Mapping Indo-European Anatomical Terminology II: Latvian gaļa ‘meat’

S aipsniai / A icles 27 VÁCLAV BLAŽEK Masa yk Uni e si y ORCID id: o cid.o g./0000-0002-6797-7188 Fields o esea ch: Bal ic & Indo-Eu opean e ymology and onomas ics. DOI: doi.o g/10.35321/all89-02 MAPPING INDO- EUROPEAN ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY II: LATVIAN GAĻA ‘MEAT’ Indoeu opiečių ana omijos e minijos ka og a a imas II: la ių gaļa ‘mėsa’ ANNOTATION The p esen con ibu ion analyzes La ian gaļa ‘mea , lesh’ om he poin o iew o he Indo-Eu opean ana omical e minology and iden i ies i s cogna es in Old I ish gaile ‘s omach’, ‘Pa a- Ph ygian’ γάλλια ‘in es ines’ wi h he same su ixal de i a ion in *-o-/ *-eH2-, and u he wi h Ancien Macedonian γόλα ‘in es ines’, G eek χολάδες ‘en ails, gu s’, and Sla ic *želǫdъkъ / *želǫdь(cь) ‘s omach’, all de i able om he aniṭ- oo *ghel- o i s apophonic a ian s. Insula Cel ic *eχs-glasso-/ā- ‘s omach’, i de i able om *eʰs-()(h)(H)-s H2o- ‘s anding ou o *()(h)(H)-’, implies ha *()(h)(H)- should belong o a di e en in e nal o gan, p obably ‘gall, bile’, whose designa ion de i able om he oo *helH3- ‘g een, yellow’ is a es ed in se e al Indo-Eu opean b anches. The al e na i e, i γάλλια ‘in es ines’ is o G eek o igin, is also discussed. KEYWORDS: La ian, Indo-Eu opean, ana omical e minology, wo d o ma ion, e ymology. ANOTACIJA S aipsnyje indoeu opiečių ana omijos e minijos požiū iu analizuojama la ių gaļa ‘mėsa’ i nus a omi giminiški a i ikmenys ki ose kalbose: sen. ai ių gaile ‘sk andis’, ‘pa a igų’ γάλλια ‘ža nos’ su p iesaga *-o-/-*-eH2-, oliau siejama su sen. makedonų γόλα ‘ža nynas’, VÁCLAV BLAŽEK 28 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIX g aikų χολάδες ‘ idu iai, ža nos’ i sla ų *želǫdъkъ / *želǫdь(cь) ‘sk andis’ – isi a i ikmenys kildinami iš aniṭ- šaknies *ghel- a ba jos apo oninių a ian ų. Salų kel ų *eχs-glasso-/ā- ‘sk andis’, jei kildinamas iš *eʰs-()(h)(H)-s H2o- ‘išsiski ian is iš *()(h)(H)-’, implikuoja, kad *()(h)(H)- u ė ų p iklausy i ki am idaus o ganui, galbū ‘ ulžiai’, ku ios pa adinimas kildinamas iš šaknies *helH3- ‘žalia, gel ona’ i y a paliudy as keliose indoeu opiečių kalbų g upėse. Ap a iama i al e na y a, jei γάλλια ‘ža nos’ laikomas g aikiškos kilmės. ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: la ių, indoeu opiečių, ana omijos e minija, žodžių da yba, e imologija. 1. ATTESTATION La ian gaļa . ‘Fleisch (zum Essen bes imm )’, i.e. ‘mea , lesh ( o ood)’, wi h such de i a i es as he diminu i e gaļī e, adjec i es gaļaîns, gaļîgs ‘ leischig’, gaļuô s ‘ leischig, mollig, e ’, and he compound gaļêdis ‘Fleisch esse ’ (ME I 598; EH I 381–82), s and isola ed wi hin Bal ic, pe haps wi h excep ion o ‘Na ewian’ ała, glossed by Polish mięso ‘mea , lesh’, i he emenda ion *gaļa is adequa e (c . Zinke ičius 1984: 12). 2. EXISTING ETYMOLOGIES To da e, he ollowing e ymological a emp s ha e been o mula ed (in ch onological o de ): 2.1. Somme (apud ME I 598) hough (wi h a ques ion ma k) abou some connec ion wi h Sla ic *golъ ‘ba e’, p oposing he me apho ‘naked (mea )’ = ‘ aw (mea )’. In Bal ic, o ms ela ed o Sla ic *golъ ‘ba e’ can be iden i ied in Li huanian gáldy i, gáldau, gáldžiau dial. ‘ o wipe, ub, sc ub’, nugáldy i ‘wipe down, clean’, La ian galdî ‘ o peel’, ep esen ing an in ensi e e b in -dy i om he los e b *galy i ‘ o skin, peel’ (Smoczyński 2018: 307). On he o he hand, as a nominal cogna e o Sla ic *golъ ‘ba e’ La ian gàle ‘eine dünne Eisdecke, Gla eis’ should be men ioned; c . Russian góloť ‘Eisdecke’ (ME I 617; Poko ny 1959: 349). 2.2. S ua E. Mann (1984–1987: 312) connec ed La ian gaļa wi h he o mally co esponding Li huanian galià . ‘powe , s eng h, impo ance; heal h’, which is a anspa en de e bal abs ac noun in -ā- om he e b galė i, galiù ‘ o be able, manage o’; c . La ian galê , -ẽju ‘ o inish, o e come di icul ies, manage, endu e’ (Smoczyński 2018: 307–308: IE *gelH- ‘ o gain powe , au ho i y’ – see LIV2 185–186). Following Holge Pede sen (1909: 51), Mann ied o ind suppo o his seman ic di e ence, compa ing G eek S aipsniai / A icles 29 Mapping Indo-Eu opean Ana omical Te minology II: La ian gaļa ‘mea ’ κῖκυς . ‘s eng h, powe ’ wi h Welsh cig ‘mea , lesh’; c . u he Middle Welsh (13 h cen .) cic, Old Co nish chic gl. ‘ca o’, Middle B e on quic, B e on kig (GPC), bu he gene ally accep ed cogna e o he B i onic o ms, Old I ish cích . ‘ emale b eas ’ (DIL C-182), indica es ha he p ima y meaning o his Cel ic e ymon was a he a om ‘s eng h’ (Ma aso ić 2009: 204). 2.3. Kons an īns Ka ulis (1992: 285), he only one who ook in o accoun he possible ‘Na ewian’ cogna e a e Zigmas Zinke ičius, also specula ed abou a ela ion o gaļa wi h La ian galê , -ẽju ‘ o inish, o e come di icul ies, manage, endu e’, and u he wi h gals ‘end, ip, op’ and dze , dzeļu, dzêlu ‘ o p ick, s ing, bi e, bu n’ (ME I 541), co esponding o Li huanian gãlas ‘end, inish, conclusion; dea h’ and gél i, gẽlia, glė ‘ o s ing, p ick; bi e (o insec s, o a ipe ); s ing, hu iolen ly’ espec i ely (Smoczyński 2018: 327–328: IE *gelH- ‘ o pie ce, in lic pain’ – see LIV 207). 3. NEW ETYMOLOGY The p esen s udy aims o o e an al e na i e solu ion based on he compa ison wi h ana omical e ms in o he IE b anches. Le us emembe ha La ian p ese es some e ms inhe i ed om he IE p o olanguage, which ha e no con inuan s in o he Bal ic languages, namely e.g. La ian asins ‘blood’ (ME I 143; Poko ny 1959: 343). The e a e se e al p omising ex e nal cogna es: 3.1. Old I ish gaile m. ‘s omach; belly, womb, bowels’ (DIL G-22) is de i able om P o o-Cel ic *galo- and u he om *go- by Pa izia De Be na do S empel (1987: 32, 50, 131; 1999: 208) o *gHo- by Debo ah Hayden & Da id S i e (2022: § II.5, e e ing o Zai 2012: 70–77, 89–93). Toge he wi h Julius Poko ny (1959: 365), de Be na do S empel de i es gaile om he e b gelid ‘g azes, consumes’ (DIL G-60). Augus F. K. Fick (1881: 211) had al eady connec ed gelid wi h Welsh gele ‘leech’, and u he wi h Old High Ge man kela . ‘ h oa , gulle , oesophagus, la ynx, pha ynx; gills’; La in gula . ‘ h oa , gulle ’; Sansk i gala- m. ‘ h oa ’; A menian klanem ‘I swallow’, ao . e-kowl; Russian gol áť ‘ o gulp’. This chain o compa anda was mo e o less p ese ed by Walde & Poko ny I 621; Walde & Ho mann I 625–626; Poko ny 1959: 365. Now i is gene ally accep ed ha Sansk i gala- ‘ h oa ’ is de i ed om he IE e b *ge H3- ‘ o gulp’ (Poko ny 1959: 474; EWAI I 469–470, 476; Kümmel LIV 211). A menian klo/okowl, La in gula and Russian gol áť a e de i ed om he oo *gel- ‘ o gulp, swallow’ by Ma in Kümmel (LIV 192), bu in Cel ic and Ge manic one would expec he ini ial e lex o *g-, namely *b- and VÁCLAV BLAŽEK 30 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIX *kw- espec i ely. He e Ranko Ma aso ić (2009: 145) p e e s he mo e plausible econs uc ion *gle-. S e an Schumache (2000: 57, 70; 2004: 271–272), ollowed by Kümmel (LIV 217–218) and Nicholas Zai (2012: 188–189), connec Old I ish gelid ‘g azes, consumes’ wi h he noun gel . ‘g azing, eeding’, and u he wi h he B i onic designa ion o ‘g ass’: Old Welsh (9 h cen .) guel, Middle & Mode n Welsh gwell m., Co nish gwels id., Old B e on guel iocion gl. ‘ enosa’, econs uc ing he P o o-Cel ic oo *gel-, implying IE *ghel-, al hough i would be limi ed only o Cel ic. Ma aso ić (2009: 145) exp esses his doub s abou he exis ence o such a oo . Le us add ha he oo o he B i onic wo d o ‘g ass’ is compa ible wi h Old No se ǫll m. ‘Ebene, Feld, Wiese’ (De V ies 1977: 673), independen ly o he p o o o m *walþu- o *walnu-, and u he wi h Hi i e wellu- ‘pas u e, meadow’ < *elnu- (Kloekho s 2008: 998). Old High Ge man kela . ‘ h oa , gulle , oesophagus, la ynx, pha ynx; gills’, oge he wi h Old Saxon kel- in he compound kelgi i hi n. ‘Genusssuch ’, Middle Low Ge man kēle, Old Low F ankish kela ., Middle Du ch kele, Old F isian kele, Old English ceole . ‘ h oa , gulle ; a ine, go ge; p ow o a ship’ e lec P o o-Ge manic *kelōn- (EWAhd V 451–454). The e is s ill he a ian wi h a di e en su ixal ex ension: Old High Ge man kelu m. (i-s em) ‘Kehle, Schlund, Wamme am Hals’, kelu a . (ōn-s em), kelu o m. (an-s em) ‘Wamme, he un e hangende Hau al e am Hals; palea ’; ?Old Saxon kelu ‘palea ’; Old English ceolo m. ‘ h oa , gulle ’, usually de i ed om P o o-Ge manic *keluz- (EWAhd V 452, 464–465). Bu Guus K oonen (2013: 284) modi ied his econs uc ion o *kelu ō- ., hus econciling i , wi h *kelōn-, bo h membe s o an o iginal /n-he e ocli ic pa adigm. On he o he hand, his de i a ion o *kelu o/*kelōn- om a seeming oo +gelH1- is no necessa y, since he oo *gel- is qui e sa is ac o y (c . EWAhd V 452–453). This p o o o m is also compa ible wi h he ex ended o m *gle- p e e ed by Ma aso ić (2009: 145), belonging oge he in he same way as he e bal oo s *se - ‘ o un, hu y’ (EWAI II 705–706) s. *s e- ‘ o low’ (LIV 588) o *de - ‘ze eissen, ze sp ingen’ s. *d e(H)- ‘niede schneiden’ (LIV 119, 129) o *d eH2- ‘ o un’, *d em- ‘ o un’, implying he p ima y oo *de -, s. *d e- ‘ o un’ (LIV 127–129) e c. 3.1.1. Hayden & S i e (2022) ex end he Cel ic da a, adding Old I ish eclas (o- o ā-s em) ‘s omach’ (DIL E-40), Mode n I ish eaglais ‘a bi d’s s omach’ o ‘gizza d’, wi h hei B i onic coun e pa s: Welsh glasog ‘gizza d o owl, c op, kidney’, a u (g)las ‘gizza d’, li e ally ‘glas-li e ’ (GPC); Old Co nish glas gl. ‘s omachus’ (Campanile 1974: 49); Middle B e on elas ‘gizza d’ (Ca holicon; Vanne ais), ‘li e ’ (Libe Vocabulo um), Mode n B e on elaz ‘gésie ’ (Deshayes 2003: 212) < Common Cel ic *eχs-glasso-/ā- < *eʰs ‘ou o ’ + *()(h)H-s H2o-. Bu de Be na do S empel (2023: 19) con incingly demons a ed S aipsniai / A icles 31 Mapping Indo-Eu opean Ana omical Te minology II: La ian gaļa ‘mea ’ ha he sequence *CsC de elops h ough *CaLsC, p obably s ill p ese ed in Cel ibe ian, o he me a hesized o m *CLasC in esidual Common Cel ic. Tha is why Common Cel ic *eχs-glasso-/ā- is also de i able om *eʰs + *g(h)-s H2o-. Bo h o he Cel ic ana omical e ms, *galo- and *eχs-glasso-/ā-, designa ed mo e o less he same in e nal o gan, ‘s omach’. Analyzing hei p ojec ions back o P o o-Indo-Eu opean, *g(h)(H)io- ‘belonging o *g(h)(H)-’ and *eʰs-()(h)(H)-s H2o- ‘ou o *()(h)(H)-’ espec i ely, i is a he di icul o unde s and ha bo h he o ma ions would ha e he same meaning, i *()(h)- mean he same. One possibili y is o p opose ha *()(h)(H)- in *eʰs-()(h)(H)-s H2o- designa ed ano he in e nal o gan. A good candida e is ‘gall, bile’, de i able om he oo *helH3- ‘g een, yellow’ > A es an zā a- m. ‘gall, bile’; G eek χόλος & χολή ‘gall; bi e ha e, w a h’, χολέρα ‘chole a, a disease o he s omach, which causes omi ing and dia hoea’; Ge manic *galla- m., *gallōn- . ‘gall, bile’ > Old No se gall n., Old English gealla m., Old Saxon, Old High Ge man galla . id.; Bal ic *źul i- > Li huanian ulžs, ulž ‘bile; yellow- b own sec e ion om he li e ’, La ian žu(k) s ‘bile’; Old Chu ch Sla onic zlъčь id. (Poko ny 1959: 429; Beekes 2010: 1641–1642; K oonen 2013: 165; Boček, ESJS XIX 1131; Smoczyński 2018: 1536). In Cel ic, he e is no appa en con inuan o he oo *helH3- ‘g een, yellow’ in he sense ‘gall, bile’, only he colou -name in Welsh gell ‘yellow, b own, bay’, B e on gell ‘b own’. The idea ha i s de i a i e meaning ‘gall, bile’ is hidden in Cel ic *eχs-glasso-/ā- ‘s anding ou o a gall’ = ‘s omach’ is qui e a ac i e. Fo his eason, Cel ic *eχs-glasso-/ā- will no aken in o accoun in he ollowing esea ch. 3.2. Hayden & S i e (2022: § II.V) supplemen he compa anda, adding wo glosses om he lexicon o Hesychius o Alexand ia, compiled a ound 500 CE: 3.2.1. γόλα · ἔντερα. Μακεδόνες (La e, Cunningham 2018: 516, γ-769; c . Kallé is 1954: 138–139, § 50 on o he in e p e a ions, namely †γόδα o †ϝόδα). 3.2.2. γάλλια · ἔντερα (La e, Cunningham 2018: 485, γ-106). I he e is no e hnicon, he G eek o igin has been implici ly asc ibed o he quo ed wo d, bu i is no a i m ule. E.g. he gloss δαλάγκαν · θάλασσαν (La e, Cunningham 2018: 538, δ-148) has been iden i ied as Macedonian (Schmid 1867: 370) wi hou any e hnicon. Wi h ega d o he ac ha he gloss γάλλια · ἔντερα is p eceded by he gloss γάλλαρος· Φρυγιακὸν ὄνομα, he same, i.e. Ph ygian, o igin o he wo d γάλλια could be also aken in accoun . Le us use he glo onym ‘Pa a-Ph ygian’. The e m ‘Macedonian’ is used he e in he sense o he language o so-called Macedonian glosses, whe e β, δ, γ co espond o G eek φ, θ, χ espec i ely. The same ule ope a ed in Ph ygian (excep o pala alizing con ex , when γ changes in o ζ). Macedonian and Ph ygian γ- would imply bo h IE *g-/*- and *gh-/*h-, while G eek γ- e lec s only VÁCLAV BLAŽEK 32 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIX IE *g-/*-. I means, Macedonian γόλα is de i able om *()ol(H)-eH2- o *()hol(H)-eH2-, i i was he nom.sg. . Bu i can be iden i ied as he nom.pl.n ., implying he nom.sg.n . *γόλον. Mo e di icul is he analysis o he gloss γάλλια. Taking in accoun {pe haps} Ph ygian1 βαλλίον n. ‘phallus’, pl. βαλλία ‘p i a i e pa s’ [He odas], in pe spec i e o hei ela ionship o G eek φαλλός m. ‘memb um i ile’, φαλλίων [Suida] = φαλλοφόρος, περιφαλλία · πομπὴ Διονύσῳ τελουμένη τῶν φαλλῶν [Hesychius] (Beekes 2010: 197, 1550), and u he o Old I ish ball ‘membe , body-pa ’, Ge man dial. bille ‘penis’, bulle ‘ ul a’ e c., e lec ing *bhno (Poko ny 1959: 120–121), i is possible o p ojec γάλλια in o *()neH2- o *()hneH2- in he case o i s Ph ygian o igin and *()eH2-2 o *()neH2-, i i was o G eek o igin. Na u ally, γάλλια could also ep esen he nom.pl.n . In his case, he nom. sg. should be econs uc ed as he ()o-s em *γάλλιον. The analogical nasal ex ension can be iden i ied in La in he nia ‘ up u e, he nia’ s. ha uspex ‘a soo hsaye , who o e old he u u e om he inspec ion o he en ails o animal ic ims’ (Walde & Ho mann I 643). This oo *he H- wi h he nasal ex ension appea s in Li huanian ža nà o žá na ‘small in es ine’, pl. žá nos ‘gu s, in es ines’, La ian zanas .pl. ‘gu s’, za ni m.pl. ‘en ails’; Old No se gǫ n . ‘in es ine’, pl. ga na ‘Eingeweide’, Old Saxon mid-ga ni m. ‘a ina’ (Poko ny 1959: 443). 3.3. I he gloss γάλλια is no o G eek o igin, bu e.g. Ph ygian (Pa a- Ph ygian), he p o olanguage ini ial could be he aspi a ed ela *()h-. Fo his case, Hayden & S i e (2022, § II.V) s ill add G eek χολάδες .pl. ‘en ails, gu s’ [Iliad] (Beekes 2010: 1641), de i able om *()hol-d-, and Sla ic *želǫdъkъ m. ‘s omach’ > Bulga ian želắdăk; Slo ak žaludok, Czech žaludek, Uppe & Luwe Lusa ian žołdk, Polish żołądek; Uk ainian želúdok, Russian-Chu ch Sla onic želudъkъ, Russian želúdok / *želǫdь(cь) > Macedonian želudec, Se bo- C oa ian žèludac, Slo enian želộdec; Old Russian želudь, de i able om *ghel- ond- (Vasme I 416; De ksen 2008: 556; Snoj 2016: 889). I is necessa y o s ess ha he Sla ic example excludes he ini ial pala al ela . 3.4. La in helluō, -ōnis m. ‘glu on, squande e ’ [Te en ius+], helluo ‘I go mandize, de ou ’ [Cice o], allows us o hink also abou he I alic cogna e, i de i ed om he p o o o m *ghelno and no *ghelso as Johann Knobloch (1973) hough . I is emp ing o specula e abou a p ima y compound *hell(i)- o us *‘belly-de ou e ’ like ca ni- o us ‘ca ni o ous’ [Pliny], c . o ō ‘I swallow, de ou , consume’, compa able wi h G eek γαστερο-πλήξ ‘glu on’ [Eus a hius om Thessalonica], li . ‘belly-s oke ’. F om he hypo he ical compound 1 So Haas 1966: 159. 2 C . G eek καλός ‘beau i ul, noble, good’ [Iliad], Boeo ian καλϝος id., compa a i e καλλίων, supe la i e κάλιστος, besides κάλλος n. ‘beau y’ [Iliad] (Beekes 2010: 626–27). S aipsniai / A icles 33 Mapping Indo-Eu opean Ana omical Te minology II: La ian gaļa ‘mea ’ *hell(i)- o us would be o med he deponen e b helluo and inally he n-s em noun helluō, -ōnis. 4. DISCUSSION OF THE PROTOFORM Some examples a e de i able om he oo *gel-, o he om *ghel-, and he hi d g oup does no allow o decide be ween *gel- o *ghel-. Bo h he oo s a e mo e p obably aniṭ han seṭ. Le us compa e bo h he pa e ns in he pe spec i e o wo d o ma ion. 4.1. *gel- oo /su ix *-o-/*-eH2- *-o-/-*-eH2- *-n-o-/*-n-eH2- *- -/*-n- *gel- Gmc. *kelu o/*kelōn- *gol- Mc. γόλα L . gaļa *g- OI . gaile ?G . γάλλια ?G . γάλλια 4.2. *ghel- oo /su ix *-o-/*-eH2- *-o-/-*-eH2-*-n-o-/*-n-eH2- *-n + o*-d-/*-ond- *ghel- ?La . helluō Sl. *želǫdъkъ & *želǫdь(cь) *ghol- Mc. γόλα L . gaļa G . χολάδες *gh- OI . gaile ?PaPh . γάλλια Abb e ia ions: Gmc. Ge manic, G . G eek, La . La in, L . La ian, Mc. {Ancien } Macedonian, OI . Old I ish, PaPh . Pa a-Ph ygian, Sl. Sla ic. 4.3. Discussion. The Old I ish e b gelid ‘g azes, consumes’ can e lec bo h *gel- and *ghel-. The seman ic connec ion o his e b wi h he o gans o he alimen a y canal, beginning o ‘ h oa ’ o ‘gulle ’ h ough ‘s omach’ o ‘in es ines’ may be VÁCLAV BLAŽEK 34 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIX compa ed wi h he ela ion o G eek γαστήρ . ‘belly, paunch, womb’ [Iliad] wi h he e b γράω ‘I gnaw, ea ’, Sansk i g ása e ‘de ou s’, implying o G eek he p ima y o m *γραστήρ (c . Buck 1949: 253, § 4.46; Beekes 2010: 262, 286). In any case, he scena io based on he oo *ghel- allows us o explain a bigge numbe o ana omical e ms and ha is why his solu ion is mo e p e e able, independen o he accep ance o he p ima y de i a ion om he e b o he ype Old I ish gelid o ecogni ion o he unde i ed p ima y noun *ghel- in he Indo-Eu opean p o olanguage. On he o he hand, i Hesychius’ gloss γάλλια is o G eek o igin, he oo *gel- e u ns in he play and Ge manic *kelu o/*kelōn- ‘ h oa , gulle ’ becomes a compa ible cogna e. In his case, i is necessa y o ope a e wi h wo oo s *gel- and *ghel-, which could designa e ‘alimen a y canal’ and ‘s omach, in es ine’ espec i ely. La ian gaļa ‘mea , lesh’ and Old I ish gaile ‘s omach; belly, womb, bowels’ a e de i able om bo h o hem. 5. SEMANTIC MOTIVATION The seman ic dispe sion be ween ‘mea ’ and some in e nal o gan o a belly is no i ial, bu i is possible o illus a e i by examples om A oasia ic (see Blažek 2020: 46–47, 90): (a) No h Cushi ic: Beja i’ m. ‘abdomen, s omach, in e io ’ (Hudson apud Blench) = ’i, i’i m. ‘s omach; in e io ’ (Rope ) = (i)’ m. ‘Inne es, Mi e, Magen, Bauch’ (Reinisch) = i, e m. ‘Bauch(höhle), inne e Eingeweide’ (Almk is ); Eas Cushi ic: Somali iiʕ ‘Bauch, He z, Ve s and, Laune’ (Reinisch); Be be : (No h) Taze wal i ií/á/ú ‘Fleisch’ (S umme), Semlal i iyyi, N i a i iy, Baam ani i iyi; (Wes ) Zenaga i’jji (Nicolas) ‘ iande’. I is emp ing o add Egyp ian ʕ 3. ‘Fleischs ück’ (WPS 437). (b) Semi ic *šiʔ - > Akkadian šī u(m) ‘Fleisch; Leib; Eingeweide-Omen’ (AHw 1248), Phoenician šʔ ‘mea , lesh’, Uga i ic š ‘ lesh’, Heb ew šəʔē ‘ lesh, body’ (DUL 786; SED I 210–211). REFERENCES AHw – Akkadisches Handwö e buch 1–3, un e Benu zung des lexikalischen Nachlasses on B. Meissne , bea b. on W. on Soden, Wiesbaden: Ha assowi z, 1965–1981. Beekes Robe S. P. 2010: E ymological Dic iona y o G eek 1, wi h he assis . o L. an Beek, Leiden Indo-Eu opean E ymological Dic iona y Se ies, 10, Leiden, Bos on: B ill. S aipsniai / A icles 35 Mapping Indo-Eu opean Ana omical Te minology II: La ian gaļa ‘mea ’ Blažek Václa 2020: An Exce p om he Compa a i e and E ymological Dic iona y o Beja: Ana omical Lexicon. – Folia O ien alia 57, 25–125. A ailable a : h ps:// jou nals.pan.pl/dlib a/show-con en ?id=117169. Buck Ca l D. 1949: A Dic iona y o Selec ed Synonyms in he P incipal Indo-Eu opean Languages, Chicago, London: Uni e si y o Chicago P ess. Campanile En ico 1974: P o ilo e imologico del co nico an ico, Biblio eca dell’I alia diale ale e di s udi e saggi linguis ici, 7, Pisa: Pacini. De Be na do S empel Pa izia 1987: Die Ve e ung de indoge manischen liquiden und nasalen Sonan en im Kel ischen, Innsb ucke Bei äge zu Sp achwissenscha , 54, Innsb uck: Ins i u ü Sp achwissenscha de Uni e si ä Innsb uck. De Be na do S empel Pa izia 1999: Nominale Wo bildung des äl e en I ischen: S ammbildung und De i a ion, de Reihe Buch eihe de Zei sch i ü cel ische Philologie, 15, Tübingen: Niemeye . De Be na do S empel Pa izia 2023: The Accen s o Cel ic: New Ligh on he Olde and Oldes S ages, Heidelbe g: Win e . De ksen Rick 2008: E ymological Dic iona y o he Sla ic Inhe i ed Lexicon, Leiden, Bos on: B ill. Deshayes Albe 2003: Dic ionnai e é ymologique du b e on, Doua nenez: Le Chasse-Ma ée. De V ies Jan 1977: Al no disches e ymologisches Wö e buch, 3 d ed., Leiden: B ill. 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