hou knowing" (DLKŽ8e), o "e alua e he a ailable da a in o de o d aw a conclusion" (DLKŽ8e) o o combine wo ds o make an assump ion. The second de ini ion o specula e gi en in he English dic iona ies is ela ed o ade, i.e. goods, eal es a e, s ocks, e c. likes o specula e on he s ock ma ke (OXFORD). He ea ned his money by specula ing on ising land p ices. The pi kimu i pa da imu ikin is gau i pelno izikuojan p a as i pinigus, p z.: Jis de ini ions o he meanings o he e b specula e in Russian dic iona ies a e as Londono aukso i sidab o inkose (CAMBRIDGE). S ambūs ūkininkai k aus osi, ollows: os 10-oje len elėje. In he Russian-language dic iona ies ha ha e been s udied, he wo d specula e usually has h ee meanings. The i s wo meanings (in he SEM and TSS su p ekyba, ik pi mos eikšmės objek as y a bū en bi žos ope acijos. T ečia dic iona ies) a e ela ed o he second meaning (in he MAKS dic iona y) which is ela ed o he conscious use o some hing o sel ish pu poses, e.g. Specula e on empo a y ha dship, someone else's ha dship, someone else's mis o une (SEM). Specula e on who I eel so y o , good (SEM)37. Analysis o he de ini ion o he e b specula e in Li huanian, English and Russian dic iona ies shows ha he e a e di e ences in de ini ions no only be ween dic iona ies, bu also in he wo d i sel , o example, he LKZ eco ded he meaning o specula e […]consciously use some hing o sel -in e es […], and such a meaning is no gi en in he specula i e lexicog aphical a icle. One o he de ini ions o specula ion s a es ha " he law p ohibi s he pu chase and sale o goods a highe p ices", whe eas he specula i e lexicological a icle does no eco d his meaning, e c. I is p ecisely his p esen a ion o meanings in dic iona ies ha has led o he use o (ea lie imes) and (o ) ce ain p inciples o dic iona y spelling. 35 English They we e all specula ing as o he iden i y o he s ange . Jou nalis s a e specula ing abou whe he in e es a es will be cu (CAMBRIDGE). C i ics o he p ojec specula e abou how many hospi als could be buil ins ead (COLLINS). We don know wha happened we can only specula e (MERRIAM-WEBSTER). 36 English He likes o specula e on he s ock ma ke . He made his money specula ing on he London gold and sil e ma ke s (CAMBRIDGE). Big a me s a e mo ing in, in o de o specula e wi h ising land p ices (COLLINS). The 37 h. To specula e on ime di icul ies, on o he people's di icul ies, on someone else's. I'm in he way. Спекулировать на чьей-н. жалости, доброте. ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ 184 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIX This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. 10 o LENTEL. De ini ions o he e b specula e in Russian dic iona ies ŽODYNAS APIBRĖŽTYS MAKS38 1. pi k i i pe pa duo i siekian pelno 1) buying and selling o secu i ies aded on he s ock exchange o he pu pose o making a p o i ( om he di e ence be ween he buying and selling p ices) 2. buying and selling o p o i 3. knowingly using some hing o sel ish pu poses TSOŠ40 1. spekuliuo i bi žose 2. o buy, o sell, o make a p o i 3. o consciously use some hing o one's own pu poses (mink) 3.2 The e b o specula e Examples ound by DLKT and Google indica e ha he e b specula e has h ee meanings: (a) ‘ o sell in o de o make an easy p o i , (b) ‘ o knowingly use some hing o sel ish pu poses, and (c) o guess, o guess; o be conside ed; o make assump ions. Each meaning is discussed in mo e de ail below. (a) "To ade in o de o make an easy p o i ". As he examples show, i can be specula ed in cu ency a es (see example 1), commodi ies (see example 2), cu ency ma ke s (see example 4), bi coins (see example 5) and so on. Specula ing o p o i , bu a he isk o losing money, e.g. (1) I can be used no only o educe isks, bu also o specula e, i.e. o y o ea n money by aking ad an age o cu ency exchange a e luc ua ions. (DLKT) 39 Rupees and specula e 1. engaged in he pu chase and sale o exchange- aded secu i ies o he pu pose o : 38 Ru. спекулировать 1. Заниматься спекуляцией 1 (в 1 знач.). 2. перен. Строить свои планы, расчеты на чем-л., использовать что-л. в корыстных целях. получения прибыли (от разницы между покупной и продажной ценой) (спец.). 2. Заниматься скупкой и перепродажей с целью наживы. 3. перен. Умышленно использовать что-н. в своих корыстных целях (неодобр.). 40 Rupees o mo e specula e 1. In exchange specula ions 1 (in 1 sign) (special). 2. Ge busy спекуляцией 1 (во 2 знач.), скупкой, перепродажей с целью наживы. 3. перен. Умышленно использовать что-н. в своих целях (неодобр.). S aipsniai / A icles 185 Žodžių spekuliacija, spekulian as i spekuliuo i eikšmių pokyčiai (2) Ki a e us, in es uo i į pačias žalia as aip pa nė a p ak iška – dėl san- They would be much mo e expensi e o specula e on because o he cos o assembly and anspo . (DLKT) This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal. (3) While expe s ad ise agains expe imen ing in he passi e ma ke , playe s claim no o a oid specula ing. (DLKT) (4) In 1992, specula ing in he cu ency ma ke , he be he Ge man ma k agains he English pound s e ling and is belie ed o ha e made abou a billion dolla s. This is Google. In o he wo ds, Bi coin can be specula ed wi h he aim o making a p o i , bu a he same ime a he isk o losing he in es men . (Google) The e a e examples o he eali y o he So ie Union's p ohibi ed buying and selling o goods, such as: (6) A pensione who spen his whole li e wi h his back o he go e nmen and didn' ealize ha he e would be mo e losses i he e we e So ie specula ion. (DLKT) Some examples show he di e ences be ween ading and specula ion, lending and specula ion, e.g. : (7) Žemė ampa p eke, ja galima p ekiau i i spekuliuo i. (DLKT) (8) We do no specula e ab oad, bu lend money o local consume s. (DLKT) (see 9 […] indica es ha i can be specula ed in he name, message, b) ‘Sąmoningai panaudo i ką sa anaudiškiems ikslams’. Pa yzdžiai ideas, sayings, alues, pa io ism, agedy, e c.) (9) The auds e would e u n o he s o e a e he bank he was specula ing in he name had un ou o business hou s. Real es a e expe s acknowledge ha he e is al eady specula ion ha he eu o will no be in oduced and ha he e a e oppo uni ies o nego ia e he p ices o old cons uc ion apa men s. (DLKT) This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal. I can' s and people who y o specula e on ideas o p og ess and y o ake ad an age o i . (DLKT) (12) I is specula ed ha he public does no wan such a ax, e en i i is only ou li as pe amily and is no paid by socially suppo ed pe sons. (DLKT) (13) To be mo e p ecise, hey did no choose o do so, bu hey we e eplaced by some o ces o he e il wo ld ha a e specula ing on he alues o ou na ion and des oying i s li e. (DLKT) This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal. Howe e , is i possible o specula e on he pa io ism o he playe s when he club's manage s a e no ykdo su a yje numa y ų įsipa eigojimų? (Google) ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ 186 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIX This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. (15) This is a se ies o p o oca i e public ela ions ac ions by his pe son, when specula ing on he Uk ainian agedy, he ies o aise his pe sonal and all-comp omising F eedom Pa y a ings. This is Google. (c) o guess, o guess; o be conside ed; o make assump ions, e.g. "no, o he ange o all he (16) No s daug kas spekulia o, kad mums nepa yks pasi ašy i su a ies dėl sie- scound els", ha didn' happen. (DLKT) (17) The wo elec ions allow only heo e ical specula ion abou he momen a y lashes o change. (DLKT) This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal. The e is specula ion in cu ency ma ke s ha he inance minis e s o he Eu opean coun ies a he G7 mee ing exp essed he opinion ha he Japanese yen is oo weak. (DLKT) This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal. I seems o me ha he s a e should i s o all be be e acquain ed wi h u ė ume daugiau duomenų, o ne ien spekuliuo ume. (DLKT) emig a ion, ha (20) Howe e , he Ta a s do no p e en he abbis om emphasizing he u u e wo ld in hei eachings and e en specula ing abou i s (21) J. Šiugždinienė kol kas nesi yž a spekuliuo i, kokios p iežas ys galėjo nu- lem i ypač p as us šių me ų ma ema ikos egzamino ezul a us. (Google) (22) Kol kas anks i spekuliuo i apie naujus sankcijų pake us. Nuola yks a s e- bėjimas o, kas jau y a įgy endin a i mes ma ome, kad sankcijos y a apei- na u e. (DLKT) he house. This is Google. Iš kai ku ių pa yzdžių (ž . 17, 20, 22) ma y i, kad eiksmažodis speku- o specula e, o specula e, o specula e abou wha ? (see also subpa ag aph 1.2). O he , o a a con en , by weigh The de ini ion o he wo ds "specula ion," "speculan " and "specula e" in selec ed Li huanian, English and Russian-language dic iona ies and special dic iona ies shows ha : 1) he de ini ions o he meanings ela ed o ade (goods, eal es a e, alues, secu i ies, e c.) o p o i a e ixed in all dic iona ies; 2) De ini ions o meanings ela ed o he conscious use o some hing o sel ish pu poses in he ocabula y, and 3) de ini ions o meanings ela ed o specula ion, specula ion, conside a ion, pa eikiamos be eik isuose usų i iename lie u ių (LKŽe spekuliuo i) kalbos de ining he meanings o he wo ds o be discussed. I u ned ou ha he ixa ion p ielaidų da ymu, iksuojamos ik anglų kalbos žodynuose i iename lie u- ių kalbos šal inyje (ND). Ki uose lie u ių i usų kalbų žodynuose iksuojama A icles o he A icles 187 Žodžių spekuliacija, spekulian as i spekuliuo i eikšmių pokyčiai minė ai eikšmei seman iškai a ima iloso inė eikšmė, susijusi su abs akčiu p o a imu, nesiejamu su p ak ika i pa y imu. 2. Ty imo me u bu o siek a išski i pag indinius požymius, pasi enkamus o signs a ies he mos when de ining he meaning ela ed o ade. By sugges ing h ee-language dic iona ies, he wo ds discussed in he ade- ela ed de ini ions men ioned a e p o i , isk, specula i e p ice (cou se) di e ence, highe p ices and, mius ma y i, kad aiškiausi i ge iausiai ep ezen uojan ys u inį y a šie: p ekyba, speaking o he eali ies o he USSR pe iod, p ohibi ed ac i i ies. 3. he p esen -day use o he wo ds in he Li huanian w i en language indica es changes in hei meanings […] a e eco ded due o he sp ead o new language con ac s, meanings no gi en in Li huanian dic iona ies, e.g. specula ion […]ko (who) al hough conscious use o sel -in e es […] ( he seman ic alue is mainly om Russian) and […]spėliojimas; he conside a ion; making assump ions (seman ic in e p e a ion is mos ly om English). Thus, he wo ding indica es ha (1) he noun specula ion is used wi h he ollowing meanings: ‘a ade aimed a making an easy p o i , ‘a specula ion, a specula ion; he conside a ion; making assump ions, wha e e (someone) is delibe a ely used o sel ish pu poses and abs ac easoning, un ela ed o p ac ice and expe ience; (2) he e m specula o […] […] a pe son engaged in he buying and selling o goods, asse s, secu i ies by means o links; 3) he e b o specula e […] o sell, in o de o make an easy p o i […], […] o consciously siekdamas leng ai pasipelny i’ i ‘ e slininkas, užsiiman is bi žos akcijų speku- use some hing o sel ish pu poses […] and […] o specula e, o specula e; o be conside ed; o make assump ions. 4. In iew o he o egoing, he lexical a icles o he wo ds unde conside a ion should be e ised in he Li huanian dic iona ies. In addi ion, he Commission shall: BLKŽ […] Dic iona y o he Li huanian Language, Pa 2: An aš ynas, ed. by he college D. Liu ke ičienė, G. Nak inienė, R. Pe okienė, D. S e ikienė, K. Vosyly ė, J. Zaba skai ė, y . ed. D. Liu ke ičienė, Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, 2014. The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. CAMBRIDGE – Camb idge Ad anced Lea ne ’s Dic iona y, e. a ian as. P ieiga in e - This is no he case wi h he dic iona y.camb idge.o g. COLLINS […] Collins English Dic iona y, e. a ian . This is he i s ime I ha e seen i . Access o he In e ne : h p: www.co- llinsdic iona y.com. DLKT […] Tex o he cu en Li huanian language. I is a ailable on he In e ne a : h p: exs ynas. du.l o ex ynas. ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ 188 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIX This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. DLKŽ8e […] The cu en Li huanian language dic iona y, ed. S . Keinys, 8 h (6 h elec onic online) edi ion, upda ed e sion, Vilnius: Li huanian language ins i u e, 2021. I is a ailable on he In e ne a : h ps: ekalba.lki.l /daba ines-lie u iu-kalbos-zodynas. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Guda ičius Aloyzas 2009: E hnolinguis ics: a na ion in speech, Šiauliai: he publishing house o he Uni e si y o Šiauliai. Guda ičius Aloyzas, 2013: The seman ic s uc u e o a wo d om he poin o iew o nomina ion. […] Philology 18, 70 o 85. I is a ailable on he In e ne a : h ps: alpykla.elaba.l elaba- edo a://objec s/elaba:6098350/da as eams/MAIN/con en . Jakai ienė E alda 1986: Because o seman ic mo i a ion as a codi ica ion c i e ion. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. LKŽe […] Li huanian language dic iona y 1[…]20 (1941[…]2002), edi ed by he college G. Nak inienė, J. Paulauskas, R. Pe okienė, V. Vi kauskas, J. Zaba skai ė, edi ed by he college. G. Nak inienė, e. a ian , Vilnius: Ins i u e o Li huanian Language, 2008 ( enewed e sion, 2018). He is a membe o he boa d o di ec o s o he Li huanian Academy o Sciences. I is a ailable on he In e ne a : h ps: www.ekalba.l . MAKS […] Russian language dic iona y [Russian language dic iona y], e. a ian . Accessed om he In e ne : h p: www.slo a i. u/sea ch.aspx?s=0&p=3068. MERRIAM-WEBSTER […] Me iam-Webs e Dic iona y and Thesau us, e. a ian . This is he i s ime ha he dic iona y has been upda ed. I is a ailable on he In e ne a h ps: www.me iam-webs e .com. Miliūnai ė Ri a 2022: Va ia ions and new mani es a ions o ND – Miliūnai ė Ri a, Aleksai ė Agnė. Lie u ių kalbos naujažodžių duomenynas [Tęs inis he Li huanian language a he beginning o he 21s cen u y: sys ema ics and di ec ions o changes, Vilnius, Li huanian Language Ins i u e. online knowledge since 2011], sud. R. Miliūnai ė, Vilnius: Li huanian language ins i u e. I is a ailable on he guages.oup.com. Ru ko ska K is ina, Sme ona Ma ius, Sme onienė I ena 2017: Ve ybės In e ne a h ps: www.ekalba.lki.l . OXFORD […] Ox o d Lea ne […]s Dic iona ies, e. a ian . This is he i s ime ha he Ox o d Lea ne 's Dic iona y has been published. A ailable on he In e ne : h ps: www.lie u io pasaulė aizdyje, Vilnius: Academic publishing house. SEM […] Russian seman ic ocabula y [Russian seman ic ocabula y], e. a ian . Accessed om he In e ne : h p: www.slo a i. u/sea ch.aspx?s=0&p=3068. I 's called Lib is An anas. Dic iona y o synonyms o he Li huanian language, second amendmen . This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. I is a ailable on he In e ne a : h ps: www.ekalba.l synonym-zodynas.