Lexical Representations of the Concept of “SEN” (‘dream, sleep’) in the Onomasiological Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego Online

Acta Linguistica Lituanica 2025, vol. 93, pp. 1–16 Contents link / Turinio nuoroda ISSN 2669-218X (online / elektroninis) LEXICAL REPRESENTATIONS OF THE CONCEPT OF “SEN” (‘DREAM, SLEEP’) IN THE ONOMASIOLOGICAL SŁOWNIK POJĘCIOWY JĘZYKA STAROPOLSKIEGO ONLINE Koncepto SAPNAS (‘sapnas, miegas’) leksinės reprezentacijos onomasiologinio Senosios lenkų kalbos sąvokų žodyno internetiniame variante BOŻENA SIERADZKA-BAZIUR Institute of the Polish Language E-mail: boż[email protected] ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4214-7268 Fields of research: linguistics. https://doi.org/10.35321/all93-08 ABSTRACT The article provides a description of the Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego (Conceptual Dictionary of the Old Polish Language), available online (hereinafter also referred to as SPJS). It was edited at the Institute of the Polish Language of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Kraków in the years 2011–2015 based on the printed eleven-volume Słownik staropolski (Dictionary of Old Polish) (hereinafter also referred to as SStp). It is a database for conducting onomasiological and other research on the oldest Polish vocabulary recorded from the 12th century to the beginning of the 16th century. The article also presents the results of the onomasiological analysis of continuous and discontinuous medieval lexical units representing the concept of SEN//DREAM, SLEEP in SPJS. It is one of 231 concepts of the SPJS conceptual structure. Within this concept, there are 19 discontinuous auto-semantic units and 86 continuous auto-semantic units. The conducted onomasiological analysis shows that they belong to 10 separate zones of the semantic field, each of which is complementary to the others. Most of the analysed words have survived to modern times in unchanged meanings, some of them are archaisms, and the rest are competence homonyms. KEYWORDS: Old Polish, diachronic linguistics, onomasiology, lexis, concept, semantic field of dream/sleep, conceptual classification, semantic archaism. Copyright © 2025 Božena Sieradzka-Baziur. Published by the Institute of the Lithuanian Language. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. // Išleido Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Šis straipsnis yra atviros prieigos, platinamas pagal „Creative Commons“ priskyrimo licencijos sąlygas, leidžiančias neribotai naudoti, platinti ir atkurti turinį bet kokioje laikmenoje, nurodant autorių ir šaltinį. Received: / Gauta: 2025-05-24. Accepted: / Priimta: 2025–09-18. 1 ANOTACIJA Straipsnyje aptariamas Senosios lenkų kalbos sąvokų žodyno (lenk. SPJS) internetinis variantas. Jis, remiantis spausdintu vienuolikos tomų Senosios lenkų kalbos žodynu (lenk. SStp), 2011–2015 metais buvo suredaguotas Lenkijos mokslų akademijos Lenkų kalbos institute Krokuvoje. Tai duomenų bazė, skirta onomasiologiniams ir kitiems lenkų kalbos seniausios leksikos, užfiksuotos nuo XII a. iki XVI a. pradžios, tyrimams. Straipsnyje taip pat pateikiami tęstinių ir netęstinių viduramžių leksinių vienetų, SPJS reprezentuojančių sąvoką SAPNAS // SAPNAS, MIEGAS, onomasiologinės analizės rezultatai. Tai viena iš 231 SPJS konceptualiosios struktūros sąvokų. Šioje sąvokoje yra 19 netęstinių autosemantinių vienetų ir 86 tęstiniai autosemantiniai vienetai. Atlikta onomasiologinė analizė rodo, kad jie priklauso 10 atskirų semantinio lauko zonų, kurios viena kitą papildo. Daugumos išanalizuotų žodžių reikšmės iki šių dienų išliko nepakitusios, kai kurie iš žodžių yra archaizmai, o kiti – kompetencijos homonimai. ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: senoji lenkų kalba, diachroninė lingvistika, onomasiologija, leksika, konceptas, žodžių sapnas / miegas semantinis laukas, sąvokų klasifikacija, semantinis archajiškumas. 1. Introduction Onomasiological studies have a long tradition, initiated in the second half of the 19th century in the field of Romance languages by linguists such as Friedrich Diez, Ernst Tappolet, and Adolf Zauner. The term onomasiology, which was created from the Greek word onomasía, naming and gr. –logía, was introduced to linguistics by Zauner at the beginning of the 20th century. According to the etymological meaning of the term, onomasiology is the science of naming. In reality, however, its scope is much broader, because onomasiologists study, among other things, the ways in which language users categorize reality by giving names to distinguished elements of the world. In 1932, Karl Jaberg, one of the most important theoreticians of onomasiology, formulated its tasks very broadly: In the context of the contemporary state of research, onomasiology is a linguistic discipline that, starting from more or less delimited, vivid in the consciousness of a given linguistic society, images or groups of related concepts, collects their various lexicological, stylistic, metaphorical and all extra-grammatical possibilities of expression in the literary language and dialects in a given linguistic territory. It aims to interpret [linguistic exponents] taking into account all conceptual, historical-factual, geographical and psychological factors, in a diachronic and synchronic approach (Jaberg 1932: 21, quoted after Puzynina 1968: 119–120). Onomasiology is a branch of lexicology in which continuous or discontinuous auto-semantic units are studied from various points of view in the context of the names of concepts to which they are assigned. An onomasiologist is equally interested in the semantics of these units and the concepts they represent. The research problem posed by onomasiology can therefore be summarised within two questions: 1. What concept does a given auto-semantic unit represent? 2. Where is this concept situated within a specific classification scheme consisting of concept names? 2 This research problem gave rise to onomasiological research conducted at the Institute of the Polish Language of the Polish Academy of Sciences (Instytut Języka Polskiego Polskiej Akademii Nauk IJP PAN) in Kraków from 2011 to the present. 2. The online Conceptual Dictionary of the Old Polish language¹ as a modified database In order to conduct later onomasiological lexicological work, the IJP PAN in Kraków created the online onomasiological Conceptual Dictionary of the Old Polish Language in the years 2011–2015. It has been available on the Internet since 2015². I call it a modified database because in the years 2015–2025, as a result of onomasiological work conducted using data on the characteristics of auto-semantic units assigned to the concepts of this dictionary, 1) its classification scheme was and is being improved by increasing or decreasing the number of concepts contained in it, and 2) there were and are modifications to the assignment of auto-semantic units to the concepts contained in SPJS. The electronic Conceptual Dictionary of the Old Polish Language is therefore an open and systematically expanded work. 2.1. Methodology of developing the Conceptual Dictionary of the Old Polish Language³ The aim of creating the Conceptual Dictionary of the Old Polish Language online was to include within its classification scheme, consisting of names of concepts, all the contemporary Old Polish vocabulary by assigning continuous auto-semantic and discontinuous auto-semantic units to this scheme, i.e. meanings with examples extracted from the dictionary entries of the printed Old Polish Dictionary – to enable further work on Old Polish lexis, including onomasiological and other research. The inspiration for the creation of SPJS was, among others, the following lexicographic works: – Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases by Peter Mark Roget (1852; 2002); – Der deutsche Wortschatz nach Sachgruppen by Franz Dornseiff (1934; 1970); – Begriffssystem als Grundlage für die Lexikographie. Versuch eines Ordnungsschemas by Rudolf Hallig and Walther von Wartburg (1952; 1963); – Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary (HTOED 2009 and HTOEDe); ¹ SPJS – Conceptual Dictionary of the Old Polish Language, ed. B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Kraków: Institute of the Polish Language PAN, 2015. Internet Access: http:// spjs.ijp.pan.pl [accessed 16.04.2025]. ² Internet Access: https://spjs.ijp.pan.pl/. ³ A detailed description of the process of creating this dictionary is included in the monograph Onomazjologiczny słownik online. Metodologia. zawartość, wykorzystanie w badaniach na przykładzie „Słownika pojęciowego języka staropolskiego” (Sieradzka-Baziur 2020). 3 – Wielki słownik języka polskiego PAN (WSJP 2018)⁴ (The Great Dictionary of the Polish Language of the Polish Academy of Sciences) edited by Piotr Żmigrodzki (alphabetical dictionary of the general language, in which lexical units are also categorised thematically). The onomasiological Conceptual Dictionary of the Old Polish Language online was edited using the material contained in the eleven-volume printed Dictionary of Old Polish (1953–2002) edited by Stanisław Urbańczyk and based on the Dictionary of Old Polish. Supplement p. I (verba absentia) (SStpS 2014) edited by Ewa Deptuchowa. The material basis of the onomasiological Conceptual Dictionary of the Old Polish Language online consists of 22,735 dictionary entries from the Dictionary of Old Polish and 1,151 keywords from its supplement. These dictionary entries contain the oldest Polish vocabulary from the 12ᵗʰ century to the first half of the 16ᵗʰ century. The Conceptual Dictionary of the Old Polish Language online takes into account the full structure of all dictionary entries of the Dictionary of Old Polish and its supplement. Data extracted from the alphabetical, printed Dictionary of Old Polish were entered into the computer’s memory and subjected to numerous ordering and interpretation procedures – adapter to the nature of the work being performed, which is an electronic dictionary with a semantic hierarchical structure, presenting Old Polish material in various arrangements: primarily conceptual, but also additionally in the alphabetical and grammatical ones. The Old Polish lexicon collected in the Dictionary of Old Polish and the supplement, within 23,886 dictionary entries, is most represented by continuous auto-semantic units (38,234) and discontinuous auto-semantic units (5,943). It is these continuous and discontinuous auto-semantic units that are key in the conceptual dictionary – they have been assigned to the SPJS classification scheme and constitute the essence of this project⁵. They were classified and assigned to 231 conceptual categories of SPJS (data as of April 16, 2025). The assignment of units to concepts was made by me using the contexts in which a given word or word structure was embedded, the definitions of the editors of the Dictionary of Old Polish, and often also after analysing the etymological and word-formation data concerning the studied vocabulary. The SPJS lexical units categorised by meaning, representing concepts, are part of the noun, verb, adjectival and adverbial dictionary entries of the Dictionary of Old Polish, in which the oldest Polish vocabulary recorded in medieval texts, created up to and including the beginning of the 16ᵗʰ century, is attested. The SPJS classification scheme currently contains (April 16, 2025) 79,782 semantic units, i.e. assignments of lexical units to this structure⁶. The vocabulary included in the Conceptual Dictionary of the Old Polish Language is valuable material for onomasiological research, due to the wealth of lexical units contained therein, representing several hundred ⁴ Internet Access: https://wsjp.pl [accessed 16.04.2025]. ⁵ Due to the fact that SPJS is a full alphabetical dictionary, created on the basis of the material of the printed dictionary, it also contains synsemantic units and incomplete A, incomplete B and others. ⁶ Internet Access: https://spjs.ijp.pan.pl/ukladSemant/index [accessed 16.04.2025]. 4 concepts – including vocabulary relating to, among others, the universe, the world, plants, animals, the physical, mental, spiritual and social life of man, as well as time, space, movement, form, structure, number, relations. My onomasiological research on this vocabulary aims to characterise the linguistic exponents used by medieval translators of foreign texts, mainly written in Latin, or by native creators, to systematize the oldest Polish lexicon within concepts. My analyses so far, based on data collected within the classification scheme of the Conceptual Dictionary of the Old Polish Language, concerned the ways of verbalising in the Middle Ages, among others, such SPJS concepts as 2.2.2. EMOTIONS; 2.3.5.1.3.1. BAPTISM. JOHN’S BAPTISM. LORD’S BAPTISM; 2.3.5.1.3.4. HOLY MASS; 2.4.1.4. EDUCATION; 2.4.1.5.3. MEDIATION; 2.4.4. LANGUAGE; 2.4.4.7. SILENCE⁷. Conducting this research is dictated by the desire to better understand the language, by detecting semantic connections occurring within lexical groups from the oldest period of development of the Polish language, and providing data for further onomasiological and semantic analyses aimed at determining how a given concept was verbalized in subsequent eras – in which the methodology I have proposed can help. 2.2. Classification scheme of the Conceptual Dictionary of the Old Polish Language online The most important part of the Conceptual Dictionary of the Old Polish Language, systematically expanded and improved, is the SPJS classification scheme with medieval auto-semantic lexical units assigned to it. It was designed to enable systematic research on the oldest Polish vocabulary to be conducted based on the lexical data it contains. Table 1. Classification scheme⁸ of the Conceptual Dictionary of the Old Polish Language. Internet Access: https://spjs.ijp.pan.pl [accessed 16.04.2025] ⁷ See the expandable section of the Conceptual Dictionary of the Old Polish language: Works on the SPJS and the material contained therein https://spjs.ijp.pan.pl/spjs/strona/praceNtSlownika [accessed 16.04.2025]. ⁸ This scheme in SPJS has only a Polish version. 5 1.4.1. ANIMAL DEVELOPMENT. ANIMAL BREED. YOUNG ANIMAL 126 1.4.2. ANIMAL DISEASE. ANIMAL DEATH 84 1.4.3. ANIMAL BODY PARTS. FUNCTIONS OF BODY PARTS. APPEARANCE 266 1.4.4. ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR. ANIMAL NUTRITION 242 1.4.5. ANIMAL MEAT. ANIMAL SKIN. HONEY etc. 169 1.4.6. ANIMAL BED. ANIMAL CAVE. NEST 13 1.4.7. ANIMAL TYPES 6 1.4.7.1. 4-LEGGED ANIMAL 674 1.4.7.2. BIRD 285 1.4.7.3. FRESHWATER FISH. FRESHWATER ANIMAL. SEA FISH. MARINE ANIMAL 131 1.4.7.4. REPTILE. AMPHIBIAN. INSECT etc. 189 1.4.8. Animal defined by the SStp editors only in Latin 38 1.4.9. MYTHICAL ANIMAL. FAIRYTALE ANIMAL 29 2. HUMAN (here also a personified spiritual being, etc.) 119 2.1. PHYSICAL LIFE 17 2.1.1. BEGINNING OF LIFE. BIRTH. SUBSEQUENT STAGES OF LIFE. DEATH 1043 2.1.2. GENDER 127 2.1.3. HUMAN BODY PARTS. FUNCTIONS OF BODY PARTS. APPEARANCE 1062 2.1.4. SENSES 10 2.1.4.1. SENSE OF SIGHT 127 2.1.4.2. SENSE OF HEARING 33 2.1.4.3. SENSE OF TOUCH 60 2.1.4.4. SENSE OF TASTE 6 2.1.4.5. SENSE OF SMELL 6 2.1.5. HEALTH STATE. TREATMENT 1054 2.1.6. NUTRITION. DRINKING 242 2.1.6.1. MEAL. BREAKFAST. LUNCH. DINNER 22 2.1.6.2. FOOD. DISHES 240 2.1.6.3. MEAT. COLD CUTS. FISH. FAT 94 2.1.6.4. FLOUR. FLOUR PRODUCTS 149 2.1.6.5. DAIRY. EGGS 65 2.1.6.6. FRUIT. VEGETABLE. HONEY. NUTS. PRESERVES 207 2.1.6.7. BEVERAGE. ALCOHOL 137 2.1.7. DREAM. SLEEP 105 2.1.8. BODY PROTECTION FROM COLD etc. 66 2.1.8.1. CLOTHES. HEADGEAR. FOOTWEAR. DECORATIONS etc. 438 2.1.8.2. FABRIC. LEATHER. FIBRES etc. 354 2.1.9. BODY CARE 94 2.1.10. MATERIAL NEEDS 31 2.2. MENTAL LIFE 36 2.2.1. COGNITION 0 2.2.1.1. SENSE PERCEPTION 1046 2.2.1.2. AWARENESS 108 2.2.1.3. ATTENTION 69 2.2.1.4. MEMORY 113 2.2.1.5. IMAGINATION 39 2.2.1.6. THINKING 891 2.2.2. EMOTIONS 94 2.2.2.1. FAMILIES OF EMOTIONS 0 2.2.2.1.1. LIKING. FRIENDSHIP. LOVE. 109 2.2.2.1.2. ADMIRATION. DELIGHT. PRIDE 184 2.2.2.1.3. GRATITUDE 19 2.2.2.1.4. PITY. COMPASSION 67 2.2.2.1.5. SATISFACTION. PLEASURE. HAPPINESS. JOY 236 2.2.2.1.6. PEACE. SOOTHING. RELIEF 59 2.2.2.1.7. HOPE. TRUST 57 2.2.2.1.8. SURPRISE. AMAZEMENT. ASTONISHMENT 23 2.2.2.1.9. CERTAINTY. UNCERTAINTY. DIFFICULTY 29 2.2.2.1.10. DISLIKE. GRIEVANCE. HOSTILITY. HATE 74 2.2.2.1.11. JEALOUSY. ENVY 14 2.2.2.1.12. DISGUST. LOATHING. AVERSION 41 2.2.2.1.13. CONTEMPT 83 2.2.2.1.14. CONCEIT 72 2.2.2.1.15. AGITATION. ANGER. RAGE 99 2.2.2.1.16. SUFFERING. SADNESS. DISAPPOINTMENT. DESPAIR. SORRY. REPENTANCE 390 2.2.2.1.17. LONGING 8 2.2.2.1.18. ANXIETY. FEAR. UNREST. TERROR 219 2.2.2.1.19. SHAME 54 2.2.2.2. CAUSING EMOTIONS 411 2.2.2.3. EXPRESSING EMOTIONS 373 2.2.3. WILL 0 2.2.3.1. DESIRE. WANT. LIKE. REQUEST. DEMAND 170 2.2.3.2. FREEDOM. DISOBEDIENCE. RESISTANCE 431 6 2.2.3.3. SLAVERY. DEPENDENCE 192 2.2.3.4. EXERCISING INFLUENCE 913 2.3. SPIRITUAL LIFE 81 2.3.1. BEAUTY. PERFECTION. WONDERFULNESS 192 2.3.2. TRUTH 100 2.3.3. MEANING 156 2.3.4. EXISTENCE 550 2.3.5. RELIGION 0 2.3.5.1. DOCTRINE. FAITH 1870 2.3.5.1.1. SPIRITUAL BEINGS 370 2.3.5.1.2. ETERNAL LIFE 96 2.3.5.1.3. HOLY SACRAMENTS 0 2.3.5.1.3.1. BAPTISM. JOHN'S BAPTISM. LORD'S BAPTISM 40 2.3.5.1.3.2. PENANCE 59 2.3.5.1.3.3. CONFIRMATION 3 2.3.5.1.3.4. HOLY MASS 98 2.3.5.1.3.5. PRIESTHOOD 6 2.3.5.1.3.6. ANOINTING OF THE SICK 3 2.3.5.1.3.7. MARRIAGE 2 2.3.5.2. ORGANIZATION OF CHURCHES 403 2.3.5.3. CULT 939 2.3.5.4. RULES OF LIFE ACCORDING TO RELIGION 1253 2.3.5.5. RELIGIOUS EMOTIONS 204 2.3.5.6. HOLY BOOKS. REALITIES PRESENTED IN HOLY BOOKS 412 2.3.5.7. MYTHOLOGY. PAGANISM. WITCHCRAFT 189 2.3.5.8. AGNOSTICISM. ATHEISM. FIGHT AGAINST RELIGION 38 2.3.6. UNIQUENESS. MIRACLES 85 2.3.7. LITERATURE. ART 537 2.4. SOCIAL LIFE 0 2.4.1. ORGANIZATION OF SOCIETY 0 2.4.1.1. TERRITORY. POPULATION 295 2.4.1.2. MANAGEMENT 523 2.4.1.2.1. TRIBUTE. TAX. FEE. RENT. CONTRIBUTION. OBLIGATIONS etc. 611 2.4.1.3. SOCIAL CLASSES 92 2.4.1.3.1. KING. MAGNATE. KNIGHTS. NOBILITY. DIGNITARY 267 2.4.1.3.2. LORDSHIP STATUS 9 2.4.1.3.3. PEASANT POPULATION 226 2.4.1.3.4. MIDDLE CLASS 25 2.4.1.3.5. PROCESSION. COURTIAN. SERVANTS. SERVANT POPULATION 148 2.4.1.4. EDUCATION 0 2.4.1.4.1. TRAINING 0 2.4.1.4.1.1. SCHOOL. UNIVERSITY. SELF-EDUCATION 251 2.4.1.4.1.2. GUILD 31 2.4.1.4.2. UPBRINGING 9 2.4.1.4.2.1. HOME UPBRINGING 5 2.4.1.4.2.2. RELIGIOUS UPBRINGING 14 2.4.1.4.2.3. KNIGHTLY UPBRINGING 6 2.4.1.4.3. CARE 80 2.4.1.5. ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE 0 2.4.1.5.1. JUDICIAL SYSTEM 3880 2.4.1.5.2. PUNISHMENT 381 2.4.1.5.3. MEDIATION 1 2.4.1.5.3.1. MEDIATOR 21 2.4.1.5.3.2. MEDIATING 52 2.4.1.5.3.3. MEDIATION FEE 4 2.4.1.5.4. REMEDY. COMPENSATION. KEEPING COMMITMENT 96 2.4.1.6. KEEPING ORDER. MAINTAINING SECURITY 102 2.4.1.7. ARMY. WAR. FIGHT 722 2.4.1.8. MOVEMENT 646 2.4.1.8.1. LAND ROUTE. WATER ROUTE 527 2.4.1.8.2. OTHER COUNTRIES. CONTACTS WITH OTHER COUNTRIES. RESIDENTS OF OTHER COUNTRIES 186 2.4.1.9. LINGUISTIC COMMUNICATION. TRANSMISSION OF INFORMATION. MAIL. 382 2.4.2. FAMILY. LINEAGE 45 2.4.2.1. IDENTITY. GOOD BIRTH. BAD BIRTH 169 2.4.2.2. MARITAL STATUS. WEDDING 375 2.4.2.3. RELATIVE. RELATED 645 2.4.2.4. FUNERAL 80 2.4.2.5. WIDOWHOOD. ORPHANAGE. INHERITANCE. DOWRY 154 2.4.3. SOCIAL CONTACTS. EVENTS. CUSTOMS 1938 2.4.3.1. MORALITY 2161 2.4.3.2. COMMITMENT. PROMISE. PLEDGE. OATH. COVENANT 446 2.4.3.3. TESTING 23 2.4.3.4. HELP. KINDNESS 919 2.4.3.5. CONSENT. AGREEMENT 275 7 2.4.3.6. CONFLICT 1887 2.4.3.7. HONOUR 241 2.4.3.8. DISGRACE 233 2.4.3.9. ETIQUETTE. CONVENANCE. VULGARITY 49 2.4.4. LANGUAGE. COMMUNICATION 6 2.4.4.1. SPEAKING SKILL. MANNER OF SPEAKING. ART OF PRONUNCIATION. VOICE FEATURES 210 2.4.4.2. STATEMENT 1976 2.4.4.3. WRITING 468 2.4.4.4. LANGUAGE CONTACTS. TEXT TRANSLATION 96 2.4.4.5. Linguistic terms 2.4.4.5.1. Naming; proper name, nickname, terms of referring to places, nationality, etc. 301 2.4.4.5.2. Words with figurative meanings; comparisons, poetic uses 1370 2.4.4.5.3. Words provided with notes by the SStp editors concerning semantics, inflection, origin, euphemization, etc. 263 2.4.4.5.4. Meaning is not clearly defined by the editors of SStp 1074 2.4.4.6. NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION 2.4.4.6.1. NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION BODY 348 2.4.4.6.2. NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION BODY and OBJECTS 19 2.4.4.6.3. NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION. OBJECTS AND ELEMENTS OF NATURE 247 2.4.4.7. SILENCE 79 2.4.5. ACTION. CONDITIONING OF ACTION. HUMAN TRAITS THAT CONDITION ACTION etc. 3974 2.4.5.1. SUCCESS. PROSPERITY. SALVATION 278 2.4.5.2. FAILURE. MISFORTUNE. DIFFICULT SITUATION 413 2.4.6. WORK 12 2.4.6.1. WORK ORGANIZATION. PERFORMANCE OF WORK. ATTITUDE TOWARDS WORK. WORK RESULTS 223 2.4.6.1.1. PROFESSION. OCCUPATION. FUNCTION 976 2.4.6.1.2. WORKPLACE. PLACE OF STORING WORK RESULTS 99 2.4.6.1.3. TOOL. DEVICE. TANK. CONTAINER 1062 2.4.6.1.4. SUBSTANCE. LIQUID. MATERIAL 389 2.4.6.2. FOOD PRODUCTION 13 2.4.6.2.1. LAND ESTATE. FARM. PEASANT'S FARM 207 2.4.6.2.1.1. LIVESTOCK. OTHER ANIMALS CLOSELY RELATED TO HUMANS. ANIMAL BREEDING. HARNESSING. CARTS 790 2.4.6.2.1.2. AGRICULTURE. HORTICULTURE 867 2.4.6.2.1.3. BEEKEEPING 120 2.4.6.2.2. FISHING 129 2.4.6.2.3. HUNTING 83 2.4.6.3. CRAFTS. INDUSTRY 481 2.4.6.4. CONSTRUCTION. HABITATION 297 2.4.6.4.1. STRUCTURE. BUILDING. HOUSE etc. 249 2.4.6.4.2. PARTS OF A STRUCTURE. PARTS OF A BUILDING. SURROUNDINGS OF A STRUCTURE. SURROUNDINGS OF A BUILDING. FENCE 338 2.4.6.4.3. FURNITURE. KITCHEN UTENSILS. BEDDING. TABLECLOTH. TOWELS etc. 346 2.4.6.4.4. HEATING. LIGHTING 23 2.4.6.4.5. WATER SUPPLY. WATER USE 51 2.4.6.4.6. WORK IN AND AROUND THE STRUCTURE. WORK IN AND AROUND THE BUILDING. HOUSEWORK 125 2.4.7. FATIGUE. REST. HOLIDAYS. CELEBRATION. GAMES. MOTOR ACTIVITIES 535 2.4.8. THINGS AND MAN 22 2.4.8.1. CHARACTERISTICS OF THINGS. EXCESS OF THINGS. LACK OF THINGS. UTILITY OF THINGS etc. 772 2.4.8.2. PHENOMENA RELATED TO MATTER 309 2.4.8.2.1. LIGHT. DARKNESS. FIRE. COLOUR 547 2.4.8.3. MATERIAL VALUE 2.4.8.3.1. PROPERTY, VALUE, TRADE, LOAN. WAGE. MEANS OF SUSTAINABILITY. DOWRY etc. 2935 2.4.8.4. RUIN. DESTRUCTION. DAMAGE 338 3. MAN and THE UNIVERSE and THE WORLD 4 3.1. TIME 1182 3.1.1. PAST 115 3.1.2. PRESENT 16 3.1.3. FUTURE 111 3.2. SPACE 1108 8 3.3. MOTION 1955 3.3.1. SPEED 132 3.4. CODEPENDENCE 3.4.1. FORM 357 3.4.2. STRUCTURE 293 3.4.3. PART. WHOLE 666 3.4.4. NUMBER. QUANTITY. DIMENSIONS 1593 3.4.5. INTENSITY. ACCUMULATION. FREQUENCY 512 3.4.6. RELATION. INDICATING. SIMILARITY. DIFFERENCE. BALANCE. PROPORTIONS 902 3.4.7. CHANGE. PROCESS. DURABILITY. REPEATABILITY. TYPICALITY 389 SUM OF ALL UNITS 79782 Table 1 contains primarily concepts that co-create the classification scheme of the Conceptual Dictionary of the Old Polish Language. As is known, concepts are a representation (reflection, mapping) of objects in the user’s mind, dividing into concrete and abstract. They are characterised by the fact that they are not subject to definition and have their separate names. The linguistic process of assigning names to concepts that are superior to lexical material related by a common meaning, excerpted from a dictionary or obtained in another way, is referred to as structuring conceptualisation. A conceptual category is one or more concepts placed within the SPJS classification scheme, constituting its smallest, graphically separated part marked with a number. Concepts in conceptual categories are written in capital letters and separated by dots if they appear in series, see for example 2.4.3.7. HONOUR, 2.4.6.1.1. PROFESSION. OCCUPATION. FUNCTION. Continuous and discontinuous auto-semantic units are assigned to SPJS conceptual categories due to their meaning. All names of SPJS concepts create the conceptual system of the Old Polish vocabulary. The SPJS classification scheme, in addition to conceptual ones, also contains descriptive categories. These categories were assigned to those continuous and discontinuous auto-semantic units excerpted from the Dictionary of Old Polish, the description of which included some additional information, e.g. metalinguistic, concerning their occurrence in figurative meanings or the scope of functioning of given units (e.g. as proper names, nicknames). Other descriptive categories grouped those units (mainly the names of plants and animals) whose meanings in the Dictionary of Old Polish are given only in Latin. A separate descriptive category also gathered those units whose meanings were not clearly defined in the SStp. These data complement the image of medieval lexis to some extent and provide some information about the Old Polish language. All SPJS conceptual categories, together with the names of concepts contained in them and descriptive categories, create a hierarchical classification scheme of SPJS. After hovering over the conceptual category of the electronic Conceptual Dictionary of the Old Polish Language that interests the researcher and selecting it, all the names of the dictionary entries appear on the right side of the screen, within which there are auto-semantic units assigned to it. Clicking on any of these units redirects the user to the dictionary entry, which includes the auto-semantic unit representing the given concept. 9 The prototypical auto-semantic lexical unit SPJS is a dictionary entry representing a lexical unit with a numerical marking used in this dictionary and referring to the Dictionary of Old Polish and a semantic definition, illustrated with an example provided with a location. It may be a continuous auto-semantic unit, such as, for example, spanie (1) 1. ‘sleep, a state of physical and mental rest combined with loss of consciousness, somnus’: Gdy da mylym swogym spane (somnum) Fl 126, 4, sim. Puł. In the dictionary entry, there may also be a discontinuous auto-semantic unit. For example, the third auto-semantic unit in the dictionary entry śmiertny, śmirtny (3) 1. ~ is: śmiertny sen ‘death, morte’: Ten psalm powyada, yze Xps za nas szmyertny sen przyol y wstał z martwych, by nas ozywyl Puł 3 arg. 3. Characteristics of the lexical material representing the concept of DREAM/SLEEP in the Conceptual Dictionary of the Old Polish Language online Sleep is a natural state of the body that brings rest and its reconstruction, characterised by reduced sensitivity to stimuli, minimisation of controlled motor activity, slowing down of the heart rate, breathing and other body functions, closing the eyes and temporary loss of consciousness. The subject of the analysis will be the concept of DREAM/SLEEP represented in SPJS by 105 continuous and discontinuous auto-semantic units. The concept of DREAM/SLEEP is represented in SPJS by 19 discontinuous auto-semantic units and 86 continuous auto-semantic units. They belong to 10 separate spheres of the semantic field shown in Table 2. Each of them is complementary to the others. Table 2. Lexical representations of the concept of DREAM/SLEEP in SPJS – zones of the semantic field The concept of DREAM/SLEEP – zones of the semantic field 1) sleep as a state of the body Lexical representations of the concept of DREAM/SLEEP – sen (1) 1.; spanie (1) 1.; drz emanie (1); drzemota (1); uśnienie (1) 1.; nocleg (1); śpiączka, dictionary entry we śpiączki (1); – spać sen, dictionary entry spać (2) 1. ~; położyć się spać, dictionary entry położyć (4) 1. ~; drzemotą uciążon, dictionary entry (uciążyć) uciężyć (się) (2) 1. ~; poch wav ać się ze snu, dictionary entry pochować, poch wa cić się, pofa cić (3) 2; – drzemać (1); kłaść się (4) 1. ~; morzyć, morzyć się (5) 4; (nadejść) nadyć, nadić (3) 3; 10 naspać się (1); obudzać (1); obudzić (1); ocucić (1); ocucić się (2) ~; pobudzić (5) 3; prz 2) bedtime (pierwospy), pirwospy, pirzwospy (1) 3) places and objects and activities related to sleep noc (3) 1. ~; nocleg (1); nocować (1); ostać, bywać na noc, dictionary entry noc (4) 1. ~; na noc położyć, dictionary entry położyć (3) 1. ~ dom (6) 3. ~; dormitarz (1); leg (1); leganie (2) 2; łóżko (1); łóżeczko (1); łóżnica (1); łoże (1) 1.a; łóżnica (2) ~; łóżnicki (1); łóżniczy (1); 2; łóżny (1); wyleganie (1); 2. posłanie, posłanie (1); zagłówek (1) 4) sleep disorders bezsenny (1); kołczy móżdżek, dictionary entry móżdżek (2) ~; nocnice (1); latawiec (1); miesięcznik (1) 1; namiesięcznik (1); niewyspanie (1) 5) dreams and their meanings mara (1); sen (4) 2; sennik (1); snowe ukazanie, dictionary entry ukazanie (3) 2; snowy (1); spanie (3) 2; śnić się (1); widzenie, widzienie (6) 4; wykładacz (2) 1. ~; zgadnienie (1); zgodnienie (1) 6) sleep as death spać 3.1. ~; spanie (2) 1. ~; usnąć (2) ~; uśnienie (2) ~; sen pokoja, dictionary entry sen (3) 1. ~~; śmiertny sen, dictionary entry śmiertny, śmirtny (3) 1. ~, (śmiertny) sen, dictionary entry sen (2) 1. ~; usnąć s oczy, (w panie), we śmierci, dictionary entry usnąć (3) ~, 11 w wiek ujej śmierci zaspać, dictionary entry zaspać (2) 2. 7) sleep as a thwarting of something przespać, przespać się (1) 1. 8) sex sen (5) 3; spać z kimś, dictionary entry spać (4) 2; spanie (4) 3; nocny sen, dictionary entry sen (6) 4. 9) opposite of dream jaw czy jawa (1) 10) not sleeping sen (7) 5.; cucenie (1); czucie (1) 1.; czuć (1) 1.; czujny (1) 1.; ponocować (1) Using the criterion of comprehensibility of the meaning of medieval lexemes from the point of view of a contemporary language user, several groups of words can be distinguished in the examined material. This is illustrated by the data included in Table 3. Table 3. Semantic characteristics of lexical units representing the concept of DREAM/SLEEP in SPJS Characteristics of auto-semantic units with respect to their meaning Examples 1) lexical units completely incomprehensible to a contemporary user of the language domitarz ‘bedroom’ (1); leg ‘place to lie down’ (1); kołtczy móżdżek ‘cat brain considered a sleep aid’ (2) ~; namieśęcznik ‘sleepwalker’ (1); plurale tantum nocnice ‘nightmare, heavy sleep with hallucinations and a feeling of stuffiness’ (1); (pierwospy), pirwospy, pirzwospy ‘the first part of the night, the part of the night when one falls into the first sleep’ (1); pochwać, pochwać się, pofacić ‘jump up, stand up, to rise quickly’ (3) 2; wyleganie ‘a place to lie down, a bed, a bedding’ (1); zgodnienie ‘guessing, explaining, here about the explanation of a dream’ (1) 2) Competence homonyms piać (2), 2.; wykładacz (2) 1. ~ zaspać (1). 1. 3) Words in figurative uses They occur mainly within semantic zone no. 6: sleep as death 4) Words used in the same or similar meanings as today. This is the group of units most frequently represented in the studied material Examples of lexical units: sleep (1) 1.; spać 1.1. ~; spanie (1) 1. 12 Lexical units that are completely incomprehensible to a contemporary language user, i.e. semantic archaisms, constitute about 10 per cent of continuous and discontinuous auto-semantic units assigned to the concept of DREAM/SLEEP. Within the examined material, there are also such units that have not changed their phonetic and graphic form⁹ during the development of the language, but the current linguistic competence of the language users causes them to misunderstand their meaning. I call these types of units competence homonyms, and they are a type of semantic archaisms. The onomasiologist devotes particular attention to them, because they are visible to the SPJS user due to their – in fact, apparent – semantic difference in comparison to other words classified under the individual concepts of this dictionary. They may raise doubts as to the correctness of their assignment to a specific conceptual category, which is particularly evident when the lexical representation of a given concept in SPJS is not extensive. The data in Table 4 below show examples of competence homonyms provided with meanings referring to medieval material and contemporary meanings of these words. Table 4. Competence homonyms in SPJS Lexical unit | Meaning from SPJS (after the Dictionary of Old Polish) | Contemporary meaning piąć (2), 2. | ‘to snore in one’s sleep’ | Nowadays, the word piać has three meanings: 1) to make a characteristic, high-pitched, squeaky voice (of a rooster); 2) make a high-pitched, squeaky voice; 3) to praise someone or something excessively wykładacz (2). 1. ~ | ‘about someone interpreting dreams’ | Nowadays, wykładacz is: ‘a person who puts something, e.g. goods on shelves’ zaspać (1). 1. | ‘to fall asleep’ | Nowadays zaspać is: ‘to wake up too late’ The analysis of lexical units representing the concept of DREAM/SLEEP in SPJS allows us to distinguish several word families, which shows the close connection between semantics and word formation. ⁹ As for the graphic form, it should be noted that Old Polish words written in manuscripts often require their transcription. 13 In the studied medieval material, the most numerous word family is based on the root -sppresent in such Proto-Slavic words as: *sъpati ‘sleep’ (Boryś 2005: 568), *usъpiti ‘to cause someone to fall asleep’ (Ibid.: 673), *sъnъ [< *sъpъnъ < *súpno-] ‘sleeping, sleep’ (Ibid.: 541). This family consists of: 1) verbs naspać się; przespać, przespać się; przesypiać się; spać; śnić się; usnąć; uśpić; zasnąć; zaspać; zasypiać; zesnąć 2) nouns niewyspanie; pirwospy, pirzwospy; sen; sennik; spanie; śpiączka; uśnienie; 3) adjectives bezsenny; snowy; Other, less extensive word families found in the analysed material are represented by the following groups of units: – łoże; łożnica; łożniki; łożniczy; łożny; łożys czko; łóżko; – obudzać; obudzić; pobudzić; wzbudzać; wzbudzić; zbudzić; – noc; nocleg; nocnice; nocny; nocować; ponocować; – cucenie; ocucić; ocucić się; przecucić; – czucie; czuć; czujny; uczuć; – drzemać; wzdrzemać; drzemanie; drzemota; – wstać; wstajać; wstawać; – leg; leganie; wyleganie; – miesięcznik; namiesięcznik. Most of these word families have been enriched with many new lexemes during the development of the language; other families have disappeared, and new families have also emerged, which contribute to the modern concept of DREAM/SLEEP. The latter includes a group of words focused around the lexeme oniryzm, which means ‘a way of presenting reality in the manner of a dream’. This word comes from the Greek language, in which óneiros means ‘sleep, dream’. The word nest that this word gave rise to in Polish contains such words derived from the word oniryzm as: oniryczność, postoniryczność, onironauka, onironawigacja, oniryczny, onirycznie. 4. Conclusion The analysis of the oldest Polish vocabulary collected within the concept of DREAM/SLEEP in the Conceptual Dictionary of the Old Polish Language allowed for a better understanding of the language by detecting semantic relationships occurring within lexical groups from the oldest period of development of the Polish language. Continuous and discontinuous auto-semantic units representing the concept of SLEEP in SPJS and recorded from the 12th to the beginning of the 16th century in Polish language archaisms show the durability of vocabulary within this concept. Most of the analysed words are also used in 14 unchanged meanings today. This is probably largely due to their frequent use throughout the history of the Polish language, as they concern such important issues for humans as the functioning of the body, rest, and, in figurative meanings, also death. During the analysis of lexical units representing the concept of DREAM/SLEEP in SPJS, word families were distinguished, which showed close connections between semantics and word formation. The results of the conducted analyses can be used for comparative studies aimed at showing how the concept of DREAM/SLEEP was verbalised in subsequent stages of the development of the Polish language and at comparing this resource with words functioning within this concept in other languages in the early stages of their development. REFERENCES Boryś Wiesław 2005: Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language], Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie. 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