Attitudes toward milk alternatives and motives for (non-)consumption: an interview study with adolescents from Germany

RESEARCH Open Access © The Au ho (s) 2025. Open Access This a icle is licensed unde a C ea i e Commons A ibu ion 4.0 In e na ional License, which pe mi s use, sha ing, adap a ion, dis ibu ion and ep oduc ion in any medium o o ma , as long as you gi e app op ia e c edi o he o iginal au ho (s) and he sou ce, p o ide a link o he C ea i e Commons licence, and indica e i changes we e made. The images o o he hi d pa y ma e ial in his a icle a e included in he a icle's C ea i e Commons licence, unless indica ed o he wise in a c edi line o he ma e ial. I ma e ial is no included in he a icle's C ea i e Commons licence and you in ended use is no pe mi ed by s a u o y egula ion o exceeds he pe mi ed use, you will need o ob ain pe mission di ec ly om he copy igh holde . To iew a copy o his licence, isi h p : / / c e a i e c o m m o n s . o g / l i c e n s e s / b y / 4 . 0 /. Szczepanski e al. BMC Nu i ion (2025) 11:101 h ps://doi.o g/10.1186/s40795-025-01072-8 BMC Nu i ion *Co espondence: Lena Szczepanski lena.szczepanski@uni-osnab ueck.de 1Biology Didac ics, Depa men o Biology/Chemis y, Osnab ück Uni e si y, Osnab ück, Ge many Abs ac Backg ound Consuming al e na i es o cow’s milk (CM) could help coun e ac cu en en i onmen al p oblems. Plan -based milk al e na i es (PBMA) and p ecision e men a ion-based milk al e na i es–also called “animal- ee milk” (AFM)–a e po en ially mo e sus ainable al e na i es o CM. The e o e, ou s udy aimed o analyze young peoples’ a i udes owa d PBMA and AFM and hei mo i es o /agains consuming hese milk al e na i es. Me hods Fo his pu pose, semi-s uc u ed in e iews we e conduc ed wi h adolescen s om Ge many (N = 25; MAge = 17.6). The da a we e analyzed using quali a i e con en analysis. Resul s The esul s show ha he young people in ou s udy ha e posi i e a i udes owa d PBMA, as hey pe cei e PBMA as heal hy and en i onmen ally iendly. In addi ion, hey ha e p edominan ly posi i e a i udes owa d AFM, as hey pe cei e AFM as an en i onmen ally iendly and sui able al e na i e o CM. Animal wel a e and en i onmen al p o ec ion mo i a e he young people in ou s udy o consume hese milk al e na i es. In con as , senso y p ope ies (PBMA) and ood sa e y conce ns (AFM) we e iden i ied as ba ie s o he consump ion o milk al e na i es. Conclusions Adolescen s gene ally ha e posi i e a i udes owa d milk al e na i es, mo i a ed by pe cei ed heal h, en i onmen al, and animal wel a e bene i s. Howe e , senso y p ope ies and p oduc ion- ela ed unce ain ies a e ba ie s o consump ion. These indings highligh he impo ance o add essing hese conce ns o os e he accep ance o sus ainable milk al e na i es among young people. Keywo ds Consume esea ch, Quali a i e esea ch, Sus ainable nu i ion, Dai y al e na i es, Animal- ee dai y, Young people, Ge many A i udes owa d milk al e na i es and mo i es o (non-)consump ion: an in e iew s udy wi h adolescen s om Ge many LenaSzczepanski1* , Lau a-Ma ieBahlmann1, Co innaRö ke 1, AnnikeEyle ing1 and Flo ianFiebelko n1 Page 2 o 21Szczepanski e al. BMC Nu i ion (2025) 11:101 Backg ound Food p oduc ion and li es ock a ming con ibu e sig- ni ican ly o cu en en i onmen al p oblems, such as clima e change and biodi e si y loss [1–5]. Li es ock a ming accoun s o app oxima ely 60% o he an h o- pogenic g eenhouse gas emissions o ood p oduc ion. I also con ibu es abou 9% o o al global CO₂ emissions and 40% o global an h opogenic me hane emissions [5– 7]. Fu he mo e, li es ock a ming equi es 61–83% o he wo ld’s a mland [4, 8, 9]. The consump ion o cow’s milk (CM) emains consis- en ly high wo ldwide and in Eu ope [10–12]. Howe e , he ecommended daily consump ion amoun s o milk and dai y p oduc s ou lined in he na ional die a y guide- lines o Eu opean coun ies a y g ea ly be ween 200 and 600g [13]. In Ge many, o example, milk is a s aple ood and an es ablished elemen o people’s die s wi h a ecommended consump ion o wo po ions pe day, which can be one slice o cheese (30g) and one po ion o milk (250g) [14, 15]. Ge many is also he la ges milk p oduce in he Eu opean Union [16]. In 2022, abou 32.4million ons o CM we e p oduced in Ge many, and he a e age pe -pe son consump ion o CM in Ge many has been a ound 50kg pe yea o e he las wen y yea s [16–18]. The e a e wo po en ially mo e sus ainable al e na- i es o CM: Plan -based milk al e na i es (PBMA) and “animal- ee milk” (AFM) [1, 4, 19, 20]. PBMA a e de ined as suspensions o wa e and c ushed o dissol ed plan ma e ials [21–23]. In gene al, PBMA a e ca ego- ized acco ding o whe he hey a e made om ce eals, legumes, nu s, oilseeds, o pseudo-ce eals [21, 23–26]. PBMA, such as oa , soy, o almond milk, a e in ended o be simila o CM in appea ance, senso y p ope ies, and possible uses [22, 23]. The p oduc ion o oa , soy, o almond milk causes h ee imes less g eenhouse gas emissions han he p oduc ion o con en ional CM, o example [1, 4]. Howe e , he mac o- and mic onu ien s in oa , soy, o almond milk do no co espond o hose in CM, no does he ene gy, a , i amin (e.g., B12), and o he mine al (e.g., calcium) con en [26–28]. Some p o- duce s hus en ich PBMA wi h calcium and/o i amins [23]. In addi ion o con inuously op imizing hei PBMA po olios, a ious companies a e wo king on p oduc- ing ano he milk al e na i e e med “animal- ee milk” (AFM), which is equi alen o CM in appea ance, senso y p ope ies, and nu ien s [20, 29–31]. Like CM, AFM mainly consis s o wa e and he CM p o eins casein and whey p o ein, which a e p oduced ia p ecision e men- a ion. Du ing p ecision e men a ion, mic oo ganisms (e.g., ungi o yeas s) a e gene ically modi ied o exp ess casein and whey p o ein, which a e hen mixed wi h min- e als, suga , wa e , and ege able a s o p oduce he AFM [20, 29, 30, 32–34]. While he i s al e na i e dai y p od- uc s made wi h p ecision e men a ion echnology ha e been a ailable in he Uni ed S a es, Singapo e, and Hong Kong since 2021, hese p oduc s a e no ye a ailable on he Eu opean ma ke [34–36]. In Ge many, only he ood echnology company Fo mo is wo king on he p oduc ion o cheese al e na i es (i.e., “animal- ee cheese”) using p ecision e men a ion echnology [34, 37]. In gene al, in o ma ion abou he po en ial sus ainabili y o dai y p oduc s made wi h p ecision e men a ion echnology should be conside ed ca e ully because companies a e cu en ly esea ching and de eloping animal- ee dai y p oduc s and a e hus unwilling o publish he de ails o hei p oduc ion p ocesses [38]. Fu he mo e, compa ed o he p oduc ion o con en ional CM, he p oduc ion o AFM is es ima ed o emi 35–97% less g eenhouse gases and equi es 77–97% less land [20, 35, 39, 40]. In addi- ion o he lowe en i onmen al impac o AFM com- pa ed o con en ional CM, i s as e, appea ance, and uses a e equi alen o hose o con en ional CM, which could encou age people o make changes o hei die a y hab- i s by educing hei consump ion o animal-based oods [31, 41]. In he Eu opean Union, 28% o all adul s al eady con- sume PBMA [42, 43], while in Ge many, 33–38% o peo- ple do [43, 44]. The mos consumed PBMA in Ge many a e oa , soy, and almond milk [11, 45]. Whe he people would be willing o consume AFM has no ye been in es iga ed, hough. To da e, only he willingness o con- sume o he animal- ee dai y p oduc s, such as cheese, has been in es iga ed [31, 32, 46–49]. Fo ins ance, a s udy wi h young adul s om he Uni ed S a es showed ha 64% o pa icipan s would be willing o buy p oduc s c ea ed wi h p ecision e men a ion echnology [46]. In Ge many, Zollman Thomas and B yan [31] showed ha 75.9% o adul consume s would y animal- ee cheese, 62.7% would buy i , and 36.1% would buy i egula ly. To analyze consume in en ions and beha io s in ela ion o he consump ion o milk al e na i es, consume s’ a i- udes and mo i es ha e o en been examined in exis ing esea ch [50–52]. A i udes owa d milk al e na i es A i udes a e de ined as an o e all e alua ion o an a i- ude objec [53–55]. Acco ding o he ABC model o a i udes, hey consis o h ee componen s: a ec i e (A), beha io al (B), and cogni i e (C) componen s. The a ec i e componen comp ises a consume ’s eelings o emo ional eac ions o an a i ude objec (e.g., “Oa milk is delicious”). The beha io al componen comp ises a consume ’s beha io o beha io al in en ions owa d an a i ude objec (e.g., “I would ne e d ink oa milk”). The cogni i e componen comp ises a consume ’s belie s abou an a i ude objec , i.e., wha hey hink abou he Page 3 o 21Szczepanski e al. BMC Nu i ion (2025) 11:101 a i ude objec in e ms o ac (e.g., “Oa milk is heal h- ie han CM”) [54, 55]. Consume s’ a i udes owa d a p oduc canno be de e mined simply by iden i ying hei belie s [53, 54]. Unde s anding consume s’ a i udes owa d milk al e na i es could p o ide aluable insigh s in o hei decision-making p ocesses, which can hen be used o de elop educa ion and ma ke ing campaigns [56]. The cu en esea ch ocuses on adul s’ a i udes owa d PBMA, mos ly in compa ison o CM [50–52, 56– 60]. O e all, mos s udies ha e demons a ed ha PBMA a e pe cei ed less posi i ely han CM [50, 51, 57, 59]. Speci ically, PBMA—in compa ison o CM—a e con- sis en ly e alua ed as unheal hie , less nu i ious, wo se o he bones [50], and mo e expensi e [51, 56]. To ou knowledge, only wo s udies ha e in es iga ed adoles- cen s’ a i udes owa d PBMA. Palacios e al. [61] showed ha adolescen s om he Uni ed S a es a ed soy milk sligh ly mo e nega i ely han CM, whe eby un la o ed CM was a ed less a o ably han chocola e- la o ed soy milk [61]. In Ge many, a hi d o adolescen s ha e exhib- i ed a posi i e a i ude owa d PBMA [62]. A i udes owa d AFM ha e no ye been in es iga ed. B oad e al. [32], Zollman Thomas and B yan [31], and Zollman Thomas and Dilla d [63] we e he only s udies ha examined adul s’ pe cep ions o animal- ee dai y p oduc s. In he s udy by Zollman Thomas and B yan [31], animal- ee cheese was e alua ed as less as y and na u al han con en ional cheese. Zollman Thomas and Dilla d [63] showed ha po en ial consume s om he Uni ed S a es o Ame ica and Ge many, o example, pe cei ed he p oduc ion o animal- ee dai y p oduc s as echnical and sca y. Howe e , animal- ee cheese was e alua ed as he mos e hical and en i onmen ally iendly p oduc compa ed o con en ional and egan cheese. Among Ge man adul s, he pe cep ion o ani- mal- ee cheese as e hical, as y, and heal hy posi i ely a ec ed hei willingness o consume animal- ee cheese [31]. To ou knowledge, young people’s a i udes owa d AFM o dai y p oduc s ha e no ye been in es iga ed. Mo i es o /agains he consump ion o (o willingness o consume) milk al e na i es In addi ion o a i udes owa d a p oduc , mo i es play a decisi e ole in consume s’ decision-making as hey a ec a i udes [64, 65]. In gene al, mo i es a e de ined as a pe son’s easons o a speci ic beha io [66]. The e- o e, consume s’ mo i es in ood selec ion co espond o hei goals: Mo i es desc ibe wha he consume wan s o achie e in o wi h hei ood consump ion [54]. Food choice mo i es in luence consume s’ a i udes owa d a p oduc [50, 64]. Consume s a e o en unawa e o hei ood choice mo i es. Howe e , hey can be made awa e o hei mo i es h ough e lec ion o ques ioning [67]. Insigh s in o consume s’ ood choice mo i es can be used o de elop and op imize ma ke ing s a egies by add ess- ing (po en ial) consume s’ mo i es in ma ke ing commu- nica ion o inc ease hei consump ion o (o willingness o consume) ce ain p oduc s [54]. In addi ion o physi- ological ac o s, heal h, con enience, na u al con en , p ice, weigh con ol, amilia i y, and e hical conce ns a e mo i es ha a ec ood choices. Fu he mo e, consume beha io can be de e mined by social mo i es [65]. Fo Eu opean consume s, p ice, senso y appeal, and na u al con en a e he mos impo an ood choice mo i es [68]. Rega ding he consump ion o milk al e na i es, cu - en esea ch ocuses on adul s’ mo i es o and agains he consump ion o PBMA [44, 51, 52, 57–59, 69–73]. Adul s om he Uni ed S a es o Ame ica, Aus ia, and Ge many, o example, o en ci e heal h, en i onmen- al, and e hical aspec s as mo i es o consuming PBMA [50–52, 57–59, 69, 73]. Adul s in Ge many indica e spe- ci ic die s and heal h easons, as well as en i onmen al and animal p o ec ion as mo i es o no consuming milk and dai y p oduc s [44]. Mo i es o and agains he consump ion o AFM ha e no ye been in es iga ed. Howe e , a ew s udies exis ha examine adul s’ mo i es o hei willingness o con- sume animal- ee dai y p oduc s. Animal wel a e and en i onmen al p o ec ion ha e been iden i ied as mo i es o he willingness o consume animal- ee dai y p od- uc s among adul s. Unce ain ies ega ding ood sa e y we e iden i ied as mo i es agains he willingness o con- sume animal- ee dai y p oduc s [32, 46, 63]. S udy aims and esea ch ques ions To os e a change in die a y habi s, we mus analyze he consump ion o o willingness o consume mo e sus ain- able milk al e na i es. A i udes and mo i es o e a ou e o analyze his consump ion o willingness o consume. The exis ing esea ch has ocused on adul s’ a i udes owa d PBMA and hei consump ion mo i es. A i udes owa d PBMA ha e o en been in es iga ed quan i a i ely ia a i ude s a emen s o seman ic di e en ials o de e - mine consume s’ pe cep ions. To da e, limi ed esea ch has been conduc ed on he speci ic belie s and eelings abou he consump ion o milk al e na i es ha unde lie posi i e o nega i e a i udes owa d hem. In addi ion, mo i es o o agains he consump ion o PBMA ha e a ely been su eyed compa ed o he cu en consump- ion o PBMA. The e o e, he i s aim o ou s udy is o iden i y how PBMA and AFM a e e alua ed, and which belie s and eelings de e mine a posi i e o nega i e e alua ion. The second aim o ou s udy is o de e mine he mo i es o and agains he consump ion o (o willingness o con- sume) PBMA and AFM based on he cu en consump- ion (o willingness). A quali a i e esea ch app oach was Page 4 o 21Szczepanski e al. BMC Nu i ion (2025) 11:101 chosen o allow pa icipan s o exp ess and explain hei belie s, eelings, and mo i es o consuming o being will- ing o consume milk al e na i es [67, 74]. In his s udy, we ocus on adolescen s in Ge many, as hey ha e no been in es iga ed and ep esen a c ucial g oup o shaping u u e die a y ends as hei die a y habi s a e less en enched and easie o in luence han hose o adul s [75, 76]. This esul s in he ollowing esea ch ques ions: Resea ch Ques ion 1: Wha a e adolescen s’ a i- udes owa d milk al e na i es? Resea ch Ques ion 1.1: How do adolescen s e alu- a e PBMA? Resea ch Ques ion 1.2: How do adolescen s e alu- a e AFM? Resea ch Ques ion 2: Wha a e adolescen s’ mo i es o /agains he consump ion o (o willingness o consume) milk al e na i es? Resea ch Ques ion 2.1: Wha a e adolescen s’ mo i es o /agains he consump ion o PBMA? Resea ch Ques ion 2.2: Wha a e adolescen s’ mo i es o /agains hei willingness o consume AFM? Me hods The me hods a e desc ibed ollowing he “Quali a i e Design Repo ing S anda ds (JARS-Qual)” [77] and he c i e ia o epo ing quali a i e esea ch (COREQ) [78]. Selec ion o pa icipan s, cha ac e is ics o he pa icipan s, and ec ui men Fo sample cons uc ion, he induc i e sampling me hod o explo a o y s udies acco ding o Reinde s [79] was chosen. The sample was selec ed based on h ee c i- e ia. Fi s ly, adolescen s needed o a end uppe sec- onda y school because hey need biological knowledge abou gene ics o unde s and he p oduc ion o AFM, which is co e ed in he uppe seconda y school biology cu iculum in Ge many [80]. Secondly, he adolescen s needed o iden i y as di e en gende s, and, hi dly, consume CM o PBMA o allow us o iden i y hei a i- udes owa d milk al e na i es and hei mo i es o and agains consump ion ac oss gende s ( emale, male, and o he ) and consume g oups (CM consume s and PBMA consume s). The inal sample consis ed o 25 adolescen s 16 o 19 yea s old (N = 25; MAge = 17.60 yea s; SDAge = 0.63 yea s; 60% emale). The adolescen s came om i e second- a y schools in he ci y and dis ic o Osnab ück (Lowe Saxony, Ge many) and we e in he ele en h o hi een h g ades (uppe seconda y school) a he ime o da a collec ion. Desc ip i e s a is ics o he sample and hei sel - epo ed consump ion o CM, PBMA, and hei will- ingness o consume AFM a e p esen ed in Table1. All names ha e been eplaced wi h pseudonyms o ensu e anonymi y. To ec ui pa icipan s, he school p incipals o all seconda y schools in he ci y and dis ic o Osnab ück we e con ac ed by email wi h an in i a ion o pa ici- pa e in his s udy. The school p incipals o wa ded he email o he biology eache s a hei schools and asked he biology eache s o eques olun a y pa icipan s om hei uppe seconda y school cou ses. The biol- ogy eache s we e ins uc ed o ensu e an equal dis i- bu ion o gende s and consump ion o PBMA and CM when selec ing pa icipan s. The in e iews we e always scheduled in blocks by he eache s so ha he pa icipan s om he same school we e in e iewed on he same day and one a e he o he . A e each in e iew block, he i s and hi d au ho s ( wo code s) discussed con en sa u a- ion. The code s used he deduc i e ca ego y sys em as a basis and he audio eco dings o discuss whe he new con en and induc i e codes had been added. Con en sa u a ion occu ed a e 21 in e iews. A his poin , ou mo e in e iews we e planned, which we e subsequen ly conduc ed and a o al o 25 in e - iews we e analyzed. Be o e he da a we e collec ed, bo h he school p in- cipals and he s uden s (and hei pa en s, o s uden s unde he age o 18) signed a decla a ion o consen . The s uden ’s pa en s also ecei ed an in o ma i e le - e explaining he s udy’s aim, ha pa icipa ion was olun a y, and ha he da a would be anonymized. Be o e he in e iews began, s uden s’ (and pa en s’) signed decla a ion o consen was e iewed and con- i med e bally. Pa icipa ion in he in e iews was olun a y and anonymous. All s uden s had he oppo - uni y o decline pa icipa ion a any ime wi hou consequences. Da a collec ion occu ed in Sep embe and Oc obe 2022. The i s au ho (cha ac e is ics: emale; quali i- ca ion: physics and biology eache wi h wo yea s o eaching expe ience; cu en occupa ion: PhD s uden and esea ch assis an ) conduc ed all in e iews in a quie oom in he s uden s’ schools. The in e iews we e eco ded wi h a digi al audio eco de (Olym- pus LS-P1). They anged om 29.33 o 51.63 min (MDu a ion = 41.83min; SDDu a ion = 6.07min). S udy design and in e iew p ocedu e We chose a quali a i e app oach wi h in-dep h semi- s uc u ed in e iews o be e unde s and ado- lescen s’ a i udes and mo i es in ela ion o he consump ion o PBMA and AFM since quali a i e Page 5 o 21Szczepanski e al. BMC Nu i ion (2025) 11:101 me hods allow o a de ailed in es iga ion o indi idual associa ions, belie s, and eelings, which a e di icul o assess h ough s anda dized ques ionnai es [64]. Fo ou s udy, he i s au ho , in coope a ion wi h biology didac ics expe s, biology eache s, and psychologis s, de eloped an in e iew guide based on (consume ) psychological heo ies [53, 54, 64]. We decided o use a semi-s uc u ed in e iew guide o allow o mo e lexibili y and o enable pa icipan s o exp ess hei hough s mo e eely [79]. To gain a deepe unde - s anding o pa icipan s a i udes and consump ion mo i es, we mainly asked “why” ques ions [54, 64]. To op imize he in e iew ques ions and p ocess, he in e iew guide was es ed in a pilo s udy wi h ou s uden s aged 17 o 18 be o e da a collec ion [81, 82]. Minimal adjus men s we e made o he ques ions based on he pilo s udy esul s. No ably, he pilo in e iews we e no included in he inal sample. In e iews we e di ided in o ou b oad phases: (1) he in oduc ion, (2) he main phase on PBMA, (3) he main phase on AFM, and (4) he conclusion wi h a sho ques ionnai e (Fig.1). Du ing da a col- lec ion, he o de o he second and hi d phases was swi ched a e each pa icipan o minimize any possi- ble in luence o he o de o he phases on pa icipan s’ esponses. The second and hi d phases we e di ided in o h ee subphases: (1) concep ions o PBMA/AFM and hei /i s p oduc ion, (2) a i udes owa d PBMA/ AFM (RQs 1.1 and 1.2), and (3) mo i es o and agains he consump ion o PBMA/AFM (RQs 2.1 and 2.2; Fig. 1). To answe he esea ch ques ions, only da a on a i udes and mo i es om he second and hi d phases we e analyzed. The comple e in e iew guide, Table 1 O e iew o he sample o adolescen s (N = 25) Name aGende Age Residence bIn e iew du a ion Die cConsump ion CM dConsump ion PBMA eWillingness o consume AFM Liam male 17 u ban a ea 50.30min omni o ous daily ne e willing Sophia emale 17 u al a ea 43.11min omni o ous weekly casual (mon hly) willing Alexande male 17 u ban a ea 47.63min omni o ous daily ne e no willing Emma emale 17 u al a ea 45.11min ege a ian mon hly egula (daily) willing Elias male 18 u al a ea 39.01min ege a ian mon hly casual (mon hly) no willing Ma hys male 17 u al a ea 29.33min omni o ous daily ne e willing Mason male 17 u ban a ea 46.80min omni o ous weekly egula (daily) willing Benjamin male 16 u ban a ea 41.13min o he weekly casual (weekly) willing Oli e male 17 u al a ea 41.40min o he ne e egula (weekly) willing Emilia emale 17 u al a ea 32.32min ege a ian mon hly egula (weekly) willing Mila emale 18 u al a ea 38.01min omni o daily ne e willing Lily emale 18 u al a ea 35.07min ege a ian weekly egula (daily) willing Sophie emale 18 u ban a ea 40.47min omni o ous ne e casual (weekly) willing Mia emale 19 u ban a ea 49.21min ege a ian mon hly egula (daily) willing Isabella emale 18 u al a ea 50.67min omni o ous daily ne e willing Maëlys emale 18 u ban a ea 42.56min ege a ian weekly ne e willing Jack male 18 u al a ea 34.73min omni o ous daily egula (daily) willing Samuel male 18 u ban a ea 46.07min omni o ous ne e casual (weekly) willing Ella emale 18 u ban a ea 51.63min omni o ous weekly casual (weekly) willing Oli ia emale 18 u al a ea 47.87min ege a ian weekly casual (weekly) willing Emmy emale 17 u ban a ea 46.07min egan ne e egula (weekly) willing Amelia emale 18 u al a ea 39.88min omni o ous daily ne e willing Cha lo e emale 18 u ban a ea 35.73min omni o ous daily ne e willing Emily emale 18 u al a ea 35.78min omni o ous weekly egula (weekly) willing Lucas male 18 u ban a ea 37.63min omni o ous daily egula (daily) willing Mean alue 17.60 41.86min S anda d de ia ion 00.63 06.07min Minimum 16.00 29.33min Maximum 19.00 51.63min No es. a Randomly selec ed pseudonym acco ding o he mos popula i s names in 2022 in he Uni ed S a es o Ame ica. b The adolescen s we e asked abou hei a ea o esidence a e he in e iew and could choose ei he u ban a ea o u al a ea. c The adolescen s we e asked abou hei die s a e he in e iew and could choose omni o ous, ege a ian, egan, o o he . d The adolescen s we e asked abou hei consump ion o CM a e he in e iew and could choose daily, weekly, mon hly, o ne e . e Du ing he in e iew, he adolescen s we e asked o desc ibe hei consump ion o PBMA and, on his basis, classi y hei consump ion as egula , casual, o ne e . The equency o consump ion is gi en in pa en heses. Du ing he in e iew, he adolescen s ecei ed an in o ma i e ex abou AFM and we e asked o decide acco dingly whe he hey we e willing o unwilling o consume AFM. Page 6 o 21Szczepanski e al. BMC Nu i ion (2025) 11:101 Fig. 1 Key ques ions and esea ch in e es s in he main phases o he in e iews abou milk al e na i es No es. This s udy did no analyze phase 1 o he main phases o he in e iew. In he i s phase, he adolescen s we e asked abou hei concep ions o PBMA and AFM and hei p oduc ion Page 7 o 21Szczepanski e al. BMC Nu i ion (2025) 11:101 including guiding ques ions and p omp s, is p o ided in he supplemen a y ma e ial (Supplemen a y Ma e- ial 1). Be o e he i s phase, he in e iewe alked wi h he pa icipan abou how hey we e doing and b ie ly in o- duced he sel (a PhD s uden a a uni e si y esea ching “sus ainable nu i ion”). The in e iewe cla i ied ha he in e iew opic was “milk al e na i es” and poin ed ou ha he in e iew was no abou hei knowledge bu hei hough s on he opic. Pa icipan s we e also in o med ha he collec ed da a would be ea ed con i- den ially, meaning ha hei eache s would no ecei e any o he da a, and hey we e encou aged o say any- hing ha came o mind. Du ing he i s phase, pa icipan s we e asked abou hei concep ions o PBMAs and AFM, hei ing edien s, and hei p oduc ion; his phase is no included in his a icle. Addi ionally, pa icipan s we e shown he lis o ing edien s o a ca on o oa d ink (wa e , oa s [12%], sun lowe oil, and sea sal ) so ha hey could discuss hei concep ions o he p oduc ion o PBMAs. A e his i s phase, pa icipan s we e gi en no u he in o ma- ion abou he p oduc ion o PBMAs. Du ing he second phase, pa icipan s we e asked o e alua e PBMAs o AFM o e all as “( a he ) posi i e” o “( a he ) nega i e” o assess hei a i udes owa d milk al e na i es [53]. Pa icipan s we e hen asked o explain hei posi i e o nega i e e alua ion using h ee p oduc - ela ed a ibu es o iden i y he belie s and eelings abou PBMAs o AFM ha de e mined hei posi i e o nega- i e e alua ion [55]. Since AFM is no ye a ailable on he Eu opean ma ke and he public is less amilia wi h dai y p oduc s p oduced wi h p ecision e men a ion echnol- ogy [31, 32], pa icipan s we e gi en a b ie in o ma i e ex de ailing wha AFM is and how i is p oduced o help hem e alua e i (Supplemen a y Ma e ial 2). Du ing he hi d phase, pa icipan s we e i s asked abou hei consump ion o PBMA o hei willing- ness o consume AFM. Thei cu en consump ion o PBMA was assessed by asking, “Do you d ink PBMA as an al e na i e o CM?” I pa icipan s al eady consumed PBMA, hey we e asked o p o ide he equency o con- sump ion and ypes o PBMA consumed du ing a ypi- cal school week. In addi ion, pa icipan s we e asked o classi y hei consump ion o PBMA as “ egula ,” “casual,” o “ne e ” based on hei sel - epo ed consump ion e- quency. Pa icipan s we e also asked whe he hey would be willing o consume AFM as an al e na i e o CM i i became a ailable in all supe ma ke s and es au an s. Based on hei esponses o his ques ion, pa icipan s’ mo i es o and agains he consump ion o milk al e - na i es we e assessed wi h he ques ions, “Why do you ne e /casually/ egula ly d ink PBMA as an al e na i e o CM?” and “Why a e you (no ) willing o consume AFM as an al e na i e o CM?” [64]. Du ing he in e iew, he in e iewe asked indi idual, hough -p o oking ques ions o iden i y pa icipan s’ eelings, belie s, and hough s abou he opic (see Supplemen a y Ma e ial 1). A he end o he in e iew, pa icipan s we e asked o comple e a sho ques ionnai e on hei sociodemo- g aphic da a and consump ion o milk (al e na i es; Sup- plemen a y Ma e ial 1). Da a analysis The audio eco dings we e ansc ibed acco ding o D esing and Pehl [83]. The ansc ip s we e no e u ned o he pa icipan s o commen s o co ec- ions. In he nex s ep, he ansc ip s we e edac ed acco ding o G opengieße ’s [84] guidelines o imp o e eadabili y and educe he esea ch ques ion con- en in he ansc ip s. The ansc ip ion and edac- ion ules a e p o ided in he supplemen a y ma e ial (Supplemen a y Ma e ial 3). The edac ed da a we e analyzed in MAXQDA [85] wi h quali a i e con en analysis acco ding o Kucka z and Rädike [86] which enables a sys ema ic bu lexible analysis o quali a i e da a h ough a combina ion o deduc i e and induc i e coding. As we ollowed a quali a i e in e iew app oach, we do no ha e a ep esen a i e sample o adolescen s in Ge many. The e o e, we do no in end o make gene - alized s a emen s o adolescen s (in Ge many) wi h ou quali a i e esul s. As pa o he con en analysis, we use equencies o illus a e ends wi hin ou sam- ple [77]. Acco ding o he esea ch ques ions and he in e - iew phases, a deduc i e ca ego y sys em was c ea ed wi h he ollowing supe o dina e ca ego ies: (1.1) “A i- udes owa d PBMA,” (1.2) “A i udes owa d AFM,” (2.1) “Mo i es o /agains PBMA consump ion,” and (2.2) “Mo i es o /agains he willingness o consume AFM” (Figs. 2 and 3). The supe o dina e ca ego ies “A i udes owa d PBMA” and “A i udes owa d AFM” we e each deduc i ely di ided in o wo subca ego ies, “Posi i e a i udes owa d PBMA/AFM” and “Nega i e a i udes owa d PBMA/AFM”. Wi hin each o hese subca ego ies, deduc i e codes we e de i ed om he cu en s a e o esea ch, and induc i e codes (*) we e de i ed om pa icipan s’ s a emen s du ing he da a analysis (Fig.2). The supe o dina e ca ego ies “Mo i es o /agains PBMA consump ion” and “Mo i es o /agains he will- ingness o consume AFM” we e also each deduc i ely di ided in o wo subca ego ies (“Mo i es o PBMA consump ion/ he willingness o consume AFM” and “Mo i es agains PBMA consump ion/ he willingness o consume AFM”). Wi hin each o hese subca ego ies, deduc i e codes we e de i ed om he cu en s a e o Page 8 o 21Szczepanski e al. BMC Nu i ion (2025) 11:101 esea ch, and induc i e codes (*) we e de i ed om pa - icipan s’ s a emen s du ing he da a analysis (Fig.3). The comple e ca ego y sys em is p o ided in he sup- plemen a y ma e ial (Supplemen a y Ma e ial 4). The analysis o he en i e quali a i e da a was ca ied ou by he i s au ho . To a i m he in e nal consis ency o he coding, 20% o all s a emen s ha we e ele an o answe ing he esea ch ques ions we e also coded wi h he comple e ca ego y sys em by he second au ho [86]. To assess in e code ag eemen , he kappa coe icien was calcula ed in MAXQDA acco ding o B ennan and Fig. 2 Ca ego y sys ems o analyzing adolescen s’ a i udes owa d milk al e na i es No es. * Induc i ely coded ca ego ies. PBMA = plan -based milk al e na i es; AFM = animal- ee milk Page 9 o 21Szczepanski e al. BMC Nu i ion (2025) 11:101 P edige [87]. The kappa alue is 0.79, which indica es subs an ial in e code ag eemen [87]. Resul s In o al, se en een o he 25 adolescen s s a ed hey al eady consumed plan -based al e na i es o CM. O hese, se en s a ed ha hey consumed PBMA casually, and en egula ly. The egula consume s in ou s udy said ha hey used PBMA h ee o se en days a week, while he casual consume s used PBMA wo o ou days a week. The egula and casual consume s epo ed ha hey mos equen ly consumed oa milk (n = 15), ol- lowed by almond milk (n = 5). Eigh o he adolescen s s a ed ha hey did no consume any plan -based al e na- i es o CM. O hese, six said ha hey had no ye ied any PBMA (Table1). Conce ning AFM, 23 o he adoles- cen s said ha hey would be willing o y, buy, o d ink AFM as an al e na i e o CM. Two adolescen s s a ed ha hey would no be willing o y AFM (Table1). Fig. 3 Ca ego y sys ems o analyzing adolescen s’ mo i es o and agains he consump ion o (o willingness o consume) milk al e na i es No es. * Induc i ely coded ca ego ies. PBMA = plan -based milk al e na i es; AFM = animal- ee milk Page 16 o 21Szczepanski e al. BMC Nu i ion (2025) 11:101 was conside ed a heal hy al e na i e o CM since i has lowe calo ie and a con en . Animal wel a e was also a c ucial mo i e o consume PBMA among ou pa icipan s and was linked o he mo al s ance agains he abuse o animals o ood p o- duc ion. Adul s also conside animal wel a e o be one o he mos impo an conside a ions when buying dai y p oduc s o plan -based dai y al e na i es [44, 101]. The g owing awa eness o heal h, animal wel a e, and he en i onmen is also e lec ed in he dynamic de elop- men o young people’s die a y habi s in Ge many. Young people (aged 15 o 30) a e inc easingly a oiding he con- sump ion o animal p oduc s o clima e and animal wel- a e [62, 102]. Mo i es agains consuming PBMA As ou esul s show, he senso y cha ac e is ics o PBMA a e a majo ba ie o hei consump ion [59, 72, 103, 104]. Ame ican child en and adolescen s (aged 8 o 16), o example, a ed lac ose- ee milk as be e , in gene al, han soy milk since lac ose- ee milk had be e senso y p ope ies, such as as e and mou h eel [61]. In addi ion, he p ice o PBMA compa ed o ha o CM—pe cei ed o eal—was a mo i e agains he consump ion o PBMA. This mo i e is impo an o younge people, as hey ha e limi ed incomes and depend on hei amily’s shopping and die a y habi s [99] and since one in i e young people in Ge many g ows up in a low-income household [105]. In addi ion o indi idual ac o s, en i onmen al ac o s a ec sus ainable ood consump ion [106]. We ound ha social in luence and social no ms ela ed o he con- sump ion o CM a e also ba ie s o he consump ion o PBMA, as CM consump ion is o en conside ed “no mal” and an in eg al die a y habi [71, 97, 107]. Mo i es o he willingness o consume AFM The willingness o ou pa icipan s o consume AFM depended mainly on indi idual ac o s, such as a conce n o animal wel a e. Animal wel a e was a key mo i e o consume milk al e na i es (AFM and PBMA) among ou pa icipan s, as hey ques ioned he necessi y and condi- ions o con empo a y li es ock a ming. The impo ance o animal wel a e o younge people when making ood choices is e lec ed in Gene a ion Z’s inc easing com- mi men o animal wel a e [99, 108]. Simila ly, Zollman Thomas and Dilla d [63] showed ha p omo ing animal wel a e o educing animal su e ing in li es ock a m- ing is he s onges mo i a ion o adul s’ consump ion o animal- ee dai y (e.g., cheese o milk). The eeling o unease abou li es ock a ming d i es he need o p o- ec animal wel a e and hus a oid consuming animal p oduc s. This unease can be enhanced by p esen ing in o ma ion abou o showing pic u es o he condi ions o dai y a ms (“animal wel a e aming”), which could encou age consume s o consume animal- ee dai y [63]. Mo i es agains he willingness o consume AFM Fi s , mos o ou pa icipan s we e e y in e es ed in ying AFM and ga e ew mo i es agains consuming i . Rega ding hei jus i ica ions o hei nega i e a i udes owa d AFM, unce ain ies abou i s sa e y o human heal h we e men ioned. Zollman Thomas and Dilla d [63] obse ed ha unce ain ies abou dai y p oduc s p o- duced wi h p ecision e men a ion hinde hei accep- ance. The Eu opean Food Sa e y Au ho i y’s (EFSA) app o al o AFM o sale on he Eu opean ma ke could help o educe unce ain ies abou AFM. In addi ion, all companies and ma ke ing campaigns should use a con- sis en desc ip ion o he p oduc ion p ocess o AFM o minimize unce ain ies and acili a e unde s anding o “animal- ee dai y” as a p oduc ca ego y [63]. Sugges ions o ma ke ing and policy Young people’s g owing awa eness o heal h, animal wel- a e, and he en i onmen , as well as hei doub s abou ou cu en ood sys em [99, 102], could be a good s a - ing poin o de eloping ma ke ing campaigns o CM al e na i es. Based on ou esul s, ma ke ing campaigns should be aimed a emphasizing he heal h, e hical, and en i onmen al bene i s o consuming PBMA ins ead o CM and di ec ly add essing misconcep ions (e.g., ain o - es de o es a ion o p oduce soya milk). Since ou esul s show a disc epancy be ween young people’s a i udes owa d and consump ion o PBMA (a i ude–beha io gap), we should conside how exis ing ba ie s can be o e come. The ba ie o la o and consis ency may esul om he pe cep ion o CM as “nice,” while PBMA do no mee senso y expec a ions in compa ison [59, 69, 71]. This ba ie among “CM lo e s” may be o e come by p oduc- ing PBMA wi h senso y p ope ies simila o hose o CM. One example o his is Alp o’s “No Milk,” which is a ailable on he Ge man ma ke and is ad e ised wi h he slogan “No milk, bu i as es like milk” [109]. Ad e - ising ha highligh s milk al e na i es’ simila i y o CM could be pa icula ly impo an o people who ha e no ye been able o elimina e CM since hey p e e i s la o . Ano he ba ie o he consump ion o PBMA is cos . PBMA a e cu en ly axed a 19% in Ge many, while CM is axed a 7% since i is conside ed a s aple ood he e. Equalizing axes on CM and PBMA is one way o lowe he p ice ba ie [110]. Fu he mo e, he po en ial o he social en i onmen o p omo e he consump ion o PBMAs should be conside ed since amily and iends in luence adolescen s’ ood choices [111]. Adolescen s also in luence each o he ’s die s and ood choices (e.g., Page 17 o 21Szczepanski e al. BMC Nu i ion (2025) 11:101 ia social media) [112]. This could be used o ac i ely d i e he no maliza ion o PBMA consump ion. The app o al o animal- ee dai y p oduc s in Eu ope could allay sa e y conce ns. Hence, communica ion should be ocused on he ad an ages o AFM, as p e i- ous esea ch has shown ha he pe cei ed bene i s o animal- ee cheese ha e a posi i e e ec on he willing- ness o buy i [47]. In addi ion, p e ious s udies ha e sug- ges ed ha companies should make i clea when AFM has no been p oduced using gene ically modi ied o gan- isms (GMOs), as associa ing AFM wi h GMOs could ha e a nega i e impac on isk pe cep ion and willingness o consume [49, 63, 113]. Open, anspa en communica- ion abou he new p oduc ca ego y o animal- ee dai y p oduc s could also help o inc ease amilia i y, which is c ucial o he willingness o consume no el oods [98]. Fu he mo e, a en ion should be paid o he placemen o AFM in he supe ma ke when i is in oduced; o example, placing AFM close o CM could p omo e amil- ia i y wi h he p oduc [32]. In summa y, AFM could become a sui able milk al e na i e among younge people [31]. Mos o ou pa icipan s al eady pe cei ed AFM as a easonable milk al e na i e. Whe he hey will in eg a e AFM in o hei die s will mainly depend on hei ood choice mo i es, such as p ice and as e, and he assuaging o unce ain ies abou AFM in ma ke ing campaigns. Limi a ions Since we used a quali a i e in e iew app oach and had speci ic inclusion c i e ia o ou sample, we did no aim o a sample ha was ep esen a i e o young people in Ge many. The e o e, based on ou esul s, we could no make gene alized s a emen s abou young people’s a i- udes owa d milk al e na i es and hei mo i es o o agains consuming hem [82]. Fu u e s udies could exam- ine a i udes owa d milk al e na i es and mo i es o o agains consuming hem among adul s o young people ollowing ano he ea ing cul u e. Ano he idea o u he esea ch would be o examine he a i udes o young peo- ple om he Uni ed S a es, whe e AFM is al eady a ail- able on he ma ke . Mo eo e , all ou pa icipan s we e engaged in highe educa ion (uppe seconda y le el), which may ha e a ec ed ou esul s since p e ious s ud- ies ha e shown ha people wi h high le els o educa ion a e mo e likely o adop sus ainable die a y habi s [114, 115]. In addi ion, only he mos equen ly men ioned p od- uc a ibu es and mo i es o consuming milk al e - na i es we e p esen ed and discussed in de ail. Less equen ly men ioned ca ego ies we e only men ioned, bu no u he explained wi h ancho quo a ions, which ep esen s a me hodological limi a ion. I is impo an o conside his me hodological limi a ion when in e p e - ing he esul s. Sel -selec ion bias was ano he majo limi a ion o his s udy. Pa icipa ion in he s udy was olun a y, which could ha e biased he sample since only s uden s in e - es ed in sus ainable ood choices olun ee ed o pa - icipa e. In his con ex , he esul s may also ha e been dis o ed by social desi abili y–pa icula ly in esponses abou he willingness o consume AFM. O he 25 pa - icipan s, 23 we e willing o consume AFM, which could ha e been as a esul o an imp o emen in sel - p esen a ion [116]. Addi ionally, ood choices a e no only de e mined by cogni i e ac o s such as willingness o consume; hey a e also de e mined by pe sonal (e.g., psychological componen s and habi s), ex e nal (e.g., he social en i onmen ), and sociocul u al (e.g., cul u e, eco- nomic a iables) ac o s [117]. These ac o s should be conside ed when in e p e ing ou esul s since he e may ha e been di e ences be ween pa icipan s’ s a emen s abou hei consump ion o milk al e na i es and hei ac ual beha io . Fu he mo e, 24 o he 25 pa icipan s s a ed ha hey ha e he igh o co-de e mina ion when making pu - chases. Pa icipan s’ oppo uni ies, cul u al backg ound, and le el o educa ion should be conside ed when in e - p e ing ou esul s since ou esul s do no apply o ado- lescen s om o he educa ional backg ounds, younge people, o people om di e en cul u al backg ounds. Di e ences in pe cep ions o PBMA and AFM can occu due o adi ions and cul u es [31, 57]. In addi ion, ado- lescen s a e la gely inancially dependen on hei pa en s and do no ha e o make hei own pu chases. The e o e, young people’s a i udes and consume beha io could change a e hey lea e hei pa en s’ homes. Pa icula ly du ing he ansi ion om school o uni e si y, new li e- s yles o en de elop, and exis ing habi s a e econside ed [118]. Labeling milk p oduced ia p ecision e men a ion as “AFM” was ano he me hodological limi a ion. Zollman Thomas and Dilla d [63] demons a ed ha using di e - en names o dai y p oduc s p oduced wi h p ecision e men a ion has di e en e ec s on po en ial consum- e s. Following Zollman Thomas and Dilla d’s [63] ecom- menda ions, we used he e m “AFM” because i is simple and clea ly di e en ia es AFM om CM. Ne e heless, he use o he English e m “AFM” may ha e con used pa icipan s du ing he in e iews, wi h some mis akenly hinking ha i e e ed o PBMAs. Conclusions Ou esul s showed ha he adolescen s in ou s udy gene ally had posi i e a i udes owa d PBMA and AFM. Howe e , unce ain ies abou he p oduc ion o AFM and i s sa e y o human heal h diminished hei posi- i e a i udes. In addi ion, ou esul s indica ed ha ado- lescen s’ decisions o consume PBMA we e d i en by Page 18 o 21Szczepanski e al. BMC Nu i ion (2025) 11:101 en i onmen al p o ec ion and heal h p omo ion mo i es. The main mo i es o consume AFM we e animal wel a e and he equi alency o AFM o CM (e.g., in as e and consis ency). Despi e he pe cei ed bene i s o PBMA and AFM, hei pe cei ed senso y p ope ies, cos s, and p oduc ion unce ain ies ep esen ed ba ie s o hei consump ion. Based on ou esul s, we de i ed implica ions o u - he esea ch, educa ion, and he ood indus y. Fu u e s udies could compa a i ely analyze young people’s and adul s’ a i udes owa d CM and dai y al e na i es, as well as hei mo i es o o agains consuming hese p oduc s. Ano he idea o u he esea ch would be o compa e he a i udes and mo i es o young people in a coun y wi h a s ong adi ion o consuming dai y p oduc s, such as Ge many, wi h hose o young people in a coun y wi h a weake adi ion o consuming dai y p oduc s. Fu he mo e, we ecommend ha as he ange o al e na i e p oduc s g ows, he en i onmen al impac and nu i ional alues o adi ional oods and al e na- i e p oduc s be discussed in mo e dep h in he con ex o Educa ion o Sus ainable De elopmen o educe mis- concep ions abou milk and milk al e na i es and p o- mo e in o med ood choices. Fo he ood indus y, ou esul s sugges ha p oduc communica ion o PBMA should be ocused on he heal h bene i s o such p oduc s and anspa ency in he unique nu i ional p o iles o a ious milk al e na i es. Fo AFM, he posi i e a i udes o ou sample p o ide a good s a ing poin o ma ke in oduc ion. Tha is, du ing i s in oduc ion, i s simila i- ies o adi ional milk, as well as i s en i onmen al ben- e i s, should be emphasized. To o e come sa e y conce ns abou AFM, he EFSA’s app o al o AFM o sale on he Eu opean ma ke is essen ial. Supplemen a y In o ma ion The online e sion con ains supplemen a y ma e ial a ailable a h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 1 1 8 6 / s 4 0 7 9 5 - 0 2 5 - 0 1 0 7 2 - 8. Supplemen a y Ma e ial 1 Supplemen a y Ma e ial 2 Supplemen a y Ma e ial 3 Supplemen a y Ma e ial 4 Supplemen a y Ma e ial 5 Supplemen a y Ma e ial 6 Acknowledgemen s We wan o hank he headmas e s, eache s, and s uden s a he pa icipa ing schools o hei coope a ion in he p esen s udy. We acknowledge suppo om he Deu sche Fo schungsgemeinscha (DFG) and he Open Access Publishing Fund o Osnab ück Uni e si y. Au ho con ibu ions LS: Concep ualiza ion, Da a Cu a ion, Me hodology, In es iga ion, Fo mal Analysis, W i ing– O iginal D a P epa a ion, W i ing– Re iew & Edi ing. LMB: Fo mal Analysis, W i ing– O iginal D a P epa a ion. CR: Fo mal Analysis, W i ing– O iginal D a P epa a ion. AE: W i ing– Re iew & Edi ing. FF: Concep ualiza ion, W i ing– Re iew & Edi ing, P ojec Adminis a ion, Resou ces, Supe ision. Funding Open Access unding enabled and o ganized by P ojek DEAL. The au ho (s) disclosed eceip o he ollowing inancial suppo o he esea ch, au ho ship and/o publica ion o his a icle: This wo k was unded by Deu sche Fo schungsgemeinscha (DFG) and he Open Access Publishing Fund o Osnab ück Uni e si y. Da a a ailabili y The da ase s used and/o analyzed du ing he cu en s udy a e a ailable om he co esponding au ho upon easonable eques . Decla a ions E hics app o al and consen o pa icipa e The s udy was ca ied ou ollowing he na ional and ins i u ional guidelines, he Decla a ion o Helsinki, he Ge man Resea ch Founda ion, and he Ame ican Psychological Associa ion [119–121]. The e hics app o al o he p esen s udy was issued by he Regional S a e O ice o Schools and Educa ion Osnab ueck (OS 1 R.24–0541 2/N). Pa icipan s ga e hei w i en in o med consen o pa icipa e. Consen o publica ion No applicable. Compe ing in e es s The au ho s decla e no compe ing in e es s. Clinical ial numbe No applicable. Recei ed: 17 Janua y 2025 / Accep ed: 21 Ap il 2025 Re e ences 1. Gebu K, Alb ech EH, Poin ke M, Pawelzik E, Ge ken M, T aulsen I. A compa a i e analysis o Plan -Based milk al e na i es pa 2: en i onmen al impac s. Sus ainabili y 2022;14;14. h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 3 3 9 0 / s u 1 4 1 4 8 4 2 4 2. IPBES. The global assessmen epo o he in e go e nmen al science-policy pla o m on biodi e si y and ecosys em se ices. Bonn: IPBES; 2019. 3. IPCC. Clima e Change 2023: Syn hesis Repo . Con ibu ion o Wo king G oups I, II and III o he Six h Assessmen Repo o he In e go e nmen- al Panel on Clima e Change. h p s : / / w w w . i p c c . c h / e p o / a 6 / s y /; 2023 [accessed 14 Decembe 2024]. 4. Poo e J, Nemecek T. Reducing ood´s en i onmen al impac s h ough p o- duce s and consume s. Science. 2019;363. h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 1 1 2 6 / s c i e n c e . a a w 9 9 0 8. 5. Ve meulen SJ, Campbell BM, Ing am JSI. Clima e change and ood sys ems. Annu Re En i on Resou . 2012;37:195–222. h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 1 1 4 6 / a n n u e - e n i o n - 0 2 0 4 1 1 - 1 3 0 6 0 8. 6. Agudelo Higui a NI, LaRocque R, McGushin A. Clima e change, indus ial animal ag icul u e, and he ole o physicians– Time o ac . J Clim Change Heal h. 2023;13. h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 1 0 1 6 / j . j o c l i m . 2 0 2 3 . 1 0 0 2 6 0 7. Xu X, Sha ma P, Shu S, Lin TS, Ciais P, Tubiello FN, e al. Global g eenhouse gas emissions om animal-based oods a e wice hose o plan -based oods. Na Food. 2021;2(9):724–32. h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 1 0 3 8 / s 4 3 0 1 6 - 0 2 1 - 0 0 3 5 8 - x. 8. Food and Ag icul u e O ganiza ion o he Uni ed Na ions. Li es ock solu ions o clima e change. h p : / / w w w . a o . o g / g l e a m / e s u l s / e n /; 2017 [accessed 14 Decembe 2024]. 9. S ein eld H, Ge be P, Wassenaa TD, Cas el V, Rosales M, De Haan C. Li e- s ock’s long shadow: En i onmen al issues and op ions. Rom: 2006. 10. Food and Ag icul u e O ganiza ion o he Uni ed Na ion. OECD-FAO ag icul- u al ou look 2021–2030. Pa is: OECD; 2021. 11. S a is a. Milche sa zp oduk e [Milk subs i u es]. 2021. 12. Wy zykowski Ł, Reincke K, Hemme T. IFCN Long- e m Dai y Ou look. 2018. Page 19 o 21Szczepanski e al. BMC Nu i ion (2025) 11:101 13. Eu opean Commission. Food-Based die a y guidelines ecommenda ions o milk and dai y p oduc s. Heal h P omo ion and Disease P e en ion Knowl- edge Ga eway; 2024. 14. Deu sche Gesellscha ü E näh ung [The Ge man Nu i ion Socie y]. Einsa z on Milch und Milchp oduk en in den DGE-Quali ä ss anda ds im Kon ex on Al e sg uppen und eine nachhal igen E näh ung. Wissenscha liche Hin e g ünde [Use o milk and dai y p oduc s in he DGE quali y s anda ds in he con ex o age g oups and sus ainable nu i ion. Scien i ic backg ound]. Bonn; 2021. 15. Röös E, Ga ne T, Wa z V, Sjö s C. The ole o dai y and plan based dai y al e na i es in sus ainable die s. 2018. 16. S a is isches Bundesam [Fede al S a is ical O ice o Ge many]. Deu schland g öß e Milche zeuge de Eu opäischen Union [Ge many is he la ges milk p oduce in he Eu opean Union]. h p s : / / w w w . d e s a i s . d e / E u o p a / D E / T h e m a / L a n d - F o s w i s c h a - F i s c h e e i / M i l c h q u o e . h m l; 2022 [accessed 14 Decembe 2024]. 17. Bundesans al ü Landwi scha und E näh ung. [Fede al O ice o Ag i- cul u e and Food]. Milche zeugung, Milchlie e ung und Milche ag in den Regionen 2023 [Milk p oduc ion, milk supply and milk yield in he egions in 2023]. h p s : / / w w w . b l e . d e / D E / B Z L / D a e n - B e i c h e / M i l c h - M i l c h e z e u g n i s s e / _ u n c i o n s / T a b e l l e M i l c h e z e u g u n g V e w e n d u n g 2 0 2 3 . h m l ? n n = 8 9 0 6 9 7 4; 2024 [accessed 14 Decembe 2024]. 18. Bundesminis e ium ü E näh ung und Landwi scha (BMEL). [Fede al minis y o ood and ag icul u e]. Milch und Milche zeugnisse. Ve so gungs- bilanzen [Milk and dai y p oduc s. Supply Balances]. h p s : / / w w w . b m e l - s a i s i k . d e / e n a e h u n g - i s c h e e i / e s o g u n g s b i l a n z e n / m i l c h - u n d - m i l c h e z e u g n i s s e; 2022 [accessed 14 Decembe 2024]. 19. Ca lsson Kanyama A, Hedin B, Ka ze C. Di e ences in en i onmen al impac be ween plan -based al e na i es o dai y and dai y p oduc s: A sys ema ic li e a u e e iew. Sus ainabili y. 2021;13(22). h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 3 3 9 0 / s u 1 3 2 2 1 2 5 9 9. 20. Mendly-Zambo Z, Powell LJ, Newman LL. Dai y 3.0: cellula ag icul u e and he u u e o milk. Food Cul Soc. 2019;24(5):675–93. h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 1 0 8 0 / 1 5 5 2 8 0 1 4 . 2 0 2 1 . 1 8 8 8 4 1 1. 21. B idges M. Moo-o e o e , cow’s milk: he ise o Plan -Based dai y al e na- i es. P a ical Gas oen e ol. 2018;171:20–7. 22. Mäkinen OE, Wanhalinna V, Zannini E, A end EK. Foods o special die a y needs: Non-dai y Plan -based milk subs i u es and e men ed Dai y- ype p oduc s. C i Re Food Sci Nu . 2016;56(3):339–49. h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 1 0 8 0 / 1 0 4 0 8 3 9 8 . 2 0 1 2 . 7 6 1 9 5 0. 23. Reyes-Ju ado F, So o-Reyes N, Dá ila-Rod íguez M, Lo enzo-Leal AC, Jiménez- Munguía MT, Mani-López E, e al. Plan -Based milk al e na i es: ypes, p ocesses, bene i s, and cha ac e is ics. Food Re iews In . 2021;1–32. h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 1 0 8 0 / 8 7 5 5 9 1 2 9 . 2 0 2 1 . 1 9 5 2 4 2 1. 24. As ol i ML, Ma coni E, P o ano C, Canepa i S. Compa a i e elemen al analysis o dai y milk and plan -based milk al e na i es. Food Con ol. 2020;116. h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 1 0 1 6 / j . o o d c o n . 2 0 2 0 . 1 0 7 3 2 7. 25. F uc uoso I, Romão B, Han H, Raposo A, A iza-Mon es A, A aya-Cas illo L, e al. An o e iew on nu i ional aspec s o plan -based be e ages used as subs i u es o cow’s milk. Nu ien s. 2021;13. h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 3 3 9 0 / n u 1 3 0 8 2 6 5 0. 26. Poin ke M, Alb ech EH, Gebu K, Ge ken M, T aulsen I, Pawelzik E. A com- pa a i e analysis o Plan -Based milk al e na i es pa 1: composi ion, senso y, and nu i ional alue. Sus ainabili y. 2022;14(13). h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 3 3 9 0 / s u 1 4 1 3 7 9 9 6. 27. Paul AA, Kuma S, Kuma V, Sha ma R. Milk analog: plan based al e na i es o con en ional milk, p oduc ion, po en ial and heal h conce ns. C i Re Food Sci Nu . 2019;60(18):3005–23. h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 1 0 8 0 / 1 0 4 0 8 3 9 8 . 2 0 1 9 . 1 6 7 4 2 4 3. 28. Singh-Po el CM, Van Gool MP, Gual Rojas AP, B ag MCE, Kleinnijenhuis AJ, He inga KA. Nu i ional con en , p o ein quan i y, p o ein quali y and ca bon oo p in o plan -based d inks and semi-skimmed milk in he Ne he lands and Eu ope. Public Heal h Nu . 2022;25(5):1416–26. h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 1 0 1 7 / S 1 3 6 8 9 8 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 4 5 3. 29. E cili D, Ba h D. Cellula ag icul u e: lab g own oods. Ame ican Chemical Socie y; 2021. 30. Milbu n J. Dea h-F ee Dai y? The E hics o Clean Milk. J Ag ic En i on E hics. 2018;31(2):261–79. h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 1 0 0 7 / s 1 0 8 0 6 - 0 1 8 - 9 7 2 3 - x 31. Zollman Thomas O, B yan C. Don’ Ha e a Cow, Man: Consume Accep ance o Animal-F ee Dai y P oduc s in Fi e Coun ies. F on Sus ain Food Sys 2021;5. h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 3 3 8 9 / s u s . 2 0 2 1 . 6 7 8 4 9 1 32. B oad GM, Zollman Thomas O, Dilla d C, Bowman D, Le Roy B. F aming he u u es o animal- ee dai y: using ocus g oups o explo e ea ly- adop e pe cep ions o he p ecision e men a ion p ocess. F on Nu . 2022;9(997632):01–14. h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 3 3 8 9 / n u . 2 0 2 2 . 9 9 7 6 3 2. 33. Eibl R, Senn Y, Gubse G, Jossen V, an den Bos C, Eibl D. Cellula ag icul u e: oppo uni ies and challenges. Annu Re Food Sci Technol. 2021;12(1):51–73. h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 1 1 4 6 / a n n u e - o o d - 0 6 3 0 2 0 - 1 2 3 9 4 0. 34. Wal z E. Cow-less milk: he ising ide o animal- ee dai y a ac s big playe s. Na Bio echnol. 2022;40(11):1531–3. h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 1 0 3 8 / s 4 1 5 8 7 - 0 2 2 - 0 1 5 4 8 - z. 35. Law on G. B ewing milk. New Sci 2021;46–9. 36. The Good Food Ins i u e. 2023 S a e o he Indus y Repo Fe men a ion: Mea , sea ood, eggs and dai y. 2024. 37. Fo mo. Cheese like you´ e always known. h ps:// o mo.bio/cheese/; 2022 [accessed 14 Decembe 2024]. 38. Bhanda i P, Mason S, Olande L. Li e Cycle Assessmen and Ca bon O se Po en ial o Cul u ed Milk P o ein. Duke Uni e si y: 2021. 39. Gas e a os K. 90 Reasons o Conside Cellula Ag icul u e. h p : / / n s . h a a d . e d u / u n - 3 : H U L . I n s R e p o s : 3 8 5 7 3 4 9 0; 2019 [accessed 14 Decembe 2024]. 40. Pe ec Day Inc. ISO-CONFORMANT REPORT, COMPARATIVE LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF. PERFECT DAY WHEY PROTEIN PRODUCTION TO DAIRY PROTEIN. Po land; 2021. 41. Sex on AE, Ga ne T, Lo ime J. F aming he u u e o ood: he con es ed p omises o al e na i e p o eins. En i on Plan E Na Space. 2019;2(1):47–72. h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 1 1 7 7 / 2 5 1 4 8 4 8 6 1 9 8 2 7 0 0 9. 42. Eu opean Union’s Ho izon 2020 esea ch and inno a ion p og amme (No 862957). Plan -based oods in Eu ope: How big is he ma ke ? Sma P o ein Plan -based Food Sec o Repo . www.sma p o einp ojec .eu. 2021 [accessed 14 Decembe 2024]. 43. Eu opean Union’s. Ho izon 2020 esea ch and inno a ion p og amme (No 862957). Wha consume s wan : A su ey on Eu opean consume a i udes owa ds plan -based oods. www.sma p o einp ojec .eu; 2021 [accessed 15 Decembe 2024]. 44. POSpulse GmbH. Voll im T end: Belieb e Milche sa zp oduk e und au ällige Ma ken. Übe G ünde ü den Konsum on Milche sa zp oduk en, liebs e P oduk e und au ällige Ma ken [Su ey on popula milk al e na i es in Ge many]Popula milk subs i u es and eye-ca ching b ands. Abou easons o consuming milk subs i u es, a o i e p oduc s and eye-ca ching b ands]. 2021. 45. S a is a. Um age zu belieb en Milchal e na i en in Deu schland 2021 [Su ey on popula milk al e na i es in Ge many in 2021]. 2024. 46. Ha man G oup. Fe men a ion Fe men ing he Fu u e: The G owing Oppo u- ni y o P oduc s Made wi h P ecision Fe men a ion. 2023. 47. Kossmann H, Schulze H, Me gen hale M, B eunig P. Accep ance o animal- ee cheese p oduc s: e idence om an in o ma ion expe imen in Ge many. Food Qual P e e . 2023;111. h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 1 0 1 6 / j . o o d q u a l . 2 0 2 3 . 1 0 4 9 8 4. 48. Slade P, Zollman Thomas O. Cheese wi hou cows: consume demand o animal- ee dai y cheese made om cellula ag icul u e in he uni ed King- dom. In Food Ag ibusiness Manage Re :01–20. h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 2 2 4 3 4 / i a m 2 0 2 2 - 0 1 5 0 49. Kühl S, Schä e A, Ki che C, Mehlhose C. Beyond he cow: consume pe cep- ions and in o ma ion impac on accep ance o p ecision e men a ion- p oduced cheese in Ge many. Fu u e Foods. 2024;10. h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 1 0 1 6 / j . u o . 2 0 2 4 . 1 0 0 4 1 1. 50. Haas R, Schnepps A, Pichle A, Meixne O. Cow milk e sus plan -based milk subs i u es: A compa ison o p oduc image and mo i a ional s uc u e o consump ion. Sus ainabili y. 2019;11(18). h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 3 3 9 0 / s u 1 1 1 8 5 0 4 6. 51. Kempen E, Kasambala J, Ch is ie L, Syming on E, Joos e L, Van Eeden T. Expec ancy- alue heo y con ibu es o Unde s anding consume a i udes owa ds cow’s milk al e na i es and a ian s. In J Consum S ud. 2017;41(3):245–52. h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 1 1 1 1 / i j c s . 1 2 3 3 1. 52. McCa hy KS, Pa ke M, Amee ally A, D ake SL, D ake MA. D i e s o choice o luid milk e sus plan -based al e na i es: wha a e consume pe cep ions o luid milk? J Dai y Sci. 2017;100(8):6125–38. h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 3 1 6 8 / j d s . 2 0 1 6 - 1 2 5 1 9. 53. Ajzen I. Na u e and ope a ion o a i udes. Annu Re Psychol. 2001;52:27–58. h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 1 1 4 6 / a n n u e . p s y c h . 5 2 . 1 . 2 7. 54. Solomon MR. Consume Beha io : buying, ha ing and being. 12 h edi ion. Ha low: Pea son Educa ion, Limi ed; 2018. 55. Solomon MR. Consume beha io : a Eu opean pe spec i e. 6 h ed. Ha low: Pea son; 2016. Page 20 o 21Szczepanski e al. BMC Nu i ion (2025) 11:101 56. Schiano AN, Nishku S, Race e CM, D ake MA. Pa en s’ implici pe cep ions o dai y milk and plan -based milk al e na i es. J Dai y Sci. 2022;105(6):4946–60. h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 3 1 6 8 / j d s . 2 0 2 1 - 2 1 6 2 6. 57. Adamczyk D, Jawo ska D, A el owicz D, Maison D. Plan -Based dai y al e na- i es: consume s’ pe cep ions, mo i a ions, and Ba ie s—Resul s om a quali a i e s udy in Poland. Ge F ance Nu ien s. 2022;14(10). h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 3 3 9 0 / n u 1 4 1 0 2 1 7 1. 58. Halme M, Pi ilä-Backman AM, Pham T. The pe cei ed alue o oa milk and he ood-choice mo i es o young, u ban people. B Food J. 2023;125(13):375–89. h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 1 1 0 8 / B F J - 0 3 - 2 0 2 2 - 0 2 3 8. 59. Jaege SR, Giacalone D. Ba ie s o consump ion o plan -based be e ages: A compa ison o p oduc use s and non-use s on emo ional, concep ual, si u- a ional, cona i e and psychog aphic a iables. Food Res In 2021;144. h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 1 0 1 6 / j . o o d e s . 2 0 2 1 . 1 1 0 3 6 3 60. Ma ínez-Padilla E, Fabe I, Pe e sen IL, Va gas-Bello-Pé ez E. Pe cep ions owa d Plan -Based Milk Al e na i es among Young Adul Consume s and Non-Consume s in Denma k: An Explo a o y S udy. Foods. 2023;12(2). h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 3 3 9 0 / o o d s 1 2 0 2 0 3 8 5 61. Palacios OM, Bad an J, Spence L, D ake MA, Reisne M, Moskowi z HR. Mea- su ing accep ance o milk and milk subs i u es among younge and olde child en. J Food Sci. 2010;75(9). h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 1 1 1 1 / j . 1 7 5 0 - 3 8 4 1 . 2 0 1 0 . 0 1 8 3 9 . x. 62. Wunde S. E sa zp oduk e. Übe all wi d expe imen ie [Expe imen ing e e y- whe e]. Fleischa las 2021;44–5. 63. Zollman Thomas O, Dilla d C. A new way o making dai y: Pe cep ions, Nam- ing and Implica ions. 64. K oebe -Riel W, G öppel-Klein A. Konsumen en e hal en [Consume beha - io ]. 10 h edi ion. München: Ve lag F anz Vahlen; 2013. 65. Renne B, Sp oesse G, S ohbach S, Schupp HT. Why we ea wha we ea . Ea Mo i a ion Su (TEMS) Appe i e. 2012;59(1):117–28. h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 1 0 1 6 / j . a p p e . 2 0 1 2 . 0 4 . 0 0 4. 66. Ame ican Psychological Associa ion. APA Dic iona y o Psychology. h p s : / / d i c i o n a y . a p a . o g / ; 2024 [accessed 15 Decembe 2024]. 67. Bol z D-M, T ommsdo V. Konsumen en e hal en [Consume beha io ]. 9 h edi ion. S u ga : W. Kohlhamme GmbH; 2022. 68. Ma ko ina J, S ewa -Knox BJ, Rankin A, Gibney M, de Almeida MDV, Fische A, e al. Food4Me s udy: alidi y and eliabili y o ood choice ques ionnai e in 9 Eu opean coun ies. Food Qual P e e . 2015;45:26–32. h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 1 0 1 6 / j . o o d q u a l . 2 0 1 5 . 0 5 . 0 0 2. 69. Ca dello AV, Llobell F, Giacalone D, Roiga d CM, Jaege SR. Plan -based al e na i es s dai y milk: consume segmen s and hei senso y, emo ional, cogni i e and si ua ional use esponses o as ed p oduc s. Food Qual P e e . 2022;100:104599. h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 1 0 1 6 / j . o o d q u a l . 2 0 2 2 . 1 0 4 5 9 9. 70. Cla k BE, Pope L, Bela mino EH. Pe spec i es om heal hca e p o essionals on he nu i ional adequacy o plan -based dai y al e na i es: esul s o a mixed me hods inqui y. BMC Nu . 2022;8(1). h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 1 1 8 6 / s 4 0 7 9 5 - 0 2 2 - 0 0 5 4 2 - 7. 71. Collie ES, Ha is KL, Bend sen M, No man C, Niimi J. Jus a ma e o as e? Unde s anding a ionaliza ions o dai y consump ion and hei associa ions wi h senso y expec a ions o plan -based milk al e na i es. Food Qual P e e . 2023;104. h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 1 0 1 6 / j . o o d q u a l . 2 0 2 2 . 1 0 4 7 4 5. 72. Giacalone D, Clausen MP, Jaege SR. Unde s anding ba ie s o consump ion o plan -based oods and be e ages: insigh s om senso y and consume science. Cu Opin Food Sci. 2022;48. h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 1 0 1 6 / j . c o s . 2 0 2 2 . 1 0 0 9 1 9. 73. Se hi S, Tyagi SK, Anu ag RK. Plan -based milk al e na i es an eme ging seg- men o unc ional be e ages: a e iew. J Food Sci Technol. 2016;53:3408–23. h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 1 0 0 7 / s 1 3 1 9 7 - 0 1 6 - 2 3 2 8 - 3. 74. Je is MG, D ake MA. The use o quali a i e esea ch me hods in quan i a i e science: A e iew. J Sens S ud. 2014;29(4):234–47. h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 1 1 1 1 / j o s s . 1 2 1 0 1. 75. Lien N, Ly le LA, Klepp KI. S abili y in consump ion o ui , ege ables, and suga y oods in a coho om age 14 o age 21. P e Med. 2001;33(3):217–26. h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 1 0 0 6 / p m e d . 2 0 0 1 . 0 8 7 4. 76. Ly le LA, Sei e S, G eens ein J, McGo e n P. How do child en’s ea ing pa - e ns and ood choices change o e ime?? Resul s om a coho s udy. Am J Heal h P omo ion. 2000;14(4):222–8. h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 4 2 7 8 / 0 8 9 0 - 1 1 7 1 - 1 4 . 4 . 2 2 2. 77. Ame ican Psychological Associa ion. Quali a i e Design Repo ing S anda ds (JARS-Qual). 2018. 78. Tong A, Sainsbu y P, C aig J. Consolida ed c i e ia o epo ing quali a i e esea ch (COREQ): A 32-i em checklis o in e iews and ocus g oups. In J Qual Heal h Ca e. 2007;19(6):349–57. h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 1 0 9 3 / i n q h c / m z m 0 4 2. 79. Reinde s H. Quali a i e In e iews mi Jugendlichen üh en [Conduc ing quali a i e in e iews wi h young people]. 3 d edi ion. Be lin, Bos on: Wal e de G uy e GmbH; 2016. 80. Kul usminis e Kon e enz [The S anding Con e ence o he Minis e s o Educa ion and Cul u al A ai s]. Bildungss anda ds im Fach Biologie ü die Allgemeine Hochschul ei e [Educa ional s anda ds in biology o he gene al highe educa ion en ance quali ica ion]. Be lin; 2020. 81. Dö ing N, Bo z J. Fo schungsme hoden und -e alua ion in den Sozial- und Humanwissenscha en [Resea ch me hods and e alua ion in he social and human sciences]. Be lin, Heidelbe g: Sp inge ; 2016. 82. Niebe K, G opengieße H. Lei adenges ü z e In e iews [Guided in e - iews]. In: K üge D, Pa chmann I, Schecke H, edi o s. Me hoden in de na u wissenscha sdidak ischen Fo schung [Me hods in didac ic esea ch in he na u al sciences]. Be lin, Heidelbe g: Sp inge ; 2014. pp. 121–32. 83. D esing T, Pehl T, In e iew. T ansk ip ion & Analyse–Anlei ungen und Regelsys eme ü quali a i Fo schende [In e iew, ansc ip ion & analysis – Ins uc ions and ule sys ems o quali a i e esea che s]. 8 h edi ion. 2018. 84. G opengieße H. Quali a i e Inhal sanalyse in de achdidak ischen Leh - Le n o schung [Quali a i e con en analysis in didac ic eaching and lea ning esea ch]. 2008. 85. Ve bi. MAXQDA 2020. 2020. 86. Kucka z U, Rädike S. Analyse quali a i e Da en mi MAXQDA. Tex , Audio und Video [Analyzing quali a i e da a wi h MAXQDA. Tex , audio and ideo]. Wiesbaden: Sp inge ; 2019. 87. B ennan RL, P edige DJ. Coe icien kappa: some uses, misuses, and al e na- i es. Educ Psychol Meas. 1981;41:687–99. 88. Bus AEM, Wo sley A. Consume s’ heal h pe cep ions o h ee ypes o milk: A su ey in Aus alia. Appe i e. 2003;40(2):93–100. h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 1 0 1 6 / S 0 1 9 5 - 6 6 6 3 ( 0 3 ) 0 0 0 0 4 - 7. 89. People o he e hical ea men o animals. 12 Reasons o S op D inking Cow’s Milk. h p s : / / w w w . p e a . o g / l i i n g / o o d / e a s o n s - s o p - d i n k i n g - m i l k /; 2022 [accessed 15 Decembe 2024]. 90. Askew K, Food Na iga o E. 2022. Hal o Gen Z ashamed o o de milk in public: A la p obes how social media and cancel cul u e shape a i udes owa d dai y. h p s : / / w w w . o o d n a i g a o . c o m / A i c l e / 2 0 2 2 / 0 5 / 0 9 / h a l - o - g e n - z - a s h a m e d - o - o d e - m i l k - i n - p u b l i c - a l a - p o b e s - h o w - s o c i a l - m e d i a - a n d - c a n c e l - c u l u e - s h a p e - a i u d e s - o - d a i y; 2022 [accessed 15 Decembe 2024]. 91. Fehlenbe g V, Baumann M, Gaspa i NI, Pique -Rod iguez M, Ga ie -Piza o G, Kuemme le T. The ole o soybean p oduc ion as an unde lying d i e o de o es a ion in he Sou h Ame ican Chaco. Glob En i on Change. 2017;45:24–34. h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 1 0 1 6 / j . g l o e n c h a . 2 0 1 7 . 0 5 . 0 0 1. 92. Goldsmi h PD. Economics o soybean p oduc ion, ma ke ing, and u iliza ion. Soybeans: Chem P od P ocess U iliza ion. 2008;117–50. h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 1 0 1 6 / B 9 7 8 - 1 - 8 9 3 9 9 7 - 6 4 - 6 . 5 0 0 0 8 - 1. 93. Wille W, Rocks öm J, Loken B, Sp ingmann M, Lang T, Ve meulen S, e al. Food in he an h opocene: he EAT-Lance commission on heal hy die s om sus ainable ood sys ems. Lance Commissions. 2019;393:1–47. h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 1 0 1 6 / S 0 1 4 0 - 6 7 3 6 ( 1 8 ) 3 1 7 8 8 - 4. 94. Ajzen I. Consume a i udes and beha io : he heo y o planned beha - io applied o ood consump ion decisions. Ri is a Di Economica Ag a . 2015;70(2):121–8. h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 1 3 1 2 8 / R E A - 1 8 0 0 3. 95. Shaw D, Hogg G, Wilson E, Shiu E, Hassan L. Fashion ic im: he impac o ai ade conce ns on clo hing choice. J S a egic Ma k. 2006;14(4):427–40. h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 1 0 8 0 / 0 9 6 5 2 5 4 0 6 0 0 9 5 6 4 2 6. 96. Ve mei I, Ve beke W. Sus ainable ood consump ion: explo ing he consume a i ude - Beha io al in en ion gap. J Ag ic En i on E hics. 2006;19(2):169–94. h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 1 0 0 7 / s 1 0 8 0 6 - 0 0 5 - 5 4 8 5 - 3. 97. Deu sche. Gesellscha ü E näh ung [The Ge man Nu i ion Socie y]. DGE- E näh ungsk eis [DGE-nu i ion ci cle]. 2024. 98. B yan C, Ba ne J. Consume accep ance o cul u ed mea : an upda ed e iew (2018–2020). Appl Sci. 2020;10(15). h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 3 3 9 0 / a p p 1 0 1 5 5 2 0 1. 99. Bohlaye C, Geisel S, G ei K, F ohne K, G abbe J, G abbe J e al. Gene a- ionen-Managemen . Konzep e, Ins umen e, Good-P ac ice-Ansä ze [Gen- e a ion Managemen . Concep s, ins umen s, good p ac ice app oaches]. 2nd edi ion. Wiesbaden: Sp inge ; 2021. 100. Silaniko e N, Lei ne G, Me in U. The in e ela ionships be ween lac ose in ole ance and he mode n dai y indus y: global pe spec i es in e olu ional and his o ical backg ounds. Nu ien s. 2015;7(9):7312–31. h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 3 3 9 0 / n u 7 0 9 5 3 4 0. Page 21 o 21Szczepanski e al. BMC Nu i ion (2025) 11:101 101. Ammann J, Mack G, El Benni N, Jin S, Newell-P ice P, Tindale S, e al. Consume s ac oss i e Eu opean coun ies p io i ize animal wel a e abo e en i onmen al sus ainabili y when buying mea and dai y p oduc s. Food Qual P e e . 2024;117. h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 1 0 1 6 / j . o o d q u a l . 2 0 2 4 . 1 0 5 1 7 9. 102. Zühlsdo A, Jü kenbeck K, Schulze M, Spille A. Poli icized Ea e : Jugend e- po zu Zukun nachhal ige E näh ung [Poli icized Ea e : You h epo on he u u e o sus ainable nu i ion]. Gö ingen; 2021. 103. Fio en ini M, Kinchla AJ, Nolden AA. Role o senso y e alua ion in consume accep ance o Plan -Based mea analogs and mea ex ende s: A scoping e iew. Foods. 2020;9(9):1334. h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 3 3 9 0 / o o d s 9 0 9 1 3 3 4. 104. Ammann J, G ande A, Inde bi zin J, Guggenbühl B. Unde s anding Swiss consump ion o plan -based al e na i es o dai y p oduc s. Food Qual P e e . 2023;110. h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 1 0 1 6 / j . o o d q u a l . 2 0 2 3 . 1 0 4 9 4 7. 105. Funcke A, Menne S. Kinde - und Jugenda mu in Deu schland [Child and you h po e y in Ge many]. Gü e sloh; 2023. 106. Hoek AC, Malekpou S, Ra en R, Cou E, By ne E. Towa ds en i onmen ally sus ainable ood sys ems: decision-making ac o s in sus ainable ood p o- duc ion and consump ion. Sus ain P od Consum. 2021;26:610–26. h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 1 0 1 6 / j . s p c . 2 0 2 0 . 1 2 . 0 0 9. 107. Muehlho E, Benne A, McMahon D. Milk and dai y p oduc s in human nu i ion. Rome; 2013. 108. Kleinjohann M, Reinecke V. Ma ke ingkommunika ion mi de Gene a ion Z [Ma ke ing communica ion wi h gene a ion Z]. Wiesbaden: Sp inge ; 2020. 109. Alp o, Keine Milch, schmeck abe so. [No milk, bu as es like i .]. 2024. [accessed 15 Decembe 2024]. h p s : / / w w w . a l p o . c o m / d e / p o d u k e / n o - m l k ? g a d _ s o u c e = 1 & g c l i d = C j 0 K C Q i A 1 K m 7 B h C 9 A R I s A F Z E I O P 8 F R C x e I 8 Y i F M d q M c u 2 Q x 5 d O l R y X 5 W n G A A h O l 2 u w R U Z a 8 X e a i Y a A q x 5 E A L w _ w c B & g c l s c = a w . d s 110. The Good Food Ins i u e Eu ope. VAT dispa i y: le eling he playing ield o plan -based milk in Eu ope. h p s : / / g i e u o p e . o g / b l o g / a - d i s p a i y - l e e l l i n g - h e - p l a y i n g - i e l d - o - p l a n - b a s e d - m i l k - i n - e u o p e /; 2023 [accessed 15 Decembe 2024]. 111. Sal y SJ, Elmo A, Ni ecki LA, Kluczynski MA, Roemmich JN. In luence o pa en s and iends on child en’s and adolescen s’ ood in ake and ood selec ion. Am J Clin Nu . 2011;93(1):87–92. h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 3 9 4 5 / a j c n . 1 1 0 . 0 0 2 0 9 7. 112. Neu eld LM, And ade EB, Ballono Suleiman A, Ba ke M, Beal T, Blum LS, e al. Food choice in ansi ion: adolescen au onomy, agency, and he ood en i onmen . Lance . 2022;399:185–97. h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 1 0 1 6 / S 0 1 4 0 - 6 7 3 6 ( 2 1 ) 0 1 6 8 7 - 1. 113. Cos a-Fon M, Gil JM, T aill WB. Consume accep ance, alua ion o and a i udes owa ds gene ically modi ied ood: e iew and implica ions o ood policy. Food Policy. 2008;33:99–111. 114. Mensink GBM, Lage Ba bosa C, B e schneide AK. P e alence o pe sons ollowing a ege a ian die in Ge many. J Heal h Moni . 2016;1(2). h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 1 7 8 8 6 / R K I - G B E - 2 0 1 6 - 0 3 9. 115. Zhu Q, Li Y, Geng Y, Qi Y. G een ood consump ion in en ion, beha io s and in luencing ac o s among Chinese consume s. Food Qual P e e . 2013;28(1):279–86. h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 1 0 1 6 / j . o o d q u a l . 2 0 1 2 . 1 0 . 0 0 5. 116. G ae TR. Response Bias. Encyclopedia o social measu emen . Else ie ; 2005. pp. 411–8. 117. Chen PJ, An onelli M. Concep ual models o ood choice: in luen ial ac o s ela ed o oods, indi idual di e ences, and socie y. Foods. 2020;9. h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 3 3 9 0 / o o d s 9 1 2 1 8 9 8. 118. Downes L. Physical ac i i y and die a y habi s o college s uden s. J Nu se P ac i ione s. 2015;11(2). h p s : / / d o i . o g / 1 0 . 1 0 1 6 / j . n u p a . 2 0 1 4 . 1 1 . 0 1 5. 119. Ame ican Psychological Associa ion. ETHICAL PRINCIPLES OF PSYCHOLO- GISTS AND CODE OF CONDUCT. 2017. 120. Wo ld Medical Associa ion. WMA DECLARATION OF HELSINKI-ETHICAL PRIN- CIPLES FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH INVOLVING HUMAN SUBJECTS. 2022. 121. Deu sche Fo schungsgemeinscha e.V. [Ge man Resea ch Founda ion]. Guidelines o sa egua ding good esea ch p ac ice. Code o Conduc . Bonn; 2022. Publishe ’s no e Sp inge Na u e emains neu al wi h ega d o ju isdic ional claims in published maps and ins i u ional a ilia ions.