Digital Profiling als Methode der frühmittelalterlichen Diplomatik. Ausgehend von einer Urkunde Ottos I. aus St. Petersburg

S aipsniai / A icles 23 MARIE-LUISE HECKMANN Uni e si ä Po sdam This is he ORCID id: o cid.o g/0000-0001-6924-8942 Scien i ic esea ch a eas: Mi elal e liche Geschich e, Ki chen-, Mili ä - und Umwel geschich e, Ve assungs- und Vo s ellungsgeschich e, His o ical auxilia y sciences, in pa icula diplomacy and I 's called handw i ing. I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . DIGITAL PROFILING (also known as digi al p o iling) METHOD o he ALS F esh o chilled I 's called diplomacy. Ou o he way. VON EINER URKUNDE OTTOS I. I'm going o S . Pe e sbu g. Fo P o . D . Vladimi I ano ic Mažuga, who is he 75 h bi hday on he 15 h. This is Ap il 2024 Skai meninis p o ilia imas kaip anks y ųjų diploma ic me hods. Remian is O ono I documen om S . Pe e sbu g 2. This is P o . D . Ski iama. Vladimi I ano ičiui Mažugai, 2024 Ap il 15 d. š enčiančiam 75 h anni e sa y 1 This a icle is based on a lec u e gi en a he In e na ional Con e ence on Wes Eu opean Manusc ip s and Cha e s om La e An iqui y o he Ea ly Mode n Pe iod in Sain Pe e sbu g Collec ions. Resea ch, Ca alogiza ion and Digi iza ion (S . Pe e sbu g, 19 o 22. 2 Sep embe This a icle is on he occasion o in e na ional con e ences on an iqui y and mode ni y 2019) he o . E en sp ich dem In e esse des Jubila s und seines akademischen Um elds an Fo m und Inhal on U kunden und Rech s ex en. Vgl. Mažuga 2000; Či ko a 2019. laikų Vaka ų Eu opos ank aščiai i is o iniai dokumen ai Sank Pe e bu go onduose. Ty imai, ka alogiza imas i skai emeninimas“, ykusios Sank Pe e bu ge 2019 m. ugsėjo 19–22 d. I 's called pag indu. MARIE-LUISE HECKMANN 24 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC also known as Ac a Linguis ica The anno a ion On he basis o a numbe o ex e nal and in e nal c i e ia, a documen o O o I kep in S . Pe e sbu g is analyzed and assigned o one o 39 known sc ibes o he impe ial chance y. The basis o iden i ica ion is he co ela ion and he i ine a y compa ison. The me hod o Signa sowie G öße, Fo ma , Fal ungen, Layou und Sch i des Kaise diploms. Es geh abe auch um die sp achliche Fä bung on Eigen- und O snamen, das Fo melgu de digi al p o iling used he e is hen examined o i s sui abili y o Russian and Ge man esea ch on he basis o compa a i e examples. Sch eibe iden i izie ung un e zogen. Hil eich sind dabei E kenn nisse de i alienischen, SCHLÜSSELWÖRTER: p o iling o w i e s, ea ly medie al diplomacy, oyal and impe ial documen s, iden i ica ion o w i e s, ma e iali y, w i ing and signs. The anno a ion On he basis o a numbe o ex e nal and in e nal c i e ia, a documen o O o I kep in S . Pe e sbu g is analyzed and assigned o one o 39 sc ibes o he impe ial chancelle y known by name. The basis o he iden i ica ion is he sign as well as he size, o ma , olds, layou and on o he impe ial diploma. Bu i is also abou he linguis ic colou ing o p ope and place names as well as he o mulas o co oba io and i ine a y compa ison. The digi al p o iling me hod used o his pu pose is hen es ed o i s sui abili y o w i e iden i ica ion on he basis o compa a i e examples. Findings om I alian, Russian and Ge man esea ch is help ul. KEYWORDS: digi al p o iling, ea ly medie al diplomacy, impe ial cha e s, and he like. Iden i ica ion o sc ibes, Ma e iali y, W i ing and Signs. S aipsniai / A icles 25 Digi al P o iling als Me hode de ühmi elal e lichen Diploma ik. Ausgehend on eine U kunde O os I. in S . Pe e sbu g 1. DEM UNBEKANNTEN SCHREIBER AUF DER SPUR The abb. 1: D O I. 371 (969 IV 18, Cassana)3 The documen depic ed is p ese ed in se e al ways a i s glance, bu a he olded in o 4 X 3 ields. In he ex , wo deu lich: Es handel sich hie bei um ein Sch i s ück, das b ei e als hoch is . Es wu de zudem in äl e e Zei o enkundig nich ausgeb ei e (also „plan“) on s can also be dis inguished, one wi h le e s d awn a in o he heigh (elonga a), he o he wi h iny le e s on he baseline, which a e p o ided wi h loops in he uppe leng h and un ou di e en ly in he lowe leng h. In addi ion, he lowe pa is su ounded by ligh e ci cles, as well as a ci cula imp in , which joins i u he o he igh . Also s iking is he i egula ou line 3 scan des Sch i s ücks ein Zeichen, das in eine eigena igen Ve bindung on zwei G oßbuchs aben T bes eh , ein dunkel e ä b es ie eckiges Loch, das on zwei c ea ed acco ding o: Bolšako 2012: 201. MARIE-LUISE HECKMANN 26 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC and se e al holes (mos ly isible on he edges). The pa chmen has a da k yellow colo . In i s clea ly s uc u ed, hough a i s glance unin elligible, basic o de , he documen gi es a hie a ic imp ession and, because o i s s angeness, may e en a ouse e e ence in some iewe s. The au ho emains unknown a i s , as he e seems o be no signa u e o o he indica ion o his indi iduali y. So he ques ion is, how do you ack his w i e ? P e ious esea ch on ea ly medie al oyal and impe ial diplomas has elied p ima ily on paleog aphical4, g aphic, he o ical, semio ic and symbolic ea u es (i.e. he o e all imp ession and he signi icance o indi idual elemen s)5, on o mula analyses (e.g. he in i ula io, he a enga and he na a io)6, on he connec ions be ween o igin, law, adminis a ion and poli ics (disposi io and in e en ion o mulas)7 and on he analysis o he p ac ice o medie al kings and empe o s (based on ac um and da e analysis). The eme gence o a oyal o impe ial ce i ica e is also discussed9. The use o he documen as a geh dabei nich zule z um den An eil on Auss elle n und Emp änge n am so genann en Dik a eines Diploms10. Symbole und Zeichenhandlungen beim symbol o powe 11 is discussed in p e ious esea ch as well as signa and o he symbols o powe 12. On he o he hand, he meaning o p ope names, which a e o en aken om documen s, is only occasionally discussed13. In es iga ions in o he bishop's documen s, he 4 h S edinskaja 2014. Fo ea ly medie al w i ing, see also Ho mann 1986; Ganz 1990: 36[…]80; Me hods 1999; Ho mann 2005; 2012: 160[…]216. 5 Bau ie 1984; GS 1996; Kölze 1998; Wo m 2004; Me siowsky 2015: 44[…]114, 190[…]215, pa 1. This is he i s pa o a se ies o a icles on he subjec . 6 Fich enau 1960, 1986; Pa 2016. This is a lis o people who we e bo n in, esiden s o , o o he wise closely associa ed wi h he ci y o Fich enau, Ge many. Fo he i le: Wol am 1973. A enga: Fich enau in 1957; Neumann in 1978; Hausmann and Gawlik in 1987. The na a i e is as ollows: Me a 1994; Bu kha d 2000; Zwie lein 2016; Heckmann in he yea 2014. 7 Sche e 1935; Codea 2008. This is a lis o a icles published by Sche e . See also Finckens ein in 1989 and Schie e in 1998. 8 Mülle -Me ens 1980; Be nha d 1993; Huschne 2003, 2006. This is a lis o people who we e bo n in, esiden s o , o o he wise closely associa ed wi h he ci y o Mülle -Me ens. 9 Me siowsky 2015: 661[…]706, 720 ., pa wo 10 K uishee 1979; Johanek 1990; Me siowsky 2015: 114, pa 1. This is he i s pa o a se ies o a icles on he subjec . 11 Kelle in he yea 1998. 12 Back in 1996; Kelle in 1997. He was a membe o he Eu opean Pa liamen . 13 Schlaug 1962; Tie enbach 1984 He is a membe o he Ge man na ional eam. S aipsniai / A icles 27 Digi al P o iling als Me hode de ühmi elal e lichen Diploma ik. Ausgehend on eine U kunde O os I. in S . Pe e sbu g The ollowing compa isons we e usually made in na ional his o ical esea ch14. A summa y ha sys ema ically cap u es he in e nal and ex e nal cha ac e is ics o a s ock o ea ly medie al documen s, compa es hem and places he esul s in a b oade con ex is, agains his backg ound, a esea ch decision. The Königsund Impe ial Ce i ica es o he ou going 9 h and i s hal o he 10 h. Howe e , due o hei high complexi y, hey also pose a pa icula challenge. I 's a challenge. The me hod o sc ibe p o iling (digi al p o iling) de eloped in a ecen auxilia y scien i ic s udy aims o o e come his hia us. I s basic ques ion is whe he , on he basis o one, se e al o all he cha ac e is ics o a pa icula oyal o impe ial documen , a pa icula Sch eibe iden i izie en läss . Zunächs wi d die neue Me hode o ges ell . Sodann wi d de e an wo liche W i e o a diploma o Empe o O o he G ea , which oday in S . Pe e sbu g au bewah wi d, mi els de neuen Me hode iden i izie . Schließlich ebnen se e al examples o he applica ion o he me hod he way o a summa y abou bishops o he ea ly O onian pe iod as a w i e o Königsund Kaise u kunden. The inal conclusion deals wi h he scope and limi s o he new me hod. 2. P o iling o w i e s This is a digi al p o iling. W i e p o iling (digi al p o iling) is based on a bundle o i y c i e ia, which a e based on diplomas o he i e kings and he i e kings espec i ely. A nulph, Ludwig he Child, Kon ad I, Hein ich I. and O o I. Kaise is used. In his way, con inui ies and b eaks in he diplomacy o ea ly medie al oyal and impe ial documen s a e o be made clea . The in es iga ion ocuses in pa icula on he sha e o he w i e in he p oduc ion o a documen . She comes o he ollowing conclusion: "The au ho o he diploma, a he o an indi idual wo k o a , is ecognizable by his s yle. Some ecipien s e en seem o ha e a ached impo ance o p ese ing he mas e pieces o ce ain a is s. 14 He Z.B. Wisplingho 1954; Johanek 1969; Ludwig 2008; The oldes documen s om 2008. 15 On he complexi y o O onian documen s, see Back in 1991; Schulze in 2007: 23 and 40. MARIE-LUISE HECKMANN 28 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC Fe igkei [also die de Sch eibe ] i am deu lichs en in Zeichen zu age, die ha e been en e ed wi h g ea p ac ice. Bu he mas e always paid a en ion o small changes, so ha each piece became unique. In addi ion o hese di e ences, übe dies he o , dass sich die Sch eibe als Küns le s e ig wei e en wickeln woll en, ohne jedoch ih en un e kennba en Duk us au zugeben.“16 Folg man he p oduce s o ce i ica es a e membe s o a highly specialized and aes he ically e sed educa ional eli e. The key o he assignmen o indi idual documen s o speci ic w i e s lies, acco ding o he a o emen ioned in es iga ion, in a unique combina ion o se e al cha ac e is ics. Th ee signs a e pa icula ly signi ican o his, which can be ound on mos oyal and impe ial diplomas o his e a: ch ysmon, monog am and ecogni ion ma k, o he ule and o he ecogni ion o o mal co ec ness and also die Zeichen ü die An u ung des d eieinigen Go es, ü die Un e sch i Comple eness o he documen . Howe e , he o mal and o de o he elemen s o he Escha okoll ( inal pa Bes and eile de Co obo a io (Bek ä igungs o meln) sowie die Anzahl o a documen ) a e also help ul in iden i ying he w i e . I is also use ul o he assignmen o documen s o a sc ibe he linguis ic colou a ion o he usually La in pe sonal and place names (whe e a Saxon-Lowe Ge man, a F ankish-Uppe Ge man and an I alian p onuncia ion a e legible on he o hog aphy). Also peculia i ies o Ac um ( he ime o he legal ac ) and Da e ( he ime o ce i ica ion) as well as selec ed g aphic and o he use o i onic no es […] o an ancien sec e sc ip […] paläog aphische Me kmale (wie zum Beispiel die Ges al ung de Signa, die Ve wendung on Abkü zungen, de Einsa z on Klein- und G oßbuchs aben bzw. on g iechischen Buchs aben im Rekogni ionszeichen) lie e n dem Au o zu olge we wolle Anhal spunk e, um einem unbekann en Sch eibe „au die T ace o come. 3. DIE URKUNDE AUS ST. PETERSBURG The documen o be analysed below was d awn up on he 18 h. Ap il 969 a Cassana. Exhibi ion da e and place allow a quick iden i ica ion o he piece as Diploma O o I. No. 371. Fo a long ime, he documen was known only om wo 16 Janua y 2019: 82. S aipsniai A icles 29 and 29 Digi al P o iling als Me hode de ühmi elal e lichen Diploma ik. Ausgehend on eine U kunde O os I. in S . Pe e sbu g mo e ecen copies. I s wo ding is said o ha e been linked o he MGH edi o Emil on O en hal on a collabo a ion o he I alian sc ibe B. Sch eibe O os des und D be uhen. Das Dik a wi d dabei o allem mi I D (also dem ie en G oßen in I aly. The o iginal diploma was p in ed once again in 1913, also acco ding o one o he wo copies18. I was c i ically published in Russia in 1937 and in Aus ia in 2012, in bo h cases based on he o iginal p ese ed in S . Pe e sbu g. The deed was some ime in he 19 h cen u y. Cen u y om Uppe I aly o Russia and he e i eaches he collec ion o he assis an scien is Nikolaj Pe o ič Lichačë (1862-1936) This membe o he Russian Academy o Sciences is conside ed an ou s anding expe in wa e ma ks, which i s well wi h his in e es in documen s om di e en e as. 4. Fo mal analysis o he esul s The ollowing ex e nal and in e nal cha ac e is ics a e ecognised in he documen : 1) I co e s wi h a wid h o 564 mm and a heigh o 414 mm (a e Ghignoli) an a ea o 0.32 m2 and has he usual c oss-sec ion. Königs- und Kaise u kunden aus I alien liegen un e O o dem G oßen (936– 976) häu ig bei 500 bis 549 mm B ei e, nö dlich de Alpen we den o 350 bis 499 mm e eich . Auch in de Höhe sind U kunden aus I alien endenziell e was g öße 21; 2) Die U kunde is ie mal in de Höhe und ie mal in de B ei e ge al e . Dies is sei dem ausgehenden 9. Jah hunde ein S anda d e ah en und komm in he case o I B, one o he wo sc ibes allegedly in ol ed in he deed, a leas wice be o e 22; 17 ÄdG 508 . (= MGH D O I. 371). 18 Gabo o e al. 1913: 102–104, N . LXV. 19 Anninsky 1937: 141 […] 150 (Russian), 151 […] 160 (La in) This is a lis o people who we e bo n in Russia. Ghignoli 2012: 245 […] 247 (La in). This is he i s ime I' e seen i . See also Nowak, Weigl 2017: 396, No. 13 . 20 Bolšako 1993: 201, No. 481; 2012: 259; S edinskaja 2014: 113. This is a lis o people who we e bo n in, esiden s o , o o he wise closely associa ed wi h he ci y o Bolšako . 21 Schnase 2019: 281 ., able 129: DD O I. 243 (428: 500), 334. This is he i s ime ha his has happened. 356 (434: 467), 357. 378 (470: 520), 390. 407. 408. 410. D O II. 17 (470: 551). This is he i s ime ha his has happened. See also ebd. This is 121 . 22 Ebd.: 154, 190, 342, Tabelle 49, 99, 149. MARIE-LUISE HECKMANN 30 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC also known as Ac a Linguis ica 3) The ch ysmon consis s o a olled-up diagonal line and a simple sha , which begins wi h an equila e al 4) The sign line (p oo o he o mal co ec ness and Diagonalk euz du chschni en wi d23; comple eness o he documen ) is shi ed o he ecogni ion line (p oo o he o mal coun e -examina ion o he documen ), namely abou he same posi ion as he monog am a ached in he middle; 5) I is also inse ed o he igh and is addi ionally ma ked by a longi udinal line; 6) The monog am has a diamond-shaped O and no husk; 7) The wo d subsc ip si is be ween he name o he ule and The epi he ; 8) Bo h a ecogni ion sign and he e liga u e a e missing; 9) The o iginally p in ed seal was loca ed o he igh nex o he Signum and Recogni ion line. I s diame e was abou 47 mm and is said o ha e been iden ical o ei he he second ode wi h he ou h oyal seal o O o I. 10) The seal imp in on he igh nex o i s o me posi ion sugges s ha he seal was los o e ime. The sign line (4), he absence o he ecogni ion ma k (8), he abb e ia ed wo d subsc ip si (7) o he sign line (4), bu also he le e S, which o ms a kind o od cu e, which s a s a he lowe leng h and is o en closed wi h a loop a he uppe leng h26, is sowie die S u ung on Signum- und Rekogni ionszeile (5) e weisen I alien als Sch eibe heima 25. Nich nu die Fo m des Ch ismons (1) und die Ma kie ung help ul o he iden i ica ion o he w i e . In addi ion, he e is he ypical con i ma ion o mula o he w i e sough . I should be no ed ha he Co obo a ion in he o ice o O o I consis s o up o se en componen s. These include: 1) decision o mula; 2) he ac i i y o mula; 3) he o mula o e e ni y; 4) o m o allegiance; 5) w i ing command; 6) ce i ica ion o mula and 7) sealing o de . The mo e solemn he ule 's deed, he mo e componen s he Co obo a ion con ains. The co obo a ion can also be ep oduced o analysis by means o ypical numbe combina ions. The longe he sequence o digi s, he mo e solemn he diploma. Bu he e a e 23 in i alics, which a e he mos impo an ea u es o a w i e 's iden i ica ion. 24 Ghignoli 2012: 239 . Ande s: Schnase 2019: 265, Table 117. This is a lis o people who ha e been awa ded he Nobel P ize in Physiology o Medicine. Acco ding o he documen s o he Sch eibe s S O I. 22 mos ly he ou h seal be o e O o I. 25 Janua y 2019: 133 . 26 o he Code. : 105. S aipsniai A icles 31 and 31 Digi al P o iling als Me hode de ühmi elal e lichen Diploma ik. Ausgehend on eine U kunde O os I. in S . Pe e sbu g auch indi iduelle Un e schiede, je nach Sp ach e igkei und S ilge ühl des I'm no going o lie o you. The abb. 2a-d: D O I. 371 (De ails) This is he i s ime I' e seen his. In he p esen case, he con i ma ion o mula has ou links and eads as ollows: E u e ius c eda u diligen iusque ab omnibus obse e u , manu p op ia obo an es anulum nos um in e ius imp imo iussimus. In Ge man, i means: "In o de o be conside ed ue and ca e ully obse ed by all, we ha e o de ed he documen o be ce i ied by hand and ou seal o be p essed u he down". The co obo a ion begins wi h a iew o he a o emen ioned scheme wi h he conclusion o mula (1) E u e ius c eda u . I is ollowed by he o mula o ideli y (4) diligen iusque ab omnibus obse e u , he o mula o ac i i y (2) manu p op ia obo an es and he seal command (7) anulum nos um in e ius imp imo iussimus. The o mula ion is qui e ypical o he w i e sough 28 and can be coded o simplici y wi h he sequence o numbe s 1, 4, 2, 7. As he numbe o ou membe s shows, he co obo a ion o he Diploms zudem au eine gewisse Feie lichkei de Rech s e leihung hin. 27 Vgl. ebd.: 70–72, 84–86, 139–146. 28 o he Code. This is he i s ime ha I ha e been able o do so. See also I'm no going o lie o you. I 's 105 . MARIE-LUISE HECKMANN 38 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC ound and has a closed uppe and a cu ed lowe a ch57. The abb. 7: D.O. I. 126 (950 VII 16, Nimbu g) 58 This is he i s ime ha his has happened. 57 See also I'm no going o lie o you. 263, able 112. This is no he case. 58 LBA 2666. Wha a e you doing? S aipsniai / A icles 39 Digi al P o iling als Me hode de ühmi elal e lichen Diploma ik. Ausgehend on eine U kunde O os I. in S . Pe e sbu g The abb. 8: Ce i ica e o A chbishop B uns o Cologne o S . Caecilien (962 XII 25, Cologne) 59 Compa ing he diplomas men ioned wi h a ce i ica e, he B un as he E zbischo ü das Kölne Klos e S . Cäcilien ausges ell ha , so e gib de paläog aphische Be und eine hohe Übe eins immung in de s -Liga u . In bishop's ce i ica e is also used as in he oyal ce i ica es excep o e y ew excep ions 60 an open, ound a. The w i ing duc is also compa able, he le e s a e in all h ee cases s eeply upwa d aligned, he e a e loops in he has ens o and s. The has ens o b, d and l, on he o he hand, always end in bows unning o he igh . The line spacing is 59 HS A Cologne HUA No. 3a. See also Oedige 1978: 138, No. 449. This is he i s ime I' e seen i . This is LBA 9174. 60 So in he wo d mancipia and in he name Ha ge in he se ies o wi nesses. MARIE-LUISE HECKMANN 40 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC uni o mly a anged in all h ee documen s. The e is su icien space be ween he lowe leng hs o a line and he uppe leng hs o he lines on i , and he simila ly designed ch ism o he bishop's ce i ica e o he olgenden Zeile. Die Posi ionie ung de Zeilen, die Linksbündigkei des Tex es diplomas o O o I, which a e a ibu ed o B un, make B uns' iden i ica ion as a w i e plausible. Howe e , he bishop's ce i ica e, in a di e en sc ip , indica es ha i was w i en by Chancello Meginhe o and ce i ied by he a chbishop himsel . I is w i en: Ego B uno dei g a ia a chiepiscopus hanc ca am a Meginhe o cancella io sc ip am manu p op ia sigillo imp esso con i ma i. This aspec is discussed below. Abb. 9: D O I. 200 (959 IV 9, Quedlinbu g)61 61 LBA 10560. S aipsniai A icles 41 and 41 Digi al P o iling als Me hode de ühmi elal e lichen Diploma ik. Ausgehend on eine U kunde O os I. in S . Pe e sbu g The abb. 10: D O I. 206 (960 II 12, F ank u ) 62 by T ie (956[…]964) as a p oduce Im zwei en o zus ellenden Fall e weis sich de spä e e E zbischo Hein ich o ce i ica es. In diplomacy, he p e iously wo e he LF63 badge. The documen s o Hein ich on T ie can be ecognized by he ollowing cha ac e is ics: 1. he ch ysmon and he ecogni ion sign o m he endpoin s o a diagonal axis om le up o igh down; 2. The hedgehog ö miges Ch ismon; 3. meh s öckiges Rekogni ionszeichen, dessen Felde mi e schiedenen Sch a u en und o namen alen Mus e n beleg sind; 4. das This is 62 LBA 10031. 63 Iden i ica ion by snake 2019: 242, able 101. MARIE-LUISE HECKMANN 42 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC also known as Ac a Linguis ica Monog am consis s o wo T's ha end in diamonds a he bo om ( o he le e o) and a e connec ed o each o he by a ans e se ba ; P o ocol, con ex , signals and ecogni ion lines espec i ely App ecia ion lines a e clea ly sepa a ed om each o he ; 6. Signals and ecogni ion lines a e on a line, 7. he signals line is mo ed o he le ; 8. he second line om he op is inse ed o he igh ; 9. c con ains an uppe loop as an o namen . A bishop's ce i ica e o Hen y I o 964 is used o compa ison. The abb. 11: Documen o Bishop Hein ich I o Mainz (964)64 I shows in he paleog aphic indings (duc us, abb e ia ions and o namen s o he diploma ic minuscule as well as he elonga e) a ce ain esemblance o he wo diplomas o he king65. The w i ing o he Co obo a io and he Ch ismon, on he o he hand, is ma kedly di e en . In he Co obo a ion, he ex Ego Hein icus dei g a ia appea s la gely in majuscule T e i o um lice indignus a chiepiscopus hoc signum p op iis manibus eci. 64 LBA 7262. 65 Zu Rolle des Duk us in de Paläog aphie gl. Mažuga 2022. S aipsniai / A icles 43 Digi al P o iling als Me hode de ühmi elal e lichen Diploma ik. Ausgehend on eine U kunde O os I. in S . Pe e sbu g In he hi d case, which is in ended o unde line he p o iling o w i e s as a me hod o iden i ying a w i e , i conce ns h ee diplomas o O o I o his abb. 12: D Sohnes O o II., die Willigis on Mainz (975–1011) in seine Wi kungszei als Sch eibe zugewiesen we den können. Bis da o lau e e seine Sigle WC66. O I. 423 (972 X 18, Nie s ein) 67 66 Iden i ica ion acco ding o Schnase 2019: 242, able 101. This is he i s ime ha his has happened. 67 LBA 2700. Wha a e you doing? MARIE-LUISE HECKMANN 44 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC Abb. 13: D O II. 27 (972 X 18, Nie s ein)68 This is 68 LBA 2701. S aipsniai A icles 45 and Digi al P o iling als Me hode de ühmi elal e lichen Diploma ik. Ausgehend on eine U kunde O os I. in S . Pe e sbu g The abb. 14: O II. 44 (973 VI 27, Wo ms) 69 Fo he h ee diplomas p oduced by Willigis o Mainz as a sc ibe, he e a e g ea simila i ies in he design o he ch ysmon, he monog am and he sign o he line o ecogni ion. In addi ion, he paleog aphic indings a e well compa able. I is cha ac e ized, among o he hings, by loop o ma ion in he abb e ia ions and liga u es. On all h ee documen s, he ch ysmon consis s o an a ch wi h wa y s okes. The monog am consis s o one on he le and one on he igh . d ei s-No en und au gese z en Wellens ichen. De Scha is eben alls mi This is 69 LBA 2705. See also 70 Vgl. Schnase 2019: 317 ., Table 142 (S. O. I. 32) is published by he Swedish Academy o Sciences. MARIE-LUISE HECKMANN 46 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC la ge T, connec ed by an equila e al c oss. This o m o he monog am is, howe e , and his mus be bo ne in mind, de ec able o a leas 16 o he app oxima ely i y known sc ibes unde O o he G ea 71. The sign and he ecogni ion line ex end o e wo lines in all h ee cases and ill he space be ween con ex und App eca io aus. Sie beginnen linksbündig au de selben Linie wie de Tex block aus P o okoll und Kon ex . A chbishop Willigis o Mainz (975-1011) was om he 11 h. 965 o Ap il bu o he wise 25. Janua 975 als Sch eibe O os I. ä ig72. E be o zug e ü die Bek ä igung de Königsu kunden Fo melgu , das nu in einem Fall aus zwei Gliede n, consis s o i e, six o e en eigh limbs73. This inding also e e s o a di e se un e s eich nich nu ein g oßes Sp ach e mögen des Sch eibe s, sonde n exchange wi h o he w i e s o he la e O onian pe iod.Fo mulas ending wi h he codes 2, 6, 7, 5, 6, 7, o 5, 7, 6 enjoyed a special s a us among he w i e s o his epoch. The popula i y. OTTONISH BISHOPS ALS SCHREIBER ( ansla ed om he F ench) Im Sinne eine Schluss olge ung aus dem bishe Gesag en lieg es nahe, die Sch eibe auch als G uppe in den Blick zu nehmen. Die o ges ell en Case examples s and, as al eady indica ed by he exp ession "lead ossil", o h ee gene a ions o w i e s who, unde O o I, mu ually uled he king o he ablös en. De Wechsel de Sch eibe geschah jeweils bei de Auswei ung de Saxons and F anks; once o I aly in 951; hen a he impe ial co ona ion in 962; and inally by he ma iage and p omo ion o O o II o he Byzan ine p incess Theophanu in 967. Mos o he sc ibes came om he high nobili y and we e a some poin appoin ed bishops. Thei se ice in he p epa a ion o oyal o impe ial documen s was sequen ial, i.e. ei he when he king isi ed a pa icula egion e e y yea , o whene e he called he p ela es o accompany him o a ce ain pe iod o ime. See also 71. I'm no going o lie o you. This is shown in Table 143. See also 72. I'm no going o lie o you. This is Table 102. See also 73. I'm no going o lie o you. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. (1242576), 314 (14323267), 315 (12342567, 143242567). See also 74. I'm no going o lie o you. This is a e y impo an poin , and I would like o make i e y clea . S aipsniai A icles 47 and 47 Digi al P o iling als Me hode de ühmi elal e lichen Diploma ik. Ausgehend on eine U kunde O os I. in S . Pe e sbu g Im Sinne besag e Schluss olge ung we den nach olgend die Sch eibe A nol s on Kä n en, Ludwig des Kindes, Kon ads I. bzw. O os des G oßen abella isch au ge üh und de jeweilige Be und ausgewe e . Abb. 15: Die Sch eibe A nol s on Kä n en, Ludwigs des Kindes und Kon ads I. I u ns ou ha he king's sc ibes a he u n o he 9 h o he 10 h Cen u y ei he monas e ies o bishop's schools o igina ed. wo ked o him o one o i e, Aus den nach olgend ange üh en beiden Tabellen zum Ve gleich ü die Regie ungszei O os I. läss sich olge n: Die Meh zahl de Sch eibe O os I. some imes e en en yea s. The longes occupied is Tu o o Pade bo n wi h hi y yea s o w i ing o he king. On he o he hand, nume ous w i e s appea only once, which is due, on he one hand, o he chance o ansmission and, on he o he hand, o he la ge numbe o uniden i ied w i e s (a leas 32 o 67) ha a e decisi e. MARIE-LUISE HECKMANN 54 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC S abilisque pe manea e ius c eda u (1), i m imus s abile pe manea (1), i mio habea u e ius c eda u . This is he i s ime ha his has happened. & diligen ius obse e u in e (1), agile (sic!) i mio em in di (sic!) nomine ob inea nomine ob inea s abili a em (1), po es a e habea (1), alea incon ulsa mane e igo em (1), plenio em indi (sic!) (1), e ius c eda u ac diligen ius obse e u (1). This is he i s ime ha he Commission has been able o do so. 3 e e nal o mula) a modo & deinceps u u a (1), empo a (1), nos is u u isque empo ibus (2), succeden ium cu icula empo um (1), succeden ium empo um cu icula (3). This is he i s ime ha he e m has been used in he English language. Cunc is e o a culis (sic!) (1), idelibus (2), idelium (1). This is he i s ime ha his has happened. 5 (w i ing command) consc ibi (5). 6 (= o m o ce i ica ion) manu con i ma imus manu (1), i ma o (1), manu i ma um (6), manu i ma imus (13), manu i mum (1), manu obo a um (1). This is he i s ime ha he e m has been used in his con ex . 7 sealing o de s) anulo co obo a i p aecepimus (2), anulo insigni i iussimus (5), anulo insigni i p aecepimus (3), anulo insigni o (1), anulo obo a um (2), anulo sigilla i iussimus (3), anulo sigilla i p aecepimus (1), anulo sigilla um (5), p aecepimus (1). This is he i s ime ha a sealing o de has been issued. The combina ions a e as ollows: 1, 2, 7 (1), 5, 6, 7 (3), 1, 2, 6, 7 (8), 1, 3, 2, 6, 7 (4), 1, 4, 2, 6, 7 (1), 1, 2, 4, 2, 6, 7 (1), 1, 3, 2, 4, 2 (2), 1, 2 , 3, 4, 2, 7, 6 (1), 1, 4, 2, 3, 2, 6, 7 (1)87. → Subdi ision o o mulas by mo i es (codes) allows seman ic analyses ha go beyond he li e al dic a ion compa ison → use o wo s anda d o mulas ha indica e a ce ain solemni y o ce i ica ion by he w i e ; Bu his one also has he abili y o make deeds o he whole bandwid h o he solemni y eyes o he king o e en on he kind o legal ac → Komplexi ä de Fo meln als Spiegel ü den G ad de Feie lichkei → G ad de Feie lichkei als Hinweis au den Rang de Emp änge in den Seman ics P onuncia ion o people's names: pe sonal names: b un (15+), B un (5), hohol (1). I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . Names o places: aquisg ani (1), al s e i (2), al s e i (1), balges e i (1+), 87 See also ebd. This is a e y impo an poin . See also 88. I'm no going o lie o you. 251, able 106. The ollowing able is inse ed in Annex I: S aipsniai / A icles 55 Digi al P o iling als Me hode de ühmi elal e lichen Diploma ik. Ausgehend on eine U kunde O os I. in S . Pe e sbu g Fo he pu poses o his Annex, he ollowing de ini ions shall apply: magidabu c (1+), niuunbu g (1+), Salze (1), Uualahuson (1+), uo macia (2+)89. → Conclusions on he egional o igin o sc ibes based on linguis ic cha ac e is ics In he case o India, he Rhenish subjec s (Ripua ian)? (b ins ead o p in he accen , ins ead o p in he accen , c ins ead o be ween owels, k ins ead o ch in he accen , so ening o he owels be o e and a e g, diph hongs ai and iu) Ex e nal ea u es S a e o conse a ion Fo ma e (i.d.R. Sch i aum): Höhe (in mm): 250–299 (2), 300–349 (2), 350–399 (8), 400–449 (8), 450–499 (5); The wid h (in mm) is 400[…]449 (2), 450[…]499 (15), 500[…]549 (1), 550[…]599 (5), 600[…]649 (2); The ollowing able shows he a ea o he ollowing sub-a eas: (a) The a ea o 0,14 m²), 65 (440 X 550 ~ 0,24 m²), 69 (373 X 462 ~ 0,17 m²), 77 (387 X he ollowing sub-a eas: (a) The a ea o he ollowing sub-a eas: (b) The a ea o he ollowing sub-a eas: (c) The a ea o he ollowing sub-a eas: (d) The a ea o he ollowing sub-a eas: (e) The a ea o he ollowing sub-a eas: ( ) The a ea o he ollowing sub-a eas: (g) The a ea o he ollowing sub-a eas: (g) The a ea o he ollowing sub-a eas: (g) The a ea o he ollowing sub-a eas: (h) The a ea o he ollowing sub-a eas: (h) → Be o zugung eines ausgep äg en Que o ma s beim Vo liegen eines Hoch o ma s See also 89. I'm no going o lie o you. 253 ., able 108. This is a lis o coun ies by numbe o inhabi an s. 90 LBA 2806. Außenmaße. 91 LBA 15901. Außenmaße. See also 92. Schnase 2019: 281, able 129. This is a lis o people by su name. MARIE-LUISE HECKMANN 56 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC also known as Ac a Linguis ica Foldings: 1 X 4 ield (1), 2 X 4 ield (1), 2 X 6 ield (2), 2 X 7 ield (3), 2 X 8 ield (1), 3 X 3 ield (1), 3 X 6 ield (1), 3 X 8 ield (1), 4 X 4 ield (1), 4 X 5 ield (1), 4 X 6 ield (4), 4 X 9 ield (2), 5 X 3 ield (1), 5 X 4 ield (1), 5 X 4 ield (2), 9 ield (1). → Be o zugung klein o ma ige , abe nu sel en kleins o ma ige Fal ungen Layou Spacing and punc ua ion: spacing Monog am in spacing ecogni ion cha ac e s in de Signumszeile (3), Ausspa ung Monog amm in de Rekogni ionszeile, he ex block (1), spacing Monog am in he sign line, punc ua ion Sign line (9), spacing Monog am, punc ua ion Recogni ion line (1), spacing Monog am in he sign line, punc ua ion Sign line, punc ua ion Recogni ion line. Monog ams in he sign line, ecogni ion cha ac e s in he ex block, seals in he ex block, punc ua ion in he sign line, punc ua ion in he ex block, monog ams in he sign line, punc ua ion in he ex block, punc ua ion in he sign line, punc ua ion in he sign line, punc ua ion in he sign line, punc ua ion in he sign line, punc ua ion in he ex block (2), monog ams be ween he sign line, punc ua ion in he sign line, punc ua ion in he sign line Ma king o he sign line: wo do s, a comma, iangula (6), d ei Punk e, ein Komma, ie eckig (5), ehl (4), d ei Punk e, ein Komma (3), d ei Punk e übe einande (2), ein Punk in de Mi e (1), ein Punk ech s, ein Punk links des Rekogni ionszeichens (1), zwei Punk e nebeneinande , ein Komma da un e (1)95. 93 Vgl. ebd.: 282 ., Tabelle 130. 94 Vgl. ebd.: 289–291, Tabelle 137. See also 95. I'm no going o lie o you. The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. S aipsniai A icles 57 and 57 Digi al P o iling als Me hode de ühmi elal e lichen Diploma ik. Ausgehend on eine U kunde O os I. in S . Pe e sbu g Design o he escu cheon: signals and ecogni ion line a he same heigh (10), lowe band o he signals line bounded abo e he ecogni ion line (11), ecogni ion line is much lowe han he signals line (1)96. → O ganiza ion o he w i ing space wi h he ci cle Damage: o e sealing, seal in ac : E -liga u e and ac um line Co obo a ion pa ially discolo ed, ac um line o e sealed (1), übe siegel (1), Übe siegelung, Siegel eilweise ze s ö : Rekogni ionszeichen eilweise übe siegel (1), Übe siegelung, Siegel eilweise ze s ö : Un e längen o e sealing, seal des oyed, wax discolo a ion: ac um line pa ially discolo ed (1)97. → No e on manu ac u ing p ocess: seal ob iously a he end angeb ach → O e all li le damage due o ca e ul s o age o p ese e legal e ec 98 The signs Ch ismon: bow: bezel-shaped o namen and […]X[…], sha : o en oc agonal band, wa y o se pen ine lines, y annical no es; Has e: p e e ably le -handed, ounded […]o[…], T8T (18), occasionally s aigh (2) o missing Has e (4)99. Recogni ion ma k: p e e ably 2, 4 o 5 s o ies. I is also used in he manu ac u e o semiconduc o de ices, such as semiconduc o s, semiconduc o s, semiconduc o s, semiconduc o s, semiconduc o s, semiconduc o s, semiconduc o s, semiconduc o s, semiconduc o s, semiconduc o s, semiconduc o s, semiconduc o s, semiconduc o s, semiconduc o s, and he like. Schop , No en eld100. Wha a e you doing? See also 96. I'm no going o lie o you. 284, able 131. The ollowing able is inse ed: 97 See also I'm no going o lie o you. 292, able 138. This is no he case. 98 DD O I. 83B and 97B as examples o unen o ceable en ies. See also 99. Schnase 2019: 317, 320, able 142. This is a lis o people who ha e been awa ded he Nobel P ize in Physiology o Medicine. 100 See also ebd. This is he case in he ollowing cases: MARIE-LUISE HECKMANN 58 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC Seal: The i s seal o O o I. (14)101. W i ing Capi al le e s ( o p in ing easons wi hou ep oduc ion o he abb e ia ion ma ks): Signum (7+), In ic issimi (1+). B own (1+). (3+), Inca na ionis (1), Inca na Anno (1). This is he i s ime I' e seen i . Indica ions and indica ions Regnan e (7+), Se enissimo (1+), O one (3+), O onis (1). He is a membe o he Spanish na ional eam. Ac um (4), Ac m (1), Ac u (5), he e wi hou he sho ening ma k), Fel (1+), ameN (15)102. Abb e ia ions ( o p in ing easons wi hou ep oduc ion o he abb e ia ion ma ks): Sign line: signu (3+), ad ice (4+). Da e line: Da e o ounda ion: KL (3), Kl (15+), KAL (1), ID (2), Id (2), Non (1), NoN (1). This is he da e o ounda ion. Mon hs: IAN (1+), FEB (4+), Ma (2+), May (6+), IVN (1), I n (1), I nii (2+), Augus (1+), DECEb (2+), and he ollowing mon hs a e indica ed in b acke s: Indica ion: Indic (1), indic (16+), in (1). Yea s o ule: day (10+), ca hed al (1+), pio (8+). Ac um line: Ac u (5), ac u (7+), d (19+), no (19+), am (1+). This is he i s line o he ac um line. Da e o en y: KAL Kl (15+), KL (3), ID (2), Id (2), NON (2+) This is no he case. Mon hly da a: IAN (1+), FEB (4+), MART (2+), APR (1+), MAI (6+), IVN (2+), IUN (1), AUG (2+), DECEB (1+) 103. This is a lis o he mos common mon hly da a. „S“ mi Obe schlau e, mi igem Ansa z nach links und linksschwingende Un e länge (19), und, unde Bogen, ech e und obe e Bogenabschni sind e schmolzen und geschwungen (Schwellzug) (12), und, unde Bogen (3). Buchs abe A: O en, Deco a i e le e s a he beginning o he line ( e sals): le e S: shea ound le sha , ound igh sha (12), open, cu ed le sha , cu ed igh sha (9)104. Whe he he design habi s desc ibed a e con empo a y ends o he p e e ences o a pa icula w i e would ha e o be de e mined in compa ison wi h he o he da a in he ables. B un on Köln seems o ha e app ecia ed a p onounced elonga e as a deco a i e on , a inely w i en diploma ic minuscule wi h small uppe leng hs and in he layou he omission o line beginnings and cha ac e s. Ch ismon, he monog am and he ecogni ion ma k co espond See also 101. I'm no going o lie o you. This is he i s ime ha I ha e been able o do so. 102 See also I'm no going o lie o you. 267, and Tables 115. See also A icle 103. I'm no going o lie o you. This is a e y impo an poin . See also 104 Vgl. I'm no going o lie o you. 263 ., 266, ables 112 and 114. S aipsniai A icles 59 and 59 Digi al P o iling als Me hode de ühmi elal e lichen Diploma ik. Ausgehend on eine U kunde O os I. in S . Pe e sbu g On he o he hand, as well as he posi ioning o he Escha okoll and i s lines, he wohl ehe zei genössischen Geschmacks- und Symme ie o s ellungen als pe sonal cha ac e is ics o he w i e a e ound in he ecogni ion ma ks o a leas 19 documen s o B uns o Cologne. They may ep esen a da ing o he comple ion (ac um) o he documen s105. The knowledge and app ecia ion o G eek and G eek nume als indica e a e y good aining in he i ium. The p esumed compu a ional skills would also allow he conclusion o a solid aining o he sc ibe in he quad i ium, especially in he basic ypes o addi ion and mul iplica ion, pe haps using he abacus. The compa ison wi h o he w i e s shows ha Adalbe o Magdebu g, Biso o Pade bo n, Die ich o Me z, E nus , F ied ich o Mainz, Pe us o Pa ia, Ra he o Ve ona, Wido o Modena and Wig ied o Ve dun also had udimen a y knowledge o G eek. This is S.O.I. 22106 Twen y-second w i e O os I ( ou h w i e om I aly) Iden i ica ion: Humbe o Pa ma Rank: Bishop and A chbishop Signed by I B DD: examples O I. 356, 371 In e nal ea u es Numbe : a leas nine een documen s: DD O I. 239. 243. 274. 334. 337. 339. 356. 357. 371. 373. 378. 390. 401 (?). 407. 408. 410. 413. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. See also A icle 105. I'm no going o lie o you. This is shown in Table 147. 106 Expendi u e by ansc ip s: A.D.G. 508 . (= MGH D O I. 371); Gabo o and o he s 1913: 102[…]104, No. LXV; and Acco ding o he o iginal: Anninsky 1937: 141150 (Russian), 151160 (La in); Ghignoli 2012: 245 […] 247. He is a membe o he I alian na ional eam. See also Huschne 2003: 101 and ollowing. Ghignoli 2015; Schnase 2019: 242 […] 249, 258 […] 265, 284 […] 287, ables 101 […] 104, 110 […] 113, 131 […] 133. This is he i s ime ha his has happened. MARIE-LUISE HECKMANN 60 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC → Humbe Sch eibe on ca. ie P ozen alle U kunden O os I., He was also he au ho o bishop's documen s, including se e al wi h his pe sonal signa u e. Tä igkei als Sch eibe : 965 I 31 bis 972 V 25. Da um- und Ac umso e: San Amb ogio: D O I. 24 (962 VII 29). Toge he wi h he w i e S O I. 24 (= Amb osius o Be gamo): Vada: D O I. 334; Fe a a: D O I. 390; Bene en : D O I. 356, D O II. 17; Coun y o Penne: D O I. 357; Cassano: D O I. 371; Pe cena: D O I. 378; Ra enna: DD O I. 407, 410; Rom: D. O. I. 408. This is he i s ime ha his has happened. Uppe and Cen al I aly as an a ea o ac i i y Residency documen ed by o iginal documen s 107: O a: D O I. 243 (962 VII 29) 108; S. Amb ogio: D O I. 274 (965 I 3); Vada: join ly wi h S O I. 356 (968 II 15); The Commission's p oposal o a 24 (= Amb osius on Mainland): D O I. 334 (966 XII 2); Bene en : D O I. di ec i e on he p o ec ion o wo ke s om he isks ela ed o exposu e o ca cinogens a wo k is based on he p inciple o equal ea men o men and women. On he i e Rica ia in he landscape o Penne: D O I. 357 (968 D O I. 90 (970 III 22); Ra enna: gemeinsam mi S O I. 25 (= Gumbald on V 4); Pe : D O I. 378 (969 VIII 10)109; Fe a a: join ly wi h he w i e S O I. 25 (= Amb osius o Mainland): Man ua): D O I. 407 (972 I 8); Rome: D O I 408 (972 IV 22); and Ra enna: D.O.I. Wha a e you doing? 410 (972 V 25). This is he i s ime ha his has happened. See also 107: Schnase 2019: 354 […] 357. This is he i s ime I' e seen i . 108 See also h p: a chi is a.ica .benicul u ali.i o und.30447/uni s/715399 [accessed 8.12.2023]. Access: h ps: www.beweb.chiesaca olica.i /is i u icul u ali ins i u o 2717109/A chi io%20s o ico %20diocesano (ques ion o 8.12.2023 on he whe eabou s o he documen has no ye been answe ed). S aipsniai A icles 61 and 61 Digi al P o iling als Me hode de ühmi elal e lichen Diploma ik. Ausgehend on eine U kunde O os I. in S . Pe e sbu g Abb e ia ed DD H II. – Diplom(e) Hein ichs II. DD O I. – Diplom(e) O os I. HAM […] The main s a e a chi e o LBA – Lich bilda chi Äl e e O iginalu kunden; Zugang: h ps://lba.his .uni- Ma bu g is loca ed a ma bu g.de. mm […] mm2 […] squa e me e s S iASG […] A chi e o he diocese o S . Gallen Sou ces and li e a u e ÄdG – Die U kunden Kon ad I., Hein ich I. und O o I., h sg. on T. Sickel, Hanno e : Hahnsche Buchhandlung, 1879–1884. Zugang: h ps://www.dmgh.de/mgh_dd_ko_i__ This is he i s ime I' e seen i . Anninskij Se gej A. a icles: Anninsky, Se gei A, Diploma o O on I (969 g.) in his o ical коллекции АН СССР [Diplom I (969 g.) kollekcii AN SSSR]. – Вспомогательные disciplines: cbo nik [Vspomoga el[…]nye discipline: sbo nik s a ej], M., L.: Academy o Sciences o he USSR [M., L.: Academy o Sciences o he USSR], 141[…]160. Robe -Hen i Bau ie 1984: La chancelle ie e les ac es oyaux dans les oyaumes ca olingiennes (The chancelle y and he oyal ac s in he Ca olingian kingdoms) is a book by he F ench w i e and playw igh . I is loca ed in he Biblio hèque de l'École des Cha es 142, Pa is, Génè e: Lib ai ie D ôz, 580. This is he i s ime ha he Eu opean Pa liamen has been consul ed on his ma e . Be nha d John W. 1993: I ine an Kingship and Royal monas e ies in ea ly medie al Ge many, c. 9361075, Camb idge: Camb idge Uni e si y P ess. Bolshako And ej O. 1993: Bolshako , And ei O. F om he collec ion o he academician N. P. Lichacze a: ca alogue o exhibi ions [N. P. Lichacze a: ca alogue o exhibi ions], S . Pe e sbu g: om he ca alogue o exhibi ions. This is he i s ime I' e been o S . Pe e sbu g. Bolshako And ej O. 2012: Bolshako , And ey O. He is a membe o he Russian Academy o Sciences. K 150 h anni e sa y o he bi hday o he academician Nikolaja Pe o iča Lihače a: ca alogue o exhibi ions [Z uča liš pismena.... K 150 h anni e sa y o he day he MARIE-LUISE HECKMANN 62 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC 2012 g.], Санкт-Петербург: Издат. Государственного Эрмитажа [Sank -Pe e bu g: Izda . Gosuda s ennogo Ѐ mi aža]. Bu kha d Johannes 2000: Na a iones in o onischen Königs- und Kaise u kunden. – A bei en aus dem Ma bu ge Hil swissenscha lichen Ins i u , h sg. on E. Eisenloh , P. Wo m, Ma bu g: sel -published by 133[…]177. This is he i s ime ha he Eu opean Pa liamen has been in ol ed in a deba e on his subjec . Bü ne Hein ich 1975: E zbischo Willigis on Mainz (975–1011). – Zu ühmi elal e lichen Reichsgeschich e an Rhein, Main und Necka , h sg. on A. Ge lich, Da ms ad : Scien i ic Book Socie y, 301 […] 313. This is he i s ime I' e been o Da ms ad . Či ko a Alexand a V. 2007: Papal documen s o F ench chu ches om collec ions in S . Pe e sbu g (11 h-13 h cen u y). The Pon i ical Ac and i s C i icism, Reuni ed S udies by R. G oße, Se . S udies and documen s o he se ice o a Gallia Pon i icia, 5, Bonn: Bou ie , 265 […] 293. Access: h ps://pe spec i ia.ne /se le s/d a III MCRFileNodeSe le /ploneimpo _de i a e_00011845/chi ko a_paps u kungen.pd . Či ko a Aleksand a V. 2010: Чиркова, Александра В. Послания папы Алексан- (1159-1181) om he a chi e o he Republic o Genoa in he assembly o he RNB [Poslanija papy Aleksand a III (1159-1181) om he a chi e o he Republic o Genoa in Sob anie PNB]. […] Suppo ing his o ical disciplines […] New his o ical disciplines 31, 131–158. Zugang: h ps://ahd.spbii an. u/wp-con en /uploads/2024/03/2010- I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . academician Nikolaja Pe o iča Lichače a was bo n: ca alogue ys a ki], 20 Ap il - 22 July 2012 [20 ap elia […] 22 ijulia Či ko a Aleksand a V. 2019: Či ko a, Aleksand a V. Wes e n Eu opean diplomacy in he Middle Ages and he ea ly New Age [Zapadnoe opejskaja diploma ika S ednich eko i No ogo emeni], S . Pe e sbu g: Nes o -Ic opuya [S . Pe e sbu g: Nes o -Is o ija]. This is he i s ime in he his o y o he wo ld ha such a hing has happened. Access: h ps: spbii an. u/zapadnoe opejskayadiploma ika-s ednih- eko -i- annego-no ogo- emeni-mon- og aphiya-a- -chi ko oj. This is he i s ime ha his has happened. Code K is aa 2008: In e ene s and pe i ione s mainly o Lo aine ecipien s in he diplomas o he Anglo-Fingal ule s (919-1024): a p osopog aphical p esen a ion, Bonn: disse a ion p in ing. The Commission is also p oposing o ex end he scope o he egula ion o co e he whole o he Eu opean Union. Fich enau Hein ich 1957: A enga was bo n in he ci y o Fich enau. La e an iqui y and he Middle Ages in he mi o o documen a y o mulas, G az, Cologne: H. Böhlau. Fich enau Hein ich 1960: Rhe o ical elemen s in he O onian-Salic uling documen . […] Messages om he Ins i u e o Aus ian His o ical Resea ch 68, Fich enau Hein ich 1986: Resea ch on he 39–62. o mulas o documen s. […] Messages om he Ins i u e o Aus ian His o ical Resea ch 94, 285 […] 339. S aipsniai A icles 63 and 63 Digi al P o iling als Me hode de ühmi elal e lichen Diploma ik. Ausgehend on eine U kunde O os I. in S . Pe e sbu g Finckens ein Alb ech Finck (1899): bishop and ule o he empi e. In es iga ions in o he p ocess o in eg a ion o he ea ly O onian Empi e (919-1056), Sigma ingen: Jan Published by Tho becke. F enz Thomas 2000: Papal clien s o he Middle Ages and he Mode n Age, 2. This is he i s ime I' e seen i . Published by F anz S eine . Gabo o Fe dinando e al. 1913: Le ca e dello A chi io capi ola e di San a Ma ia di No a a, Vol. 1 (729[…]1034), ed. by Gabbo o Fe dinando and o he s, which was published in he same yea . F. Gabo o, To ino: Published by No a a. Pa zini and Pine olo. Ganz Da id 1990: Co bie in he Ca olingian Renaissance, Sigma ingen: Jan Tho becke was bo n in he ci y o Sigma ingen, Ge many. Published by. Ghignoli An onella 2012: T adizione e c i ica del es o, una a ian e documen a ia (T adi ion and c i icism o he ex , a a ian documen a y) is a documen a y ilm by Ghignoli An onella, which was eleased in 2012. The diploma o O one I o he ai h ul ingo (D.O.I.371). Si libe g a us, quem se ulus es ope a us. Wha a e you doing he e? S udi in ono e di allessand o P a esi pe il suo 90° compleanno. He was bo n in he ci y o P a o, in he p o ince o Pisa. A cu a di Paolo Che ubini e Gio anna Nicolaj, Vol. 1, Ci à del Va icano: Scuola Va icana di Paleog a ia, Diploma ica e A chi is ica, 231-247. This is he i s ime ha he Va ican has hos ed such an e en . This is he i s ime ha he Eu opean Pa liamen has been consul ed on his ma e . Ghignoli An onella 2015: Ube o, esco o di Pa ma, and his w i ing. A chi es o Diploma ik, Sch i geschich e, Siegel- und Wappenkunde 61, 55‒89. Goez We ne 1990: Leben und We k des heiligen Willigis. – 1000 Jah e S . S ephan in Mainz, h sg. on H. Hinkel, Mainz: Ve lag de Gesellscha ü mi el heinische chu ch his o y, 15 and 32. This is he i s ime ha he Eu opean Pa liamen has been consul ed on his ma e . GS […] G aphic symbols in medie al documen s. Con ibu ions o diploma ic semio ics, edi ed by P. Rück, published by Sigma ingen: Jan Tho becke Ve lag, 1996. Haa lände S ephanie 2014: Willigis o Mainz o Powe and Holiness. This is Willigis on Mainz. En i onmen […] e ec […] meaning. Con ibu ions o he Willigis Jubilee in S . S ephan, edi ed by R. Heyde , B. Nich weiß, Wü zbu g: Ech e Ve lag, 11[…]36. Hausmann F ied ich, Al ed Gawlik 1987: Lis o A engens o he Königsund Impe ial Cus ome s om he Me o ingians o Hen y VI, Se . Monumen o he his o y o Ge many. This is a lis o monumen s and monumen s in Ge many. Ma ie-Louise Heckmann is he au ho o Libellus Willigisi. T ansc ip ion om he Russian S a e Lib a y o Moscow, Fund 183, No. 368. Access: h ps: www.hs-augsbu g. This is he websi e o he Eu opean Pa liamen and o he Council. This is he i s ime ha he Eu opean Pa liamen has o ed in a ou o he Commission's p oposal o a di ec i e on he p o ec ion o wo ke s om he isks ela ed o exposu e o ca cinogens a wo k. Heckmann Ma ie-Luise 2014: O igin mo i s in ea ly U kunden-A engen und hohen Mi elal e s. – Von U sachen sp echen, eine ai iologische Spu ensuche, Telling