East Baltic “father-in-law” and “mother-in-law”

Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica 2026, ol. 94, pp. 1–7 Con en s link / Tu inio nuo oda ISSN 2669-218X (online / elek oninis) Copy igh © 2026 Václa Blažek. Published by he Ins i u e o he Li huanian Language. This is an Open Access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion Licence, which pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal au ho and sou ce a e c edi ed. // Išleido Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as. Šis s aipsnis y a a i os p ieigos, pla inamas pagal „C ea i e Commons“ p isky imo licencijos sąlygas, leidžiančias ne ibo ai naudo i, pla in i i a ku i u inį be kokioje laikmenoje, nu odan au o ių i šal inį. Recei ed: / Gau a: 2026-05-04. Accep ed: / P iim a: 2026-05-11. 1 EAST BALTIC “FATHER-IN-LAW” AND “MOTHER-IN-LAW” Ry ų bal ų „uoš is“ i „uoš ė“ VÁCLAV BLAŽEK Masa yk Uni e si y E-mail: [email p o ec ed] ORCID ID: h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-6797-7188 Fields o esea ch: Bal ic & Indo-Eu opean e ymology and onomas ics. h ps://doi.o g/10.35321/all94-02 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ANNOTATION The p esen con ibu ion s udies he Bal ic kinship e minology, ocusing on e ms ela ed o “pa en s-in-law”. Among hem, one e m is no anspa en om he poin o iew o in e nal s uc u e, no e ymology: Li huanian m. úoš is ‘ a he -in-law, husband’s a he ’, . úoš ė ‘mo he -in-law, husband’s mo he ’ and La ian m. uôsis, . uôse id. A new e ymology ope a es wi h an Eas Bal ic inno a ion, which assumes he p ima y de e mina i e compound ex ended by he su ix *-iio-/*-iiā-. The i s componen would be ep esen ed by he IE kinship e m *h2e h2o- ‘ma e nal g and a he ’, con inuing in Bal ic in i s de i a i e ‘ma e nal uncle’. Fo he second componen , he e would be wo al e na i e possibili ies: 1) P o o-Bal ic *s eś u- *‘mo he -in-law’ + -ā; 2) P o o-Bal ic *śei ā ‘wi e’. KEYWORDS: Indo-Eu opean, Bal ic, kinship e minology, de e mina i e compound. ANOTACIJA Šiame s aipsnyje analizuojami bal iški giminys ės yšių pa adinimai, daugiausia dėmesio ski ian e minams, susijusiems su „uoš iais“. Vienas iš jų nė a skaid us nei idinės o mos, nei e imologijos požiū iu: lie u ių y iškosios giminės daik a a dis úoš is ‘ y o ė as’, mo e iškosios giminės daik a a dis úoš ė ‘ y o mo ina’ i la ių y iškosios giminės daik a a dis uôsis, mo e iškosios giminės daik a a dis uôse ‘ . p.’. Naujoji e imologija emiasi y ų bal ų ino acija, ku i da o p ielaidą, kad pi minis de e mina y inis dū inys išplės as p iesaga *-iio-/*-iiā-. Numa oma, kad pi mąjį komponen ą ep ezen uos ide. giminys ės e minas *h2e h2o- ‘mo inos senelis’, a osimas bal ų kalbose kaip edinys ‘mo inos dėdė’. An ajam komponen ui paaiškin i numa omos d i al e na y ios galimybės: 1) p o obal ų *s eś u- *‘uoš ė’ + -ā; 2) p o obal ų *śei ā ‘žmona’. ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: indoeu opiečių, bal ų, giminys ės e minija, de e mina y inis dū inys. 1. The Bal ic e minology de o ed o “pa en s-in-law” is ela i ely ich. Le us summa ise i . 1.1. Li huanian šẽšu as m. ‘husband’s a he , a he -in-law; wi e’s a he , a he -in- law’, in Old Li huanian also ‘b o he -in-law’, all om P o o-Li huanian *sešu as < P o o- Bal ic *sešu a- < PIE *s eku -o- ‘husband’s a he ’; c . Vedic ś áśu a- (*s aśu a-), A es an x asu a-, Pe sian xusu ; A menian skesow ( .); G eek ἑκυρός; Albanian jehë ; Old La in soce us (*s oku o-), La in soce , -e ī; Old High Ge man swehu (*swehu a-); Chu ch Sla onic s ekъ ъ ‘husband’s a he ’. The eminine coun e pa appea s in Vedic ś aś -, Pe sian xus ū; La in soc us, -ūs, Welsh chweg ; Go hic swaih o, Old High Ge man swiga ; 2 Old Chu ch Sla onic s ek y, -ъ e ‘husband’s mo he , mo he -in-law’ < PIE *s ek u-h2 < *s ek -h2 (Schneide NIL 672–675; ALEW 1024; Smoczyński 2018: 520; EWAhd VIII 1564–1566). 1.2. The e is no appa en eminine coun e pa o Li huanian šẽšu as ‘ a he -in-law’ in Bal ic, bu Simas Ka aliūnas (1999: 86–88) ied o demons a e ha such a lexeme eally exis ed, iden i ying i in Li huanian š aš à ‘daugh e ; sis e ’, de i ing i om *š eš a < *s eš a < P o o-Bal ic *s eś ā = *s eś u+ā 1 and assuming he seman ic shi . The loss o - - is pe haps compa able o i s loss in La ian âpsis, âpšis ‘badge ’ s Li huanian opš ỹs id. < *āpś- -iio- (see Klingenschmi 2008: 426). 1.3. The eminine was eplaced by he neologism aný a ‘husband’s mo he , mo he - in-law’, which was de i ed om he IE kinship e m *h2enH- ‘g andmo he ’ > Old P ussian ane ‘Al mu ’ [Elbing Vocabula y 172], i.e. ‘g andmo he ’ (Mažiulis 2013: 57; Smoczyński 2018: 28 sees he e a Ge manism – see u he ); Old High Ge manic ano ‘g and a he ’, ana ‘g andmo he ’; La in anus, -ūs ‘old woman; wi ch’; ?Messapic ana ‘lady’?; G eek ἀννίς· μητρὸς ἢ πατρὸς μήτηρ [Hesychius], i.e. ‘ a he ’s mo he ’, besides Thessalian ἄνω ‘g andmo he ’; A menian hani id.; Hi i e ḫanna- ‘g andmo he ’, Lycian χnna id.; p obably also A es an niiākā- id. and Common Sla ic * ъnǫkъ ‘g andson’ < *h2n-h2en-ko- (Poko ny 1959: 36–37; Kloekho s 2008: 285; de Vaan 2008: 45; ALEW 41– 42). 1.4. In La ian, hese kinship e ms a e de i ed om he e ms ‘ a he ’ and ‘mo he ’ espec i ely: ȩ  uocis ‘ a he -in-law; uncle’ s s ‘ a he ’ (ME IV 177–178) and mā īca ‘mo he -in-law’ s mã e ‘mo he ’ (ME II 587–589). 1.5. The e a e al e na i e designa ions in La ian, which a e pe iph as ic: i a / sie as ē s / mā e ‘husband’s / wi e’s a he /mo he ’ (Buck 1949: 124, §§ 2.61+62). 1.6. Old P ussian is ies ‘swei ’ (= Schwiege a e ), i.e. ‘ a he -in-law’ [Elbing Vocabula y 184], e lec ing he p o o o m * is īs, was bo owed om Sla ic – c . Old Chu ch Sla onic ьs ь ‘ a he -in-law’ (Mažiulis 2013: 915; Komá ko á, ESJS XVII 1011– 1012). 1.7. Besides hese e ms, which a e anspa en om he poin o iew o in e nal s uc u e o e ymology, he e is s ill one designa ion o “pa en s-in-law” limi ed o Eas Bal ic, which seems o be isola ed no only wi hin Bal ic, bu also wi hin he Indo-Eu opean kinship e minology a all. Conc e ely, Li huanian m. úoš is, uoš ỹs, -io ‘ a he -in-law, husband’s a he ’, pl. uoš ia ‘pa en s-in-law’, . úoš ė ‘mo he -in-law, husband’s mo he ’, co esponding o La ian m. uôsis, pl. uôši and . uôse, pl. uôses . espec i ely, whe e he plu als mean ‘pa en s o son-in-law’ and ‘pa en s o daugh e -in-law’. C . also Neh ung Cu onian (Ku seniki) uoaš i, uoaš e ‘pa en s-in-law’ (ME IV 421–422; ALEW 1154; Smoczyński 2018: 585–586). 2. Exis ing e ymologies o Li huanian úoš is / úoš ė and La ian uôsis / uôse 2.1. Jose Zuba ý (1891: 249–250) ied o connec he Bal ic o ms wi h Sansk i āśiná-, ansla ed by Monie Williams (MW 157) as ‘aged (ha ing eached old age)’, while S ephanie W. Jamison and Joel P. B e e on (2013: 126) ansla ed i as ‘ad anced (in yea s)’ 2 . I is pe haps a de i a i e o he e b aś- ‘ o ea , consume’ (MW 112, 157); c . Ge manic *alđa- ‘old’, alđi- ‘age’, s La in al us ‘high’, ad-ul us ‘ ull-g own, adul ’, i hese 1 The ā-s em also appea s in Sou h Sla ic: Bulga ian s ekắ a, Macedonian s ek a, Se bo-C oa ian s ȅk a, Slo enian s êk a; plus Old Czech also s ek a ‘mo he o husband’ (Vykypěl, ESJS XV 905). 2 RV 1.27.13. námo mahádbʰyo námo a bʰakébʰyo námo yú abʰyo náma āśinébʰyaḥ „Re e ence o he g ea ones and e e ence o he small; e e ence o he young and e e ence o hose ad anced (in yea s).“ 3 o ms a e de i ed om he e b o he ype La in alō, -e e ‘ o nou ish’, besides e.g. G eek ἄναλτος ‘insa iable’ e c. (de Vaan 2008: 35; K oonen 2013: 20). 2.2. Cha les Bally (1903: 325), ollowed by F ede ik Mulle (1926: 524), Giacomo De o o (1934/1935: 58–64) and o he s, specula ed abou a connec ion o Li huanian úoš is and La ian uôsis wi h La in uxo ‘wi e’ [Nae ius+], econs uc ing he p ima y oo *ō -. C . also Alois Walde and Johann Ho mann (1954: 850). 2.3. Ja l Cha pen ie (1909: 242, n. 3) ied o connec Li huanian úoš is wi h A menian ows ‘son’. Bu al eady Oswal Szeme ényi (1977: 19) demons a ed ha A menian ows ‘son’ o igina ed om *uns and, u he , om *ūn(u)-s , wi h he ex ension added acco ding o he seman ic coun e pa dows ‘daugh e ’. 2.4. And é Vaillan (1958: 116) judged ha he P o o-Bal ic eminine *ōš ī < *ō ī was he p ima y o m, de i ing i om he meaning ‘ as , swi ’, a es ed e.g. in Vedic āśú-, G eek ὠκύς, La in (comp.) ōcio . His e o o explain he seman ic mo i a ion on he basis o he seman ic chain ‘ as ’ → ‘diligen , indus ious’ → ‘mo he -in-law’ emains a he uncon incing. 2.5. Bojan Čop (1974: 97–98) compa ed he Eas Bal ic kinship e m wi h Fenno- Ug ic *ewkkɜ ‘old woman; g andmo he ’ > Old Finnish euhko, Finnish eukko ‘al e F au, G eisin, F au; Mu e , G oßmu e ( ä e liche sei s, mü e liche sei s); Mansi So. ēkwa, KU ēkwə, P jēk, TJ jük ‘F au’, Old Hunga ian ik(e), ük ‘G oßmu e ’, ükanya ‘U g oßmu e ’, ükapa ‘U g oß a e ’ (UEW I 76). B. Čop saw in his compa ison a common he i age om he Indo-U alic p o olanguage. 2.6. O. Szeme ényi (1977: 66) de i ed he Eas Bal ic kinship e m om P o o- Bal ic *ōš ijas < *ō-sweios, in e p e ing i as ‘de zu den eigenen Sippenangehö igen hinzukommende’, o med by he pa icle *ō ‘nea o’, while he second membe should co espond o Old High Ge man swīo ‘b o he -in-law’. In he Bal ic, he e is he mos exac coun e pa in Old P ussian swais ‘suus’, while he Li huanian cogna e is a he di e en : sa s, se s gen. ‘sui’ (Poko ny 1959: 882). Finally, abs ac ing om o he ci cums ances, his solu ion does no explain Li huanian -š-. 2.7. Ge d Klingenschmi (2008: 410) in oduced p obably he s anges solu ion, econs uc ing he P e-Bal ic s a ing-poin *oh1-p -iio- wi h he p ima y seman ics ‘de zu de Klein ieh (Ziegen und Scha e) (als Mi gi ode als Kau p eis) he beib ingenden (B au ) Gehö ige (Va e )’. 3. New e ymology None o hese e ymological a emp s is con incing enough o be accep ed wi hou ques ion. Tha is why i is legi ima e o seek a new e ymology. The ollowing solu ion is based pu ely on he Bal ic ma e ial. P oceeding om he p emise ha he analysed kinship e ms ep esen a de e mina i e compound wi h he accen ed componen in he i s place, while he compound is ex ended by he su ix *-iio-/*-iiā- (La sson 2002: 204–227), i is necessa y o de e mine bo h he componen s. 3.1. The i s membe is de i able om P o o-Bal ic *a - wi h ega d o he ac ha his diph hong has wo e lexes in Eas Bal ic. Besides he s anda d con inuan au, i may be changed in o uo, c . Li huanian úogis & uõgis ‘shoo o a plan , sp ou , g ow h’, de i ed om he e b áug i ‘ o g ow’ (Smoczyński 2018: 1564). I i we e he case, he bes candida e o he e ymological iden i ica ion o P o o-Bal ic *a - is one o he bes documen ed Indo- Eu opean ep esen a i es o he kinship e minology, whose seman ic dispe sion should be demons a ed. Bal ic: Li huanian a ýnas ‘uncle, mo he ’s b o he ’ (ibid.: 79: de i ed om una es ed *a as o *a is, ex ended by he su ix *-īna-), Old P ussian awis ‘Oeme’ [Elbing Vocabula y 177], i.e. ‘mo he ’s b o he ’ (*a as o *a ias). 4 P e-Sla ic *a iio- > Common Sla ic *ujь ‘mo he ’s b o he ’ > Old Chu ch Sla onic ui, gen. uja ‘uncle’, Bulga ian ( )újčo, Macedonian ujko, ujčo, Se bo- C oa ian ȕjac, Slo enian ûjec, dial. ûj; Slo ak ujec, coll. ujo, Old Czech ujec, Uppe & Lowe So bian wuj, Polabian a iă / oiiă, Kašubian uj, Old Polish (w)uj, Polish wuj; Old Rus- sian ( )ui, Belo ussian dial., Uk ainian dial. uj (Vykypěl, ESJS XVII 1019). P o o-Ge manic *awan- ‘g and a he ’ > Old No se a i id., ái ‘g ea g and a he ’, and *awōn- > Go hic awo ‘g andmo he ’, plus Wes Ge manic *awa-χaima- > Old English ēam ‘uncle (mo he ’s b o he )’, Middle English ēm / eim / yem ‘uncle, nephew’, Old F isian ēm ‘b o he o mo he , uncle’; Middle Low Ge man ōm / oem / ohm / ȫme / ōhē(i)m, ōhem ‘Oheim, Onkel, Mu e b ude , Schwes e sohn, Ve e , Cousin’, Middle Du ch oom / ome / oome / ohem ‘Mu e b ude , Va e b ude , Ve wand e (G oß a e , Schwage )’; Old High Ge man ôheim ‘mo he ’s b o he , a unculus’, Middle High Ge man oeheim ‘Mu e b ude , Oheim, Schwes e sohn, Ne e, Ve wand e ’, Ge man Oheim ‘uncle’ (Schuhmann, EWAhd VI 1147–1150). Cel ic *a ā- > Gaulish αουα ‘g anddaugh e ’ (s ele o Ca aillon; see Delama e 2018: 60: eminine o non-a es ed *a os); Goidelic *a io- > Ogam I ish gen.sg. a i, Old I ish. áue, úa, ó ‘g andson, descendan ’, besides he ddhi- o ma ion *ā iio- in Middle Welsh (12 h cen .+) y ‘g andson, g andchild’ (GPC); B i onic *a on- ī / o- ‘ma e nal uncle’ > Middle Welsh (14 h cen .+) ewy hy , Welsh ewy h , Old Co nish eui o , Co nish ewn e ‚ (Middle) B e on eon ; Cel ic *al -aon- > Middle I ish al a ‘ os e - a he ’, Old Co nish al ou ‘s ep a he ’, Middle B e on au ou ‘lo d’ e c.; Goidelic *a n-e - > Middle I ish amnai ‘mo he ’s b o he , ma e nal uncle, a unculus’ (Schuhmann, EWAhd VI 1149). I alic *a o- > La in a us ‘g and a he ’, wi h de i a i es as a ia ‘g andmo he ’, a unculus ‘ma e nal uncle’ (demin. *a on-kelo-) [all Plau us+], a ī us ‘belonging o a g and a he , ances al’ [Cice o+] (Szeme ényi 1977: 53; de Vaan 2008: 66). A menian haw ‘g and a he , ances o ’, a e ‘uncle’ (Olsen 1999 185: *h2e h2o-; Ma i osyan 2009: 399–400). Ana olian: Hi i e ḫuḫḫa- ‘g and a he ’ < *h2uh2ó-; Cunei o m Luwian ḫūḫa- id., Hie oglyphic Luwian huha- id., Lycian χuga- id. < *h2éh2o- (Kloekho s 2008: 352–353). Tocha ian B gen.sg. āwi, implying nom.sg. āwe* ‘g and a he ’ (Adams 2013: 61: *h2e h2o-). The p ima y meaning o he Indo-Eu opean kinship e m *h2e h2o- was p obably ‘ma e nal g and a he ’. I s de i a i e *h2e h2io- could p obably designa e bo h ‘ma e nal uncle’ and ‘g andchild’. 3.2. Fo he second membe o he hypo he ical compound, he e a e wo candida es. 3.2.1. One possibili y is ep esen ed by he Li huanian wo d š aš à ‘daugh e ; sis e ’, i i is de i able om *š eš a < *s eš a < P o o-Bal ic *s eś ā and he p ima y meaning was he eminine o Li huanian šẽšu as ‘ a he -in-law’ (c . § 1.2., ollowing Ka aliūnas 1999: 86–88). Fo he hypo he ical de e mina i e compound, he ollowing maximal econs uc ion may be p oposed: *á -s eś iiā *‘mo he -in-law belonging o he house o he ma e nal g and a he ’. I is expec able ha his complex compound was simpli ied o *á -s eś iiā, ia eg essi e assimila ion o *áuś eś iiā and ia haplology o *áuś iiā, leading o he eal o ms: Li huanian úoš ė, La ian uôse ‘mo he -in-law, husband’s mo he ’. The masculine coun e pa would be o med analogically. 3.2.2. The al e na i e candida e o he second componen could be a p edecesso o La ian siẽ a ‘wi e’ (ME III 861; Ka ulis 1992: 179), e lec ing Bal ic p o o o m *śei ā wi h ega d o ex e nal cogna es: Ge manic *χīwa- > Go hic heiwa- auja ‘mas e o he house’, Old No se pl. hý-býli ‘homes ead’, Old English adj. hīw-cund ‘domes ic’, Middle High Ge man adj. hīe ‘household membe ’; *χīwan- > Old High Ge man hî(w)o ‘husband’, besides hî(w)a ‘wi e, uxo ’, Old Saxon hīwa id.; *χīwōnō > Old No se pl. hjún, hjón ‘ma ied couple, household’, Old English pl. hīwan id., Old Saxon hī(w)un ‘ma ied couple’, Old 5 High Ge man hīūn, hī(w)ôn id. e c. (Poko ny 1959: 540; EWAhd IV 1077–1082; K oonen 2013: 227). I alic *kei i- > Old La in cei is [XII Tables], La in cī is ‘ci izen’ [Plau us+], while Oscan ceus id. has been aken as he La in loan (de Vaan 2008: 116). Indo-A yan: Vedic adj. śé a- ‘dea , p ecious’ and sé ya- ‘dea (as a iend)’, maybe connec ed wi h śi á- ‘auspicious, p opi ious, g acious, a ou able, benign, kind, bene olen , iendly, dea ’ (EWAI II 654–655, 640). Taking in o accoun Bal ic *śei ā as he second membe o he hypo he ical de e mina i e Bal ic compound *á -śei iiā ‘wi e belonging o he house o he ma e nal g and a he ’, i is necessa y o explain he p ocess o i s sho ening. The i s s ep would be monoph hongisa ion o he diph hong *ei > Li huanian and La ian ie → i. I has an analogy in he Li huanian eens o he ype ienúolika “11”, d ýlika “12”, ýlika “13”, ke u iólika “14”, penkiólika “15”. He e, he second componen ep esen s nom.-acc.pl. liek , o med om nom.sg. in Li huanian liẽkas ‘odd, no o ming a pai ; emaining, unnecessa y, useless’, La ian lìeks ‘un ue, alse; addi ional, spa e (abou a wheel, a ho se); wi hou pai , odd; exceeding’ (S ang 1966: 188, 280; Smoczyński 2018: 696), all om he e b a es ed in Li huanian liekù, l k i ‘ o s ay; abandon’, La ian lìeku, lik ‘ o le ’ (see Kümmel, LIV 2001 [1998]: 406–408: *leik-). In La ian, his endency is documen ed in some dialec s: in s iên ‘only’ and i pacmi s iênpadsmi “11” o lils s liẽls ‘big’ (Endzelin 1922: 98; ME II 470). The second s ep would consis o syncopa ion o uns essed i, simila ly o he dialec al a ian s ienúol’ka, d ýl’ka o d ýlka, ýl’ka o ýlka (Smoczyński 2018: 704). The same p ocess may be iden i ied in he de elopmen o he li e a y Li huanian language: kélnės . pl. ‘ ouse s, pan s’, syncopa ed o m o Old Li huanian kẽlinės, ep esen ing he de i a i e wi h he su ix -in- om kẽlis ‘knee’ (ibid.: 1566–1567). Simila ly, Old Li huanian ẽlinas ‘de il’ s la e élnas, oday élnias (ibid.: 1629). 4. Conclusion The esul o his s udy is a new e ymology o he isola ed Eas Bal ic kinship e m ep esen ed by Li huanian m. úoš is ‘ a he -in-law, husband’s a he ’, . úoš ė ‘mo he -in- law, husband’s mo he ’ and La ian m. uôsis, . uôse id. The new solu ion p esupposes he Eas Bal ic inno a ion, which should be he de e mina i e compound consis ing o wo componen s, plus he appu enance su ix *-iio-/*-iiā: (i) *á -s eś iiā *‘mo he -in-law belonging o he house o he ma e nal g and a he ’ o (ii) *á -śei iiā ‘wi e belonging o he house o he ma e nal g and a he ’. REFERENCES ALEW 2015: Al li auisches e ymologisches Wö e buch [Old Li huanian E ymological Dic iona y] 1: A–M, 2: N–Ž, 3: Ve zeichnisse und Indices, un e de Lei ung on W. Hock und de Mi a bei on E. J. Buke ičiū ė, Ch. Schille , bea b. on R. Fech , A. H. Feulne , E. Hill, D. S. Wodko, Hambu g: Ve lag Baa . 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