The Intangible Dimension in Heritage Conservation: A Case Study of the Mang Thit craft village

The Intangible Dimension in Heritage Conservation A Case Study of the Mang Thit craft village. By Vu Thanh Trang Truong Path 1 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master's Programme ARURCOHE 2023–2025 Supervisor Dr. Vaidas Petrulis Dr. David Ordóñez Castañón March 2025 Erasmus Mundus Joint Master | ARURCOHE Architectural and Urban Contemporary Heritage 2 Summary The research examines the conservation of intangible dimensions appearing in architectural heritage, using the Mang Thit pottery village in Vinh Long, Vietnam, as a case study. By tracing the historical evolution and exploring the concept of heritage, it demonstrates the shift from a material-focused perspective to a broader recognition that has placed greater emphasis on intangible heritage alongside tangible heritage in international heritage policies, including those by UNESCO and ICOMOS. While globalization and modernization have led to the decline of Mang Thit’s traditional industries like brick making, their intangible cultural significance beyond their physical structures is considered an emotional connection shaping and sustaining the spirit of local heritage. The research adopts a multidisciplinary methodology, combining data collection from various sources, such as archival documents, field surveys, and community interviews, with thematic analysis. The central focus of the study is to identify and analyze the intangible manifestations present in the architecture of Mang Thit’s craft villageincluding kiln construction techniques, pottery-making processes, religious beliefs, community relationships, and ecological systemsto integrate both aspects in developing sustainable conservation strategies. These strategies aim to balance heritage preservation with local economic and tourism development, aligning with Vietnam’s existing legal frameworks. The ultimate goal is to provide conservation recommendations for the "Mang Thit Contemporary Heritage" project that ensures the protection of local cultural identity in the face of urbanization and climate change. 3 Table of content Summary 2 Table of content 3 List of Tables and Figures 5 Introduction 7 1. Research Context 7 2. Research Objective and Questions 8 3. Significance of the Study 9 4. Research Methodology 9 4.1. Data Collection Procedures 10 4.2. Data Analysis Methods 10 Conceptual Framework 12 1. The expanding of heritage’s definition 12 2. Definition of Intangible term 14 3. The key role of intangible factors in preserving the identity of places 16 4. The existing legal framework apply to the case study in Vietnam 18 Case study of Mang Thit village 20 1. Introducing the case study 20 2. History, socio-cultural and economic context 21 2.1. Natural and social condition of Vinh Long Province 21 2.2. The formation and development of the Mang Thit ceramic village 24 3. The relationship between tangible and intangible aspects 28 3.1. Architectural level 28 3.1.1. Tangible manifestations 28 3.1.2. Intangible qualities 31 3.2. Urban level and spirit of the place 37 3.2.1. The Mekong river: a cultural route 38 3.2.2. The greenery: environmental management for ecological sustainability 42 Discussion on heritage values and conservation approaches 46 1. Intangible values of the Mang Thit craft village 46 1.1. Immaterial manifestations present in the case study 46 4 1.2. The risks of losing or damaging one of the existing intangible aspect 50 2. Conservation guidelines for the new masterplan proposal 52 2.1. The need of building heritage’s guidelines 52 2.1.1. Frameworks in Heritage Conservation 52 2.1.2. Legal and policy challenges in Mang Thit’s conservation approach 53 2.2. Proposed structure for the sustainable development of Mang Thit Area’s guidance 54 2.2.1. Successful international case study 54 2.2.2. Proposed structure for the sustainable development of Mang Thit Area’s guidance 59 2.2.3. Towards a replicable model 64 Conclusion 67 References 69 5 List of Tables and Figures Table 1. Physical features of the kilns. 29 Table 2. Intangible features of the kilns. 34 Table 3. Process of brick making. 34 Table 4. Intangible value’s definition mentioned in documents. 46 Table 5. Identified immaterial manifestations present in the case study aligning with documents. 48 Table 6. Risks and consequences of losing intangible aspects in the conservation process threatening the long-term sustainability of the case study. 51 Figure 1. The timeline of the development process in official heritage’s definition. 14 Figure 2. Definition of intangible aspects defined by mentioned documents. 16 Figure 3. Aerial photograph of brick kilns in Mang Thit traditional village. 20 Figure 4. Map of Vietnam showing the Mekong delta and study area in Vinh Long province. 22 Figure 5. Map of economic scale structure in 2009. Source: De-So Asia 23 Figure 6. Map of Mang Thit before and after 1955 when the Thay Cai canal was dug. 24 Figure 7. Aerial photograph of Mang Thit craft village in which many of the kilns were abandoned and covered with moss as long forgotten ruins. 25 Figure 8. Timeline demonstrates Mang Thit village’s formation and development. 27 Figure 9. Detail of the kiln’s interior material. 28 Figure 10. The interior appearance of a brick kiln. 30 Figure 11. (Left) Section of a typical kiln. (Right) Photo of the exterior appearance of a brick kiln. 30 Figure 12. Workers engaged in the construction of kilns. 32 Figure 13. Prasat Sikkoraphum, a Khmer temple in northeast Thailand with distinctive details of Khmer architecture. 33 Figure 14. The altar for “god of the kiln”, positioned in front of each kiln. 33 Figure 15 Photos demonstrate phases in clay making: Moldingsun dryloadingtempering. 35 6 Figure 16. Photos of brick kilns village in the relationship with the surrounding environment. 37 Figure 17. Map of the area highlighting the river and its branches (top) and residential land use (bottom). 39 Figure 18. Photo illustrates the vibrant and dynamic lifestyle associated with the "trên bến dưới thuyền" (on the shore, under the boat) culture in southern Vietnam in 20th century. 41 Figure 19. Greenery accounts for more than 50% of the land use in the area and is an inseparable part of local daily life. 42 Figure 20. Altitude map of the area highlighting low-lying regions at risk of flooding (left); Land Use Map of Agricultural Areas Distribution (right). 43 Figure 21. Typical section of Mang Thit village. 44 Figure 22. Illustration of the sustainable and natural ecosystem in the area. 45 Figure 23. Illustration of 12 steps in developing a heritage policy and program according to Letellier’s guiding principles. 53 Figure 24. Left: Wedgwood Pottery Factory, 1961. Right: Installation ‘Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red’ in Middleport Pottery, 2014. 55 Figure 25. The porcelain culture is preserved and practiced by elderly artisans at the ancient kiln sites in Jingdezhen. 57 Figure 26. An ancient method of making porcelain is introduced in the Ancient Kiln and Folk Customs Museum, Jingdezhen. 58 Figure 27. Illustration of a proposed pilot project, serving as a prototype example of repurposing in alignment with the general guidelines. 64 Figure 28. Illustration of a proposed space utilizing existing significance to foster engaging activities. 66 7 Chapter 1 Introduction 1. Research Context As the conception of heritage has changed in recent decades, it has stimulated a focus on intangible heritage. The emphasis on this aspect in new heritage studies represents the turning point of how society deals with cultural assets.1 Formalized conceptions of the intangible heritage have been stimulated by the UNESCO 2003 ‘Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage’. This convention established a broader understanding of heritage which now surpasses merely monuments and collections of objects but also the living expressions and traditions passed down through generations. According to UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage, this includes oral traditions, performing arts, social practices, rituals, festive events, knowledge and practices concerning nature and the universe or the knowledge and skills to produce traditional crafts.2 While the importance of intangible cultural heritage is widely acknowledged as means of maintaining cultural diversity in the face of growing globalization, in the architecture field there remains a notable gap in recognization concerning the intangible dimensions in the process of built heritage’s preservation. The strong connection between built heritage and its intangible aspects are inseparable: “There is no build heritage without an “intangible dimension””3. Furthermore, “by giving greater recognition and protection [...] to the intangible cultural heritage associated with it”, built heritage was explored to be more secured and enriched.4 Despite their significance, the legislation that supports the traditional viewpoint in built heritages has a historical tendency to define heritage in limited categories that focus primarily on material sites.5 As a result, intangible heritage tends to be largely overlooked in built heritage practices and limited in recognition. This study aims to first identify the intangible conception of heritage within the built heritage sector, and then highlight how immaterial manifestations of culture shape and 5 Caitlin DeSilvey, “Observed Decay: Telling Stories With Mutable Things,” Journal of Material Culture 11, no. 3 (October 24, 2006): 318–38, https://doi.org/10.1177/1359183506068808. 4 Riin Alatalu and Anneli Randla, Sense of Place: The Intersection Between Built Heritage and Intangible Cultural Heritage in Singapore - ICOMOS Open Archive: EPrints on Cultural Heritage, Historical Perspective of Heritage Legislation. Balance between Laws and Values, 2017, 43, https://openarchive.icomos.org/id/eprint/2074/. 3 João Campos, “The Cultural Consistence of Built Heritage Constitutes Its Intangible Dimension,” Place - Memory - Meaning: Preserving Intangible Values in Monuments and Sites, 2003, 1, https://openarchive.icomos.org/474/. 2 “UNESCO - What Is Intangible Cultural Heritage?,” n.d., https://ich.unesco.org/en/what-is-intangible-heritage-00003. 1 Salvador Munoz-Vinas, Contemporary Theory of Conservation, Routledge eBooks, 2012, https://doi.org/10.4324/9780080476834. 8 sustain the spirit of local architectural heritage, with an case study of Mang Thit traditional craft village in Vinh Long, a southern province of VietNam. Mang Thit craft village’s architecture represents an undervalued inheritance of craftsmanship and informal construction practices of the 20th century, remaining the testament to the historical and cultural fusion of this area. This case study focuses on examines the kiln villages along the Thay Cai canal, which were identified as key sites in the Mang Thit Contemporary Heritage Urban Development project6 initiated by the Vinh Long People’s Committee. To address the question of what to preserve, it is crucial to identify the potential of the area by integrating its valuable cultural connections and intangible aspects, which are increasingly at risk of being lost amidst the challenges of the modern era. Understanding this dimension is essential for safeguarding the essence of the area’s identity, particularly in the face of rapid urban transformation. 2. Research Objective and Questions The study aims to explore the intangible dimension in the built heritage sector, with a particular focus on Mang Thit craft village. It will examine the socio-cultural and economic context of the province, the brick production processes within the architectural elements, particularly the kilns and the landscape shaped by this craft. By highlighting the intangible cultural significance embedded in traditional practices and the current risks affecting this area, it underscores the need to integrate these values into preservation strategies to ensure their continuity, authenticity and relevance. The result of this research is to develop proposals and guidance for preserving and disseminating this heritage in Mang Thit area, emphasizing intangible attributes that are missing in the existing regional legal framework. The research will identify immaterial manifestations present in the case study by concentrating on specific boundaries: ● The Intangible Dimension in architecture will be systematized with the concepts of intangibility in heritage recognized by official documents from ICOMOS and UNESCO served as a basis for the theoretical framework. ● The spatial scope will be focused on traditional neighborhoods of Mang Thit along the Thay Cai canal with its community-driven informal construction practices and their relationship with the surrounding landscape . ● The temporal scope is from the 20th century, a period marked the formation of the village along with many historical and socio-political changes that threaten the preservation of this heritage. 6 Decision No 3502/QD-UBND approving “ Mang Thit Contemporary Heritage” program. 9 To address the question of what to preserve, the study discusses these themes as follows: In terms of theory, what are the definitions and significance of intangible dimensions within the process of value considerations of built heritage, and how are these elements contextualized in existing literature? In specific case study of Mang Thit, What intangible qualities are present in community-based architectural practices? On a bigger scale, how has the urban landscape influenced the intangible cultural connections and how might these be recognized in the linkage between tangible and intangible aspects to more fully reflect community identity? 3. Significance of the Study As documentation of intangible variables associated with built heritage, this research contributes to both theoretical foundation and practical understanding of the subject. Theoretically, it offers a framework for identifying and analyzing aspects that are fundamental to enhance heritage understanding as a whole, deepens insights into the significance of architectural heritage. By acknowledging them, the documentation of case studies in the Mang Thit village assesses the value of its intangible dimension in alignment with UNESCO’s recommendations7 which support the preservation of traditional techniques, materials and skills linked to built heritage. Broadening the scope of subjects, acknowledgement of these values are fundamental to sustaining the cultural and historical identity of the region of Vinh Long, hence protecting local cultural diversity, as well as providing solutions for contemporary challenges, including climate change and economic development. Building on this foundation, a guideline for the master plan is proposed for effective conservation practices to ensure the safeguarding and long-term preservation of this heritage. This is particularly essential in current situation when the Mang Thit Contemporary heritage project8 is in its early stages of research, with ongoing controversies regarding the direction of its conservation approach. 4. Research Methodology The methodology used in this research is an integrated approach to comprehensively assess the intangible dimensions of built heritage within the case study of Mang Thit village. Criteria for case selection will include the presence of rich intangible aspects related to the built heritage, limited availability of documented evidence for conservation analysis, the dynamic, living qualities of the area are still being maintained by the locals and being vulnerable by the social risk threatening the preservation process. The research will focus on individuals involved in the informal 8 Decision No 3502/QD-UBND approving “ Mang Thit Contemporary Heritage” program. 7 UNESCO, Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, 2003, https://ich.unesco.org/doc/src/01852-EN.pdf. 16 possess a remarkable capacity to trigger emotions and recall memories.30 Familiar scent, sounds, or the feel of old surfaces can bring back memories of past environments, showing how architecture is a vessel for emotions. Aligning on this, Barbara Erwine31, through research in architecture, engineering, phenomenology, and perceptual psychology, defines intangible elements as light, color, temperature, smell, sound, and touch that when incorporated in space can evoke sensory experiences, re-engage human senses and create memorable spatial experiences. Figure 2. Definition of intangible aspects defined by mentioned documents. By author. 3. The key role of intangible factors in preserving the identity of places “There is no build heritage without an “intangible dimension””32 : architectural heritage embodies not only physical structures but also intangible ideas, values, skills, 32 Campos, “The Cultural Consistence of Built Heritage Constitutes Its Intangible Dimension,” 1. 31 Barbara Erwine, Creating Sensory Spaces: The Architecture of the Invisible (New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2016). 30 Pallasmaa, The Eyes of the Skin, 67. 17 and knowledge essential for shaping, understanding, and preserving heritage.33 The relationship between tangible and intangible aspects in heritage is both intricate and fundamental to understanding the full value of heritage sites. As the material attributes of heritage exist in constant dialogue and interaction with intangible aspects, it is a key to how we truly connect with the built environment. Recognizing their relationship is crucial for preserving heritage as they are often what give places their meaning, identity and sustain it over time. By reflecting the socio-cultural practices that define communities, intangible aspects ensure the continuity of their traditional ways of life. This interdependence has led to a shift in contemporary conservation theory, moving beyond classical principles that focus solely on material preservation. Classical conservation approaches are considered no longer aligned with the complexities of modern conservation needs.34 In response, Munoz suggested a new conservation theory that emphasizes the role of interactions between individuals and communities and the cultural values embedded in the heritage process. This inclusive framework prioritizing collaboration among stakeholders ensures that cultural values are preserved in ways that are relevant to future generations, fostering a deeper connection between communities and their heritage. Central to this evolving theory is the recognition of intangible values in conservation decision-making. Aligning with the broader shift in conservation theory, Roemer Van Toorn’s book also demonstrates how the unseen cultural and emotional layers of heritage contribute to the depth and significance of a place and deepen people’s engagement with heritage. Placing these values at the heart of conservation efforts is essential for maximizing these opportunities and maintaining meaning for heritage.35 According to UNESCO, the significance of intangible cultural heritage lies not in the cultural manifestations themselves, but in the transmission of knowledge, skills, and traditions across generations. By being transmitted from generation to generation, the intangible cultural heritage is continuously recreated by communities in response to their changing environments, historical experiences, and interactions with nature.36 These practices give people a sense of continuity, linking the past, present, and future. They play a critical role in fostering social cohesion, allowing individuals to feel part of both their communities and society at large.37 By fostering the sense of identity and responsibility, this dynamic process ensures that cultural heritage remains alive, adapting to contemporary needs while preserving the values and practices of the past, further promoting respect for cultural diversity and human creativity.38 38 UNESCO, Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. 37 “UNESCO - What Is Intangible Cultural Heritage?” 36 UNESCO, Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. 35 Susan Macdonald et al., Values in Heritage Management: Emerging Approaches and Research Directions, Getty Publications eBooks (Los Angeles, CA: The Getty Conservation Institute, 2019), 186, https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/61848. 34 Munoz-Vinas, Contemporary Theory of Conservation. 33 Davide Mezzino, “Cultural Built Heritage’s Tangible and Intangible Dimensions and Digitalization Challenges” (2017), https://doi.org/10.22215/etd/2017-12183. 18 4. The existing legal framework apply to the case study in Vietnam Despite international consensus on the scope of heritage, there are significant gaps in standardizing heritage terminology across countries,39 creating challenges in comparison and information exchange in heritage conservation. Heritage in Vietnam is recognized and managed by the Department of Cultural Heritage under the Cultural Heritage Law No. 28/2001/QH10. Currently, Vinh Long Province has only three intangible cultural heritage elements recognized in the official list of the Department of Cultural Heritage40, including: ● Đờn ca Tài tử Nam Bộ (Southern Amateur Music) – Decision No. 5079/QĐ-BVHTTDL, dated December 27, 2012 (Category: Folk Performing Arts). ● Lễ hội Lăng Ông Trà Ôn (Lăng Ông Trà Ôn Festival) – Decision No. 261/QĐ-BVHTTDL, dated January 22, 2020 (Category: Traditional Festival). ● Nghề làm Tàu hũ ky (Soybean Curd Sheet Craft) – Decision No. 1832/QĐ-BVHTTDL, dated August 4, 2022 (Category: Traditional Craftsmanship). As Mang Thit craft village as well as its traditional craftsmanship have not been officially recognized as national heritage , it has resulted in the absence of a clear legal framework for its management and preservation. Furthermore, while acknowledging both tangible and intangible heritage, most past research relating to built heritage in Vietnam have primarily focused on the physical monuments, with limited attention to the surrounding environment and the intangible knowledge. Even though not directly related to the field of heritage conservation in Vietnam, there are frameworks and documents applying to the case study that set strategic directions for sustainable growth, climate adaptation, urban planning, economic development, and other intangible aspects. At the core of these policies is the emphasis on protecting and enhancing cultural, social, and ecological foundations. Notably, in “Resolution on sustainable and climateresilient development of the Mekong Delta”41, decision No. 120/NQ-CP dated November 2017, the Government underscores the importance of placing "people" at the center of development efforts while recognizing water resources as a fundamental element: “Bảo tồn những giá trị văn hóa truyền thống của đồng bằng sông Cửu Long; chú trọng bảo vệ đất, nước và 41 Vietnam Government. Nghị Quyết Về Phát Triển Bền Vững Đồng Bằng Sông Cửu Long Thích Ứng Với Biến Đổi Khí Hậu [Resolution on Sustainable Development of the Mekong Delta in Adaptation to Climate Change] (Government E-portal, 2017), https://datafiles.chinhphu.vn/cpp/files/vbpq/2017/12/120.signed.pdf. 40 The list of official National Intangible cultural heritage recognized by Department of Cultural Heritage can be found in here: https://dsvh.gov.vn/danh-muc-di-san-van-hoa-phi-vat-the-quoc-gia-1789 39 Yahaya Ahmad, “The Scope and Definitions of Heritage: From Tangible to Intangible,” International Journal of Heritage Studies 12, no. 3 (March 15, 2006): 299, https://doi.org/10.1080/13527250600604639. 19 đặc biệt là con người”42. By advocating for integrated water resource management, it ensures the sustainability of both the environment and local communities: “Đồng bằng sông Cửu Long phát triển bền vững [...] tài nguyên thiên nhiên được sử dụng hợp lí, [...] truyền thống văn hóa lịch sử được duy trì,đời sống vật chất tinh thần con người nâng cao”43. Additionally, it promotes the transformation of livelihood models in response to climate change, reinforcing a holistic and adaptive approach to regional development. This resolution serves as the foundation for sustainable development in the Mekong Delta area reflected in subsequent provincial policies. The legal framework guiding the development of the Mekong Delta and Vinh Long province is established through a series of key decisions. Building upon this framework, Decision No. 378/QĐ-UBND dated February 2018 by the Vinh Long Provincial People's Committee sets forth the province’s construction plan until 2030, with a long-term vision to 2050. Similarly, Decision No. 1824/QĐ-TTg dated December 2018 by the Prime Minister adjusts the overall economic and social development plan for Vinh Long until 2020, extending its vision to 2030. These planning policies provide a structured approach to regional development which led to the reconsideration and redirection in the future roadmap of traditional brick kilns in Mang Thit craft village. Most recently, recognizing the importance of tourism and cultural assets, Decision No. 2998/QĐ-UBND dated November 2020 by the Vinh Long Provincial People's Committee approves a project for developing specialized tourism products in the province, including homestay tourism, agricultural tourism, handicraft village tourism, and cultural tourism.44 This is further reinforced by Decision No. 3502/QĐ-UBND dated December 2021, which officially approves the project for the Mang Thít contemporary heritage site. 44 “Vĩnh Long Tập Trung Xây Dựng Sản Phẩm Du Lịch Đặc Thù [Vinh Long Province Focus on Developing Distinctive Tourism Product],” Vinh Long Province Tourism Promotion and Information Center, 2024, https://vietnamtourism.gov.vn/post/57265. 43 Mentioned in Regional vision to 2100, Section 1a. Vietnam Government, Nghị Quyết Về Phát Triển Bền Vững Đồng Bằng Sông Cửu Long Thích Ứng Với Biến Đổi Khí Hậu [Resolution on Sustainable Development of the Mekong Delta in Adaptation to Climate Change]. 42 Mentioned in Guiding principles, Section 2a. Vietnam Government, Nghị Quyết Về Phát Triển Bền Vững Đồng Bằng Sông Cửu Long Thích Ứng Với Biến Đổi Khí Hậu [Resolution on Sustainable Development of the Mekong Delta in Adaptation to Climate Change]. 20 Chapter 4 Case study of Mang Thit village 1. Introducing the case study Mang Thit District in Vinh Long Province is one of the few regions in Vietnam that has preserved a distinctive architectural complex and traditional craft legacy consisting of thousands of vaulted brick kilns distributed along the main canals within Mang Thit District, stretching over an area of more than 3,000 hectares. During its peak, each family in Mang Thít operated 2–5 brick kilns, providing stable employment and income for thousands of local workers. The red ceramics from Mang Thit and Vinh Long not only supplied the Mekong Delta and domestic markets but were also exported worldwide.45 This architecture is an un-recognized and under-valued treasure valued as a testimony of the local historic cultural and artisan amalgamation of the Khmer, Viet and Chinese communities in over 100 years, all molding into this inheritance of traditional architecture and craftsmanship. However, like elsewhere, this time-honored handicraft industry is facing many challenges in modern times, putting them at risk of disappearing. Figure 3. Aerial photograph of brick kilns in Mang Thit traditional village. Source: Lò Gạch Tiến Minh - Mang Thít Vĩnh Long [Tien Minh brick kiln, Mang Thit Vinh Long] In the context of rapid societal change and development, advancements brought by the digital age have gradually replaced traditional practices which was 45 “Tản Mạn Với Làng Nghề Gạch - Gốm Trăm Năm [Reflections on the Century-Old Brick and Pottery Craft Village],” TraVinh News, January 7, 2025, https://www.baotravinh.vn/xa-hoi/tan-man-voi-lang-nghe-gach-gom-tram-nam-42604.html. Interview with Mr. Tu Thach, regional entrepreneur. 21 considered incomparable to contemporary innovation46. The rise of production technology led to the loss of many undervalued cultural assets produced by traditional methods of local craftsmanship, including Mang Thit brick kilns village. By the early 2000s, the brick and ceramic industry in Vinh Long began to decline due to various factors: Market demand decreased, production costs rose, and increasingly stringent environmental regulations posed challenges. As a result, many families shifted to other forms of livelihood, leading to the gradual disappearance of this traditional craft. Preliminary study indicates that in the last decade, more than 1200 brick kilns all over the province have been dismantled, leaving approximately 850 kilns still in operation, as reported by Chairman of the People’s Committee of Vinh Long Province47. In the recognition of its historical and cultural significance as well as addressing the challenges facing the traditional brick and ceramic industry in Vinh Long Province, the Department of Culture, Sports, and Tourism has proposed the "Contemporary Heritage of Mang Thit" project48. This initiative focuses on conserving the kiln system along the Thay Cai Canal with partial funding to assist local residents in maintaining these kilns and preserving the heritage site for future generations49. However, one of the key challenges lies in preserving not only the architectural manifestation but also the skills, know-how and ideas related to it. Likewise, it is essential to consider the risk of a 'scenographic heritage', reduced to a mere tourist image for meeting visitors' expectations but stripped of the original contents and meanings. Therefore, a critical consideration of whether the essence of the site can be preserved by retaining only the kilns and replacing all other elements should be taken into account in the conservation approach. 2. History, socio-cultural and economic context 2.1. Natural and social condition of Vinh Long Province Positioned in the lower basin of the Mekong River, Vinh Long province is situated in the southern Vietnam’s Mekong Delta region. It is bordered to the north by the Hau Giang River, to the south by the Tien River, and to the east by the Nicolai Canal. The climate of this area is characterized by warm temperatures, mild weather, and minimal wind, with infrequent storms and rain.50 During the months of July, 50 Minh Huỳnh, Vĩnh-Long Xưa Và Nay [Vinh Long: Past and Present] (Saigon: Canh Bang, 1967), 52. 49 “Tản Mạn Với Làng Nghề Gạch - Gốm Trăm Năm [Reflections on the Century-Old Brick and Pottery Craft Village].” According to Phan Van Giau, Director of the Department of Culture, Sports, and Tourism. 48 Decision No 3502/QD-UBND approving “ Mang Thit Contemporary Heritage” program. 47 “‘Vương Quốc’ Lò Gạch Thành Di Sản Đương Đại [the Kingdom of Brick Kilns as a Contemporary Heritage],” Vietnamnews, January 6, 2025, https://www.vietnam.vn/vuong-quoc-lo-gach-thanh-di-san-duong-dai-2/. 46 Ibrahim Adedeji Adeniran et al., “The Future of Project Management in the Digital Age: Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities,” Engineering Science & Technology Journal 5, no. 8 (August 31, 2024): 2633, https://doi.org/10.51594/estj.v5i8.1516. 22 August, and October, significant tidal surges occur. The region is intersected by numerous rivers facilitating transportation whose water is murky due to high sediment content.51 Geologically, Vinh Long, like many other southern provinces in the Mekong Delta area, is composed primarily of alluvial soil, making it highly suitable for rice cultivation, fruit growing and the production of industrial crops such as cotton and rubber. The land is predominantly fertile, rich in nutrients particularly in areas with clay-rich soil. These geological conditions have led to a population largely engaged in agricultural activities. In the 20th century, local government statistics indicated that approximately 90% of the population in Vinh Long relied on farming as their primary livelihood.52 However, challenges such as flooding and salinity intrusion began to emerge as critical issues affecting agricultural output.53 Figure 4. Map of Vietnam showing the Mekong delta and study area in Vinh Long province. Source: Nguyen 54 Modified by author. 54 Van Thang Nguyen et al., “Natural Radionuclides in Rice Soils in the Mekong Delta Region, Vietnam: Health Risk, Transfer to Rice, and Long-Term Accumulation in Topsoil,” Water Air & Soil Pollution 232, no. 9 (August 24, 2021), https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-021-05275-0. 53 Le Ngoc Tuan and Tran Thi Thuy, “Assessment of Climate Change Impacts on Agricultural Sector in Vinh Long Province,” Science and Technology Development Journal - Natural Sciences 2, no. 1 (January 6, 2019): 102–11, https://doi.org/10.32508/stdjns.v2i1.682. 52 Huynh, Vĩnh-Long Xưa Và Nay [Vinh Long: Past and Present], 58. 51 ibid 23 Vinh Long in general, and Mang Thit district in particular, has a diverse population shaped by its geographical features and historical development. The majority of the population is Kinh (92%), followed by a smaller proportion of Khmer people (2.35%), along with Chinese and various other ethnic minorities55. During its peak period, the brick kiln industry provided employment for over 16,000 workers, accounting for 37% of the total production value within the local craft industry and 57% of the total production value of the construction materials sector in the province.56 Recently, the region has been facing a labor shortage, characterized by high out-migration rates and low levels of immigration. This demographic shift is accompanied by a gradual change in the local economy, with a notable transition from the construction industry to the service sector. Additionally, a significant portion of the economy is increasingly focused on agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, as reflected in the economic structure analysis of 2009. These patterns underscore the continuous shift in the region’s economic framework, driven by changing labor dynamics and the development of new industrial sectors.57 Figure 5. Map of economic scale structure in 2009. Source: De-So Asia58 58 De-So Asia Architecture, “Proposal to Develop a General Planning for Mang Thit Contemporary Heritage to 2045,” 57 De-So Asia Architecture, “Proposal to Develop a General Planning for Mang Thit Contemporary Heritage to 2045,” 2024. 56 THVL Tổng Hợp [Vinh Long Television], “Vương Quốc Gạch Gốm Mang Thít | Tập 1: Thời Thịnh Vượng | Chuyện Kể Đất Phương Nam [ the Kingdom of Mang Thít Brick and Pottery Episode 1: The Era of Prosperity, Tales From the Southern Land],” December 7, 2021, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cp5BEdVtuBQ. 55 Ho Chi Minh City Urban planning institute and HVV Architect & Partners, “General Plan of Developing Mang Thit Contemporary Heritage Vinh Long Province,” 2023, 53. 24 2.2. The formation and development of the Mang Thit ceramic village In the past, the population along the Co Chien River was sparse, with houses primarily made of thatch and wood, lacking the modern structures seen today. During the early 20th century, Vinh Long was part of Cochinchina under French colonial rule. The French established various infrastructure projects, including roads and irrigation systems, to enhance agricultural productivity.59 During this period, with financial support from the United States, houses began to be reconstructed, particularly those following the Western architectural style with brick walls and metal sheet roofs. As a result, the brick-making industry in Mang Thit developed alongside this trend, though on a modest scale. In 1955, a canal named Thay Cai was dug from the Co Chien river to lead into the residential area, with brick kilns appearing along the canal, gradually forming a pottery village.60 Figure 6. Map of Mang Thit before and after 1955 when the Thay Cai canal was dug. Source: Gallica61 After the reunification of Vietnam, during the 1980s, there was a surge in the movement to rebuild houses with modern materials such as bricks, stones, cement, steel, local wood and replace the roofs with new red tiles. This led to the rapid growth 61 Ho Chi Minh City Urban planning institute and HVV Architect & Partners, “General Plan of Developing Mang Thit Contemporary Heritage Vinh Long Province.” 60 “Tản Mạn Với Làng Nghề Gạch - Gốm Trăm Năm [Reflections on the Century-Old Brick and Pottery Craft Village].” According to the University of Social Sciences and Humanities Ho Chi Minh City’s Cultural Research team, discussing the history and development of the brick and ceramic industry in the region with Tu Thach, a brick and ceramic entrepreneur in Mang Thit District. 59 Van Quyet Luu, “Rach Cat Fort in the French Estuaries and Coastal Defense System in Cochinchine in the Early 20th Century: Historical Value and Potential for Tourism Development,” Science & Technology Development Journal - Social Sciences & Humanities, January 1, 2023, https://doi.org/10.32508/stdjssh.v7i3.881. 25 of brick kilns along the Thay Cai Canal in Mang Thit District. The 1980s marked the golden era of Vinh Long pottery, with around 1,000 production facilities and approximately 3,000 kilns in operation. This period saw a large-scale production system capable of meeting both domestic demand and export requirements. Production costs were relatively low at the time due to the use of locally available materials such as coal and rice husks, which helped reduce the financial burden on manufacturers. Notably, the ceramic products made from clay in this region were granted certification by the Intellectual Property Office (Ministry of Science and Technology) under the trademark "Vĩnh Long Red Ceramics". In the 1990s, Vĩnh Long's artistic ceramics gained a strong foothold in European markets as they were prized for their reddish hue, tinged with a hint of white from alum without the use of chemicals, which was highly valued by Western consumers.62 This period marks the industry at its peak as ceramic kilns sprang up rapidly along the banks of the Co Chien River in Mang Thit District. On the river, boats carrying bricks, ceramics, and rice husks as fuel constantly moved back and forth day and night. Workers from all over the country flocked to the area, and thousands of people worked in the brick and ceramic kilns, with skilled workers such as kiln operators, mold makers, and artists being highly sought after and offered generous wages. During this time, several newspapers enthusiastically referred to the region as the "Ceramic Kingdom of Vinh Long," praising the unique and rapid development of this craft industry. 62 “Tản Mạn Với Làng Nghề Gạch - Gốm Trăm Năm [Reflections on the Century-Old Brick and Pottery Craft Village].” Explained by the Chairman of the Vĩnh Long Ceramic Association at the time. 32 Figure 12. Workers engaged in the construction of kilns. Source: Vietnamplus news 71 After air-drying for 8 to 15 days, the bricks develop a russet color, indicating they are ready for tempering in the kiln. The loading and unloading process takes approximately five days, during which skilled craftsmen meticulously arrange the slabs to ensure even heat distribution, resulting in a consistent color and texture. Traditionally, rice husks have been used as the primary fuel source for firing the kilns. The kiln firekeeper is considered an esoteric profession. The firing process spans seven days, beginning with a gradual heating phase over the first four days. During this time, the kiln is carefully heated to expel moisture retained within the products, drying them and raising the temperature to between 100°C and 200°C. On the fifth and sixth days, the process accelerates to increase the heat, culminating on the seventh day when the kiln reaches the optimal temperature of 900°C.72 Once the kiln temperature reaches 900°C, the fire is extinguished, and the peephole is sealed with clay, allowing the bricks to cool gradually until the kiln is reopened.73 Due to these rigid schedules and many uncertainties they faced, the craftsmen's lives are deeply intertwined with the rhythm of their work, mirroring the continuous cycle of opening and closing the kiln. They forge a deep, almost spiritual bond with their kilns as living entities with their own fiery cycles of life. Positioned in front of each kiln is a small altar, described by brick masons as a shrine to the “god of the kiln.” By 73 Do, Những Mẻ Gạch Cuối Cùng Ở “vương Quốc Lò Gạch” Mang Thít | Saigoneer [the Last Batches of Bricks in the ’kingdom of Brick Kilns’]. 72 THVL Tổng Hợp [Vinh Long Television], “Vương Quốc Gạch Gốm Mang Thít | Tập 2: Hướng Đi Mới Cho Làng Nghề | Chuyện Kể Đất Phương Nam [The Kingdom of Mang Thít Brick and Pottery | Episode 2: New Directions for the Craft Village | Tales of the Southern Land].” 71 Vietnam+, Có Một “Vương Quốc” Gạch Mang Thít Ở Vĩnh Long [ a ‘kingdom’ of Mang Thit Bricks in Vinh Long], February 17, 2013, Vietnam+ (VietnamPlus), February 17, 2013, https://www.vietnamplus.vn/co-mot-vuong-quoc-gach-mang-thit-o-vinh-long-post184823.vnp. 33 worshiping this sacred presence, workers find comfort and resilience during the sleepless nights spent tending to the blazing kilns, placing their trust in this spiritual guardian to protect those who keep its fire alive.74 Figure 13. Prasat Sikkoraphum, a Khmer temple in northeast Thailand with distinctive details of Khmer architecture. Source: Joachim Gabel75 75 Joachim Gabel, “A Khmer Temple on Khon Island in South Laos: Evidence of a Lost Quincunx at the Mekong Cataract Waterfall? Some Considerations on the Pañcāyatana Complexes in Khmer Architecture,” Journal of Global Archaeology 2023, in press, 94–121, https://doi.org/10.34780/fdd4-9zw. 74 ibid 34 Figure 14. The altar for “god of the kiln”, positioned in front of each kiln. Source: Saigoneer 76 Tangible aspect Intangible aspect Meaning and value associate with the the kilns Spatial construction Intangible method Oral transmission, knowledge and practice through hands-on, practical experience Traditional craftsmanship Knowledge systems skills and associated objects Shape, geometry Influences Symbolism, memory and remembrance Culture expressions: Khmer architecture, Chinese and Mekong delta cultural mix Religious aspect Spiritual practice and Belief: sacred bond between the mason with their kiln, trusting that god of the kiln will protect those who keep its fire burning. Material Knowledge & skills Specialist in kiln building, clay mixing and firekeeper Interaction with nature and history Table 2. Intangible features of the kilns. By author Table 3. Process of brick making. By author 76 Do, Những Mẻ Gạch Cuối Cùng Ở “vương Quốc Lò Gạch” Mang Thít | Saigoneer [the Last Batches of Bricks in the ’kingdom of Brick Kilns’]. 35 Brick Molding Air Drying 36 Kiln Loading Tempering Figure 15 Photos demonstrate phases in clay making: Moldingsun dryloadingtempering. Source: VnExpress77 77 VnExpress, Làng Gạch, Gốm Trăm Năm Ở Vĩnh Long [the Century-Old Brick and Pottery Village in Vinh Long]. 37 3.2. Urban level and spirit of the place The necessity of recognizing intangible aspects associated to a sites was mentioned in Objective 2 of ICOMOS International Charter and Guidance on Sites with Intangible Cultural Heritage78 “heritage professionals have a responsibility to ensure that the values and attributes of intangible cultural heritage connected to a site are identified, acknowledged and safeguarded.” Architecture, by its very nature, does not exist in isolation but is always strongly linked to the historical, social, and cultural context in which it is embedded. In contemporary heritage practice, the conservation of heritage sites is considered essential to the maintaining all potential aspects of heritage. In the project of “Mang Thit Contemporary Heritage”, while conservation efforts for the brick kiln heritage have been initiated, studies addressing the surrounding environment remain insufficient. Without guidelines, the region’s distinctive yet fragile ecosystem is in a precarious position, endangering both its cultural and natural assets. The risks of losing or damaging them has “the potential to affect the significance of a site and/or the safeguarding of intangible cultural heritage”79 79 ICOMOS, ICOMOS International Charter and Guidance on Sites With Intangible Cultural Heritage, objective 6. 78 ICOMOS, International Charter and Guidance on Sites With Intangible Cultural Heritage, 2024, https://openarchive.icomos.org/id/eprint/3367/1/ICICH%20Charter%20EN-FR_final.pdf. 38 Figure 16. Photos of brick kilns village in the relationship with the surrounding environment. Source: VnExpress80 The Cultural Heritage Counts for Europe report has defined heritage value as "the value of heritage refers to what given sites mean to people [...]”81. While built heritage is commonly perceived through its tangible attributes, the surrounding context can hold deeper symbolic meanings that enhance the significance of a place. Therefore, heritage studies are not limited to the architectural form, geometry and shape itself but extend to the broader territorial and environmental context. Primarily because of its difficulty in quantification and their lack of immediate economic value, a site is often overlooked in heritage recognition of their inseparable link with the heritage. One of the UNESCO’s criteria for heritage selection mentioned this relationship, stating that a site is considered a heritage when “(v) be an outstanding example of a traditional human settlement, land-use, or sea-use which is representative of a culture (or cultures), or human interaction with the environment especially when it has become vulnerable under the impact of irreversible change;”82. To fully grasp the full understanding of a heritage and ensure the sustainability of heritage conservation, it is essential to identify the external influences that have shaped its development over time. Sustainable development is mentioned in a meeting that “Culture bring sustainability of development by making it meaningful to people, by deepening ownership and participation[...]”83. 3.2.1. The Mekong river: a cultural route The first external influence that has greatly impacted the area worth mentioning is the water feature. Positioning in the heart of the village, Mang Thit’s architectural landscape is characterized by its close relationship with the river. The village and the Mekong Delta area in general is shaped by natural clay resources and surrounded by waterways, including the Mekong River and its many branches. The craft of brick making in Mang Thit is a gift given upon this area by the Mekong River. Carrying silt from distant upstream sources, the river channels it through various basins, eventually depositing it at its final destination, shaping the Mekong Delta into an expansive flatland. The river's nutrient-rich sediments has not only nourished the local agriculture but has also contributed to the formation of valuable clay deposits 83 Ms. Irina Bokova in the First meeting of the Council of Ministers of Culture of South-East Europe “ Enhancing Culture for Sustainable Development”, 2014. 82 UNESCO World Heritage, “The Criteria for Selection - UNESCO World Heritage,” February 29, 2024, https://unescoworld.com/the-criteria-for-selection. 81 Katarzyna Jagodzińska et al., Cultural Heritage Counts for Europe : Full Report, 2015, 53, https://ruj.uj.edu.pl/xmlui/handle/item/21914. 80 VnExpress, Làng Gạch, Gốm Trăm Năm Ở Vĩnh Long [the Century-Old Brick and Pottery Village in Vinh Long]. 39 that have been expertly used for ceramic and brick production.84 This distinctive clay, coupled with specialized firing techniques, has resulted in the creation of Vinh Long's renowned red bricks and ceramics, which are unique to the region and cannot be replicated in other parts of the Mekong Delta. Figure 17. Map of the area highlighting the river and its branches (top) and residential land use (bottom). Source: Ho Chi Minh City Urban planning institute and HVV Architect & Partners 85 The river has played the most significant role and became an inseparable part of people's daily life reflecting the traditional way of life focused on agriculture and life on 85 Ho Chi Minh City Urban planning institute and HVV Architect & Partners, “General Plan of Developing Mang Thit Contemporary Heritage Vinh Long Province,” 58. 84 Do, Những Mẻ Gạch Cuối Cùng Ở “vương Quốc Lò Gạch” Mang Thít | Saigoneer [the Last Batches of Bricks in the ’kingdom of Brick Kilns’]. 40 the water in this region. As can be observed on the map of residential land use, residential areas are primarily concentrated along major waterways with a settlement pattern following a linear development model. Housing is deliberately positioned along rivers and canals to facilitate access by both waterway and road transportation. From a cultural perspective, the Mekong Delta has long been a crossroads of diverse cultures, shaped over a century of cultural and industrial exchanges between the Khmer, Kinh, and Chinese communities. The scene of daily life on the riverbanks and boats in the rural areas of Vinh Long in the past, along with the bustling and lively atmosphere on the river, embodies the unique cultural values and serves as a source of inspiration, reflecting the distinctive way of life deeply rooted in the Southern region. In the conference “Routes as cultural heritage”, the concept of cultural route is mentioned as a defined and physically distinct pathway such as land, water, mixed, or other types that is characterized by its unique historical dynamics and functionality.86 This route facilitates the movement of people and enables continuous, multi-dimensional, and reciprocal exchanges of goods, ideas, knowledge, and values both within and between countries or regions over extended periods. Through these interactions, the route fosters a cross-fertilization of cultures, influencing and blending traditions, practices, and beliefs across time and space. As a result, this process is reflected in both the tangible and intangible heritage of the regions and peoples involved, shaping their shared histories and cultural identities.87 These exchanges have undeniably contributed to shaping the architectural, artistic, and functional expressions that constitute what we now recognize as material heritage. Through the blending of different cultural influences, these interactions have not only led to the creation of tangible artifacts and structures but have also enriched the cultural fabric of the nations involved. In doing so, they have influenced and added valuable layers to the identity of these nations, expanding their intangible heritage.88 With the cultural richness and diversity inherent in the relationships and cultural properties present within the route, the water feature in Mang Thit village is considered a cultural route in relation to the heritage expansion. With many inter-provincial and waterways connecting localities both within and outside the province, the canal and river have served as a crossroads for diverse cultures, facilitating the exchange of artistic and cultural knowledge. This diversity is not only reflected in language, culture but also in architecture that is shown in the influence of Khmer architectural style in the kiln’s entrance. In addition, it plays a crucial role in the area’s economic and social activities by serving as a main transportation route, promoting trade by offering a platform for transporting goods and passengers. During the brick kilns peak period, various types of boats, ferry terminals and vibrant floating 88 Martorell Carreno, Cultural Routes: Tangible and Intangible Dimensions of Cultural Heritage. 87 UNESCO, “Routes as a Part of Our Cultural Heritage.” In the conference, the following definition was proposed: A heritage route is composed of tangible elements whose cultural significance comes from exchanges and a multi-dimensional dialogue across countries or regions, and that illustrate the interaction of movement, along the route, in space and time. 86 UNESCO, “Routes as a Part of Our Cultural Heritage,” Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, November 1994, https://whc.unesco.org/archive/routes94.htm#annex3. 41 markets at bustling trade hubs have become emblematic symbols of the region's cultural and economic landscape.89 Figure 18. Photo illustrates the vibrant and dynamic lifestyle associated with the "trên bến dưới thuyền" (on the shore, under the boat) culture in southern Vietnam in 20th century. Source: Chuyen Xua90 90 Tuyển Chọn Hình Ảnh Và Những Sự Kiện Xảy Ra Ở Sài Gòn Năm 1955 [Selected Images and Events That Occurred in 1955], July 12, 2023, Chuyện Xưa, July 12, 2023, https://www.yeubinhduong.com/tuyen-chon-hinh-anh-va-nhung-su-kien-xay-ra-o-sai-gon-nam-1955/. 89 Huỳnh, Vĩnh-Long Xưa Và Nay [Vinh Long: Past and Present], 57. 48 that are now recognized as integral to heritage. These landscapes are not merely physical environments but are also social, cultural environments and living records of human history, embodying the evolution of traditional settlements and the social structures that have sustained them over time.113 In this dynamic space of human-environment interaction, the water feature, as part of a broader cultural route of the Mekong river, serves as dynamic spaces facilitating the movement of goods and people across regions, forming a platform for trading and exchanging ideas as well as cultural values. Connecting with the built environment, the green landscape that has shaped and been shaped by human experiences, reinforces the historical significance and identity of the Mekong delta area over time through knowledge and stories, functioning as “the nerve center of personal and collective memories”. Together, they contribute to a deeper engagement with heritage by fostering a sense of continuity and belonging. Furthermore, this landscape plays a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance, particularly in preserving the integrity of regional water resources, which aligns with the legal frameworks applied to Vinh Long province. To align with the province's legal framework, the immaterial aspects can be integrated into management plans for urban planning and economic development strategies. The recognition of cultural heritage as a driver of tourism development can promote balanced growth, preserving cultural identity while fostering modernization. In response to climate change, sustainable practices can be encouraged into the transformation of livelihood models. In terms of water system sustainability policies, local communities can mitigate the impacts of tidal fluctuations by balancing land-use, ensuring long-term ecological balance. By prioritizing the stabilization of water resources in rivers and canals, environmental degradation is prevented, safeguarding both natural and cultural landscapes. Element Description of intangible values Relevant Documents/Defini tions Potential Application within the Province’s Existing Legal Framework The know-how and ideas associated with Brick kilns Knowledge and practices related to nature and the universe: Oral knowledge, and craftsmanship for traditional handicraft production, including kiln construction techniques, firing methods, and materials used. UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage; ICOMOS Kimberly Declaration; ICOMOS Quebec Economic development: Specialized product development; Livelihood transformation; 113 Macdonald et al., Values in Heritage Management: Emerging Approaches and Research Directions, 117. 49 Declaration; The kilns’ spatial Characteris tics Connection to place, stories and memories: Symbolism and remembrance; Cultural expressions: Khmer architectural influences, Mekong and Chinese cultural fusion; Spiritual practices and beliefs: The sacred bond between builders and kilns, believing that the kiln god will protect those who keep the fire alive. ICOMOS Quebec Declaration; Stories of Feelings and Things; ICOMOS Kimberly Declaration; UNESCO Definitions; Creating Sensory Spaces: The Architecture of the Invisible; Place - Memory - Meaning: Preserving Intangible Values in Monuments and Sites. Urban planning and tourism development projects; Preservation of distinctive monuments. Water Resources A cultural route, an integral part of the cultural landscape; Serves as a dynamic space facilitating the movement of goods and people; Regional symbol with historical dynamics and functional significance. Cultural route definitions; UNESCO heritage criteria. Water resource management and environmental conservation policies; Fields and Gardens A socio-cultural environment and a living part of human history; Represents the continuous interaction between natural and human activities; An inseparable landscape of memory, reflecting cooperation between nature and people. UNESCO cultural and natural heritage criteria; Values in Heritage Management: Emerging Approaches and Research Directions. Sustainable agricultural development policies; Effective land and water resource management; Ecological tourism development; The Interconne ctedness between elements The transmission of knowledge, skills, and traditions across generations, connecting the past, present, and future; Continuously recreated by communities in response to UNESCO definitions of intangible cultural heritage; ICOMOS Quebec Declaration. Economic, social, tourism, cultural, and educational development; Tourism products; Livelihood 50 environmental changes; Fosters social cohesion, allowing individuals to feel part of a community; Enhances the meaning and significance of a place. transformation to respond to climate change; Sustainable water systems,Integrate d water resource management. Table 5. Identified immaterial manifestations present in the case study aligning with documents. By author. 1.2. The risks of losing or damaging one of the existing intangible aspect The 21st century has witnessed rapid globalization, leading to a growing erosion of cultural contexts, along with the decline of traditional knowledge and practices. According to ICOMOS, this trend is further intensified “by the attendant processes of climate change and the accompanying risks to ways of life from ever-increasing natural and human-made disasters”114. These factors, among others, contribute to the disruption of traditional ways of life, weakening the connection between people, their cultural heritage, and the sites linked to their traditions. Another difficulty in managing sites with intangible cultural heritage in contemporary practice is the varying interpretations of this heritage across generations.115 The transmission of knowledge and experience from older generations is vital to sustaining a community’s cultural heritage in which the preservation of intangible cultural heritage relies on the contributions of all generations. In the case study of Mang Thit, the three most significant tangible objects that have symbolized the immaterial aspects within them are defined as the kilns system, water feature and greenery landscape adjacent. Without their presence, not only would a significant number of intangible values associated with them disappear, but also their inseparable connections would also be disrupted. Without the knowledge and skills to produce craft, the brick kilns are mere sculptures that are devoid of value and disconnected from the life of the community, ultimately awaiting dismantlement. The over extraction of river sedimentthe primary material for brick-makingor the degradation of water source threatens not only the continuity of this traditional craft but also the historical platform for exchanging goods, ideas, and cultural values. Furthermore, the disappearance of green fields can further exacerbate many issues. The ecology, environment and traditional knowledge associated with them, as mentioned by ICOMOS, may offer innovative approaches to addressing climate change 115 ICOMOS, ICOMOS International Charter and Guidance on Sites With Intangible Cultural Heritage, 4. 114 ICOMOS, ICOMOS International Charter and Guidance on Sites With Intangible Cultural Heritage. 51 and natural disasters. Future decisions driven solely by economic benefits may lead to the replacement of the natural landscape with more commercially viable land uses, disrupting the region’s delicate ecosystem. For instance, the absence of natural water storage would leave the area vulnerable to flooding, destabilizing river and canal levels, intensifying the impacts of tidal fluctuations. The disruption caused by the loss of these elements would lead to future challenges in their preservation and management, ultimately putting the heritage at risk of disappearing. Potential Risks Affecting the Area Consequence of losing core elements Future challenges in management Rapid globalization Erosion of cultural contexts and decline of traditional knowledge and practices. Climate change and natural disasters Disruption of traditional ways of life and weakened connection between people, their cultural heritage, and associated sites. Varying interpretations across generations Difficulty in managing sites with intangible cultural heritage that rely on contributions from all generations for preservation. Preservation gaps Loss of tangible objects (kilns, water features, greenery) Disappearance of associated intangible values and disruption of their connections. Heritage at risk of disappearing. Loss of craftsmanship Brick kilns become mere sculptures, devoid of value and disconnected from the community Disruption of the ecosystem Over-extraction of resources (river sediment) Threatens continuity of traditional craft and historical platform for exchanging goods, ideas, and cultural values. Replacement of greenery with commercially viable land uses Disappearance of memory and narrative attached to natural landscape. Deficiency in material resources of brick’s firing. Vulnerability to flooding, destabilization of river and canal levels, and intensification of tidal fluctuations. Table 6. Risks and consequences of losing intangible aspects in the conservation process threatening the long-term sustainability of the case study. By author. 52 2. Conservation guidelines for the new masterplan proposal 2.1. The need of building heritage’s guidelines 2.1.1. Frameworks in Heritage Conservation In the book Recording, Documentation, and Information Management for the Conservation of Heritage Places: Guiding principles by Robin Letellier, the process of developing policy and program for heritage’s conservation is described to have 12 steps. In it, step 8, defined heritage guidelines are considered necessary components of effective recording programs. “Guidelines are meant to provide broad direction to those who manage a program or project. In addition to complying with what policy dictates and with the field’s accepted principles, guidelines for recording should encourage flexibility and creativity during the management process.”116 Without frameworks, challenges may arise at the national, regional, and local levels, particularly if conservation objectives and operational needs are not integrated during the planning stage. Therefore, to effectively preserve cultural heritage, it is essential for having clear guidelines for heritage information within their national conservation policies. A comprehensive guidance is necessary to address common issues encountered across various levels, including a lack of awareness regarding the role of intangible aspects, insufficient understanding of information management, poor coordination among conservation agencies, an absence of shared standards, and limited access to practical guidelines. Addressing these gaps requires structured guidance that emphasizes the importance of holistic preservation as a fundamental component of site management and development. This approach ensures that heritage documentation remains responsive to evolving management and preservation challenges, ultimately contributing to the sustainable protection of intangible dimensions of heritage. 116 Robin Letellier, Recording, Documentation and Information Management for the Conservation of Heritage Places, Routledge eBooks, 2015, 63, https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315793917. 53 Figure 23. Illustration of 12 steps in developing a heritage policy and program according to Letellier’s guiding principles . Source: Letellierl117 2.1.2. Legal and policy challenges in Mang Thit’s conservation approach The deficiencies in specific legal and regulatory provisions might challenge and hinder preservation efforts. Heritage in Vietnam is recognized and managed by the Department of Cultural Heritage under the Cultural Heritage Law No. 28/2001/QH10. Until this day, Mang Thit craft village as well as its traditional craftsmanship have not been listed as national heritage in the official list of the Department of Cultural Heritage118, resulting in the absence of a clear legal framework for its management and preservation. Even though the “Mang Thit contemporary heritage” project was initiated by the People's Committee of Vinh Long Province (Decision 3502/QĐ-UBND), the complexities of regulations have yet to effectively be navigated. Because of that, the decision in safeguarding of traditional practices and the integration of tourism development remain contested among professionals from different disciplinary 118 The list of official National Intangible cultural heritage recognized by Department of Cultural Heritage can be found in here: https://dsvh.gov.vn/danh-muc-di-san-van-hoa-phi-vat-the-quoc-gia-1789 117 Letellier, Recording, Documentation and Information Management for the Conservation of Heritage Places, 60. 54 perspectives. At the early stage of this study, local government officials, in their interdepartmental efforts toward the reconsideration and redirection in the future roadmap of traditional brick kilns in Mang Thit craft village, have not yet determined which elements should be prioritized for preservation. While safeguarding all of the kilns without a strategic approach would require substantial financial resources and lead to land inefficiency, conserving only a few representative examples risks undermining the authenticity of the heritage, potentially diminishing its appeal to visitorsconcerned by Director of the Department of Culture, Sports, and Tourism of Vinh Long Province.119 Regarding the absence of project’s guidance, the current approach for the “Mang Thit contemporary heritage” project is under the existing legal framework applying for the region. In decision No. 120/NQ-CP (November 2017) Resolution on sustainable and climate resilient development of the Mekong Delta, water resources are placed as a fundamental element in development efforts to ensure the sustainability of both the environment and local communities in the Mekong Delta area. This decision is also concerned about the economic viability by promoting the transformation of livelihood models. This has later reflected in Decision No. 2998/QĐ-UBND dated November 2020 by the Vinh Long Provincial People's Committee that emphasizes the importance of tourism and cultural assets by planning to develop specialized tourism products in the province including homestay tourism, agricultural tourism, handicraft village tourism, and cultural tourism.120 This is considered to be a solution for the abandonment of this traditional brick-making method due to economic pressures which has resulted in a decline in skilled labor and a reduction in production capacity. 2.2. Proposed structure for the sustainable development of Mang Thit Area’s guidance 2.2.1. Successful international case study ● Stoke-on-Trent, the preserved pottery craft in the Midlands of the United Kingdom. The pottery industry in Stoke-on-Trent had beginnings in the mid-17th century and rapid growth, eventually establishing it as the heart of the pottery industry. In 1956, traditional kilns were replaced with gas and electric alternatives, triggering a sharp decline in pottery production. Once home to over 300 potteries in the early 20th century, the city now retains only a small portion of its former industry. To safeguard this cultural heritage, the local government has intensified public awareness efforts and integrated pottery lessons into school curricula from an early age. Today, the 120 “Vĩnh Long Tập Trung Xây Dựng Sản Phẩm Du Lịch Đặc Thù [Vinh Long Province Focus on Developing Distinctive Tourism Product].” 119 According to Mr Phan Van Giau in “Tản Mạn Với Làng Nghề Gạch - Gốm Trăm Năm [Reflections on the Century-Old Brick and Pottery Craft Village].” 55 people of Stoke-on-Trent are often said to have "clay in their blood." "This is not a literal call but about life, emotions. People from Stoke-on-Trent interact with the material that has formed their city. Local people come to Stoke with pride in their city and heritage."121 Figure 24. Left: Wedgwood Pottery Factory, 1961. Source: Daily Herald Archive, © The Board of Trustees of the Science Museum.122 Right: Installation ‘Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red’ in Middleport Pottery, 2014. Source: Carol Henshaw123 ● Jingdezhen, China porcelain capital 123 Carol Henshaw, “Middleport Pottery Archives - on the Road Again,” On The Road Again, August 21, 2018, https://carolhenshaw.com/tag/middleport-pottery/. 122 Collection Selections: Framing Stoke-on-Trent - National Science and Media Museum Blog, March 14, 2014, National Science and Media Museum Blog, March 14, 2014, https://blog.scienceandmediamuseum.org.uk/collection-selections-framing-stoke-trent-potteries-daily-h erald-archive/. 121 Mr. Kevin Murray, Vice Chairman of the World Crafts Council, shared his experience. Báo Nông Nghiệp [Vietnam Agriculture Newspaper], “Conservation of Craft Villages From an International Perspective,” Báo Nông Nghiệp Việt Nam [Vietnam Agriculture Newspaper], November 11, 2023, https://vietnamagriculture.nongnghiep.vn/conservation-of-craft-villages-from-an-international-perspecti ve-d368038.html. 56 Located in Jingdezhen City, Jiangxi Province, the pottery-making industry in Changjiang District that is “renowned for its ancient porcelain production that stretches back more than 1,700 years”124 has been recognized by UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage as a traditional craftsmanship. The “Porcelain Capital” was mentioned by UNESCO to play an “important role in the domestic and international ceramic industry”125. Since the 1980s, a new form of labor in the craft industry has emerged and expanded, driven by the revival of the market economy and privatization. Previously, local workshops were incorporated into state ownership and operated under state-run ceramic factories. With this transition, a new generation of independent craft workers gained access to smaller, more efficient kilns, enabling them to experiment with innovative ceramic production. Since 2007, the Letian Pottery Workshop has hosted the weekend “Creative Market,” providing a platform for young artists and craft workers to showcase and sell their creations. This initiative has drawn numerous artisans and tourists to Jingdezhen. Attracted by the city’s rich ceramic traditions and culture, thousands of people visit Jingdezhen each year to practice the art, benefiting from the easy access to diverse raw materials and the availability of skilled labor. This environment has cultivated a distinctive lifestyle for those who relocate to Jingdezhen to seek a temporary escape from the monotony and pressures of life in costly urban centers.126 By building an environment for technique exchanging, Jingdezhen is the profound case study where traditional crafts have been preserved and kept alive for younger generations. 126 Ruoxi Liu, “Drifting in China’s Porcelain Capital: Self-realization and Alternative-seeking of the Self-employed Craft Workers in Jingdezhen,” Asian Anthropology 21, no. 4 (September 30, 2022): 263–82, https://doi.org/10.1080/1683478x.2022.2116259. 125 ibid 124 “Jingdezhen: Creative Cities Network,” UNESCO, n.d., https://www.unesco.org/en/creative-cities/jingdezhen. 57 Figure 25. The porcelain culture is preserved and practiced by elderly artisans at the ancient kiln sites in Jingdezhen. Source: Lishine 127 127 Lishine, “Lishine” Flickr (blog), n.d., https://www.flickr.com/photos/peilx/. 64 2.2.3. Towards a replicable model Figure 27. Illustration of a proposed pilot project, serving as a prototype example of repurposing in alignment with the general guidelines. By author 65 As mentioned by Letellier: “guidelines for recording should encourage flexibility and creativity during the management process”137, the general proposed structure for Mang Thit’s preservation guidance provided a framework while allowing further development. In a specific case, implementation of specific strategies can serve as a replicable model for broader application across the study area. It suggests potential for further exploration in this direction for future research, encouraging the solutions for heritage conservation aligning with sustainable development. In the preservation and revitalization of Mang Thit’s heritage, three fundamental pillars are determined including Documentation, Transmission, and Sustainable Adaptive Reuse. Aligning with the general guidance structure, the following strategies can serve as a prototype example of a pilot project applying on selected elements. Documentation Multidimensional documentation establishes a dynamic digital archive, functioning as a living repository rather than a static collection: An architectural survey and analysis of a specific kiln can be conducted by researchers to assess its conservation status, serving as a foundation for heritage preservation.138 Various tools, including photographs and digital models, can be utilized to create a record of Mang Thit’s intricate structures while written accounts, audio and video recordings can be employed to capture the construction, techniques, movements, ritual offerings, and other elements embedded in the community’s daily life.139 Transmission For an archive to remain meaningful, it requires active engagement and interaction, highlighting the crucial role of transmission in heritage preservation. Traditional practices remain a living part of daily life rather than mere historical artifacts by being actively transmitted to future generations. Apprenticeship programs enable young people to learn from master artisans, gaining both technical skills and an understanding of the values embedded in the craft. Integrating heritage education into school curricula further strengthens this continuity by teaching students about their village, the science of brick making, and the ecological significance of the Mekong River.140 Workshops and community-based classes, open to both local residents and visitors, provide hands-on experiences that foster a deeper connection to the heritage. This approach aligns with sustainable tourism initiatives, allowing 140 In order to preserve Skills and Knowledge, align with Section 2. 139 In order to preserve Stories and Memories, align with Section 2: Intangible Elements for Preservation. 138 Aligning with Section 5 of the general proposal guidance outlines the Adaptive Reuse and Conservation Strategy 137 Robin Letellier, Recording, Documentation and Information Management for the Conservation of Heritage Places, Routledge eBooks, 2015, 63, https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315793917. 66 visitors to engage meaningfully with local traditions while contributing to their preservation.141 Sustainable Adaptive Reuse The long-term viability of heritage depends on finding ways to integrate traditional practices into contemporary economic and social systems, bridging the relationship between heritage and contemporary livelihoods. Developing authentic tourism experiences that showcase the kilns, traditional crafts, and village lifestyle as demonstrated in figure 27. A model of small-scale, community-based tourism ensures that residents retain control over how their heritage is represented and shared.142 Developing heritage-based products: Product development initiatives such as producing high-quality ceramics using traditional techniques create niche markets that celebrate and sustain local craftsmanship. Strategic collaborations with designers and architects to enhance their appeal and relevance in contemporary markets, demonstrated in figure 28. This approach provides young people with career opportunities rooted in their heritage and encourages them to remain in their communities.143 Figure 28. Illustration of a proposed space utilizing existing significance to foster engaging activities. By author. 143 Aligning with Community participation, Section 3. 142 Aligning with Tourism and Cultural Heritage Protection, Section 3: Principles for Management of change, protection and safeguarding of sites. 141 Aligning with Section 5: Adaptive Reuse and Conservation Strategy. 67 Conclusion Heritage is a living, evolving entity rather than a static relic of the past. Its definitions have evolved to encompass living expressions, traditions, social practices, rituals, festivals, and knowledge systems related to nature, the universe, and traditional craftsmanship. The Mang Thit brick-making village in Vinh Long serves as a representative case of this as the architectural heritage is deeply embedded with intangible cultural values. This is reflected in construction techniques, traditional production methods, and their relationship with the surrounding landscape. By supporting and managing the three tangible objects that have symbolized the immaterial aspects, namely the kiln system, water feature, and greenery, the intangible values associated with them are also preserved. Vice versa, the loss of existing traditional and environmental knowledge of the area threatens not only the region’s historical identity but also its social fabric. In the face of rapid globalization, leading to a growing erosion of cultural contexts, intangible dimensions in heritage can be the solution to promote balanced growth, preserving traditional knowledge and practice, identity while fostering modernization. Extending beyond physical structures, heritage conservation in modern life should include the protection and continuation of intangible cultural values. These values are not only fundamental to cultural identity but also serve as the foundation for sustainable development, ensuring the long-term sustainability of the site. Regarding the preservation of heritage, particularly in the context of the Mang Thit case study, a comprehensive and integrated approach that considers both tangible and intangible elements, community involvement, and sustainable development practices is crucial to preserving the spirit of the place and safeguarding cultural heritage in the modern context. Given the absence of legal protection by heritage law for Mang Thit craft village, there is an urgent need to establish a clear framework and structured guidelines for preserving its intangible aspects. With effective conservation practices, sites like Mang Thit can be preserved not only as architectural remnants but also its cultural landscape that continue to shape and inspire future generations. The implementation of the proposed guidelines would contribute to the preservation of intangible values by promoting long-term efforts that align with community values and contemporary conservation needs. In the Mang Thit Contemporary Heritage project, by proposing a structured guideline based on the existing legal framework and the International Charter and Guidance on Sites with Intangible Cultural Heritage, the inclusion of intangible cultural heritage and its associated communities in heritage initiatives are ensured. This involves safeguarding traditional knowledge, skills, and practices related to kiln construction, clay preparation, and brick firing that have been passed down through generations. In a broader context, this framework would help manage and protect heritage as a whole, supporting sustainable development by preserving agricultural areas, promoting green mobility, and minimizing environmental impact. By ensuring and maintaining its 68 authenticity, relevance and continuity of traditional ways of life, heritage’s identity is valued and sustained. By being valued, it fosters social cohesion by allowing individuals to feel part of both their communities and society at large. By being sustained, heritage is enabled to remain adaptable by being continuously recreated by communities in response to contemporary challenges and changing environmental conditions. The proposed framework presents opportunities for further exploration through its application to a specific case, which could serve as a replicable model for broader implementation across the study area. 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