Koreliaciniai priesagų vediniai, įvardijantys psichinių sutrikimų turinčius asmenis, pirmajame lietuviškame psiciatrijos vadovėlyje

Acta Linguistica Lithuanica 2025, vol. 93, pp. 1–20 Contents link / Table of contents link ISSN 2669-218X (online / electronic) CORRELATIVE SUFFIXAL DERIVATIVES DENOTING PERSONS WITH MENTAL DISORDERS IN THE FIRST LITHUANIAN PSYCHIATRY TEXTBOOK Correlative Suffixal Derivatives Designating Persons with Mental Disabilities in the First Lithuanian Psychiatry Textbook PALMIRA ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ Institute of the Lithuanian Language E-mail: [email protected] ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8679-3253 Research areas: Lithuanian terminology, history of Lithuanian medical terminology. https://doi.org/10.35321/all93-10 ABSTRACT The article examines 29 correlative suffixal derivatives denoting persons with mental disorders, used in the first Lithuanian psychiatry textbook by Juozas Blažys, Introduction to Psychiatry (1935). Their international suffixes are identified, and the structure of the stems of the base words and the characteristics of derivation are discussed. It was established that the most characteristic stems of the base words of correlative suffixal derivatives are expanded by suffixes (usually –ija, –izmas), which do not enter the derivatives. With regard to their derivational bases, suffixal derivatives are diverse. They may correlate not only with one but also with several base words. There are also derivatives whose derivational basis is altogether problematic because the base words are unclear. Suffixal derivatives correlating with a single base word have a derivational relationship only with nouns, whereas derivatives that can correlate with more than one base word also have derivational relationships with adjectives and verbs. KEYWORDS: external borrowing, term borrowing, correlative suffixal derivative, names of persons with mental disorders. ABSTRACT The article examines correlative suffixal derivatives that designate persons with mental disabilities, as featured in Įvadas į psichiatriją (Introduction to Psychiatry; 1935), the first Lithuanian psychiatry textbook by Juozas Blažys. The study identifies their international suffixes and discusses both the structure of the base word Copyright © 2025 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė. Published by the Institute of the Lithuanian Language. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. // Išleido Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Šis straipsnis yra atviros prieigos, platinamas pagal „Creative Commons“ priskyrimo licencijos sąlygas, leidžiančias neribotai naudoti, platinti ir atkurti turinį bet kokioje laikmenoje, nurodant autorių ir šaltinį. Received: / Received: 2025–08–11. Accepted: / Accepted: 2025–09–25. 1 stems and the derivational characteristics of the derivatives. It has been determined that the most typical stems of the base words of correlative suffixal derivatives are expanded with the addition of suffixes (usually -ija, -izmas), which, however, are not incorporated into the derivatives. When it comes to correlative relations with the base words, suffixal derivatives tend to show diverse patterns, correlating with one or more base words. Moreover, some derivatives pose a challenge in establishing correlative relations, as their base words tend to be vague. Suffixal derivatives that correlate with a single base word typically relate derivationally only to nouns, whereas those correlating with multiple base words may also relate derivationally to adjectives and verbs. KEYWORDS: external borrowing, loan term, correlative suffixal derivative, designations of persons with mental disabilities. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS The subject of this article consists of 29 borrowed names for persons with mental disorders, used in the textbook Introduction to Psychiatry (1935), written by the distinguished interwar Lithuanian psychiatrist Juozas Blažys (1890–1939), which are correlative suffixal derivatives. In the view of Kazimieras Gaivenis, a classic of Lithuanian terminology, the terminological status of names of agents² is problematic, since they do not denote special scientific concepts (Gaivenis 2002: 31). Nevertheless, terminologists undertake to study them. Such studies describe the expression (derivation, origin), meaning, and other aspects of names of persons in both present-day and historical terminology (of various fields) (e.g., see Umbrasas 2005: 107–136; 2018: 107–127; Zemlevičiūtė 2020). It should be noted that the most recent encyclopedic dictionary of psychiatric terms (EPTŽ) also contains quite a number of them, e.g.: alkoholikas, astenikas, cholerikas, erotopatas, eunuchოidas, idiotas, kretinoidas, lunatikas, maniakas, mizantropas, narkomanas, neuropatas, opiოფagas, pederastas, sadistas, simul iantas, šizot imikas, transvestitas and others. As we shall see, more than one of these names was also used by J. Blažys. It is true that some names of persons in the aforementioned dictionary are marked psn. (obsolete), e.g.: deb ilas psn., degeneratas psn. A great many names of persons were also used in the first Lithuanian psychiatry textbook³. The aim is to provide a linguistic description of the textbook’s correlative suffixal derivatives denoting persons with mental disorders. The following tasks are set: to register these names, identify their suffixes and base stems and their structure, and establish their characteristic derivational features. To achieve the aim and accomplish the tasks, several linguistic methods are employed, ¹ For more on the textbook, see Gutmanas 1935: 378–379; Zemlevičiūtė 2024: 207. ² K. Gaivenis has written that “in general, the nomenclature of names of professions can be distinguished as a separate subgroup of terminology” (Gaivenis 2002: 31). ³ It should be noted that borrowed names of persons with mental disorders were found not only in J. Blažys’s textbook. They were also used by other interwar authors who wrote articles on psychiatric issues in Medical Journal (Vlad as Kuzma, Vladimiras Kutorga, Teodoras Gutmanas, Jonas Kairiūkštis, Lazaris Epšteinas, Antanas Smalstys, Vytautas Bendoravičius, Ilja Skliutauskas, Anatolijus Zarcinas, Lazaris Gutmanas, Mejeris Rozinas), e.g.: alkoholikas, chorejikas, chronikas, debilikas, degeneratas, epileptikas, hysterikas, histerikė, idiotas, imbecilikas, infantil ikas, katatonikė, morfinistas, neurastenikas, oligofrenikas, paralytikas, paralitikas, psychopatas, syfilitikas 1925 8 554; 1927 1–2 67; 1929 2 112; 1930 3 151; 1934 2 68; 1935 4 260; 1935 5 357. 2 the main one being the descriptive-analytical method. On the basis of the derivational-analysis method, the base words underlying the derivatives are determined. The morphemic-analysis method is useful for distinguishing the smallest meaningful parts of a derivative—roots and suffixes. When necessary, the comparative method is used to compare the names denoting persons with mental disorders in the interwar psychiatry textbook with those names used in popular medical literature of the late nineteenth century and in present-day psychiatric terminology. Theoretical insights. The borrowing of words, and thus of terms, from other languages is a natural process in every national general and scientific language. It is one of the sources of terminology formation. Loan terms⁴ enter national terminology as ready-made linguistic units together with the concepts and realities they name (Danilenko 1977: 29; cf. also Griniov 1993: 157; Tatarinov 2006: 194); in other words, terms are borrowed when the language into which they are borrowed lacks names for concepts already designated in the source language (Superanskaja et al. 1989: 41). Borrowing from other languages is called external borrowing⁵. Nevertheless, it should be noted that this method of term formation—external borrowing—is somewhat more problematic than internal borrowing⁶, in which it is easier to establish the source of borrowing, usually a living language (dialects) or written sources. In the case of external borrowing, words originating in various languages enter terminology, although the original language of origin of a particular word is often a classical language (Greek or Latin). Foreign-language words often enter the national language not directly from the original source language of the borrowed words, but through intermediary languages⁷; this applies especially to words of Greek and Latin origin. For example, consider the name for a person albinosas. According to the etymological dictionary Online Etymology Dictionary (OED), the English word albino (Lith. albinosas) denotes a person with pale, milky facial skin, light hair, and reddish eyes due to a lack of the pigment melanin (see also ME I 1991: 33), and derives from Spanish or Portuguese albino, although the word’s original source is Latin. ⁴The terminologist Sergejus Griniovas divides material borrowings into lexical borrowings (the material form of the word is borrowed together with its content), formal borrowings (only the material form of the word is borrowed and is filled with new content in the recipient language), and morphological borrowings (root and derivational morphemes are borrowed to form new terms) (Griniov 1993: 162). Some Lithuanian linguists present a somewhat different classification of material borrowings. For example, Lina Inčiuraitė-Noreikienė and Bonifacas Stundžia (2024: 299) distinguish two categories of material borrowings—simple and correlative borrowings. ⁵ Guy Rondeau distinguishes direct external borrowing from external borrowing through morphological transformations (Rondeau 1981: 129, cited in Superanskaja et al. 2003: 195). As can also be seen from the theoretical provisions presented in footnote 1, external borrowing is understood similarly by more than one author; only the terms used to name the types of borrowing in question vary. ⁶ Borrowing that takes place within the boundaries of the same language is called internal borrowing, e.g., the terminologization of terminological and general-language words (for more on terminologization, see Šalkauskis 1991 [1925]: 24–31; Gaivenis 1997: 4–6; 2002: 51–53; Keinys 2005 [1973], 231–233; Klimavičius 1996: 4–25; Sager 1997: 28–29; Superanskaja et al. 2003: 194–196 and elsewhere). ⁷ It is claimed that it is often impossible to establish, from the form, meaning, and chronology of international words, through which languages those words traveled (LKE 1999: 641). 3 When entering national terminology, a borrowed term usually undergoes phonetic, graphic, and grammatical changes⁸, but its assimilation ends only when it becomes a full-fledged member of the lexical system of its own language. It is claimed that a borrowed term is accepted into a national language also because it has become established in other (at least several) national languages and denotes concepts in science, technology, art, social life, and other fields, which shows that such a term is important for scientific communication (see Griniov 1993: 157, 162–164; Gaivenis, Keinys 1990: 207). The internationalization of terms helps facilitate communication among specialists internationally. Internationalisms (international terms) are generally understood as terms that are identical or similar in form and content in at least three languages (cf. Tatarinov 2006: 196). Classical languages played a special role in the formation of scientific terminology. The semantics of the roots and affixes of these languages is “preserved”—having lost their natural conditions of development, they become standardized and more uniform in meaning, do not evoke misleading associations, which is valuable for terminology (Danilenko 1977: 33, 35). Greek and Latin were not only sources for borrowing ready-made terms but also models for the formation of new terms. The elements of these languages (roots, prefixes, suffixes, or suffixoids)⁹, which gave rise to the designation term elements, are used in many languages to form new terms; they are convenient and advantageous because their meaning is known to scholars in a particular field. Terms formed from such elements are characterized by semantic transparency, precision, and brevity; structurally, they retain their derivational capacity (Danilenko 1977: 33, 35; Griniovas 1993: 169–170). Thus, the elements of Greek and Latin are regarded as the property of all languages and are therefore universal (Superanskaja et al. 1989: 104). Greek and Latin elements borrowed by national languages undergo only minor, mainly phonetic, adaptation. The original morphological structure of such an element is unclear in the national language, and it is adopted as a whole, without any morphological segmentation. As already mentioned, a large part of national terminology consists of terms formed on the basis of Greek and Latin words and morphemes. In turn, terms themselves containing roots and affixes of Greek or Latin origin also become international terms (Danilenko 1977: 33; for more on term formation based on Greek and Latin term elements, see Superanskaja et al. 2003: 204–212). But let us return to borrowings in whose composition various derivational affixes can be discerned. Vincas Urbutis, a theorist of Lithuanian word formation, wrote that “[i]n order to describe the derivational system and its organization as fully ⁸ The Lithuanian terminologist Stasys Keinys has written “about the natural, non-scientific but living adaptation of borrowings, their adjustment to the sound system, stress patterns, inflection, and the role of such adjustment in the standard language,” emphasizing that the provision of borrowed names should be based on “the usage of the language of living speech and of texts written in living language” (Keinys 2007: 71). ⁹ Term elements (терминоэлемент) are formally components of a term (Superanskaja et al. 1989: 102). The terminologist Valerija P. Danilenko regards any structural component of a term as a term element. It may be a morpheme (at the level of a simple term), a word, or a conventional sign (at the level of a complex term) (see Danilenko 1977: 37, 108; cf. also Superanskaja et al. 1989: 102; 2003: 100–105). and precisely describe the derivational system and its organization, one should not forget the differentiation of derivatives according to origin, ‘...’” (Urbutis 2009: 292). According to origin, the linguist distinguished “derivatives of our own and derivatives that have come from other languages. The latter function as derivatives because of the derivational relations that have arisen with other words of foreign origin having the same roots” (ibid.: 292–293). Hans Marchand called the derivation in question correlative derivation (Marchand, cited in Urbutis 2009: 293), which “is generally restricted to newly widespread borrowings, the so-called international words: their foreign origin is clearly felt, <...>, specific features unusual for native derivatives are visible in their derivational structure, and among the distinct derivational affixes there are few with which hybrid derivatives would have been formed (and even those are usually sporadic)” (ibid.: 293). In V. Urbutis’s view, “it is appropriate to take into account the specific status of the so-called international words and their derivation, and to distinguish correlative derivation types in one way or another, not to mix them completely indiscriminately with the derivational types of indigenous words (and old borrowings differing from them)” (ibid.: 283). If a term or word in a language is formed “on the basis not of words existing in that language but of words (their stems) from other languages (usually Latin or Latinized), a special type of word formation on a foreign basis may be distinguished” (Marchand, cited in Urbutis 2009: 293). In the latest linguistic studies, correlative derivatives are customarily understood as borrowings (international words) that can be conditionally segmented derivationally if a corresponding borrowed word with an appropriate base stem functions alongside them (Stundžia, Inčiuraitė-Noreikienė 2022: 241–242; Miliūnaitė 2024: 181; see more broadly DLKG 1994: 123; Urbutis 2009: 292–293). It is further added that correlative derivatives are borrowings that function as derivatives because of the relation perceived by users between them and borrowed words with the same root (Stundžia, Inčiuraitė-Noreikienė 2022: 241–242). Thus, in summary, it can be said that a correlative derivative has the following principal features: it is borrowed from other languages, it can be segmented derivationally, and it must share a root (stem) with another borrowed word functioning in the language. ANALYSIS AND CLASSIFICATION OF CORRELATIVE SUFFIXAL DERIVATIVES DENOTING PERSONS WITH MENTAL DISORDERS Before beginning to examine the textbook’s correlative suffixal derivatives denoting persons with mental disorders, a few words should be said about the textbook itself and its author, J. Blažys. And who could say more about him than his contemporaries? In their words, J. Blažys was “a distinguished scholar and physician, one of our best psychiatrists, vice-rector of Vytautas Magnus University, an enlightened person, a great humanist,” “one of the most distinguished authorities in this field [psychiatry—the author’s note] in Lithuania,” “an observant physician, a thinking diagnostician,” “the noblest example of scientific work and conscience in Lithuania and at its University, an embodiment of the finest academic traditions, one of those great soldiers of science who, without fuss 10 They consist (mostly) of suffixal and prefixal derivatives and neoclassical formations (Stundžia, Inčiuraitė-Noreikienė 2022: 297) (for more on correlative suffixal derivatives, see also Inčiuraitė-Noreikienė 2022: 149–174). 5 and without personal career ambitions, unnoticed by the crowd and not needing its noisy approval, sometimes not only misunderstood by it but also unjustly condemned and painfully insulted by its leaders, quietly perform their duties and follow the path of conscience, accomplishing great work for their age and devoting their strength and lives without reserve to science, and through science dedicating themselves to humanity” (Bendoravičius 1939: 419; Römeris 1939: 409–410). In 1914, he graduated from the Military Medical Academy and received a medical degree; he served as a military physician in Russia. Returning to Lithuania in 1918, he worked as a physician “in various governmental medical institutions,” was “the head of the first psychiatric hospital and later the organizer of the Department of Psychiatry and Neurology at the Lithuanian University,” wrote and published scholarly articles on various medical and psychiatric issues, collaborated in the fields of forensic medicine and criminalistics, and edited the V. D. University News (Bendoravičius 1939: 418–425; Vaičiūnas¹¹ 1939: 414–417). J. Blažys’s most important work is the textbook Introduction to Psychiatry. As his contemporary, the Lithuanian military physician Lieutenant Colonel V. Bendoravičius (1891–1958), notes, “[h]e prepared conscientiously for this work; he kept the already written book in manuscript for more than a year so that, checking it from time to time, he could find shortcomings in it, supplement it, and correct it,” and “[i]t displays both a general conception and the principal direction of psychiatric thinking, a critical evaluation of various hypotheses, and their harmonious concentration into one clear content in a beautiful, one might say elegant, verbal form” (Bendoravičius 1939: 420, 424). In the words of the Lithuanian neurologist and psychiatrist L. Gutmanas (1875–1957), the textbook has “[e]verything set out in simple and clear language, so that it is understandable not only to physicians but also to every educated person. The material is very rich, provides extensive historical and statistical information, and contains all the latest scientific achievements of recent years, as well as all the theories and teachings of the present day. <…>. Both in content and in the presentation of the material, this book has reached a high scientific level, since it provides a clear reflection of the state of all the psychiatric questions addressed today. <…>. This valuable book, <…>, can be warmly recommended not only to students and physicians but also to teachers, judges, and educated parents in general, <…>” (Gutmanas 1935: 378–379). Among the borrowed names of persons used in the textbook, names with very clear international suffixes stand out. Some of these suffixes are also distinguished in the academic grammar of the Lithuanian language (LKG), in the discussion of noun-formation categories, e.g.: –ikas (a suffix for names of bearers of a nominal characteristic, with which formed words usually denote persons who can be characterized in rather diverse ways (LKG I 363)), –istas (a suffix for names of bearers of a nominal characteristic, with which formed words denote persons according to their inclination (ibid.: 362–363)), –atas (ibid.: 337, 364). The derivational formants (suffixes) of such borrowed names for persons can be distinguished only formally, because the borrowings in question, as already mentioned, were borrowed by the textbook’s author from sources in other languages on which he relied when writing his work. ¹¹ Viktoras Vaičiūnas (1896–1945), Lithuanian physician, psychiatrist, neuropathologist (VLE). 6 Here, derivatives are understood as names that can be motivated, i.e., that “by their components recall other words and their components” (Urbutis 2009: 69). In these names, non-Lithuanian suffixes can formally be distinguished, and the names themselves should be regarded as correlative suffixal derivatives (see Inčiuraitė-Noreikienė 2022: 154). Such suffixes of the names in question as –istas, –ikas, –(i)antas, –(i)atas are treated in LKG as international suffixes (see LKG I 362–364), and the words derived with them are assigned to the derivational category of names of bearers of a verbal or nominal characteristic. On the basis of these data, the structure of such names is described in greater detail, taking their constituent components into account. Correlative suffixal derivatives. Most of the borrowed names of persons used in the textbook are suffixal derivatives. 1. Suffixal derivatives with a possible single base. This group of derivatives includes names of persons that correlate with only one base word—a noun (see Table 1). Suffix –ikas borrowed names of persons. All persons denoted by this suffix are characterized according to the disease from which they suffer, the pathological condition, or the disorder that afflicts them; in other words, such names of persons correlate with names of diseases, pathological conditions, or disorders. As LKG notes, “[t]he nearest other international words (usually nouns) on which one could rely when interpreting” (LKG I 363) the derivation of the derivatives with this suffix differ formally. This feature is also characteristic of the borrowed names of persons used in the source under study. The textbook contains few derivatives whose main stem coincides with the main stem of the base word (noun), e.g.: delirikas 93¹² ‘person suffering from delirium’¹³ (: delyras¹⁴) (attention should be paid to the difference in the form of the stems of the derivative and the base word—in the derivative, the short vowel is i, whereas in the base word it is the long y. It may be assumed that the short vowel is determined by the Latin delirium. In that case, the question arises: how did delirikas come to occur in the textbook? Could it be a name formed by the author himself from delirum?); encefalitikas 109 ‘person suffering from encephalitis’ (: encefalitas¹⁵); paranojikas 172, 191, 221, 224 ‘person suffering from paranoia’ (: paranoja¹⁶). ¹² The textbook page is indicated for this and the other examples. ¹³ In this section, the derivational meaning (also called structural meaning) is provided in quotation marks alongside the names of persons (see Urbutis 2009: 173), since it is important for substantiating “the structural components of the derivative and their relation” (Urbutis 2009: 173). ¹⁴ Delyras (Latin delirium—madness, insanity, delirium)—a disorder of consciousness characterized by disturbances in spatial orientation and the perception of time, and abundant visual and other hallucinations (EPTŽ 52, cf. ME I 168). ¹⁵ Encefalitas (Latin encephalitis < Greek enkephalos—brain), inflammation of the brain (ME I 227, cf. EPTŽ 80). ¹⁶ Paranoja (Greek paranoia—insanity), a mental disorder—pathological interpretation of events based on a system of delusions (ME II 125, cf. EPTŽ 223). Compared with the names mentioned above, the stem of the name neurotikas 26, 35, 193, 224 ‘person suffering from neuroze17 (: neurozė18) does not formally coincide with the stem of the base word; nevertheless, it is a different variant of the same stem, neuroz—neurot-; the stems of the name of the person (the derivative) and the name of the disease (the base word) differ through the alternation of the consonants z and t (cf. Urbutis 2009: 153; see also p. 268). The main stems of the majority of the base words of the names that can be regarded as derivatives are also nouns (of abstract meaning), expanded by the suffix –ija, which is omitted in the process of forming the name of the person, i.e., “the stem of the base word does not enter the derivative in its entirety but occurs in an abbreviated form, without the formal affix” 19 (Urbutis 2009: 149). Such shortened (disintegrated) base stems 20 are characteristic of the following derived names of persons: akromegalikas 130 ‘person suffering from acromegaly’ (: akromegalija21); epileptikas22 14, 26, 56, 195, 198 ‘asmuo, sergantis epilepsija23 (: epilepsija24). Šiuo, kaip ir neurotiko case, once again it is possible to speak of different variants of the same stem epileps- ‖ epilept-—the stems of the name of the person and the disease name correlating with it differ through the alternation of the consonants s and t; ipochondrikas 174 ‘a person with hypochondriacal (unfounded) ideas, suffering from hypochondria25 (: ipochondrija26); isterikas 165, 201 ‘person suffering from hysteria’ (: isterija27); 17 In the interwar TŽŽ (1936: 675), neurotikas (Greek) ‘suffers from the nerves’. 18 Neurosis (Lat. neurosis < Gk. neuron – sinew, nerve) – a functional nervous-system disease of psychogenic origin, in which a correct assessment of the environment and oneself, as well as the ability to control one’s conduct and actions, remains intact (EPTŽ 206, cf. ME II 80). 19 V. Urbutis regards such formations as disintegrative formations (Urbutis 2009: 149). 20 The concept of the stem under discussion is also directly related to the concept of the correlative base stem. “<...> [a] correlative stem has no independent meaning, <...>; its meaning is understood only approximately as a remnant abstracted from the meanings of the words containing it” (Urbutis 2009: 147; see pp. 144–153 for more detail). V. Urbutis notes that both a correlative and an abbreviated stem may be discerned in the same formation (ibid.: 149). Such stems are characteristic of nearly all the person names examined in this article. 21 Acromegaly (Lat. acromegalia < Gk. akron – extremity + Gk. megas – large), enlarged extremities, an endocrine disease characterized by disproportionate enlargement of the bones and soft tissues of the face, hands, and feet (ME I 30, cf. EPTŽ 10). 22 The term epileptikas was already used at the beginning of the twentieth century in articles by physicians Petras Matulaitis (1911) and Stasys Matulaitis (1913) (see the bibliography). 23 In Tarpukario TŽŽ (1936: 267), epileptikas (Gk.) is defined as ‘a person suffering from epilepsy’. 24 Epilepsy (Lat. epilepsia < Gk. epilambanō – attacked, seized), a chronic disease characterized by various seizures and certain personality changes, sometimes progressing to mental retardation (ME I 235, cf. EPTŽ 83). 25 In Tarpukario TŽŽ (1936: 417), ipochondrikas (Gk.) is defined as ‘a person suffering from hypochondria’. 26 Hypochondria (Gk. hypochondria – the viscera; formerly considered the source of bad moods), a morbid mental state in which the patient is excessively concerned about their health and fears minor existing ailments or imagined serious diseases (ME I 32, cf. EPTŽ 118). 27 Hysteria (Lat. hysteria < hysterica – having an unhealthy uterus < Gk. hystera – uterus) – a functional disease of the nervous system characterized by great variety and instability of symptoms (EPTŽ 128), one of the forms of neurosis. It manifests itself 8 katatonikas 197, 199, 208 ‘a person suffering from catatonia’ (: catatonia28); melancholikas 106, 191, 194, 195, 204 ‘a person suffering from melancholia’ (: melancholija29); neuras­tenikas 161 ‘a person suffering from neurasthenia’31 (: neurastenija32); šizofrenikas 53,135,157,201 ‘a person suffering from schizophrenia’ (: šizofrenija33). The base words of some derivatives are expanded with other suffixes that do not enter into the derivative. One person name was found whose base word is expanded with the suffix –izmas (cf. Urbutis 2009: 237), e.g., parkinsonikas 186 ‘a person suffering from parkinsonism’ (: parkinsonizmas34). Borrowed person names with the suffix –istas. Two person names were found—derivatives with the suffix –istas (for more on derivatives with this suffix, see DLKG 1994: 123; Urbutis 2009: 292–293; Miliūnaitė 2024: 182)—based on names of clinical concepts containing the suffix –izmas, e.g.: onanistas35 18, 142 ‘a person engaged in onanism36’ (: onanizmas37); sadistas 29 ‘a person inclined toward sadism38’ (: sadizmas39). This is also confirmed by LKG, which states, various disorders of the psyche, sensation, movement, and the functioning of internal organs (ME I 366). This base word is given alongside isteriko and also in LKG (I 363). 28 Catatonia (Lat. catatonia < Gk. katon­os – tension, rigidity) – a form of schizophrenia, a mental and motor disorder—in which the patient is agitated or immobile, sometimes completely rigid (EPTŽ 140; ME I 396). 29 In Tarpukario TŽŽ (1936: 612), melancholikas (Gk.) is defined as ‘suffering from melancholia; a person of depressed mood, full of dark thoughts’. 30 Melancholia (Lat. melancholia < Gk. melas, melanos – black + cholē – bile) – a mood disorder manifested by an inability to experience pleasure, disappearance of the response to stimuli that previously produced satisfaction, anorexia and weight loss, depressed mood in the morning, and excessive feelings of guilt (EPTŽ 185). This base word is also given alongside melancholikas in LKG (I 363). 31 In Tarpukario TŽŽ (1936: 675), neuras­tenikas (Gk.) is defined as ‘suffering from neurasthenia; an unstable person’. 32 Neurasthenia (Lat. neurasthenia < Gk. neuron – sinew, nerve + astheneia – weakness, disability) – a psychogenic disease characterized by increased irritability, rapid exhaustion, sleep disorders, autonomic and emotional variability, etc. (EPTŽ 204). 33 Schizophrenia (Lat. schizophrenia < Gk. schizō – to split + phrēn – mind) – an endogenous mental illness manifested by various symptoms and syndromes—hallucinations, delusions, pathological affects resembling neurosis or psychopathy, and hebephrenic, catatonic, oneiroid, and other syndromes (EPTŽ 321; ME II 253–254). 34 Parkinsonism (Lat. parcינסonismus) – a pathological condition arising from damage to the extrapyramidal system (especially its globus pallidus and substantia nigra of the brainstem) (EPTŽ 225; ME II 127). 35 The term onanistas was, in my view, first used by physician Kazys Grinius in 1910 in the article “Apie onanizmą,” published in the journal Sveikatos. The physician also used it in his later works (1913; 1920; 1921). It should also be noted that K. Grinius proposed a Lithuanian equivalent for the borrowing, varpos braukytojas (1920; 1921). 36 In Tarpukario TŽŽ (1936: 700), onanistas (Heb.) is defined as ‘a person suffering from onania, onanism’. 37 Onanism (Lat. onanismus; named after Onan, the biblical character and son of Judah, who practiced withdrawal during intercourse with his wife’s sister) – inducing orgasm by mechanically stimulating one’s erogenous zones, most often the sexual organs (EPTŽ 214), otherwise masturbacija (ME II 101). 38 In Tarpukario TŽŽ (1936: 882), sadistas is defined as ‘a torturer; a person inclined toward sadism’. 39 Sadism (Lat. sadismus; the Marquis de Sade (1740–1814) was a French writer who described this perversion) – a sexual perversion in which sexual gratification is experienced by causing a partner moral or physical pain (EPTŽ 271). ME (II 242) also records the person name sadistas. 9 that “a significant proportion of words with the suffix –istas are derivationally most closely related to words with the suffix –izmas having the same base stem” (LKG I 362). Such basing, in V. Urbutis’s words, may be regarded as ordinary basing in a defined direction⁴⁰, with a strict order of the members of the opposition (derivative – base word) (Urbutis 2009: 124). Borrowed person names with the suffix –(i)akas. This suffix is not mentioned in LKG. One name was found, maniakas ²²⁴ ‘a person seized by mania’⁴¹ (: manija⁴²), correlating with a name for a pathological craving whose stem is expanded by the suffix –ija, which does not enter into the derivative. 1 Table. Names of persons with mental disorders correlating with a single base word Suffix | Derivative | Base word -ikas | akromegalikas | akromegalija delirikas | delyras encefalitikas | encefalitas epileptikas | epilepsija ipohondrikas | ipohondrija isterikas | isterija katatonikas | katatonija melancholikas | melancholija neurasthenikas | neurastenija neurotikas | neurozė paranojiikas | paranoja parkinsonikas | parkinsonizmas šizofrenikas | šizofrenija -istas | onanistas | onanizmas sadistas | sadizmas –(i)akas | maniakas | manija 2. Derivatives with suffixes and possible dual basing. All the borrowed person names discussed correlate with only one base word. However, in the textbook ⁴⁰ V. Urbutis also distinguishes the opposite type—bidirectional (or reciprocal) basing with an unexpressed direction (also termed reciprocal motivation, reciprocal derivational relations), treated “as a derivational connection without basing, or motivation (the relation between derivative and base word),” “[w]ithout giving priority to either direction of basing,” in which the members of the opposition may be reversed (fašizmas – fašistas) (Urbutis 2009: 124–125). ⁴¹ In Tarpukario TŽŽ (1936: 594), maniakas (Gk.) is defined as ‘a person suffering from mania, obsessed with something, as if mad about one particular thing’. ⁴² Mania (Gk. mania – craving, madness), a pathological state characterized by excessively elevated mood and activity, an overly favorable opinion of oneself, superficial thinking, talkativeness (loud rapid speech), and distractibility. It most often occurs in manic-depressive psychosis (ME II 525, cf. EPTŽ 179). 10 there are quite a few names that, from a derivational perspective, may be based not on one but on several base words (see Table 2). Borrowed person names with the suffix –ikas. The potential base words of derivatives with this suffix differ formally (see LKG I 363). In some possible words of this kind, the principal stem is expanded by a suffix, while in others it coincides with the principal stem of the derivative: alkoholikas⁴³ 28, 35, 38, 91, 123, 137, 237. In LKG (I 363), this person name is based on the word alkoholis, with the meaning ‘a person inclined toward alcohol’. In addition to this, in my view, another motivation is possible—the word may be based on the disease name alkoholizmas, and this is the most likely base word of the derivative, because ‘one who tends to consume alcohol’ is not necessarily an alkoholikas, although in Tarpukario TŽŽ (1936: 44) its meaning is precisely this: alkoholikas ‘a person who consumes too many intoxicating beverages, a drunkard’. Nevertheless, only someone suffering from alcoholism should properly be called an alkoholiku. In the minimal contexts of the textbook, the person name in question is used precisely when writing about the aforementioned mental illness; fanatikas ²⁹. In LKG (I 364), the meaning of fanatiko is ‘one who fanatically hates people of different convictions’; cf. TŽŽ 1936: 285: fanatikas ‘blindly believing in something and intolerant of others’ differing opinions’, and it may be based either on the adjective fanatiškas or on the noun fanatizmas. In the textbook, the meaning of this person name, compared with the meaning given in LKG, is medical (clinical): fanatikas is a psychopath—a person characterized by severe mental personality disorders. Thus, the most precise basis for this derivative is the word fanatizmas, denoting a pathological state; sifilitikas⁴⁴ 38, 110, 260 (: sifilis⁴⁵). The connection of the name with the disease syphilis is clear; cf. TŽŽ 1936: 912: sifilitikas (Gk.) ‘suffering from syphilis’. From a derivational perspective, however, it is doubtful that the base word is the noun sifilis, since the derivative’s stem has a different structure. The name is most likely based on the Latin adjective syphiliticus < syphilis⁴⁶ (see OED)—sifilitinis, cf. sifilitinis psichikos susirgimas 260. Nevertheless, it is difficult to say whether this name was coined by J. Blažys or borrowed from other sources; venerikas 262. According to LKG (I 364), the meaning of this name is ‘one who suffers from a venereal disease⁴⁷, and the base word is the adjective venerinis. This claim cannot be disputed, since venereal diseases were called venerinėmis ligomis⁴⁸, and the adjective venerinis derives from ancient ⁴³ The borrowing alkoholikas is already found in the writings of physicians Petras Avižonis (1907), K. Grinius (1920), and P. Matulaitis (1911), who popularized medical knowledge in the press. ⁴⁴ One of the earliest instances of use of the term sifilitikas dates to 1890, in an article by physician P. Matulaitis published in Varpas, entitled “Mikroorganizmai.” P. Matulaitis continued to use this term later (1915), as did K. Grinius (1911). ⁴⁵ Syphilis (Lat. syphilis) – a chronic contagious venereal disease caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum (EPTŽ 276; ME II 264). ⁴⁶ An infectious venereal disease named after the character who suffered from it in the poem “Syphilis, sive Morbus Gallicus,” published in 1530 by the Veronese physician Girolamo Fracastoro (1483–1553) (OEA). ⁴⁷ In Tarpukario TŽŽ (1936: 1044), venerikas is defined as ‘one suffering from a sexual, venereal disease’. ⁴⁸ It is claimed that the term morbus venereus (Lith. venerinė liga) was first proposed by the French physician Jacques de Béthencourt (1477–1527), who used it in 1527 in the treatise Nouveau Cartme de penitence, published in Paris, as an alternative to the pejorative term morbus gallicus (Lith. prancūziška / prancūzų liga). The proposed term 11 named after Venus, the Roman goddess of love and beauty. It should be added that, in popular medical writings from the late nineteenth century, Lithuanian physicians also used other terms, for example, veneriškos ligos⁴⁹, veneros ligos⁵⁰. J. Blažys also used the latter designation (as well as venerinės ligos) in his textbook (see p. 263). Thus, the thought suggests itself: might venerikas also be based on the anthroponym Venera? In that case, the derivational meaning of this designation for a person would be ‘a person who suffers from a venereal disease’. Borrowed person names with the suffix -antas. Only one derivative with this suffix was found in the textbook—haliucinantas 122 (: haliucinuoti or haliucinacijos?). Although formally a dual basing could be discerned, the more probable base word of this person name is nevertheless the noun haliucinacijos. Thus, the derivational meaning of the derivative would be ‘a person who experiences hallucinations’. Borrowed person names with the suffix -atas. As noted in LKG (I 337), in describing names of bearers of verbal characteristics—words derived with international suffixes—they may be derivationally associated not only with verbs but also with nouns denoting actions and bearing the suffix –(i)acija. Two such person names were found used in the textbook: degeneratas 138, 267 (: degeneruoti or degeneracija?). According to LKG (I 337), the person name in question may be based either on the verb degeneruoti or on the noun degeneracija. Nevertheless, as in the case of haliucinanto, it seems that the base word of this person name should be regarded as degeneraciją, while degeneruoti most likely arose from degeneracijos, so the latter noun would be primary in the derivational chain; kastratas 129 (: kastruoti or kastracija⁵¹?). This name, like degeneratas, is based in two ways in LKG (I 337)—on the verb kastruoti and the noun kastracija. As can be seen, formally speaking, two methods of basing the derivative are likewise possible here; however, basing it on the verb is rather unlikely, since the word was not formed in Lithuanian but was most likely borrowed as a ready-made item, like haliucinantas and degeneratas. Borrowed person names with the suffix -oid eunuchoidas 183 (: eunuchas or eunuchoidizmas⁵²?). LKG does not mention this suffix among the international suffixes. Formally speaking, the name may correlate with another person name, eunuchas. In Tarpukario TŽŽ (1936: 277), the meaning of the latter is ‘a castrated (emasculated) harem servant; a eunuch’, similar to that in the current associated it with the name of the Roman goddess of love and beauty, Venus—the venereal disease spreads through “illicit love” (Eng. illicit love) relations (see Tsaraklis et al. 2017: 395; Wikien; Wikifr; Vázquez-Espinosa et al. 2021: 5). ⁴⁹ Terminą veneriškos ligos was used by physician P. Matulaitis in his book Lytiškos Ligos ir Kaip nuo jų apsisaugoti (1915), and by Antanas Vileišis in the booklet Patarmės moterims, kurios nori būti sveikos (1899). ⁵⁰ Terminas veneros ligos was used in physician Juozas Bagdonas’s book Kas reikia žinoti apie lyties ligas (1920). ⁵¹ Castration (Lat. castratio – emasculation), removal of the sex glands or cessation of their hormonal activity in order to alter the body’s hormonal balance (ME I 395, cf. EPTŽ 139, 79). ⁵² Eunuchoidism (Lat. eunuchoidismus < Gk. eunouchos – eunuch, guardian of the bedchamber + eidos – appearance, form) – congenital or acquired insufficient development of the sexual organs and secondary sexual characteristics, manifested by bodily disproportions (a short trunk, long limbs, obesity) (EPTŽ 89, cf. ME I 244). 12 TŽŽ (2007: 315) – ‘a eunuch supervising a harem: a man whose testicles have been removed’. EPTŽ (2017: 89) defines eunuchoidas as a person suffering from eunuchoidism. In this definition, the essential word is the name of the disease. On this basis, it may be claimed that the person name eunuchoidas is based not on eunuchu but on the disease name eunuchoidizmas. Borrowed person names with the suffix –istas. Person names with this suffix are nominal bearers of a characteristic, but derivationally they may be associated both with nouns having an abbreviated base stem and with nouns having an unabbreviated base stem (cf. LKG I 362–363): avantiūristas 136, 219 (: avantiūra ar avantiūrizmas?). Tarpukario TŽŽ (1936: 99) gives two meanings for avantiūristo: 1. ‘one who seeks adventure’ and 2. ‘a lover of illicit profit, a swindler’. In the textbook (p. 219), avantiūristais denotes persons classified among psychopathic personalities. According to the textbook’s author, they are characterized by certain “moral defects.” In other words, the person designated by this term is morally altered, and this “m]oral alteration in a person is often the first sign of an incipient mental illness” (p. 136). The “moral defectiveness” of adventurers “is related to a somewhat masked <...> mental retardation <...>” (see p. 136). TŽŽ (2001: 84; 2007: 131) derives the person name in question from avantiūra, as it does avantiūrizmas. Establishing the base of this name is somewhat difficult, since there are no firm arguments in favor of either avantiūros or avantiūrizmo as potential base words; kokainistas 99 (: kokainas ar kokainizmas?). Again, if we considered this derivative formally, it could be based either on the name of the alkaloid kokainas or on the name of the addictive disease, kokainizmo. On the basis of the textbook’s minimal context, it seems that it correlates more closely with kokainizmu than with kokainu; in other words, kokainistas is not merely a person who uses or intoxicates themselves with cocaine, but a person suffering from the disease of cocaine addiction; morfinistas 98 ‘a person intoxicated with morphine / a person suffering from morphinism’53 (: morfinas54 or morfinizmas?). In this case, the situation is analogous to that of kokainistu: a stronger correlation of this name is discernible with the disease (morfinizmas) than with the substance (alkaloid) (morfinas); thus, morfinistas is not merely a person who uses or intoxicates themselves with morphine, but a person suffering from the disease of morphinism. Although the latter two person names could be based both on the names of alkaloids, kokainas and morfinas, and on the names of addictive diseases, kokainizmas and morfinizmas, their correlation with the latter nouns is stronger. The case of establishing the base of avantiūristo is somewhat clearer: it is more likely that the person name is based on the noun avantiūra than on avantiūrizmas, although this method of basing cannot be ruled out. 53 In Tarpukario TŽŽ (1936: 653), morfinistas (Gk.) is defined as ‘a person who uses morphine and poisons themselves with it’. 54 Morphine (Lat. morphinum) – an opium alkaloid produced from the milky juice of poppy capsules (EPTŽ 194). 13 Table 2. Names of persons with mental disorders that may correlate with several base words Suffix Derivative Possible base words -ikas alkoholikas alkoholis / alkoholizmas fanatikas fanatiškas / fanatizmas sifilitikas sifilis / sifilitinis venerikas venerinis / veneriškas / Venera -istas avantiūristas avantiūrizmas / avantiūra kokainistas kokainizmas / kokainas morfinistas morfinizmas / morfinas -atas degeneratas degeneruoti / degeneracija kastratas kastruoti / kastracija -antas haliucinantas haliucinuoti / haliucinacija -oidas eunuch oidas eunuchas / eunuchoidizmas 3. Some problematic cases of establishing the bases of suffixal derivatives. As can be seen from the person names discussed in the preceding sections, they can be linked (based) to other words used independently in Lithuanian, in many cases to more than one. The textbook contains person names that are formally regarded as derived words—with the clear suffix -ikas—but whose base words are unclear. These are chronikas 229 and debil ikas 35, 214. The correlation of Chroniko with the adjective chroniškas is doubtful, although the latter is used in the textbook as the attributive component of such two-word compound terms as chroniška intoksikacija, chroniška liga, chroniška neurozė, chroniška psichozė, chroniškas alkoholizmas, etc. So how might the appearance of this person name in the textbook be explained? Perhaps J. Blažys formed it by analogy, since, as can be seen from the person names discussed above, quite a few of them use the suffix -ikas. The case of debiliko seems somewhat simpler. But only at first glance. Although formally this name may correlate with the disease name debilumas⁵⁵, it is difficult to assert that the latter is the base word of the person name, if only because J. Blažys did not use that disease name in the textbook. The appearance of debiliko in the textbook could be explained in several ways. On the one hand, the author may have found this person name in other (non-Lithuanian) sources and Lithuanianized it. On the other hand, as in the case of chroniko, he may have formed it by analogy. CONCLUSIONS In J. Blažys’s first Lithuanian psychiatry textbook, Įvadas į psichiatriją, 29 correlative suffixal derivatives naming persons with mental disorders were found, most likely ready-made borrowings from sources in other languages on which the author relied when writing his textbook, only ⁵⁵ Debilism (Lat. debilitas – weakness, lameness < debilis – weak, powerless) – the mildest degree of intellectual disability (EPTŽ 50). EPTŽ (50) and ME (II 166) also record the person name debilas. 14 adapting their form to the grammatical system of the Lithuanian language. Nevertheless, the possibility cannot be excluded that some derivatives may have been coined by the textbook’s author himself by analogy. Six international suffixes can be distinguished in these names of persons: –antas, –atas, –(i)akas, –ikas, –istas, –oidas. The most productive suffix is –ikas (19 derivatives) (ipohondrikas, melancholikas, paranojikas), while the less productive one is –istas (5 derivatives) (onanistas, sadistas); the other suffixes mentioned are entirely unproductive (usually represented by only 1 derivative each) (maniakas, haliucinantas, kastratas, eunuch oidas). It was established that the most characteristic stems of the base words of correlative suffixal derivatives are disintegrative, i.e. expanded with suffixes (most often –ija, –izmas) that do not enter into the derivatives—names of persons, for example: neurastenikas (: neurastenija), morfinistas (: morfinizmas). The study showed that the derivational bases of borrowed names of persons vary. This makes it possible to distinguish 2 groups of correlative suffixal derivatives: 1) suffixal derivatives with a possible single base and 2) suffixal derivatives with a possible multiple (usually twofold) base. The base words of some correlative suffixal derivatives are not clear at all. The suffixal derivatives of the first group correlate with only one base word, and in most of their base words the principal stems are expanded with the suffix –ija. These names of persons are derivationally related only to nouns—names of diseases, pathological conditions, or disorders, for example: isterikas (: isterija), katatonikas (: katatonija), šizofrenikas (: šizofrenija). The forms of the derivative and base-word stems may differ, presupposing phonetic and orthographic variants, for example, epileptikas (: epilepsija). The suffixal derivatives of the second group may correlate with more than one base word. For many such derivatives, the terminological meaning in which they are recorded in the textbook and the minimal context help determine which of the potential base words is most likely. These names of persons may be derivationally related not only to nouns—names of diseases and substances, for example: alkoholikas (: alkoholizmas / alkoholis), kokainistas (: kokainizmas / kokainas), but also to terminological verbs and adjectives—names of actions and properties, for example: haliucinantas (: haliucinacija / haliucinuoti), sifilitikas (: sifilis / sifilitinis). It became clear that the majority of derived names of persons correlate (or tend to correlate) with names of diseases, pathological conditions, and disorders. Thus, it can be stated that the conceptual relationship between a person and their condition (in many cases, a person is named according to the disease they suffer from, a pathological condition, or a disorder) influences the process of term formation—it determines the emergence of a new term. ŠALTINIAI PAGRINDINIS ŠALTINIS [Blažys, Juozas]. Įvadas į psichiatriją [Introduction to Psychiatry], docentas J. Blažys, Kaunas: Vytauto Didžiojo universiteto Medicinos fak. leidinys, 1935. 15 PAPILDOMI ŠALTINIAI [Dr. A. Smalstys] 1929: Mediciniškos pagalbos teikimo psichiniams ligoniams reikalu [Regarding the Provision of Medical Assistance to the Mentally]. – Medicina 2, 108–113. [Dr. A. V.] Patarmės moterims, kurios nori būti sveikos [Tips for Women Who Want to be Healthy], pagal Zielčaka parašė Dr. A. V., Tilžėje, 1899. [Dr. F. Matulaitis]. Džiova. Alkoholis [Tuberculosis. Alcohol], Chicago, Ill, 1911. [Dr. I. Skliutauskas] 1931: Apie chorea minoris gydymą [About Chorea Minoris Treatment]. – Medicina 4, 270–273. [Dr. K. Gr.] Apie naminius pravorelius ir apie naminį šnapsą [About Homemade Breweries and Homemade Schnapps]. – Sveikata 2, 1920, 3–4. [Dr. K. Grinius]. Žmonių ligos [Human Diseases]. – Sveikata 1, 1921, 1–4. [Dr. L. Epšteinas] 1928: Mokyklinio amžiaus vaikų sveikatos apsauga Kauno pradžios mokyklose [Health Care of School-age Children in Kaunas Primary Schools]. – Medicina 6, 402–415. [Dr. T. Gutmanas] 1925: Apie psichoterapiją [About Psychotherapy]. – Medicina 8, 551–559. [Dr. V. Kutorga] 1925: Proto ligonių savarankio darbo ir laisvo laikymo terapinės reikšmės klausimu [On the Therapeutic Significance of Independent Work and Free Confinement for Mentally Ill People]. – Medicina 5, 328–335. [D-ras A. Zarcinas] 1933: Progresyvinio paralyžiaus gydymas su pienu [Treating Progressive Paralysis with Milk]. – Medicina 3, 160–165. [D-ras F. Matulaitis]. Lytiškos Ligos ir Kaip nuo jų apsisaugoti [Sexually Transmitted Diseases and How to Protect Yourself from Them], parašė D-ras F. Matulaitis. Antra, peržiūrėta ir pagerinta laida, So Boston: Mass, 1915. [D-ras J. Bagdonas]. Kas reikia žinoti apie lyties ligas [What You Need to Know About Sexually Transmitted Diseases], vertė iš vokiečių kalbos D-ras J. Bagdonas, Kaunas: 1920. [D-ras K. Grinius]. Apie onanizmą [About Masturbation]. – Sveikata 12, 1910, 1–6. [D-ras K. Grinius]. Sifilis ir „606“ [Syphilis and “606”]. – Sveikata 1, 1911, 1–8. [D-ras K. Grinius]. Žmonių ligos [Human Diseases]. – Sveikata 5–6, 1920, 1–4. [D-ras V. Kutorga] 1925: Proto ligonių savarankio darbo ir laisvo laikymo terapinės reikšmės klausimu [On the Therapeutic Significance of Independent Work and Free Confinement for Mentally Ill People]. – Medicina 6–7, 385–395. [D-ras Vyt. Bendoravičius] 1930: Hysterija Lietuvos naujokų ir kareivių tarpe [Hysteria Among Lithuanian Recruits and Soldiers]. – Medicina 3, 147–160. [Epušė]. Marijampolės ligonbutis <...> [Marijampolė Hospital <...>]. – Ūkininkas 12, 1897, 189. 16 [Gyd. Jonas Kairiūkštis] 1927: V. Psichiatrinės ligoninės 1925 metų veikimo apžvalga [Overview of the Operation of the Vilnius Psychiatric Hospital in 1925]. – Medicina 1–2, 64–68. [Gyd. Kairiūkštis Jonas] 1928: Nauja progresyvinio paralyžiaus etiologijoje [News in the Etiology of Progressive Paralysis]. – Medicina 1, 8–15. [Gyd. Kairiūkštis Jonas] 1929: Apie progresyvinio paralyžiaus gydymą malarija [About the Treatment of Progressive Paralysis with Malaria]. – Medicina 3, 180–184. [K. Gr.]. Kaip apsisaugoti nuo nervų apsilpimo [How to Protect Yourself from Nervous Breakdowns]. – Sveikata 1, 1913, 1–2. [Med. d-ras L. Gutmanas] 1934: Sterilizacijos įstatymo kritika [Criticism of the Sterilization Law]. – Medicina 2, 63–73. [Med. gyd. M. Rozinas] 1935: Širdies neurozė ir jos priežastys [Cardiac Neurosis and its Causes]. – Medicina 5, 355–358. [P. A.]. Girtuoklybė mūsų ryškštė [Drunkenness is Our Scourge], parašė P. A., Vilnius, 1907. [Paulius]. Mikroorganizmai [Microorganisms]. – Varpas 10, 1890, 153–154. [Priv.-doc. med. d-ras L. Gutmanas] 1935: Psichikos reikšmė susirgimams ir jų gydymui [The Importance of the Psyche for Diseases and Their Treatment]. – Medicina 4, 250–263. [S. Matulaitis]. Sedobrol [Sedobrol]. – Medicina ir gamta 2, 1913, 20. EPTŽ: Enciklopedinis psichiatrijos terminų žodynas [Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychiatric Terms], V. Mačiulis, J. Šurkus, A. Lapytė, Vilnius: Presvika, 2017. ME I: Medicinos enciklopedija [Medical Encyclopedia] 1, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1991. ME II: Medicinos enciklopedija [Medical Encyclopedia] 2, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1993. OED: Online Etymology Dictionary, 2001–2024. Prieiga internete: https://www.etymonline.com/. TŽŽ 1936: Tarptautinių žodžių žodynas [Dictionary of International Words], sud. K. Boruta, P. Čepėnas, A. Sirutytė-Čepėnienė, Klaipėda: „Ryto“ B-vės sp. TŽŽ 2001: Tarptautinių žodžių žodynas [Dictionary of International Words], atsak. red. A. Kinderys, Vilnius: Alma littera. TŽŽ 2007: Tarptautinių žodžių žodynas [Dictionary of International Words], V. Vaitkevičiūtė, 4-as patais. ir papild. leidimas, Vilnius: Žodynas. VLEₑ: Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija [Universal Lithuanian Encyclopedia], el. variantas, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras, 2001–2020. Prieiga internete: https://www.vle.lt/. Wikien: Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia. Prieiga internete: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_de_B%C3%A9thencourt. 17 Wikifr: Wikipédia. L’encyclopédie libre. Prieiga internete: https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_de_B%C3%A9thencourt. 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