Old Prussian poaris

Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica 2025, ol. 92, pp. 1–8 Con en s link / Tu inio nuo oda ISSN 2669-218X (online / elek oninis) Copy igh © 2025 Václa Blažek. Published by he Ins i u e o he Li huanian Language. This is an Open Access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion Licence, which pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal au ho and sou ce a e c edi ed. // Išleido Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as. Šis s aipsnis y a a i os p ieigos, pla inamas pagal „C ea i e Commons“ p isky imo licencijos sąlygas, leidžiančias ne ibo ai naudo i, pla in i i a ku i u inį be kokioje laikmenoje, nu odan au o ių i šal inį. Recei ed: / Gau a: 2025-04-24. Accep ed: / P iim a: 2025-05-17. 1 OLD PRUSSIAN poa is Senosios p ūsų poa is VÁCLAV BLAŽEK Masa yk Uni e si y E-mail: bla[email p o ec ed]ni.cz ORCID ID: h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-6797-7188 Fields o esea ch: Bal ic & Indo-Eu opean e ymology and onomas ics. h ps://doi.o g/10.35321/all92-02 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ABSTRACT The a icle analyses he isola ed Old P ussian wo d poa is ‘mole c icke ’ om he poin o iew o wo d o ma ion and e ymology. Fo his eason, all published e ymological a emp s a e collec ed and e alua ed. Finally, a new solu ion is p oposed, ope a ing wi h he IE oo *pe - ‘ o s ep o e , pass ac oss; pene a e’, which allows us o de i e om he same oo he designa ion o ‘wo m’ in Middle I anian Sogdian, Kho anese and in se e al mode n I anian languages om Pami . The common seman ic denomina o o he zoonyms ‘mole c icke ’ and ‘wo m’ is ‘pene a ing one’. KEYWORDS: mole c icke , wo m, Old P ussian, I anian, e ymology. ANOTACIJA S aipsnyje žodžių da ybos i e imologijos požiū iu analizuojamas ienas senosios p ūsų kalbos žodis poa is ‘ku klys’. Dėl šios p iežas ies su ink i i į e in i isi paskelb i e imologijos bandymai. Galiausiai, emian is ide. šaknimi *pe - ‘pe ženg i, pe ei i; p asisk e b i’, siūlomas naujas sp endimas, leidžian is iš os pačios šaknies iš es i idu inių i anėnų sogdų, cho anų i kelių daba inių i anėnų kalbų iš Pamy o pa adinimą ki minas. Zo- onimų ku klys i ki minas bend as seman inis a diklis y a ‘p asisk e bian is’. ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: ku klys, ki minas, senoji p ūsų kalba, i anėnų kalbos, e imologija. 1. Old P ussian poa is is in Elbing Vocabula y 777 glossed by “Os p eussisch” “we e”, in Mode n Ge man “Maulwu sg ille”, i.e. ‘mole c icke ’ = G yllo alpa g yllo alpa. G yllo- alpidae ep esen a amily o g asshoppe s (bush-c icke s). 2 2. P obably he i s e ymological a emp was p oposed by An onín Ma zenaue in his ms. ini ia ed in 1873, bu published only in 2009 (!), p. 105 (Ha lo á, ed., 2009). He specula ed abou he conjec u e +pa pis, o compa e i wi h he Li huanian coun e pa pa plỹs 1 “Eu opean mole c icke / G yllo alpa g yllo alpa”, by Adalbe Bezzenbe ge pa plas ‘sco pion’, he anspa en de i a i e o he onoma opoe ic e b pa p i, pa più, pa piaũ ‘ o emi a high mono onous sound, whi , cla e ; emi a epea ed mu led sound (abou bi ds); sno (abou a ho se); be hoa se, ha e a so e h oa , speak in a hoa se oice; sno e’ (Smoczyński 2018: 914–15); c . also La ian pa pala ‘g ouch, g umble ’ (F aenkel 1962: 542). Vy au as Mažiulis (2013 [1988–1997]: 725) econs uc ed a o-s em *pā īs and de i ed i om he e b p ese ed e.g. in Old Chu ch Sla onic pa i i ‘ o ly’. I is he i e a i e wi h he leng hened oo - owel om he e b pь a i ‘ o be ising’ (Vykypěl, ESJS X 627; XII 739). In Eas Bal ic he e a e p obable cogna es in Li huanian spa nas ‘wing o a bi d o insec ’, La ian sp ns „wing“, ela ed o Vedic pa ṇá- ‘ ea he ; lea ’, A es an pa əna- ‘ ea he ; wing’, Sogdian pā a- ‘wing’, Middle Pe sian pa ‘ ea he ’, Paš o pāṇa id., all om he IE oo *(s)pe - ‘ o ly’ (May ho e , EWAI II 97; Kümmel, LIV 2001 [1998]: 579–580). The mole c icke belongs o he winged insec s, and ha is why his seman ic mo i a ion is undoub edly hinkable. The p oblem is ha he con inuan s o he IE s-mobile clus e *(s)p- ha e usually been unique in Bal ic, i.e. *sp- o *p-, always in bo h Eas Bal ic and Old P ussian 2 : (a) Li huanian spáinė ‘ oam on he su ace o wa e , on a wa e’; Old P ussian spoayno ‘Ges ’ [EV 387] = ‘bee o h’, La in spūma ‘ oam’ s. Old Chu ch Sla onic pěna ‘ oam’, Old High Ge man eim ‘ oam’ e c. (Poko ny 1959: 1001: *(s)po mno-; Mažiulis 2013 [1988–1997]: 873; Smoczyński 2018: 1250); (b) Li huanian pán is, -čio ‘hobble, ope o ying he legs o a ho se o p e en i om s aying’, pl. pánčiai ‘ e he s, e e s’; Old P ussian pan o ‘Vesse (= Fessel)’ [EV 542] = ‘ e he ’; Old Chu ch Sla onic pǫ o ‘ e he ’, all de i ed om he e b a es ed in Li huanian p n i, pinù ‘ o wea e, wine, plai , w ea he (a ga land); (en) angle’, La ian pî , pinu ‘ o plai , in e wea e’; Old Chu ch Sla onic pьnǫ ‘I s e ch“, in . pę i ‘ o plai , clasp’, wi h p e ixes sъpę i 1 The analogical wo d o ma ion and seman ic mo i a ion is cha ac e is ic o he synonym in Li huanian ku klỹs, gen. -io ‘Eu opean mole c icke / G yllo alpa g yllo alpa, an insec li ing in damp soil and gnawing a plan oo s; sco pion’. I ep esen s an agen noun in -lys om he e b ku k i ‘ o c oak, quack (abou a og); cluck (abou a hen); spawn (abou a og)’, La ian kù k ‘ o c oak, quack’; u he Old Chu ch Sla onic k ъknǫ i ‘ o whine, squawk’, Russian ke ka ь ‘ o whis le, whine’ (Smoczyński 2018: 639–40). 2 One coun e example was p oposed by Mažiulis (2013 [1988–1997]: 667), assuming o Old P ussian payco an ‘sebenges i ne’ [EV 6], i.e. „Siebenges i n“ = English ‘Se en Sis e ’ o ‘ he Pleiades’, he conjec u e *pai o, plus he su ix *-ā a-, o compa e he oo wi h Li huanian spiẽčius ‘swa m o bees, sepa a e colony o bees’, om he e b spiẽs is, spiẽčiasi, spiẽ ėsi ‘ o swa m, lea e an old hi e in o de o build a new one; assemble, swa m, ga he , associa e’ e c. (Smoczyński 2018: 1258). Bu al eady B ückne (1898: 513) o e ed he solu ion wi hou any conjec u e and s-mobile, analyzing payco an as he compound, whe e he iden i ied he i s membe wi h Li huanian paĩkas ‘silly, s upid, dull; unwise’ and second one wi h ó as ‘ai ; wea he ’. He saw an analogy in he designa ion o ano he ‘Siebenges i n’, namely ‘Regensiebenges i n’ „Hyades“, in Polish dżdżownice ( s. dżdżowy ‘ ainy’), whe e he meaning ‘ ain“ should ep esen ‘bad wea he ’. 3 ‘ o bind, hobble’, zapę i ‘ o knock down; ie up’; u he G eek πένομαι ‘I oil, wo k, am busy’; A menian hanowm ‘I wea e’; Tocha ian A pänw-, B pänn- ‘ o s e ch’ s. Go hic spinnan ‘ o spin’ (Poko ny 1959: 988; Mažiulis 2013 [1988–1997]: 665–666; Smoczyński 2018: 909, 966); Middle B e on (1499) que nid coll. ‘spide s’, sgl . que nidenn > Welsh cy niden id. (GPC), B e on ke nid id. < *kom-speno (Pede sen 1909: 185; Deshayes 2003: 389), all om he oo *(s)penh1- (Kümmel, LIV 2001 [1998]: 578–79). 4. Wojciech Smoczyński (2000: 195) saw in poa is an adap a ion o Ge man We e 3 ‘mole c icke ’ (c . also Schmals ieg 2015: 247), al hough in Old P ussian he e was no di ec analogy o he subs i u ion o Ge man w- by Old P ussian p-. Bu he e a e examples om Eas Bal ic, documen ing his subs i u ion: Li huanian pé šas ‘ e se o he Holy Sc ip u e, o a song’ < P ussian Ge manic e š ‘ e se’; La ian pe ša, pē ša, pè ša ‘ e se’ < (Middle) Low Ge man e sch(e) id. (Smoczyński 2018: 949). 5. The solu ions (2) and (3) a e possible, bu , ce ainly, encompasse some laws. Fo his eason he ollowing new p oposal is o e ed. In I anian languages he e a e p omising cogna es in designa ion o ‘wo m’ o simila insec s: Kho anese oc.sg. pi a ‘wo m’, nom. pl. pä a, acc. pl. pī a, abl.-ins . pl. pī yau jsa ‘wi h wo ms’ (Bailey {= B} 1979, 239). These o ms a e de i able om P o o-I anian *p a- ~ *pa a-, c . pa allel cases such as Kho anese bi a ‘d ess’ < *b ia- (B 287), pi a- ‘house’ < *p a- (B 239), mi -/mä - < *m a- = p esen om ma - ‘ o die’ (B 324); besides dī a- ‘low’ < *ada a- (B 159), gī ai- ‘objec o ’ < *ga aka- (B 84), kī a- ‘wo k, deed’ < *ka a- (B 60), pī - ‘ o belie e’ < *pa a- (B 239). Le us men ion ha ä and i a e allophons o he same owel, c . mi -/mä - < *m a- quo ed abo e o mäs a- ~ miś a- ‘g ea ’, co esponding o A es an masi a- id. (B 333). The Kho anese wo d is no isola ed wi hin I anian. The e a e a ac i e cogna es in he so-called Pami languages (c . Bailey 1979: 239): Wakhi p(ə) ič ‘insec , wo m, wood-wo m, wood-bo e ’ (Paxalina 1975: 243) ~ p ič ‘wo m, ca e pilla ’ (S eblin-Kamenskij 1999: 267) ~ po ič ‘wo m’ (Badakhshi 2004 [1960]: 96); pe haps < *pa īčī- (?) wi h a simila de elopmen o owels as Wakhi s in ‘s e ile’ < *s a īnī- wi h ega d o Vedic s a - (S eblin-Kamenskij 1999: 317); Iškašimi pьčúk (Paxalina 1959: 226) ~ ‘ca e pilla ’ (S eblin-Kamenskij 1999: 267) ~ pu suk ‘wo m, g ub’ (G ie son 1920: 92) ~ pōčūk ‘wo m’ (Badakhshi 2004 [1960]: 96); 3 The Eas P ussian dialec ism We e was i s a es ed in he 16 h cen . (Kluge 2011 [1883]: 983, 991 p esen ed he e ymology based on Ge man adj. wi ‘ angled, sna led’, Old High Ge man wi an ‘ o ma , sna l, (en) angle’, bu i is no con incing o seman ic easons). K oonen (2013: 580–581) iden i ied p omising cogna es in Du ch wee n ‘s ye’, Danish e ne ‘wa ble, wa ble ly la a’, Swedish dial. e na, No wegian e e ‘la a o he gad- ly; hole in he skin esul ing om gad- ly in es a ion’, which should e lec he pai *we ( )ōn- & *we nōn- in Ge manic, econs uc ing he P e-Ge manic pa adigm *é H-ōn, gen. * e H-n-ós. K oonen (l.c.) added ha he meaning o he p obable cogna e in Li huanian as ‘ apewo m, la a; pimple’ opens a space o compa ison wi h La in a us ‘pimple, in lamed spo on he skin’; Tocha ian B we u ‘blis e ’, since hey ha e been caused by a ious insec s. 4 Sangleči pečuk (Mo gens ie ne 1938: 406: *pə čuk) ~ pōčūk ‘wo m’ (Badakhshi 2004 [1960]: 96); ?Yazghulami pək/g ‘damaging wo m li ing in ap ico s“ (Edeman 1971: 192; Paxalina 1975: 243). The o ms o Iškašimi, Sangleči and maybe Yazghulami a e pe haps de i able om *pa īčī- + *-aka-? The e is s ill one possible cogna e in he Middle I anian languages, bu wi h a di e en de i a ional su ix, namely *-ān-: Sogdian Buddhis p ’n’k, pl. p ’ny ‘insec , wo m’ /pa ānē/, Manichean p ’ny, pl. p ’ny ‘small animal, insec ’ /pa ānē/ (Gha ib 1995: 6979, 6982; Ge she i ch 1961: 144, § 966) < *pa ānaka- 4 . Le us men ion ha Ha old W. Bailey (1979: 239) also hough abou an I anian o igin o he Pe mic and Ug ic designa ion o ‘wo m’: Komi pe k (I) ‘Filz-, Schamlaus; Ph hi ius pubis’; Mansi (P LU LO) pē k ‘Bauchwu m; (LU LO) Wu m (im Fleisch); (LU) Angelwu m’, Hunga ian é ëg, acc. é ge ‘Wu m, Insek ’ ( i s 1152); (dial.) ‘alle lei schädliche Tie e: Maus, Ra e, Il is, Wol , Bä ’ < *pe kɜ (*pe kkɜ) ‘wo m’ (UEW I 373; EWU 1994: 381). 6. The a ious ep esen a i es o he class Insec a in oduced he e should be cha ac e ised by some common ea u e, o be ela ed in a linguis ic sense. A common seman ic denomina o o ‘mole c icke ’, ‘ca e pilla ’ and a ious kinds o ‘wo ms’ is ‘pene a ion’, namely h ough clay, wood, ui , e c. This idea implies he e ymology based on he IE oo *pe - ‘ o s ep o e , pass ac oss; pene a e’ (Poko ny 1959: 816–817; Schi me & Kümmel, LIV 2001 [1998]: 472–73) > Vedic pa - ‘ o b ing ac oss, o e ’ (EWAI II 85–86); A es an pā -/ - ‘ o go o e , c oss o e ’ (Cheung 2007: 293–94); G eek πείρω ‘I pe o a e, pie ce, pe ade’ (Beekes 2010: 1163–1164), Chu ch Sla onic (o Russian edac ion) nape jǫ, nape i i ‘натыкать’ = ‘ o spike, pin’ (S ezne skij 1902: 307) e c. The seman ic mo i a ion is compa able wi h G eek τερηδών ‘wood-wo m’ [A . Eq. 1308] = ‘bo ing one’; c . τετραίνω ‘I pie ce, pe o a e’, τέρετρον ‘auge , bo e ’, Old I ish a a ha , Old Welsh a a e id. e c. (Buck 1949: n. 3.84; Beekes 2010: 1468) < IE * e h1- ‘ o ub, bo e’ (Poko ny 1959: 1071–1072; Kümmel, LIV 2001 [1998]: 632–633). 7. Old P ussian poa is ‘mole c icke ’ can, hus, e lec P o o-Bal ic leng hened g ade *pā a-, he esul o an inne Bal ic de elopmen . I would s and isola ed wi hin he Bal ic, and, o his eason, i migh be use ul o illus a e i s place in a p ocess o wo d- o ma ion on analogical examples: Old P ussian poa is esembles in i s wo d- o ma ion soalis ‘K ew ech ’ [EV 293], i.e. ‘he b’, which ep esen s he leng hened g ade *źāl a- om he o-g ade saligan ‘g une’ [EV 468], i.e. ‘g een’ (Mažiulis 2013 [1988–1997]: 870, 801–802). I is de i able om *źali a-, simila ly as Li huanian žol ‘g ass, he b’, La ian zâle ‘he b’ < *źāli ā- s. Li huanian žãlias ‘g een, un ipe, aw’, La ian zaļš id. < *źali a-, all om he e b a es ed in Li huanian žél i, žẽlia ‘ o g ow, p oducing g eene y (o g ass, bushes); ise om he g ound, g ow, sp ou ; show 4 Sogdian S, B β’ ’k, M β’ yh C b’ y /β / ‘ ide ; iding animal’, Yaghnobi ṓ a ‘ ide ’ < *β a’i < *bā aka-; c . 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Senosios p ūsų poa is SANTRAUKA Senosios p ūsų kalbos žodis poa is iki šiol e imologizuo as imis ski ingais a ž ilgiais: Adalbe as Bezzenbe ge is, siekdamas jį palygin i su lie u išku a i ikmeniu pa plỹs 5 ‘ku klys’, į edė są oką +pa pis; Wojciechas Smoczyńskis p i aikė okiečių žodį We e ‘ku klys’; V. Mažiulis jį kildino iš eiksmažodžio, išlikusio, pa yzdžiui, senojoje bažny inėje sla ų kalboje, pa i i ‘sk is i’, ku is u ė ų bū i siejamas su lie . spanas ‘paukščio a abzdžio spa - nas’ i k . Šiame s aipsnyje pa eikiamas naujas sp endimas, lyginan senosios p ūsų kalbos poa is su y ų i anėnų kalbos pa adinimu ki minas, išlikusiu cho anų nom. pl. pä a, acc. pl. pī a, achių p(ə) ič ‘ abzdys, sliekas, ki minas, medg aužis’, budis ų sogdų p ’n’k, pl. p ’ny 5 Tokia pa žodžių da yba i seman inė mo y acija būdinga lie u ių kalbos sinonimui ku klỹs, gen. -io ‘pap as asis ku klys (G yllo alpa g yllo alpa), d ėgnoje di oje gy enan is i augalų šaknis g aužian is abzdys; sko pionas’. Jis žymi eikėjo pa adinimą su galūne -lys, pada y ą iš lie u ių eiksmažodžio ku k i ‘k aksė i, k ykš i (apie a lę); kudakuo i (apie iš ą); k a k i (apie a lę)’, la ių kù k ‘k aksė i, k ykš i’; oliau senosios bažny inės sla ų kalbos k ъknǫ i ‘inkš i, klyk i’, usų ke ka ь ‘š ilp i, inkš i’ (Smoczyński 2018: 639–640). 8 ‘ abzdys, ki mėlė’ i k ., isi jie y a kilę iš šaknies *pe - ‘pe ženg i, pe ei i; p asisk e b i’, o ai eiškia iek senosios p ūsų, iek y ų i anėnų kalbų abzdžių pa adinimų bend ą seman inį a diklį ‘p asisk e bian is’.