Recovery after extreme events - Lessons learned and remaining challenges in Disaster Risk Reduction

In eg a i e Risk and Secu i y Resea ch Volume 2/2017 Alexande Feke e, Alex Lechleu hne , Ompe Aimé Mudimu, Celia No , Ul Sch emme , Ch is iane S ephan Reco e y a e ex eme e en s Lessons lea ned and emaining challenges in Disas e Risk Reduc ion Edi ed by Alexande Feke e, Ma hias Ga schagen, Celia No & Ch is iane S ephan 2 Reco e y a e ex eme e en s - Lessons lea ned and emaining challenges in Disas e Risk Reduc ion In eg a i e Risk and Secu i y Resea ch Volume 2/2017 T his documen is published wi hin he se ies 'In eg a i e Risk and Secu i y Resea ch'. All publica ions can be downloaded om h ps://www. h-koeln.de/anlagen-ene gie-und- maschinensys eme/sch i en eihe-in eg a i e- isk-and-secu i y- esea ch_17446.php,; o you h p:// inyu l.com/oaj4 7a Despi e ho ough e ision he in o ma ion p o ided in his documen is supplied wi hou liabili y. The documen does no necessa ily p esen he opinion o he edi o s. EDITION NOTICE Edi o s o Se ies Alexande Feke e (P o . D .) Alex Lechleu hne (P o . D . D ) Ompe Aimé Mudimu (P o . D .) Celia No (M. Sc.) Ch is iane S ephan (Dipl.-Geog .) Ul Sch emme (P o . D .) TH Köln - Uni e si y o Applied Sciences Ins i u e o Rescue Enginee ing and Ci il P o ec ion Be zdo e S . 2 50679 Cologne Ge many www.i g. h-koeln.de Edi o ship o Se ies - con ac : [email p o ec ed] Edi o s o his Volume Alexande Feke e (P o . D .) Ma hias Ga schagen (D .) Celia No (M. Sc.) Ch is iane S ephan (Dipl.-Geog .) Con ac Celia No Email: celia.no @ h-koeln.de Phone: + 49 (0) 221 8275 2739 Web: h p:// isknc isis.wo dp ess.com Recommended Ci a ion Su name, Fi s Name (2017), Ti le. In: Feke e, A, Ga schagen, M, No , C, & S ephan C (Eds.) Reco e y a e ex eme e en s. Lessons lea ned and emaining challenges in Disas e Risk Reduc ion. In eg a i e Risk and Secu i y Resea ch, 2/2017, Page Re e ence. Cologne, No embe 2017 3 In eg a i e Risk and Secu i y Resea ch Volume 2/ 2017 Fo ewo d Disas e s such as he Indian Ocean Tsunami 2004, bu also o he ex eme e en s such as cyclones, ea hquakes and sunami subs an ially a ec he li es o many housands o people - hey a e e en s adically and ab up ly changing local ci cums ances and needs. A he same ime hey can signi ican ly eshape global pa adigms o Disas e Risk Reduc ion (DRR). Such e en s also b ing o ligh he challenges in coo dina ing assis ance om he “global communi y” wi h all he in ended and un-in ended e ec s. Two o he mos p essing ques ions he e o e a e whe he he di e en ac o s ha e lea ned om he disas e and whe he p ocesses o DRR and li elihood imp o emen s ha e been implemen ed success ully. This olume ga he s selec ed pape s add essing he ollowing key ques ions: Lessons lea ned: Which lessons ha e been lea ned in a way ha a di e ence can be seen oday o he li elihoods and esilience o local people in he egions a ec ed? Lessons o be Lea ned: Despi e he body o knowledge c ea ed and e lec ed in a good numbe o lessons lea ned s udies – wha is s ill unsol ed o needs o be emphasized? Moni o ing and e alua ion: Which DRR measu es ha e been pe pe ua ed and how can hey be moni o ed and e alua ed scien i ically? Resilience e ec s and (unin ended) side-e ec s: Which coping, eco e y and adap a ion measu es a e suppo ed by he esilience pa adigm and which o he a eas a e side-lined, neglec ed o e en con a y o he in ended e ec s? Dynamics in isk: In which cases has esilience building aken place? In which cases ha e ulne abili ies been shi ed in e nally o new ulne abili ies been c ea ed? Reloca ion/ ese lemen : How did he eloca ion/ ese lemen p ocess o displaced people ake place and wha a e i s long- e m e ec s? U ban- u al di ide: How ha e DRR measu es in u ban s. u al a eas di e ed and which linkages bu also i s in ehabili a ion and econs uc ion ini ia i es can be obse ed be ween he wo? Ea ly wa ning: Wha is he u u e o Ea ly Wa ning and how can impo an op-down in o ma ion chains bene i om o be balanced wi h bo om-up eedback o use s and a ec ed people? I appea s ha ex eme disas e e en s spa k a ple ho a o ac ions in academia, ci il socie y, media, policy, p i a e sec o and o he o ganisa ions. T agic, as such disas e s a e, hey o e incen i es o lea ning, locally and globally. La ely, disas e impac s ha e in many cases been de ac ed h ough he applica ion o knowledge and expe ience gained om p e ious e en s. Howe e , he e a e s ill a numbe o challenges wi h ega ds o lea ning om pas disas e s: The ou comes o he Ge man Academic Exchange Se ice (DAAD) Alumni Semina 2016 „11 Yea s A e he Indian Ocean Tsunami 2004 – Lessons o Disas e Reco e y, Rehabili a ion and Resilience”, conduc ed by TH Köln - Uni e si y o Applied Sciences, Uni ed Na ions Uni e si y - Ins i u e o En i onmen and Human Secu i y (UNU-EHS) and he Social Policy Analysis and Resea ch Cen e (SPARC) o he Facul y o A s, Uni e si y o Colombo and his olume ha is one esul o he semina ie in wi h he Sendai F amewo k o Disas e Risk Reduc ion (SFDRR9 endo sed in 2015, speci ically ega ding p io i y 1: unde s anding disas e isk be e h ough he documen a ion and c i ical e lec ion o lessons lea ned a decade a e he sunami in he Indian Ocean, bu also which o he eco e y p ocesses o o he e en s i la e in luenced. This olume also add esses p io i y 2: s eng hening disas e isk go e nance o manage disas e isk by analysing which ins i u ions ha e been c ea ed a e such ex eme e en s, which ‚mas e plans’ ha e been se and wha 4 Reco e y a e ex eme e en s - Lessons lea ned and emaining challenges in Disas e Risk Reduc ion knowledge managemen and communica ion challenges emain. P io i y 3, in es ing in DRR o esilience, is co e ed by in es iga ing he success ulness and sus ainabili y o in es men s immedia ely a e ex eme e en s wi h a mid e m pe spec i e. P io i y 4 o he SFDRR inally, is ully co e ed by he pape s sc u inising he lessons lea ned abou ‚Building Back’ and how o ad ance ou knowledge o ‚Build Back Be e ’. In eco e y, ehabili a ion and econs uc ion. We hank he au ho s o his olume o hei e o s and willingness o sha e hei insigh s on lessons lea ned and emaining challenges in Disas e Risk Reduc ion. Mo eo e we hank he e iewe s A ina il A ina il, Hanan o Ku nio und Vicen e Sando al o hei cons uc i e commen s. We a e e y g a e ul o he help o Jan Bäume o p epa ing and edi ing he li e a u e lis s. We also hank he Ge man Academic Exchange Se ice (DAAD) o he inancial suppo o he Alumni Semina 2016 „11 Yea s A e he Indian Ocean Tsunami 2004 – Lessons o Disas e Reco e y, Rehabili a ion and Resilience”. Alexande Feke e1, Ma hias Ga schagen2, Celia No 1 & Ch is iane S ephan1 1TH Köln – Uni e si y o Applied Sciences, Ins i u e o Rescue Enginee ing and Ci il P o ec ion 2Uni ed Na ions Uni e si y – Ins i u e o En i onmen and Human Secu i y (UNU-EHS) 5 In eg a i e Risk and Secu i y Resea ch Volume 2/ 2017 Table o Con en Planning and de elopmen ollowing disas e e en s .............................................................................................. 6 Economic Re i aliza ion o he Tsunami Vic im Communi y in Aceh P o ince, Indonesia .................................. 7 El i a Iskanda , Sa ida & So yan Planning Fo Sa e Public Open Space in Recons uc ion Si es a e La ge-scale Disas e s: Compa ing Indonesia and Japan ............................................................................................................................................ 12 Shi leyana & Riyan i Djalan e Resilien -Designed Communi y S uc u es and Facili ies o Vulne able Coas al Ci ies: Lessons Lea ned om Indonesia and he Philippines ..................................................................................................... 23 Ru h Ma ie I. Equipaje, Shi leyana & Cu Yul iza  Wha abou he De elopmen o a F amewo k o Coas al Sma Ci ies? ................................................................ 36 H ishikesh Venka a aman, Nisha a Fe nando & Vallam Sunda  Lea ning p ocesses igge ed - om indi idual s akeholde s o coun ies ................................................... 50 T ibal indigenous knowledge o sunamic haza d p one a eas in disas e educing isk wi h pa icula s udy on Simeuleu Island Aceh and o he islands o sho e wes o Suma a ............................ 51 Hanan o Ku nio, Alexande Feke e & Ma hias Ga schagen Lessons lea ned om Syiah Kuala Uni e si y in su i ing and eco e ing om he 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami ..................................................................................................................................... 59 Hiz i So y an  A e iew o he ci il p o ec ion sys em de elopmen in Pe u and ecen isk go e nance challenges wi h ocus on he disas e isk managemen in he egion o Ica a e he 1997-1998 El Niño ......................... 66 I is Dominguez, Alexande Feke e & Ch is iane S ephan Disas e Risk Managemen in Myanma - p ac ical insigh s in con ex o he Indian Ocean Tsunami 2004, Cyclone Na gis 2008 and ecen e en s ...................................................................... 78 Moe Moe, Alexande Feke e, Celia No  E alua ion o e o s: pe cep ions o sa is ac ion and long- e m e ec s ........................................................ 86 S udying ex eme e en s om he pe spec i e o he disas e elie wo ke s in ol ed in 2013 loods in Ge many ...................................................................................................................................... 87 Ch is ian Baumga ne , Ch is ian Ben le & Alexande Feke e Ankokkawala - a pos - sunami illage p ojec , i s implemen a ion and a en-yea s e iew .............................. 92 Man ed Dom oes B ing back he lessons lea ned o he bene icia ies! ........................................................................................................ 99 Pia Hollenbach & Gab iela Neuhaus Lessons on elie and eco e y a e disas ous e en s – Pe cep ion and sa is ac ion o elie wo ke s......102 Alexande Feke e, Celia No , Ch is iane S ephan & Ka olina Bedna ska 6 Reco e y a e ex eme e en s - Lessons lea ned and emaining challenges in Disas e Risk Reduc ion Planning and de elopmen ollowing disas e e en s 7 In eg a i e Risk and Secu i y Resea ch Volume 2/ 2017 Economic Re i aliza ion o he Tsunami Vic im Communi y in Aceh P o ince, Indonesia El i a Iskanda 1, Sa ida1 & So yan1 1Ag ibussiness Depa men , Syiah Kuala Uni e si y, Indonesia/ Tsunami Disas e Mi iga ion Resea ch Cen e, Indonesia Email: [email p o ec ed]; [email protected]); so yan[email p o ec ed] In oduc ion The ea hquake and sunami in Aceh on Decembe 26, 2004 des oyed mos o he wes coas o Aceh and i s su ounding a eas, including Banda Aceh, Aceh p o ince’s capi al. Based on da a om he Disas e Managemen Agency o Aceh p o ince, he sunami caused app oxima ely 236,116 dea hs and 74,000 missing people. Mo eo e , he sunami des oyed mos o he communi y ac i i y cen e s a ound he coas al a eas. The e a e some al e na i e possibili ies o help de elop economic ac i i y in disas e a ec ed a eas, including suppo ing small and medium en e p ises, encou aging he es ablishmen o new businesses, a ac ing o eign in es men (domes ic and in e na ional), in es ing in he physical in as uc u e, in es ing in so in as uc u e (including human esou ces, ins i u ional ein o cemen and policy issues), suppo ing he g ow h o speci ic business g oups, a ge ing he g ow h o spa ial a ge s, and a ge ing he g ow h o some disad an aged g oups (Wo ld Bank, 2001) Re i aliza ion is an e o o enli en an a ea ha had o iginally been h i ing bu hen su e ed a decline. The p ocess o e i aliza ion includes imp o ing he physical, economic and social aspec s o an a ea (Daniswo o, 2002). Re i aliza ion is no only used o imp o e he physical cha ac e is ics o a place, bu also mus imp o e he local economy and cul u al ecogni ion. The e i aliza ion p ocess equi es communi y in ol emen . Howe e , he communi y should no jus suppo he o mal aspec s o he p ojec , bu people also eally need o engage in all p ocesses o he de elopmen (La e na, 2002). Lee (2004) explains ha in o de o e ain long- e m economic imp o emen s and op imize po en ial esou ces, g ea e o s a e needed o imp o e he in as uc u e and acili ies in he communi y. Economic e i aliza ion is one aspec o e i aliza ion ha should be e iewed now ha ele en yea s ha e passed since he sunami. One speci ic a ea needs e i aliza ion when i s lack o economic g ow h o he economy will begin o de e io a e. This occu s because o he loss o economic compe i i eness. Ele en yea s a e he sunami, Aceh con inues o ise om ad e si y. This began wi h he ehabili a ion and econs uc ion p ocess ini ia ed by BRR (Rehabili a ion and Recons uc ion Body o Aceh and Nias) om 2005 o 2009, and was comple ed wi h a ious physical and non-physical assis ances p o ided by local and in e na ional non-go e nmen al o ganiza ions (NGO). A e wa ds, he de elopmen p ocess was conduc ed by he Acehnese go e nmen . In his pe iod, he go e nmen c ea ed many p ojec s o imp o e communi y li e, ocusing on he economic empowe men o communi y asse s. Howe e , he ecen condi ions o he communi y ha e indica ed ha he de elopmen p ocess has no shown he expec ed esul s. Mos o he sunami-a ec ed communi ies in he coas al a eas a e s ill in poo condi ion. The majo p oblems aced by he sunami ic ims a e he loss o p ope y, lack o capi al and in as uc u e p oblems. This equi ed an analysis o he economic e i aliza ion ele en yea s a e he sunami. To s udy he economic e i aliza ion o 8 Reco e y a e ex eme e en s - Lessons lea ned and emaining challenges in Disas e Risk Reduc ion he disas e egion, we iden i ied he economic condi ions o he disas e communi ies as well as hei u u e expec a ions o hei economic condi ions. This s udy conduc ed in sunami-a ec ed a eas in Banda Aceh and Aceh Besa Dis ic , Aceh P o ince. The illages de e mined by he le el o damaged hey had. The illages we e Meunasah Keude, Lampulo, Blang K ueng, Lampaseh, Lampisang and Lamlhom. This s udy explained abou he de elopmen p og am implemen ed in he a ec ed a ea a e Tsunami. This esul has been p esen ed in Na ional Semina o Indonesian Highe Ag icul u al Educa ion Communica ion Fo um (FKPTPI) in Yogyaka a, Indonesia in No embe 2016. Economic Empowe men P og am o A ec ed Communi y Reco e y o economic ac i i ies was one o he main ocuses o dono s du ing he ehabili a ion and econs uc ion pe iod (2005-2008). Thus, many hings we e done o make people able o suppo hemsel es and hei amilies able o ise om ad e si y. The loss o amily, p ope y and businesses caused esigna ion by a ec ed people so hey only expec ed suppo om o he pa ies. In economics, numbe o amily, p ope y and land a e all p oduc ion inpu s, so ha i one o hem does no exis o is los , i will obs uc he p oduc ion p ocess. Th ough he economic eco e y ac i i ies, dono s c ea ed a a ie y o p og ams ha aimed o inc ease people's access o economic asse s, such as alloca ing capi al, equipmen and aining o imp o e people's c ea i i y in he economic sec o . In his pe iod, many o eign dono s we e in ol ed in he economic eco e y p ocess. The dono s included Ox am, In e na ional Relie and De elopmen (IRD), Islamic Relie , UNICEF, Uni ed Na ion De elopmen P og amme (UNDP), Me cy Co ps, Asian De elopmen Bank (ADB). The only go e nmen agency which was engaged in he ehabili a ion p ocesses was The Rehabili a ion and Recons uc ion Body (BRR) o Aceh and Nias. BRR was an Indonesian go e nmen agency which coo dina ed and join ly implemen ed he eco e y p og am ollowing he 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami and he 2005 Nias Ea hquake. This ins i u e has un many disas e eco e y p ojec s in Aceh om 2005 o 2009, so his pe iod is known as he ehabili a ion and econs uc ion pe iod. The ins i u ions which engaged in he ehabili a ion and econs uc ion pe iod we e mos ly in e na ional aid agencies. They we e ocused on he owne ship o economic asse s and p oduc ion acili ies o inc ease he communi y’s abili y o gene a e income. Some assis ances gi en by dono in his pe iod a e business capi al, ish p ocessing equipmen , aining o p oducing Aceh c a , sewing equipmen , aining o ca ish p oduc ion, p ocu emen o ca ish ge m, e i alisa ion b ick ac o ies, p ocu emen o boa and ishing gea , p ocu emen o icycles, aining o p oducing sh edded ish, cool box p ocu emen o p ese e he esh ish and aining o ish p ocessing o ishe men. A e 2009, he aid was mo e ocused on sus ainabili y and equi able dis ibu ion o economic ac i i ies. In his pe iod, some aid p og ams we e s ill suppo ed by he go e nmen h ough ela ed agencies, such as he Indus y and T ade Depa men , he Ma ine and Fishe ies Depa men , he Social Wel a e Depa men , e c. While du ing he ehabili a ion and econs uc ion pe iod he ype o aid was mos ly physical assis ance, in he nex pe iod he aid was mo e ocused on non-physical assis ances in he o m o business de elopmen aining. Howe e , people's li es en yea s a e he sunami we e s ill below he s anda d o li ing, including low income le els and poo quali y o li e. Mo eo e , ocus g oup discussions ha e shown ha he e a e some aspec s ha a e igno ed in he dis ibu ion o aid o he communi y. One case was ha people we e no in ol ed in de e mining he economic asse s needed. 9 In eg a i e Risk and Secu i y Resea ch Volume 2/ 2017 In an e ec i e empowe men p og am, he communi y should be in ol ed in he p ocess o planning, ac ua ing, esul s u iliza ion and p ojec e alua ion. Howe e , due o ime cons ain s in implemen ing aid p og ams, he e was incompa ibili y be ween he ype o assis ances p o ided wi h he capaci y and skills o he communi y based on hei economic ac i i y be o e he sunami. In o de o gi e a quick esponse, he dono s o mula ed quick policies in acco dance wi h disas e loca ions and he amoun o unds a ailable. In addi ion, he absence o moni o ing and e alua ion om unde s in e e y p o ision made dono s only ocus on he ul ilmen o asks o ins i u ions o p o ide assis ance in a p ecise ime, some imes ega dless o people's basic needs. The people we e also no in ol ed in any o he decision making p ocesses, showing ha hese ac ions only wan o show he exis ence o dono s wi hou equi ing he communi y o pa icipa e ac i ely. Mo eo e , in he ehabili a ion and econs uc ion pe iod, he a ec ed communi y also no iced aid ha was o e lapping be ween dono s. This condi ion happened because one ype o goods was conside ed mo e impo an compa ed o o he ypes o assis ances. This si ua ion le some kinds o help igno ed and no used. We ealise ha many assis ances made people mo e on om hei sadness and imp o e hei li es again. Bu in economic assis ance, he huge amoun o assis ance has had a nega i e impac on people’s daily a i ude. One o he p oblems is ha he bene icia ies ha e become apa he ic and always ely on dono s o hei li elihood. This happened because he economic esou ces we e no de eloped as a whole. Dono s seemed o pu a lo o a en ion on he ype o aid. Howe e , we also need o conside he eadiness o he communi y o ake ad an age o he aid. Readiness o he socie y includes no only economic aspec s (which means skills in using a gi en asse ), bu also he eadiness and commi men o he communi y o use he aid in acco dance wi h he pu pose o g an ing such aid. In some cases i was ound ha people o en used cash capi al o o he aid o p i a e pu poses because hey needed o ul il hei p ima y needs, so hei businesses emained unde eloped. People's desi e o mee hei p ima y needs quickly also caused o he p oblems in he e o s o accele a e economic g ow h. Gene ally, people choose o do business ha could inc ease e enues in a ela i ely sho ime and ha had a ce ain ma ke . So many ainings on p oduc inno a ion we e no implemen ed by he communi y. I showed ha Acehnese people ocused mo e on ul illing hei amily needs by using he assis ance o wo king as be o e sunami because hey don’ wan o ake a isk o y some hing new o ail and loose income o hei amily. The e o e, a e he a ious assis ance p og ams om NGOs and BRR we e comple ed in 2009, he economic li e o he people a ec ed by he ea hquake and he sunami did no expe ience signi ican de elopmen . Ele en yea s a e he ea hquake and sunami, Aceh’s economic condi ions ha e begun o imp o e. Mos people ha e been o ced o change hei jobs because o he loss and des uc ion o business a eas, bu some o he s a e s ill doing hei p e ious e o s. People in coas al a eas a e gene ally s ill unning he same businesses, such as ishe men and ish p ocesso s. Likewise, people in he Lampisang and Blang K ueng illage a e also s ill unning he same business such as adi ional cake p oduc ion. Lampisang illage has been known as a p oduce o eliable adi ional Acehnese cakes since be o e he sunami. Along he s ee s o Banda Aceh-Meulaboh we can see many adi ional pas y shops. In con as , in Blang K ueng illage, people sell only on a small scale a he co ee shops a ound he illage and he Da ussalam a ea. Fo he a me s in he egion o Lamlhom illage, Aceh Besa , some ha e had o swi ch jobs and become as ade s o cons uc ion wo ke s as hei ields a e s ill co e ed in mud om he sunami. Howe e , some people a e s ill ying o wo k as hey did be o e he sunami as a me s and ade s. Recen ly, we can see 16 Reco e y a e ex eme e en s - Lessons lea ned and emaining challenges in Disas e Risk Reduc ion Case S udy o Indonesia and Japan This sec ion compa es he implemen a ion o Sa e Public Open Space (SPOS) a e la ge-scale disas e s in Indonesia and Japan. Bo h coun ies ha e su e ed con inuous impac s om ea hquakes and sunami and ha e p og essed ex ensi ely in hei e o s o build esilience. Dome Housing, Yogyaka a, Indonesia Yogyaka a, a ci y in Cen al Ja a Indonesia (Figu e 3), was hi by an ea hquake on Sa u day, 27 May 2006. The ea hquake in ci ca 6.3 magni udes killed o e 5,000 people and inju ed housands. Mo e han 100,000 homes we e des oyed and a ound 200,000 we e damaged (Su yandono & Wong 2012). Figu e 3: Loca ion o Yogyaka a Sou ce: Wo ldA las (2015) An NGO om he USA – DTWF (Dome o he Wo ld Founda ion) dona ed o Ngelepen a ound 80 new buildings in a dome shape called Dome Housing p ojec . Ngelepen is a illage in Yogyaka a and had o be eloca ed because o landslides caused by he ea hquake. The new ese lemen si e is called New Ngelepen which is one km away om he o iginal illage (Figu e 4). Fu u e esiden s pa icipa ed in he housing cons uc ions, bu no in he design and plans. The dome houses consis o ele en o wel e blocks o houses ha sha e elec ici y, public oile s, and pa hways. The diame e o he house is se en me e s, wo s o ies, wi h he o al a ea o 38 squa e me e s. Public acili ies a ailable a e a mosque, playg ound, kinde ga en, heal h clinic and a ceme e y. Howe e , acili ies o communi y ac i i ies a e lacking. This is because he planne s assumed in he cons uc ion p ocess ha public acili ies we e nea by. The child en playg ound a ea is oo small and loca ed beside he ceme e y. Mos communi y ac i i ies happen on he s ee s. 17 In eg a i e Risk and Secu i y Resea ch Volume 2/ 2017 Figu e 4: Dome Housing plan in New Ngelepen Sou ce: “Dome Yogyaka a”. 7°48'49.79"S and 110°30'12.58"E. Modi ied om Google Ea h. 24 June 2015. Sep embe 18, 2015. Figu e 5: Changes made by inhabi an s o Dome Housing Sou ce: UGM & IRM (2009) Acco ding o Sa aswa i (2007), a e one-yea occupancy, people liked o s ay in he dome houses since hey el sa e om he ea hquake. Howe e , he dome housing was pe cei ed as no sui able o he Indonesian opical clima e. The e o e, many esiden s e en ually made addi ional changes o he dome, such as addi ional ea es, canopy, and o he unc ions (Sa aswa i 2007). Ma cillia and Ohno (2012) in es iga ed he in luence o social in e ac ion be ween esiden s wi hin h ee yea s occupancy. 34 esiden s ou o 51 esiden s we e in e iewed. The esul s indica ed ha 57% wan ed p i a e app oach pa hways, 61% had no enough ya ds in he house o social ga he ing. The a ailable e ace in on o he house should be al e ed as a gues oom, bu he limi ed space made his no possible 18 Reco e y a e ex eme e en s - Lessons lea ned and emaining challenges in Disas e Risk Reduc ion (Ma cillia & Ohno 2012). Based on his in es iga ion, he ou doo space was no enough o la ge ga he ing space. The only la open space a ailable was used o a ceme e y. The in lexible design o he dome houses made he esiden s o use open space ou side he houses o be e social in e ac ion. Housewi es cha and child en playing we e ound in he s ee s ac i i ies. The main s ee was e en pain ed o a badmin on cou . He e, he unc ion o social ga he ing ha used o be a ailable in he o iginal place, was aking place on he s ee , hough i was conside ably dange ous. The disc epancies om he in ended usages in he o iginal plan and ac ual usages showed he insensi i i y o he cul u al needs (Ma cillia & Ohno 2012). Tempo a y houses, Hei a, Kamaishi, Japan The G ea Eas e n Japan Ea hquake and Tohoku Tsunami ha e led o he loss o app oxima ely 108,000 esidencies. The Japanese Go e nmen quickly esponded o his wi h mul iple o e s o ansi ional shel e acco ding o he a ec ed loca ion (Shiozaki, e al. 2013). Figu e 6: Loca ion o Kamaishi Japan Sou ce: The Economis (2015) The G ea Eas Japan Ea hquake de as a ed Kamaishi Ci y in Iwa e P e ec u e in Tohoku Region (Figu e 6). The empo a y housing in Kamaishi is loca ed nea Hei a A hle ic Pa k and i s design is simila o he des oyed houses (Figu e 7). Acco ding o a epo o he Japan In e na ional Coope a ion Agency (JICA) on he econs uc ion p ocesses om la ge-scale disas e s (2013), he e a e 240 housing uni s and a empo a y shopping dis ic o suppo he inhabi an s, compa able o a small own wi h unc ions o p o ide he esiden s se ices o daily li es, places o wo k, and places o o e ing physical and men al suppo (JICA 2013). 19 In eg a i e Risk and Secu i y Resea ch Volume 2/ 2017 Figu e 7: Hei a Tempo a y Houses in Kamaishi Japan Sou ce: ”Hei a Kamaishi”. 39°14'3.88"N and 141°53'11.27"E. Modi ied om Google Ea h. 01 June 2015. Sep embe 26, 2015. Figu e 8: Suppo Hub loca ion Sou ce: Examples o Ini ia i es Aimed a Recons uc ion (2013) The e a e wo ypes o empo a y houses, one wi h a wooden deck and one wi hou (Ohno 2011). A suppo hub acili y is gi en o p e en esiden s om isola ion and o p omo e in e ac ion be ween he elde ly and he o he membe s o he communi y (Figu e 8). To make he op imum use o spaces, he empo a y houses also ha e po ches made o wooden decks so ha he esiden s can si in on o he houses and in e ac . Neighbou s can mee each o he in on o hei houses and hus ha e a social ela ion. Besides he suppo hub as a welcome place, he e is also a communi y place called “home o all”, whe e he communi y can ga he a nigh (Figu e 9) (Wo all 2013). He e, he communi y pa icipa ed in he design and cons uc ion p ocess. The e a e also la ge ou doo spaces a ound he communi y cen e which can be used as a child en playg ound a ea. Figu e 9: Types o empo a y housing (le , cen e), Home o All ( igh ) Sou ce: Ohno (2011) (le , cen e); Sumne (2013) ( igh ) 20 Reco e y a e ex eme e en s - Lessons lea ned and emaining challenges in Disas e Risk Reduc ion Discussion Based on he wo case s udies abo e, his s udy compa es he public open spaces a ailable ega ding he c i e ia o a ailabili y, accessibili y and equi y. A ailabili y F om he wo case s udies, he eloca ion si es a e mos ly in a eas away om he possibili y o dange . This makes he communi y eel sa e. In bo h cases, mee ing places a e needed. In Japan, he communi y cen e se es as a welcome place, suppo hub, and e en o elde ly. In Indonesia, public spaces and acili ies a ailable a e a playg ound, mosque, and heal h clinic. This is ela ed o di e en cul u es and loca ions in Indonesia and Japan. The loca ion o he communi y cen e in Japan case is in he cen e o ease access o he inhabi an s. In Yogyaka a, no space is alloca ed o communi y ac i i ies. The e is no la ge public open space o ga he ing space. Thus, he social in e ac ion happens on he s ee s. The child en playg ound is conside ed oo small and he e o e child en p e e o play on he s ee s. Fu he mo e, he need o social place, ei he in an ou doo o indoo communi y cen e is impo an and has no been no iced by he local go e nmen . Fo he case o Hei a in Japan, he communi y made po ches be ween he shel e s as sha ed space o mee hei neighbou s. Besides, hey ha e a suppo hub as a welcome place and a di e en communi y cen e. The ou doo a ea is also la ge enough o child en playing. The exis ence o public open space is, he e o e, necessa y, since i is a place o he communi y ac i i ies, and i is indeed a p ima y social need o he communi y. The disas e ook no only hei physical belonging bu also hei social, economic li e hey had be o e he disas e . Disas e s ha e a g ea impac on he social ela ion o he socie y. The a ailabili y o communi y cen es can help o educe he loss. This is why social ies a e impo an in eloca ion si es. The social ela ions o social ies imp o e communi y esilience. Besides building cons uc ion he econs uc ion o new place should conside social beha iou . Sha ed space o he communi y can be ecommended in wo ways: an indoo communi y cen e and ou doo public open space o he communi y. The indoo communi y cen e should se e as a place o social ac i i ies, a heal h cen e and needs o conside he elde ly as he mos emo ionally and physically a ec ed. Ou doo public open space is needed as an assembly poin , a e uge o he communi y du ing he disas e and o empo a y spaces o eloca ion. Accessibili y Public acili ies o he communi y in Yogyaka a a e a ailable nea by. Hence, hey a e easily accessible o all esiden s. Howe e , he oads as an accessible place o all ha e aken o e he need o eal public open space. Fo ins ance, child en use s ee s as a place o play badmin on. In he case o Japan, he eloca ion si e is su ounded by a la ge pa k and has big open spaces. The communi y cen e is loca ed in he middle o ease he access o people. Public open space acili ies should ha e an inclusi e design o be accessible o e e yone, since i s impo ance in p e-disas e o pos -disas e econs uc ion. This also means o conside a ious s akeholde s who will bene i om he new eloca ion si es, om child en, you h, adul s, elde ly, e en conside ing disabled people, which a e o en no men ioned in many cases o eme gency escape ways. The communi y awa eness ega ding sa e y ou es and escape ways du ing disas e s is also impo an , bu o en lacking in places ha do no ealize he ea hquake and sunami haza ds. The su i o s o he Indian 21 In eg a i e Risk and Secu i y Resea ch Volume 2/ 2017 Ocean Tsunami 2004 men ioned ha eye o ien a ion ega ding high buildings, sign, hill, e c. made hem o eac as e , o un away om he wa e , o go o a highe place, and ollow he lock o people. The e o e, he escape ou es need o be clea and isible o e e yone (Fakh u azi 2010) Equi y The communi y in ol emen is impo an as pa o he econs uc ion p ocess. In Yogyaka a, he communi y pa icipa ed in cons uc ion, bu no in he housing plans. As a esul , he e is some incompa ible design o he local cul u e and condi ion. Local esiden s he e o e made some adjus men and use oads as an open a ea o communi y ac i i ies. This is in con as ing si ua ion wi h he case s udy o Japan, whe e communi y pa icipa ed in he planning p ocess o ensu e he social alue be ween he esiden s. To sus ain a new a ea, i is sugges ed o suppo a communi y pa icipa ion ha helps o enhance sel - belonging eelings. The communi y can also main ain he communal space. Since he case s udies also shows cul u al changes in eloca ion si es, hus i is impo an o p o ide he communi y an adap able unc ion o place, o example, public open place which can se e as spo acili ies, a place o communi y ga he ing and e en as a e uge place. This may end up in he open ended and lexible design by he communi y. Conclusion Enhancing disas e p epa edness o e ec i e esponse and o "Build Back Be e " in eco e ing, ehabili a ion, and econs uc ion is one o he goals in Sendai F amewo k. The indings om he wo case s udies allow o d aw he conclusion ha he public open space is an impo an pa in planning o eloca ion si es. I is one impo an elemen o build be e new eloca ion si es o disas e isk mi iga ion, eco e y, ehabili a ion, and econs uc ion. I needs o be easily accessible and o p o ide op ions o social ac i i ies o a ious use s, like child en, you h, adul s, elde ly, and disabled people. The mo e adap able communal spaces a e, he be e can people use hem conce ning hei needs. Since he beginning o planning ega ding he scape`s unc ion and loca ion, he a ec ed communi y needs o be in ol ed by he planne s. This is necessa y o ensu e sus ainabili y o he space and also inc ease communi y awa eness o he a ailabili y and impo ance o his space. Social ies also help o build communi y esilience in he p e- and pos - disas e phase. The e o e, e e y planning o mac o scale o se lemen in disas e p one a ea should ake his ma e in o accoun . Re e ences Allan, P & B yan , M 2010, The C i ical Role o Open Space in Ea hquake Reco e y: A Case S udy, NZSEE Con e ence. ARRA (The Aceh Rehabili a ion and Recons uc ion App aisal) 2006, Phase 1: Heal h and Educa ion Se ices, Housing, Dis ibu ion o Su i al Allowances, Res o a ion o Owne ship Documen s, and Economic Reco e y, The Asia Founda ion. A ailable om h ps://asia ounda ion.o g/ esou ces/pd s/ARRA epo .pd [25 Sep embe 2015] B yan M & Allan, P 2011, Open Space Inno a ion in Ea hquake A ec ed Ci ies in App oaches o Disas e Managemen - Examining he Implica ions o Haza ds, Eme gencies and Disas e s, Kobe. A ailable om h p://dx.doi.o g/10.5772/55465. Ca mona, M., e al. 2006, Public Places, U ban Space, he Dimension o U ban Design, A chi ec u al P ess, Ox o d, pp. 112–115. Dome Yogyaka a.7°48'49.79"S and 110°30'12.58"E. Modi ied om Google Ea h. 24 June 2015 [18 Sep embe 2015] Examples o Ini ia i es Aimed a Recons uc ion 2013, A ailable om h ps://www. econs uc ion.go.jp/english/130228_Examples_o _Ini ia i es.pd [25 Sep embe 2015] 22 Reco e y a e ex eme e en s - Lessons lea ned and emaining challenges in Disas e Risk Reduc ion Fakh u azi 2010, Reshaping Banda Aceh; Planning a be e ci y in coping wi h u u e haza d o sunami, Thesis Repo , U ban Clima e S udio, Depa men o U banism, Facul y o A chi ec u e, TU Del . Flagship 2 o he NRRC ( he Nepal Risk Reduc ion Conso sium) 2015, Open space in Ka hmandu: A Po al o Humani a ian Response. A ailable om www. lagship2.n c.o g.np. [25 Sep embe 2015] Fuen es, CW and Tas es, MTR 2015, The ole o open space o u ban esilience: A case s udy o San Ped o de la Paz unde he con ex o he 2010 ea hquake in Chile. 7 h I-Rec Con e ence 2015: Recons uc ion and Reco e y in U ban Con ex s. A ailable om h ps://www.ba le .ucl.ac.uk/dpu/i- ec/ hema ic- ound ables/ ound able-3/Fuen es [05 Ap il 2016] Hei a Kamaishi. 39°14'3.88"N and 141°53'11.27"E. Modi ied om Google Ea h. 01 June 2015. [26 Sep embe 2015] Hossain, N 2014, ‘S ee ’ as Accessible Open Space Ne wo k in Ea hquake Reco e y Planning in Unplanned U ban A eas in Asian Jou nal o Humani ies and Social Sciences (AJHSS), Volume 2, Issue 4, pp.103-115. JICA epo 2013, The S udy o Recons uc ion P ocesses om La ge-Scale Disas e s, Chap e 7. A ailable om h p://www.jica.go.jp/ac i i ies/issues/u ban/ku57pq000019 bs -a / econs uc ion_ epo _en.pd [25 Sep embe 2015] Ma cillia, SR & Ohno, R 2012, Impo ance o Social Space in Sel -buil and Dona ed Pos Disas e Housing a e Ja a Ea hquake 2006., Asian Jou nal o En i onmen -Beha iou S udies, Volume 3, Numbe 7, Janua y 2012, pp. 25-34. Ma cillia, SR & Ohno, R 2012, Lea ning om Residen s’ Adjus men s in Sel -buil and Dona ed Pos Disas e Housing a e Ja a Ea hquake 2006, F om ASEAN Con e ence on En i onmen -Beha iou S udies, Bandung Ho el, Bandung, Indonesia, 15-17 June 2011. P ocedia - Social and Beha io al Sciences Volume 36 ( 2012 ) pp. 61– 69. Manandha , S & Joshi, JR 2015, Managemen o Public Land o U ban Open Space: In case o Disas e Risk Reduc ion, ISPRS wo kshop, 2015: In e na ional Wo kshop on Role o Land P o essionals and SDI in Disas e Risk Reduc ion: In he Con ex o Pos 2015 Nepal Ea hquake. Ohno, R 2011, Li abili y o Pos -quake Shel e s and Tempo a y Dwellings, CUEE Newsle e No.11—2011 Tohoku Paci ic Ea hquake. Pizzo, B 2013, Ea hquakes, public spaces and ( he social cons uc ion o en i onmen al disas e s. The ole o public space o isk mi iga ion and u ban ede elopmen and he ole o en i onmen al disas e s o eassessing he ‘space o he Public’. IJPP I alian Jou nal o Planning P ac ice Vol. III, issue 1 2013. Sa aswa i, T 2007, Dome Housing Con o e sion in Ngelepen, P ambanan, D.I. Yogyaka a (Kon o e si Rumah Dome Di Nglepen, P ambanan, D.I. Yogyaka a), Dimensi Teknik A si ek u Vol. 35, No. 2, Desembe 2007, pp.136 – 142. Senda, M 2015, Sa e y in Public Spaces o Child en’s Play and Lea ning, IATSS Resea ch., doi: 10.1016/j.ia ss .2015.02.001 Sha oe, H 2008, Con i ial U ban Spaces. C ea ing E ec i e Public Places, Ea hscan, London. Shiozaki, e al. 2013, T ansi ional Shel e . CLUSTER 4: Reco e y Planning, In e na ional Reco e y Pla o m & Wo ld Bank, Knowledge No e 4-3. Su yandono, A & Wong, P 2012, Locally Based App oach Fo P e ab ica ed Housing – Case S udy: Indonesia. ACSA Fall Con e ence. Swanick, C, Dunne , N & Woolley, H 2003, The na u e, ole and alue o g een space in owns and ci ies: an o e iew. pe spec i es on u ban g eenspace in Eu ope, 29, pp. 94-106. The Aceh Rehabili a ion and Recons uc ion App aisal (ARRA) Comple e Findings Repo , The Asia Founda ion. The Economis 2014, 20140614_ASM913.png. A ailable om: h ps://cdn.s a ic- economis .com/si es/de aul / iles/imagecache/640-wid h/images/p in - edi ion/20140614_ASM913.png [24 Augus 2017] UGM (Gadjah Mada Uni e si y) & IRP (In e na ional Reco e y Pla o m) 2009, Reco e y S a us Repo : The Yogyaka a and Cen al Ja a Ea hquake 2006. A ailable om www. eco e ypla o m.o g [25 Sep embe 2015] UN Habi a 2015, Adequa e Open Public Space in Ci ies. A Human Se lemen Indica o o Moni o ing he Pos - 2015 Sus ainable De elopmen Agenda, A P esen a ion o he UN Human Se lemen s P og amme (UN Habi a ) a he Expe G oup Mee ing on he Indica o amewo k o he pos -2015 de elopmen agenda, New Yo k Ci y, 25-26 Feb ua y 2015. Uni ed Na ions 2015, Sendai F amewo k o Disas e Risk Reduc ion 2015 – 2030. Wooley, H 2003, U ban Open Spaces, Spon P ess, London. Wo ldA las 2015, Loca ion o Yogyaka a on a map. A ailable om: h p://www.wo lda las.com/img/loca o /ci y/040/8540-yogyaka a-loca o -map.jpg [24 Augus 2017] Wo all, J 2013, Rebuilding Communi ies. A ailable om h p://www.domusweb.i /en/a chi ec u e/2013/06/17/ ebuilding_communi ies.h ml [25 Sep embe 2015] 23 In eg a i e Risk and Secu i y Resea ch Volume 2/ 2017 Resilien -Designed Communi y S uc u es and Facili ies o Vulne able Coas al Ci ies: Lessons Lea ned om Indonesia and he Philippines Ru h Ma ie I. Equipaje1, Shi leyana2 & Cu Yul iza 3 1Uni e si y o San o Tomas, Philippines 2Depa men o A chi ec u e, Widya Ka ika Uni e si y, Indonesia 3Depa men o Biology, Syiah Kuala Uni e si y, Indonesia Email: [email p o ec ed]; [email p o ec ed]; yunda[email p o ec ed] Abs ac Twen y- i s cen u y ci ies a e home o mo e han i y pe cen o he wo ld popula ion. Coas al ci ies and owns ha a e highly exposed o sea le el ising, ha e high isk and ulne abili y pa icula ly du ing he occu ence o disas e s such as: ea hquakes, sunamis, yphoons, and s o m su ges. Coun ies, such as Indonesia and he Philippines, a e geog aphically loca ed along he sphe e o clima ic haza ds and ha e high ulne abili y o hese na u al disas e s. The coas al a ea is indica ed as ulne able o na u al disas e s. This s udy pu s a ocus on he discussions o disas e p epa edness and mi iga ion measu es h ough iden i ying sa e zones. The analysis p esen s indings o c ea e concep s o esilien -designed communi y s uc u es and acili ies o help c ea e sa e zones and be e human secu i y in he highly-dense disas e -p one u ban ci ies and coas al owns o Indonesia and he Philippines. Keywo ds: sa e, communi y, s uc u es, acili ies, disas e , esilience, ulne abili y, clima e change adap a ion In oduc ion G ea disas e s such as ea hquakes and sunami o en s ike coas al a eas (Pu bani, 2012; Diposap ono, 2005). Some coun ies a e p one due o he ac ha la ge pa s o hei e i o y a e made o coas al a eas. In Indonesia, some ci ies a e close o he aul line o ac i e ec onic pla e ha is cons an ly mo ing. This means ha i is highly p one o olcanic e up ion, ea hquake and e en sunami. The e a e 290 ci ies loca ed a he coas al line. The e o e, coun e measu es o p o ec he coas al ci ies om sunami a e needed (Fakh u azi, 2010). Indonesia as he bigges s a e a chipelago has huge na u al coas al esou ces and high na u al disas e po en ial. The p esen popula ion o he egion is app oxima ely 210 million, wi h app oxima ely140 million li ing wi hin 60 km o he coas s. The coas al a ea is indica ed as one o he a eas ha a e ulne able o na u al disas e s such as ea hquakes and sunami. One o he disas e s was he ea hquake and he ollowing sunami ha de as a ed Banda Aceh, Indonesia on Decembe 26 h in 2004. I has caused ema kable p oblems such as social, economic and en i onmen al aspec s in Banda Aceh. Al hough his egion o Indonesia is ex emely ulne able o na u al disas e s and due o i s loca ion exposi ion o dange is una oidable, disas e isk s ill could be educed. The go e nmen mus conside his in making policy and de elopmen s a egy o be mo e sui able o disas e mi iga ion (Ruswandi, 2009). The Philippine a chipelago is equen ly isi ed by s ong yphoons, while on a yea ly basis o he a e age o 20 yphoons de elop and abou eigh o en make a land all. Being an a chipelago o 7,100 islands, i is 24 Reco e y a e ex eme e en s - Lessons lea ned and emaining challenges in Disas e Risk Reduc ion p edominan ly su ounded by wa e and geog aphically loca ed wi hin he “Ring o Fi e” and di ec ly adjacen eas wa d o he Paci ic Ocean. Wi h he cons an expe ience o yphoons, he Filipinos ha e been esilien o he impac o yphoons and looding. Howe e , Typhoon Haiyan, augh he mos c uel i s -hand expe ience on he des uc i e e ec o s o m su ge which has been eco ded o happen once in 50 yea s. Typhoon Haiyan (2013) is his o ically eco ded o be one o he supe yphoons ha a e sed he Philippines wi h a wind speed o 195 miles pe hou and buil a s ong gus o wind o 235 miles pe hou a land all. Acco ding o he da a ga he ed by Uni ed S a es Agency o In e na ional De elopmen om he Go e nmen o he Philippines (GPH) Na ional Disas e Risk Reduc ion and Managemen Council (NDRRMC) as o Ap il 17, 2014 Typhoon Haiyan a ec ed 16 million people, displaced 4.1 million people, caused 6,300 eco ded dea hs, damaged and des oyed abou 1.1 million houses (USAID, 2014). Planning o disas e -p one owns and ci ies should be s a egic and ocus a mo e conc e e sus ainabili y and esiliency solu ions ha a e adap able and comp ehensi e. Sa e places o unc ion as e acua ion space should be managed and planned p io o i s occu ence as o minimize he impac o such disas e s o he physical en i onmen o ci ies, o p epa e he communi y o he disas e and mos impo an ly o sa e li es o he people. The p oblem is people eac as e , un away om wa e o ollow he lock o people ins ead o ollowing escape ou es (Fakh u azi, 2010). Besides escape ou es, hey need o be amilia wi h he e acua ion space o space o e uge, which usually a e communi y acili ies. Too li le li e a u es was w i en abou “space o e uge”, bu he closes de ini ion is ela ed o he “a ea o e uge” ha is de ined and iden i ied in building codes and i e sa e y s anda ds. A ea o e uge is a i e- esis i e indoo space inside he building whe e people un o o sa e y du ing he occu ence o i e which is equipped wi h necessa y ool o clea he ai om smoke and any haza dous gas (ICC, 2015). Space o e uge is an a ea in a public open space ha is unobs uc ed and wi h he signi ican ole o p o iding a ee, sa e place o people o go du ing he peak o clima e- ela ed disas e s and immedia ely igh a e i has passed. Conside ing he need o communi y acili ies which ha e a mul i- unc ional pu pose and can be con e ible o e acua ion a ea in imes o disas e s, i is necessa y o ha e a esilien design communi y s uc u e and acili ies o hese p one ci ies. Disas e p epa edness Coas al communi ies a e ull o alse my hs associa ed wi h disas e s. Communi y membe s li ing in disas e - p one a eas become ic ims because o he lack o p epa a ion and alse my hs abou he disas e (Dahu i e al., 1996). A e disas e s occu , people o en lose con ol and a e a aid and anxious. Disas e p epa edness educes hese eelings and helps communi ies o know whe e o ake e uge and how o ca e ega ding domes ic pu poses. Disas e s a e ine i able, unp edic able and signi ican ly impac communi ies and hei economy. The e o e, i is impo an o disas e p epa edness o minimize he h ea . Planning, wa nings, e acua ions and sea ch and escue a e p ocesses designed o minimize he dele e ious e ec s o disas e s on popula ions (Gillespie & S ee e , 1987). Disas e p epa edness can be in o m o escue acili ies such as disas e wa ning si ens, e acua ion ou es and e acua ion a ea o disas e ic ims. In an ea hquake ehabili a ion pe iod, a wa ning om he sound o si ens can make people o un o disas e and e acua ion si es ha ha e been p o ided in acco dance wi h ins uc ions o knowledge a he ime o counselling, socializa ion and p ac ical simula ions. 25 In eg a i e Risk and Secu i y Resea ch Volume 2/ 2017 E acua ion space as a sa e zone E acua ion shel e s a e a eas ha can be used o eme gency e acua ion di ec ly a e he occu ence o a na u al disas e . The Japan S udy Suppo (JPSS) ca ego ises e acua ion space in o h ee ca ego ies: (1) Tempo a y e acua ion si es (Tempo a y assembly poin ) (usually he nea es spacious places such as local pa k, schoolya d); (2) Open e acua ion a ea (e.g. la ge pa k o an open space); (3) E acua ion shel e s (places o e acuees o li e empo a ily e.g. public schools). Based on he ca ego ies he Ci y o Hi oshima in Japan di e en ia es he e acua ion shel e s in (1) immedia e shel e , (2) neighbou hood and daily li e designa ed e acua ion shel e s and (3) wide-a ea e acua ion shel e s. The immedia e shel e is a p e-selec ed e acua ion a ea, e.g. public pa ks, open ields, o emp y spaces nea o homes o wo k places. The neighbou hood and daily li e e acua ion shel e p o ides lodging and shel e o pe sons whose esidences a e des oyed. The wide-a ea e acua ion shel e s a e used when he neighbou hood e acua ion shel e can no longe be used. Resilien design o communi y s uc u es and acili ies Acco ding o he Hyogo F amewo k o Ac ion (UNISDR, 2005), disas e esilience is de e mined by he deg ee o which indi iduals, communi ies and public and p i a e o ganisa ions a e capable o o ganising hemsel es o lea n om pas disas e s and educe hei isks o u u e ones a in e na ional, egional, na ional and local le els. Buildings and s uc u es p o ec people om nega i e e ec s o ex eme-wea he condi ions and impac s o clima e change. The e o e, we should design s uc u es ha a e clima e-adap i e and enable be e heal h and chances o su i al du ing clima e- ela ed disas e s (Roa e .al, 2005). Ano he impo an poin is he mul i- unc ional aspec o communi y s uc u es and acili ies. Schools, chu ches, and communi y halls become e acua ion cen es and people o en un o hese buildings o seek shel e du ing yphoons and o he eme gencies and disas e s. I is he e o e impo an o conside a mul i- unc ional and mul i-haza d app oach in he design and planning o communi y s uc u es and acili ies. Mos communi y s uc u es and acili ies in de eloping coun ies a e ini ia ed by dono agencies, poli icians, eligious g oups o people's o ganiza ions. Mos o hese acili ies ha e limi ed budge also a ec ing he design and ma e ial speci ica ions o he espec i e buildings. The aspi a ion o designing clima e-adap i e s uc u es ha can wi hs and ex eme wea he e en s lacks ealiza ion and implemen a ion. 32 Reco e y a e ex eme e en s - Lessons lea ned and emaining challenges in Disas e Risk Reduc ion Figu e 11. An open space o ec ea ion a he E acua ion and Tempo a y Housing o he displaced amilies in Es ancia, Iloilo, Philippines Sou ce: own pho og aph by Equipaje (2014) Analysis and discussion Bo h case s udies a e eac i e and ake co esponding ac ions on disas e p epa edness and mi iga ion only a e he disas e al eady occu ed. The case o Neheun in Aceh is a ese lemen illage, while he case in Tacloban is an example o empo a y housing ha se es as a empo a y shel e o Typhoon Haiyan disas e ic ims. In e ms o loca ion, he e acua ion si es o eloca ion si es should be in sa e a ea, a away om possibili ies o be a ec ed by con inuing disas e . Howe e , since he e we e many conside a ions like ease o li elihood, he loca ion o empo a y o eloca ion si es could s ill be wi hin he adius o dange zones . In he case o Neuheun, he ese lemen a ea is on a hillside and can be conside ed o lie on a sa e a ea since i is a om he coas line. In con a y, he Bunkhouse empo a y shel e in Tacloban is s ill loca ed in low-lying and lood p one a eas. The empo a y housing in Es ancia, is no a om own cen e, and he open public g ound such as public school g ound was selec ed o he empo a y shel e loca ion. E acua ion plans o way- inding signage o he “escape ou es” a e ins alled and made a ailable in Neuheun Village, Aceh, w i en in he local language. This made he e acua ion plan easie o unde s and, he eby acili a ing a be e pa icipa ion among he esiden s du ing e acua ion p ocedu es. The escape ou es showed di ec ions going o he hill. As obse ed, some o he signs a e co e ed wi h ee b anches and made he signs less isible o he public. This shows ha he main enance o escape ou es signs has also be conside ed, o he wise, he signs will no be isible when needed. In he case o Tacloban and Es ancia, since bo h we e empo a y shel e case, he e we e no signs o escape ou es. Wi h ega ds o communi y acili ies, in Neheun Village he e we e a mosque which also se es as a mee ing place, a heal h clinic, a ma ke place, aillage o ice, and h ee school buildings. In he case o Bunkhouse in Tacloban, he e we e no communal acili ies epo ed. The communi y needs child- iendly spaces, ec ea ion acili ies, spaces o women, and mul ipu pose hall. These unc ions a e necessa y o c ea e oppo uni y o people o in e ac . In he case o Es ancia, UNICEF helped o acili a e communal acili ies such as se ing-up an indoo mobile play a ea and a small lib a y. Fu he mo e, a la ge open space was 33 In eg a i e Risk and Secu i y Resea ch Volume 2/ 2017 allo ed o ec ea ion o he e acuees, which became enue o spo s ac i i ies and play a ea o he child en. This public open space encou aged in e ac ion among he people, hough hey came om di e en neighbou hoods. The e acua ion buildings we e designed and p epa ed bu he loca ion is also impo an . In he case o Neheun Village, he escape buildings a ailable a e 25 kilome es away. The exis ing eigh Tsunami Escape Buildings (TEB) we e loca ed in he ci y, ocused a ound he coas al a ea. Fo he wo cases in he Philippines, no u he in o ma ion abou e acua ion buildings in he empo a y si es was p o ided. The empo a y shel e s al eady had a la ge open a ea unc ions as an assembly poin , bu consequen ly an e acua ion plan is needed, i a disas e occu s again. Case S udy 1: Neheun Village Aceh - Indonesia Case S udy 2: Bunkhouses, Tacloban, Ley e, The Philippines Case S udy 3: Tempo a y Housing, Es ancia, IloIlo, The Philippines T ype o disas e happened Ea hquake & sunami T yphoon & lood T yphoon & lood T ype o housing Rese lemen / eloca ion Housing T empo a y housing T empo a y housing Loca ion On he hill, sa e a ea Low-lying & lood p one a eas 3km om he own cen e & public school g ounds wi hin own. Escape ou es A ailable in local language, some signs a e co e ed wi h ees. NGO suppo ed in counselling, socializa ion, and simula ion o he disas e isk educ ion. No sign o escape ou es No sign o escape ou es E acua ion building T he local Go e nmen plan he escape buildings o Aceh, he nea es om he se lemen is 25 km away. The nea a ailable e acua ion place is mosque and… Since i is p epa ed as empo a y shel e , no e acua ion place planned. Since i is p epa ed as empo a y shel e , no e acua ion place planned. Communi y acili ies Mosque, also se e as a mee ing place, heal h clinic, ma ke place, illage o ice, school buildings. No communal acili ies we e epo ed. Open space allo ed o child en, NGO p o ided indoo play a ea and small lib a y. Howe e , less access o po able wa e supply is ound. Table 1. Compa ison o he Case S udies in P o iding E acua ion Space and Communi y Facili ies Sou ce: own elabo a ion Conclusion and ecommenda ion Coas al owns and ci ies ha e high a isk and ulne abili y o clima e- ela ed disas e s as hey a e geog aphically exposed o he e ec s o s ong yphoons, sunamis and s o m su ge and o he haza ds. The e is a need o ho ough isk assessmen s udies o de e mine he geological cha ac e is ics o hese disas e -p one owns and ci ies, om below and abo e sea-le el, in o de o iden i y weak poin s o h ea s and lay ou necessa y s a egies o educe i s ulne abili y o sunamis, s o m su ges and he impac o yphoons and o he disas e s. 34 Reco e y a e ex eme e en s - Lessons lea ned and emaining challenges in Disas e Risk Reduc ion Iden i ying sa e zones on hese coas al owns and ci ies is a challenge by i sel as i s loca ion and exposu e o he open sea and adjacency o i e s is by i sel a ac o con ibu ing o ulne abili y. Iden i ica ion o sa e zones should be done by expe s and should be adap ed in he land use plans o ci ies as sa e and secu ed zones o clima e change adap a ion and disas e isk educ ion and managemen mi iga ion pu poses. On adap ing esilien communi y s uc u es and acili ies, e acua ion si es should conside planning o a mul i- unc ional and mul i-haza d app oach in building hese communi y cen es and allow lexibili y o enable con e sion o e acua ion cen es o p o ec he people du ing ex eme-wea he e en s. These should ha e p e-alloca ed spaces in iden i ied sa e zones o ci ies and should be s uc u ally sound and ap o adap lexibly be o e, du ing, and a e e en s. Bu mos impo an ly, i should sa e li e as a esilien e acua ion cen es du ing yphoon, s o m su ge, sunamis, ea hquakes and o he haza dous e en s. Ideally, hese sa e zones should be wi hin a unning dis ance o in close p oximi y o mos o he pe manen esidences o he own esiden s. E acua ion ou es ha e o be p epa ed and in oduced o he people in a socio-cul u ally sensi i e way. The signs can use local language o people o easily unde s and. As o en i is communi y acili ies which a e being u ilized as e acua ion cen es, i is impo an o conside allo ing clima e-adap i e and esilien communi y s uc u es and acili ies and plo a highe budge o make he s uc u es sa e and s onge o wi hs and he high impac o ex eme wea he e en s, he eby p e en ing disas e s o des oy he ci y and lose i s people. Re e ences ADRA (2013) Rapid Needs Assessmen o Iloilo and No h Eas e n Panay. No embe 23, 2013. Badan Rekons uksi & Rehabili asi/ Recons uc ion and Rehabili a ion Agency (BRRR) & pa ne s (2006). Aceh and Nias. Two Yea s a e heTsunami. 2006 P og ess Repo . CCCM (2014). Bunkhouse Assessmen Repo o 2014. Dahu i, R. and Du on, I.M., 2000. In eg a ed coas al and ma ine managemen en e s a new e a in Indonesia. In eg a ed Coas al Zone Managemen , 1(1), pp.1-16. Diposap ono S (2005) Tsunami esea ch needs o suppo he managemen in eg a ed coas al a ea in Indonesia. In Sadikin A, Ap ijan o, Wibawa B, Sujoko SU, Su an o, edi o . Semina P oceeding: Resea ch on sunami haza d and i s e ec s on Indonesia coas al egion (2002-2003-2004). Jogjaka a: Tsunami Resea ch Cen e , BPP Teknologi dan Jaka a: BPPT-P ess. pp: 207-233. [In Indonesian] Fakh u azi (2010). Reshaping Banda Aceh; Planning a be e ci y in coping wi h u u e haza d o sunami. Thesis Repo . U ban Clima e S udio, Depa men o U banism, Facul y o A chi ec u e, TU Del . Gillespie D F and C L S ee e (1987). Concep ualizing and Measu ing Disas e P epa edness. In e na ional Jou nal o Mass Eme gencies and Disas e s Vol. 5 (2): 155 -176 Giddens, A. (2009). The Poli ics o Clima e Change. UK: Poli y P ess. Gonzalez, M 2005, Map o Iloilo wi h Es ancia highligh ed. A ailable om: h ps://en.wikipedia.o g/wiki/Es ancia,_Iloilo#/media/File:Ph_loca o _iloilo es ancia.png [24 Augus 2017]. HLURB (Housing and Land Use Regula o y Boa d) (2008). Re ised Implemen ing Rules and Regula ions Fo BP 220(wi h amendmen s). ICC (In e na ional Code Council) (2015). 2015 In e na ional Building Code. Re ie ed om: h ps://codes.iccsa e.o g/public/documen /code/542/967724C0 [las accessed July 26, 2017] Japan S udy Suppo (JPSS). Lec u es o Fo eign S uden s on Disas e Con ol. Whe e o e acua e. h p://www.jpss.jp/en/li e/c isis/5/ [las accessed May 10, 2016]. La ie , H., Senga a, I.W. and Kusuma, S.B., 2008. P obabilis ic seismic and sunami haza d analysis model o inpu o sunami wa ning and disas e mi iga ion s a egies. In In e na ional Con e ence o Tsunami Wa ning (ICTW) Bali, Indonesia. Me cy Co ps (2013). Quick ac s: Wha you need o know abou Supe Typhoon Haiyan. Re ie ed om: h p:// elie web.in / epo /philippines/quick- ac s-wha -you-need-know-abou -supe - yphoon- haiyan#s hash. n5Zw LW.dpu [las accessed July 26, 2017] Panjwani, D. (2013). The E ec s o Rese lemen on Communi y Reco e y: An Analysis o Pos Tsunami-Aceh, Indonesia. Thesis Repo . The Facul y o G adua e and Pos doc o al S udies, Uni e si y o B i ish Columbia, Vancou e . 35 In eg a i e Risk and Secu i y Resea ch Volume 2/ 2017 Pu bani D (2012) Tsunami Mi iga ion S a egies Based on he Mang o e Ecosys em Applica ion Space U iliza ion Beach. Disse a ion. Ins i u Pe anian Bogo . Bogo [In Indonesian] Roa , S. C ich on, D, Nicol, F. (2005). Adap ing Building and Ci ies o Clima e Change. Ox o d: Else ie . Ruswandi (2009). Model De elopmen Policy Coas al Region Pe spec i e o Sus ainable and Mi iga ion o Na u al Disas e s in Coas al Ind amayu and Ciamis. Disse a ion. Ins i u Pe anian Bogo . Bogo [In Indonesian] Tacloband Ho els n.d., Loca ion o Tacloban Ci y, Ley e, Philippines. A ailable om: h ps://www. aclobanho els.com/TACLOBAN-MAPS.h m [24 Augus 2017]. UN (Uni ed Na ions) (2015). Sendai F amewo k o Disas e Risk Reduc ion 2015 – 2030. UNISDR (Uni ed Na ions O ice o Disas e Risk Reduc ion UNISDR) (2005). Hyogo F amewo k o Ac ion 2005- 2015: Building he Resilience o Na ions and Communi ies o Disas e s . Wo ld Con e ence on Disas e Reduc ion. 18-22 Janua y 2005, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan. A/CONF.206/6. UNISDR. USAID (US Agency o In e na ional De elopmen ) (2014). Philippines- Typhoon Yolanda/Haiyan. Re ie ed om: h ps://www.usaid.go /si es/de aul / iles/documen s/1866/philippines_ y_ s22_04-21- 2014.pd [las accessed July 26, 2017] Villa , EA 2003, Map o he Philippines showing he loca ion o Iloilo. A ailable om: h ps://en.wikipedia.o g/wiki/Iloilo#/media/File:Ph_loca o _map_iloilo.png [24 Augus 2017] 36 Reco e y a e ex eme e en s - Lessons lea ned and emaining challenges in Disas e Risk Reduc ion Wha abou he de elopmen o a amewo k o coas al sma ci ies? H ishikesh Venka a aman1, Nisha a Fe nando2 & Vallam Sunda 3 1Indian Ins i u e o In o ma ion Technology Chi oo , India 2Depa men o Sociology, Uni e si y o Colombo, S i Lanka 3Indian Ins i u e o Technology, India Email: [email p o ec ed], [email p o ec ed] Abs ac The pos Tsunami 2004 phase has wi nessed signi ican enhancemen in he planning o mi iga ion measu es agains ex eme coas al na u al haza ds. Howe e , a sa e and quick eco e y managemen in eal e en s e en a e an ea ly wa ning is s ill a c i ical challenge ha is no ye success ully ealized. Recen ly, he Indian go e nmen has announced se ing up abou 100 sma -ci ies o which, abou 50 sma -ci ies would be along he coas o Indian peninsula; including sma islands o ou ism and ec ea ion o come up wi hin he coas al a eas. Howe e , de eloping a own o a ci y along a coas line is a e y di e en p ocess om ha o egula ci y de elopmen wi hin he mainland. The p esen pape discusses he need o conside he di e en aspec s in ci y de elopmen , among hem echnical social aspec s as well as psychological aspec s o he esiden s. The pape p o ides insigh s in o hese aspec s and add esses he ques ion how hey could se e as he basis o de eloping a concep ual amewo k o building sunami and cyclone- esilien new coas al sma -ci ies, in coope a ion wi h di e en na ional, in e na ional, public and p i a e s ake-holde s. In oduc ion O e a decade a e he sunami in he Indian Ocean, coas al ci ies ac oss he wo ld ha e gi en g ea impo ance o planning, design and o p oac i ely aking s eps o coun e he g owing numbe o na u al disas e s such as cyclones, hea and wa e s ess caused by he apidly changing global clima e. Coun ies such as Japan, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapo e and o he Sou h-eas Asian coun ies ac oss he Indian Ocean ha e enabled he ci y me opoli an go e nmen s o ake p e-emp i e s eps and p o ide guidance in planning and eco e y measu es o a ious s akeholde s including ci izens, businesses, communi ies and escue eme gency suppo se ices, such as i e b igades, ambulances, TV and adio channels, u ili y and anspo a ion companies, e c. In India, a e he 2004 sunami, he e has been signi ican wo k on enhancing sunami and ea hquake p edic ion mechanisms. Howe e , e en wi h enhanced ea ly-wa ning mechanisms and disas e eco e y solu ions o sunami, cyclones and s o m-su ges, he e is s ill conside ably long du a ion be ween disas e de ec ion and eco e y ac ions like eliable in o ma ion ansmission o he conce ned indi iduals o g oup, e acua ion, p o ec ion o c i ical asse s o indi iduals, e c. A sa e and quick eco e y managemen e en a e ea ly wa ning is s ill a c i ical challenge ha is no ye success ully ealized; a p ime example being - Cyclone Hudhud in Vishakapa nam, AP, India in Oc obe 2014 (a ci y also a ec ed by sunami in Decembe 2004), ha caused humongous damage o he ci y. Signi ican ly, i is p edic ed ha by 2030, mo e han 40% o Indian popula ion and 60% o popula ion in sou h-eas Asia will li e in owns/ci ies (Sankhe e al. 2010; Uni ed Na ions Cen e o Human Se lemen n.d.). Recen ly, he Indian go e nmen announced he se ing up o 100+ sma -ci ies while a ound 50 o hem including sma islands o ou ism and ec ea ion will come up in 37 In eg a i e Risk and Secu i y Resea ch Volume 2/ 2017 coas al a eas. Howe e , building a ci y a ound coas line is e y di e en om building a egula ci y. A majo ques ion he e o e a ises - how o build a sma -ci y ha will ensu e s ong esilience om di e en wa e - based na u al calami ies and p o ide an in elligen ecosys em-adap i e way o li ing, p o ec ing bo h esiden s and indus ies. He ein, i should be no ed ha al hough India has a as coas line o o e 7,000 km wi h mo e han 200 po s (comp ising 13 majo and abou 190 mino po s) ha ca y mo e han 90% o India’s o al ade olume, he coas line is highly unde u ilized and has signi ican po en ial o imp o emen and de elopmen (Minis y o Finance n.d.). A comp ehensi e analysis o India’s domes ic and po a ic mo emen indica es he need o imp o e he anspo in as uc u e and in e -modal linkages o achie e op imal modal mix o po e acua ion (Holman Fenwick Willan n.d.). In his ega d, i is impo an o no e ha in he con ex o coas al sma ci ies, he Go e nmen o India, in he 2nd hal o 2014, has ini ia ed a concep o de eloping an ins i u ional amewo k o wa e -based p ojec called ‘Saga mala’ (Minis y o Shipping (Go e nmen o India) 2014). The e a e di e en objec i es se unde p ojec ‘Saga mala’ which include:  Po based de elopmen  In as uc u e o anspo goods quickly, e icien ly and using low-cos echnique  De elop wa e -based access o new de elopmen egions wi h in e - anspo modes  De elopmen o ou ism and ec ea ional ac i i ies ac oss di e en islands  E icien e acua ion in islands in case o eme gencies such as cyclones, Tsunamis, e c. I is impo an o no e ha such a la ge scale de elopmen o wo ld-class coas al egions equi e a deepe unde s anding o many aspec s:  Knowledge o he local egion and he challenges he ein  Di e en scena ios ha need o be ackled  Examples ac oss he wo ld whe e such scena ios ha e occu ed and he enginee ing p inciples, especially su ace and ocean enginee ing concep s ha hey ha e in es iga ed and applied  The implemen a ion o such p ojec s and he challenges in e ms o bo h enginee ing and collabo a ing wi h o he public agencies and p i a e s ake-holde s,  The know-how o echnologies and usage and deploymen o ICT o de elopmen o coas al egions The mo i a ion o his wo k is o in es iga e he need o a concep ual amewo k ha will se e as he pla o m o de eloping new coas al-sma -ci ies in India and Sou h-Eas Asia ha would be sma enough o a oid he insu moun able losses and o he dange ous consequences a ising om na u al coas al haza ds like cyclones and sunami. The goal o his wo k is o de ise inno a i e solu ions and models igh om he planning, design and de elopmen o coas al sma -ci ies, pa icula ly in e ms o pa ne ships wi h ci y, s a e and he cen al go e nmen , di e en na ional agencies, p i a e playe s and o he s akeholde s such as hospi als, police s a ions, moni o ing ooms, e c. No ably, using echnologies such as In e ne o Things (IoT) and Machine o Machine (M2M) communica ion, hund eds o housands o senso s and o he elec onic de ices can be connec ed oge he o o m an in elligen ne wo k in he design o a coas al sma -ci y. Fu he , he e a e nume ous o he enginee ing aspec s along wi h social and cul u al aspec s ha need o be conside ed in human ese lemen and also aspec s o cu en and his o ical ac i i ies in any coas al a ea ha need o be in es iga ed. This pape ini ially desc ibes di e en eal-wo ld scena ios o wa e -based anspo a ion along wi h an example in Indian and Sou h Asian en i onmen ; along wi h a ele an example o how an in elligen use o 38 Reco e y a e ex eme e en s - Lessons lea ned and emaining challenges in Disas e Risk Reduc ion wa e medium is used o e icien anspo a ion in Ge many. This is ollowed by a discussion on de eloping a coas al island and i s su ace/ocean enginee ing equi emen s o be conside ed be o e going o sel - su icien and egional de elopmen . Thi dly, he sociological aspec s in he ehabili a ion o people and ac i i ies in he coas al a eas a e conside ed. Subsequen ly, he di e en aspec s o be conside ed in an in eg a ed amewo k o coas al sma ci ies a e discussed and a se ies o conclusions is d awn. In elligen use o wa e medium o e icien anspo a ion In o de o unde s and how an in elligen anspo a ion sys em can be buil , i is impe a i e o unde s and ha he e a e many places whe e a majo i e lows be ween he land a eas. O e he yea s, in many places, an example is Mumbai which was o iginally a combina ion o se en islands, he lands sepa a ed by wa e bodies ha e been joined by closing he wa e body h ough sand, mud, e c. Howe e , a majo and a dange ous d awback o such me hods is he des uc ion o ecology. A he same ime, wi h apid ad ancemen s in 21s cen u y, i is impe a i e ha an e icien connec i i y is p o ided o people ac oss islands and wa e bodies. In his ega d, he e a e se e al places in India whe e people a e s ill using wa e bodies o a el om one place o ano he , albei in a e y c ude manne . Fo ins ance, in he ci y o Guwaha i, he capi al o Assam, IIT Guwaha i and Guwaha i ci y a e sepa a ed by i e B ahmapu a, as shown in Figu e 1. Figu e.1: Ri e B ahmapu a be ween IIT Guwaha i and he ci y o Guwaha i Sou ce: T anspo a ion Map in Guwaha i and IIT Guwaha i (n.d.) The esiden s o IIT Guwaha i ha e o ake a ci cui ous ou e o each he ci y o Guwaha i h ough he oad (T anspo a ion Map in Guwaha i and IIT Guwaha i n.d.). Howe e , as Figu e 1 shows, a sho e wa e -based ou e exis s which he people o ha egion use ( h ough a small boa ) o a el om IIT Guwaha i o he ci y. This boa ca ies people and small ehicles like bicycles. An impo an ques ion is i his concep can be scaled up such ha e e ybody uses his wa e medium o a el om one place o ano he , he eby a oiding he long ci cui ous ou e? 39 In eg a i e Risk and Secu i y Resea ch Volume 2/ 2017 Figu e 2: Ri e Wese sepa a ing B emen Vegesack po and he Land on O he Side Sou ce: Google Maps (2017) A simila p oblem exis ed in he s a e o B emen, Ge many, a he small po o B emen Vegesack (Figu e 2). The small po a B emen Vegesack has a long c eek whe e people can ake a walk o a dis ance o abou one kilome e. A he same ime, he e is land ac oss a dis ance o a hal kilome e o wa e body. Also, due o e y b i le ecological condi ion, he Go e nmen o B emen decided no o cons uc a lyo e ac oss he wa e body and a medium sized designed e y ha a elled be ween bo h sides o he po is used ins ead. This e y has he capabili y o no only ca y pedes ians and bicycle s, bu also ca s and small ucks. In en minu es he e y a els o o he side o he po and e u ns o he o iginal side in 30 minu es. This p ocedu e is epea ed wice in a pe iod o one hou . Gi en ha a e y can ake a ound en ca s a a ime, i was obse ed ha e en du ing he peak imes, he ehicles can be easily e ied wi hou causing a ic conges ion. The example o B emen could be ec ea ed no only a Guwaha i bu also ac oss o he places in India, ypically in he s a e o O issa, Andh a P adesh and Tamil Nadu whe e se e al simila coas al u al a eas exis . In his ega d, he au ho s would like o poin ou ano he posi i e example o a connec ion o wo lands sepa a ed by a wa e body. I one a els om Ge many o Denma k by ain, one would ealize ha he wo coun ies a e sepa a ed by a small dis ance by Bal ic Sea a Pu g aden, as can be obse ed in Figu e 3a. Again, o each Copenhagen in an economical way om Hambu g in Ge many, he e was a need o come up wi h an e icien anspo a ion model. Figu e 3a: The Ge man and pa o he Danish ailway line Sou ce: Bienick (2007) 40 Reco e y a e ex eme e en s - Lessons lea ned and emaining challenges in Disas e Risk Reduc ion Again, he enginee ing p inciple used was o ha e a combina ion o ain and e y as shown in Figu e 3b. Fo a elling om Ge many o Denma k he p ocedu e is he ollowing: a) The ain en e s he bo om deck o he e y ( he e a e acks), along wi h o he ehicles. b) Passenge s exi he ain and go wo loo s up o he e y decks o he 45 minu e jou ney. c) When he e y nea s he po , passenge s boa d he ain again. d) The ain exi s he holding a ea o he e y and con inues onwa d in Denma k. Figu e 3.b: Way o Fe y a Pu ga den Sou ce: Mölle (2005) The en y and exi om he e y is designed such ha ains and ca s a e loaded by he lowe amp while ca s a e loaded only by he uppe amp (Mölle 2005). I is no only an e ec i e and ecological way o anspo a ion, bu also a ou ism- iendly ha o e s op ions o co ee b eaks du ing he ain jou ney. I is impo an o no e ha his p ocedu e equi es in ense coo dina ion among di e en agencies – he ail ne wo k in Ge many, he ail ne wo k in Denma k, he shipping company, he po managemen and mos impo an ly, he cus ome s and he immig a ion o ice. This example unde lines ha an in eg a i e app oach, sui ed o sui he people’s needs along wi h ca e o su ace and ecological p o ec ion, can help o sol e majo anspo a ion p oblems in coas al egions, e en i i is sp ead ac oss mul iple s a es. De eloping a coas al island o sel -su icien and egional de elopmen This si ua ion is ge ing mo e and mo e impo ance in he coming yea s, especially in he Indian Peninsula (Minis y o Shipping (Go e nmen o India) 2014). The Go e nmen o India has iden i ied en coas al economic zones (CEZs) o clus e s a ound he Indian Peninsula which hey would like o de elop o e he coming yea s. No ably, he go e nmen has shown a lo o in e es in de eloping he owns and small ci ies in hese en CEZs; and making many o hese owns and he islands in his peninsula as ou is and ec ea ional hubs. Figu e 4 shows he en CEZs planned ac oss he Indian Peninsula (ma ked as ed ci cles). I can be obse ed ha he Indian Peninsula co e s a egion o 7,000 kilome es, sp eads ac oss se e al majo ci ies wi h lo s o indus ies and ech-pa ks. 41 In eg a i e Risk and Secu i y Resea ch Volume 2/ 2017 Figu e 4: Concep o 10 Coas al economic zones (CEZs) planned ac oss Indian Peninsula (Minis y o Shipping Sou ce: Go e nmen o India (2014) So, his o e s a lo o oppo uni ies o de elopmen ac oss his egion. The coas al sma ci ies and ec ea ional a eas can be de eloped a app op ia e loca ions, based on he a ailable coas al ea u es and sedimen anspo ha plays a key ole in any ype o coas al de elopmen . Bu he e a e se e al challenges in building and p o ec ing he coas al a eas. This could be done by using coas al s uc u es like g oins, o sho e b eakwa e s and subme ged ee s and designed in he o m o ha d and so measu es in p o ec ing he coas / eclaiming he land and ene gy ba ie s o ec ea ional pu poses, based on he equi emen s. Typical case s udies ocusing on di e en su ace enginee ing aspec s using he abo e men ioned s uc u es a e de ailed below. These include: G oin ield The land eclama ion o hese coas al islands using g oin ields can be done in he coas al a ea wi h a p edominan alongsho e sedimen anspo . This has o be done wi h p ope ca e in o de o elimina e possible e o s. A ypical coas al p o ec ion measu e in he Indian scena io by u ilising he exis ing ou c op wi h p ope design has yielded ui ul esul s wi h he o ma ion o beach a Simon Colony is shown in Fig. 5. The G oin ield unc ions well in apping he long sho e sedimen . The beach o abou 100m wide in be ween he g oin iled ge s o med and has go s abilised. The g oin ield se es no only as coas al p o ec ions measu e o he coas bu also ac s as mini ishing ha bou s. Simila , p o ec ion measu e wi h sho g oins has been u ilised o p o ec mos o he coas al lands and islands o ac as a bu e in p o ec ing he coas du ing ex eme e en s a e in p ac ice in mos o he de eloped coun ies. Du ing he sunami o 2004, he beaches o med due o he p esen g oin ield ac ed as bu e s due o which he inunda ion dis ance and un-up heigh s had educed leading o almos nil damage. The sunami had exhibi ed i s migh on he illages adjoining he s udy a ea. 48 Reco e y a e ex eme e en s - Lessons lea ned and emaining challenges in Disas e Risk Reduc ion u he ma ginalized and mo e ulne able a e he eloca ion; which in- u n would enable no only a as e bu much smoo he de elopmen o any planned indus ial o esiden ial ownship o coas al sma ci y. Conclusion This pape discusses he h ee di e en aspec s - echnology (i.e., communica ion sys em, in elligen anspo a ion sys em), su ace and ocean enginee ing and social/ ehabili a ion - a amewo k o de eloping a coas al sma ci y should include. A majo conside a ion in he de elopmen o a sma ci y is o use di e en ICT based echniques o e icien main enance, connec i i y and ease o anspo a ion o he people, o all esiden s, indus ies, ou is s, e c. Fu he , he e is a need o ha e a close coope a ion be ween di e en s akeholde s o he socie y like ho els and esiden ial colonies, indus ies, hospi al, police, insu ance, o quick and co ec ansmission o in o ma ion and people when equi ed. Howe e , e en be o e planning a sma ci y along a coas he e a e wo e y signi ican aspec s ha need o be conside ed – he i s aspec is he sui abili y o he coas al line/land o building a sma ci y. In o de o do ha , he i s exe cise is o p epa e a coas al ulne abili y map using sa elli e image ies whe ein he iden i ied loca ions would be ca ego ised depending on he deg ee and na u e o ulne abili y. The second exe cise would be o iden i y loca ions ha a e a ec ed badly only du ing ex eme e en s like s o m su ge, sunami which need o be ea ed in special manne as ega d o he mi iga ion measu e. This has o be ollowed up wi h he p epa a ion o a sho eline managemen plan ha would clea ly indica e, apa om he ulne able loca ions, ishing g ounds, ishing ha bou s, po s, ou ism, coas al co ido s o e icien anspo , e c. The second aspec o be conside ed is he cu en s a us o he loca ion, he na u e o he people’s wo k, hei s eng h and weakness and how would he eloca ion a ec hem. Fo a be e g ow h o socie y, i is ex emely essen ial ha hese people a e in ol ed a e e y s age in he de elopmen o a ci y; so ha hey a e no only no le ou ; bu also eel p oud o be pa o he new ownship o sma ci y. Finally, he conside a ion o hese aspec s in he amewo k would help no only o de elop a coas al sma coas al ci y bu also o make i a ebellion ee and long- e m sus aining sma ci y. Re e ences Al a ez, IE, Rubio, R & Ricalde, H 2007, 'Beach es o a ion wi h geo ex ile ubes as subme ged b eakwa e s in Yuca an, Mexico', Geo ex iles and Geomemb anes, ol. 25, 4-5, pp. 233–241. Bienick, M 2007, The Ge man and pa o he Danish ailway line. A ailable om: h ps://en.wikipedia.o g/wiki/Vogel luglinie#/media/File:Vogel lugka e.jpg [24 Augus 2017] Fe nando, N 2012, Fo ced Reloca ion a e he Indian Ocean Tsunami 2004. Case s udy o ulne able popula ions in h ee eloca ion se lemen s in Galle, S i Lanka, Uni ed Na ions Uni e si y Ins i u e o En i onmen and Human Secu i y, Bonn. Fe nando, N & Punchihewa, AG 2013, Reloca ing he displaced s a egies o sus ainable eloca ion, F ied ich Ebe S i ung, Colombo. Google Maps 2017. Rou e Zu Vegesacke Fäh e 45, 28757 B emen - An de Fäh e 2, 27809 Lemwe de . A ailable om h ps://www.google.de/maps/di /Zu +Vegesacke +F%C3%A4h e+45,+28757+B emen/An+de +F%C3 %A4h e+2,+27809+Lemwe de /@53.1677561,8.6163229,16z/da a=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s 0x47b6d354b9 1b19b:0xa15a76e93066ae7c!2m2!1d8.62325!2d53.16936!1m5!1m1!1s0x47b6d3558e1 a47a5:0x925d4071caa2103b!2m2!1d8.6182058!2d53.1661202!3e0 [24 Augus 2017]. Holman Fenwick Willan n.d., Indian Po s: The Need o Fu he Capaci y and In es men . A ailable om: h p://www.h w.com/Indian-Po s [26 Janua y 2017]. Minis y o Finance n.d., Public P i a e Pa ne ships: Sec o Po s, Go e nmen o India. A ailable om: h p://www.h w.com/Indian-Po s [31 Janua y 2016]. Minis y o Shipping (Go e nmen o India) 2014, Concep No e on Saga Mala P ojec : Wo king Pape . Mölle , S 2005, Fehma n: Fäh ha en Pu ga den. A ailable om: h ps://upload.wikimedia.o g/wikipedia/commons/ humb/9/99/Fehma n_Pu ga den_114.jpg/800px -Fehma n_Pu ga den_114.jpg [09 Augus 2017]. 49 In eg a i e Risk and Secu i y Resea ch Volume 2/ 2017 Sankhe, Shi ish, Vi al, I, Dobbs, R, Mohan, A, Gula i, A, Able , J, Gup a, S, Kim, A, Paul, S, Sangh i, A & Se hy, G 2010, India’s U ban Awakening: Building Inclusi e Ci ies: Sus aining Economic G ow h, McKinsey Global Ins i u e. A ailable om: h p://www.mckinsey.com/global- hemes/u baniza ion/u ban-awakening- in-india [02 Feb ua y 2016]. Sunda , V & Sunda a edi elu, R 2007, 'Role o G oin Field o Coas al P o ec ion Conside ing Socio Economic Aspec s'. 32nd In e na ional Associa ion o Hyd aulic Enginee ing and Resea ch. Ha monizing he demands o a and na u e in hyd aulics. n.d., T anspo a ion Map in Guwaha i and IIT Guwaha i. A ailable om: h p://www.ii g.ac.in/hep/se c hep09/ anspo a ion.h ml [09 Feb ua y 2016]. Uni ed Na ions Cen e o Human Se lemen n.d., U baniza ion: Fac s and Figu es. A ailable om: h p://www.un.o g/ga/Is anbul+5/bg10.h m [09 Feb ua y 2016]. an Rijn, LC 1997, 'Sedimen anspo and budge o he cen al coas al zone o Holland', Coas al Enginee ing, ol. 32, no. 1, pp. 61–90. an Rijn, LC 2011, 'Coas al e osion and con ol', Ocean & Coas al Managemen , ol. 54, no. 12, pp. 867–887. 50 Reco e y a e ex eme e en s - Lessons lea ned and emaining challenges in Disas e Risk Reduc ion Lea ning p ocesses igge ed - om indi idual s akeholde s o coun ies 51 In eg a i e Risk and Secu i y Resea ch Volume 2/ 2017 T ibal indigenous knowledge o sunamic haza d p one a eas in educing disas e isk wi h ocus on Simeuleu Island Aceh and o he islands o sho e wes o Suma a Hanan o Ku nio1 Alexande Feke e2 & Ma hias Ga schagen3 1Ma ine Geological Ins i u e O Indonesia, Indonesia 2Ins i u e o Rescue Enginee ing and Ci il P o ec ion, TH Köln - Uni e si y o Applied Sciences, Ge many 3Uni ed Na ions Uni e si y – Ins i u e o En i onmen and Human Secu i y (UNU-EHS), Ge many Email: hanan oku [email protected]; alexande . eke e@ h-koeln.de; ga [email protected] Abs ac Besides o he ypes o knowledge indigenous knowledge (IK) was accessed a e he Tsunami 2004. In indigenous communi ies i was possible o educe dea hs and inju ies, due o he knowledge o p ocesses in he physical wo ld ela ed o a sunami. In Simeuleu Island – Aceh P o ince no h o Suma a, IK sa ed a lo o local esidences om he ca as ophic consequences o he sunami haza d ha hi Aceh and No h Suma a in 2004. A he island he numbe o ic ims was only 7 people ou o he 78,000 o al popula ion o he island, compa ed o Aceh a he mainland o No he n Suma a whe e he numbe o ic ims eached 200,000. The ype o IK ha sa ed mos Simeuleuan people was ela ed o he adi ional cul u e inhe i ed om hei ances o s in acing sunami haza ds. Indigenous knowledge on he sunami haza d was buil up in he o m o he smong s o y. Smong being he wo d o sunami in local language since 1907’s sunami e en , he smong s o y became an ea ly wa ning sys em on he island. Smong cul u e ends o be o go en by he young gene a ion due o he in luence o mass media and mobile phones ha akes lo s o people´s a en ion and ime. Educa ion o child en a school is he key o p ese e smong s o ies and i could be imp o ed by accompanying i in TV p og ams, mo ies and books. In Aceh and Suma a s o ies and messages abou sunami ha had occu ed in he pas could be ound in some o al his o ies, poems and songs. The conclusion is d awn ha u ilizing IK is a powe ul ool o disas e isk educ ion (DRR); he ecogni ion o he high alue o IK by local communi ies could e en imp o e u u e human secu i y. Key wo ds: Indigenous Knowledge, sunami haza d and Disas e Risk Reduc ion (DRR) In oduc ion The e m indigenous knowledge (IK) gene ally e e s o knowledge sys ems embedded in he cul u al adi ions o communi ies. These include adi ional and local knowledge. Indigenous knowledge is sou ced om indigenous peoples and hei socie ies (Dunn, 2014). The Uni ed Na ions es ima es ha mo e han 370 million indigenous people li e sp ead ac oss a leas 70 coun ies. This igu e allows he a gumen ha p oblems will occu i he knowledge sys ems ha cha ac e ize hem a e gene alized and simpli ied. The p oblem inc eases when we ealize ha indigenous socie ies o en li e in emo e and isola ed places, and ha hei iden i ies a y s ongly. Indigenous knowledge is acqui ed in a much mo e empi ical way compa ed o mode n knowledge in he p ocess o inding ou he wo ld (Dunn, 2014). Fi s -hand expe ience is conside ed he bes and he only way o p ope ly lea n. Sense pe cep ion and language a e used o unde s and some hing and o expe ience i . This is he way many indigenous socie ies app oach knowledge. 52 Reco e y a e ex eme e en s - Lessons lea ned and emaining challenges in Disas e Risk Reduc ion P ocesses o gaining knowledge in ol e he s ong bonds be ween he people and he place in which indigenous people li e (Dunn, 2014). To desc ibe how s ongly people a e ela ed o hei li ing place, an illus a ion was gi en by a membe o he US Indian Na ajo ibe who de ended in cou his people being o cibly emo ed om hei ances al land by a mining company in he 1980s: “The land is sac ed o us, we canno p ac ice ou eligion elsewhe e, only on he land whe e we a e known. I is like you amily. You could no lea e you ela i es i hey we e sick – i is in his way ha we mus s ay wi h his land, ou ela i e” (Manybeads e al., 1989, pp.228, 230) Indigenous knowledge can be belie ed o be s o ed in he land i sel , any eloca ion means disloca ion om e e y hing ha de ines indigenous people. They ans e knowledge o younge indi iduals by elling s o ies. The s o ies allow hei lis ene s o ela e o he objec s o he s o y, and empa hize wi h hem; I can be e lec ed how i is like o be he animals in he s o y and expe ience he wo ld om hei pe spec i e. The e a e many di e en ways o passing s o ies and knowledge. In Aus alia abo igines adi ionally ans o m in o ma ion abou he landscape in o songs, which a e hen passed down om gene a ion o gene a ion. Those who know he songs can ge om one place o ano he and can na iga e h ough he ha sh en i onmen o he Aus alian bush. The e ses o he song a e augh o abo igine child en by hei mo he s om a e y ea ly age on while child en a e ca ied a ound on hei mo he s´ backs. As a esul , g own up abo igines ha e a combined imagina ion, a is ic abili y and na iga ional skill. In he Sou h A ican San socie y, impo an skills o su i al a e deli e ed in he ce emony o he g ea dance. The e a e wo implica ions o passing on knowledge using he me hods men ioned abo e; i s ly, i equi es he use o imagina ion by he lis ene s o de elop a hough ul bond wi h hei li ing en i onmen and he way o li e success ully in he en i onmen ; secondly, he s o y elling, song lea ning and i ual dance help o s eng hen communi y bonds and build espec in he socie y. The adap a ion o indigenous knowledge o he mode n wes e n wo ld is some imes conside ed as ou da ed, s a ic and ill-adap ed. No well-adap ed does no mean ha hey a e no e y good a adap ing o change and acing challenges. A socie y which could ope a e e ec i ely wi hin i s en i onmen should be conside ed e y well adap ed (Dunn, 2014). Indigenous knowledge in Indonesia was becoming well-known a e he disas ous sunami 2004 e en which o una ely only ook ew li es o Simeuleuan peoples. This can be seen as an e idence o he powe o Indigenous Knowledge in educing disas e isk. Fo i s ole in disas e isk educ ion, he e a e ou main iews (UNISDR, 2008): 1) Va ious indigenous knowledge p ac ices and s a egies agains na u al haza ds can be ans e ed and adap ed o o he communi ies wi h simila condi ions. 2) Pa icipa ion o he a ec ed communi y is needed when he e is an inco po a ion o indigenous knowledge in exis ing p ac ices and policies, in o de o encou age and empowe i s membe s o ake he leading ole in all disas e isk educ ion ac i i ies. 3) P ojec implemen a ion will also be imp o ed because in o ma ion con ained in indigenous knowledge p o ides aluable in o ma ion abou he local con ex . 4) Dissemina ion o indigenous knowledge in non- o mal ways p o ides a success ul model o educa ion on disas e isk educ ion. 53 In eg a i e Risk and Secu i y Resea ch Volume 2/ 2017 Objec i e o he s udy I is a ac ha mos ly in sunamic haza d p one coas al a eas o Indonesia, awa eness o his haza d was no ealized by mos local people un il he ca as ophic e en hi Aceh in 2004. I ook 230,000 o 280,000 li es and le mo e people missing ha li ed in he coas al a eas o Aceh – No he n Suma a Indonesia as well as o he coun ies su ounding he Indian Ocean such as S i Lanka and Thailand. On he o he hand, he dea h oll in Simeuleu Island wes o Aceh was much less, only se en people om 78,000 o al popula ion o he island. I is a gued ha he compa ably lowe numbe o dea hs was a esul o indigenous knowledge (IK) p esen on he island ha has been inhe i ed om gene a ion o gene a ion. I con ains in o ma ion on how o eac when a big ea hquake occu s which is ollowed by a d opping sea le el a he coas , which is a p ocess p eceding a sunami. The objec i e o his s udy is o iden i y hose cha ac e is ics o indigenous knowledge which educed he numbe o people ulne able o sunami haza ds on Simeuleu Island Aceh and o he islands o sho e wes o Suma a, and examine local geomo phological cha ac e is ics ha suppo hei escape ou e o highe g ounds. Disas e s in Indonesia Indonesian e i o ies a e p one o ei he na u al o man-induced disas e s. The lis o disas e s con ains e o o sabo age, lood, lood and landslide, high wa e and ab asion, ea hquake, o es and land i e, anspo a ion acciden s, olcano e up ion, small opical cyclone and landslide (BNPB, 2016). In 2016, a o al numbe o 1,928 e en s esul ed in 478 people dead o missing, 2,421,619 a ec ed o e acua ed and 30,763 houses des oyed (Figu e 1). Figu e 1: Disas e s a is ic o Indonesia 2016 Sou ce: BNPB (2016) 54 Reco e y a e ex eme e en s - Lessons lea ned and emaining challenges in Disas e Risk Reduc ion Figu e 2: Numbe o disas e s pe p o ince in 2016 (un il Oc obe ) Sou ce: BNPB (2016) Table 1: De ails o he disas e ypes, hei ic ims and impac un il Oc obe 2016 Sou ce: BNPB (2016) Figu e 2 shows he dis ibu ion o disas e s pe p o ince on a map o Indonesia o he i s en mon hs o 2016, showing ha Aceh P o ince and Simeuleu Island belong o high isk disas e a eas. De ails on he e en s a e p esen ed in Table 1. Conce ning he o al numbe o e en s, lood has he mos equen occu ence in Indonesia wi h up o 150 e en s in Feb ua y oge he wi h hea y ains. Flooding is ollowed by landslides which a he same mon h had an occu ence o app oxima ely 75 e en s. This is possibly ela ed o o e sa u a ion o soils wi h ain wa e ha inc eases he weigh o soils and can cause landslides. Ea hquake e en s in 2016 can be neglec ed as only ew occu ed: en e en s wi h wo dea hs and missing. P ope y loss due o ea hquake esul ed in 390 houses hea ily damaged, 1,036 mode a ely damaged and 3,036 ligh ly damaged. No sunami e en was eco ded in 2016. Indigenous knowledge (IK) Na u al disas e s a e no easy o p edic , bu indigenous knowledge (IK) could an icipa e hem in ad ance be o e hey occu . Example o such knowledge exis s in island communi ies o Simeuleu Aceh and o he 55 In eg a i e Risk and Secu i y Resea ch Volume 2/ 2017 islands o sho e he Wes coas o Suma a (Figu e 3). This IK was i s ly ecognized a e he Aceh’s sunami disas e 2004. Figu e 3: The loca ion o Simeuleu Island o sho e wes o Aceh P o ince Sou ce: a chi pelago as ac (2012) Indigenous knowledge can be a powe ul ool o Disas e Risk Reduc ion, as long as i is ecognized and u ilized. Wi hou his, i is me ely a pa o common hings in communi y. Empowe ing local communi ies o ecognize he high alues o Indigenous Knowledge o DRR can imp o e he u u e o human secu i y. Indigenous Knowledge o igina es wi hin he communi y (Sa ini, 2004), which con as s om scien i ic knowledge ha is o en in luenced by many ou side sou ces un ela ed o he local cul u e o en i onmen . Indigenous Knowledge can be easily adop ed and used by he communi y (Ma ai, 2012). Communi y esponse o ea hquake and sunami haza d Simeuleu Island Li ing in a egion o seismic ac i i y, Simeuleu’s people a e amilia wi h ea hquakes and sunamis. This condi ion has in luenced hei cul u e o adjus o such haza ds. Thei adjus men o sunami haza d was s imula ed in 1907 when a 7.8 M ea hquake occu ed in he Indian Ocean causing he dea h o se en y pe cen o he Simeuleu popula ion. The su i o s sha ed hei expe iences and knowledge h ough he o al s o y o Smong. The s o y explains he sunami disas e phenomenon whe e a big ea hquake is ollowed by low ide o sea wa e in he beach be o e a gian wa e sweeps h ough he land. This IK showed i s powe du ing he disas ous e en s on Decembe 26 h, 2004 and Ma ch 28 h, 2005. On he o he hand, wi hin Aceh e hnic g oup li ing in coas al a eas o no he n Suma a, he messages and s o y o sunami ha happened in he pas we e implied in some adi ional songs and o al his o ies. In Bahasa Indonesia, he songs and o al his o ies a e called hikaya o syai . Un o una ely, his aluable IK was no ecognized. Un ecognized IK could no be used as disas e isk educ ion ool. This is e idence om mo e ic im numbe s in Aceh main land (Sya wina, 2014). Fu he mo e, adap a ion o one success ul p ac ice o IK in one place o ano he place needs modi ica ion (Sya wina, 2014). The modi ica ion shall mee he cul u e based on he new loca ion and communi y. Simeuleu Island has an excellen oad ne wo k su ounding he island, as shown in igu e 4. The oads un pa allel o he coas line on he whole island. These oads connec i s Regency Capi al Ci y Sinabang loca ed in he Sou heas o he island wi h o he places along he coas al zone. The highes place is Gunung (Gg) Sibau o Sibau Moun ain (625 m abo e sea le el) and Aye pinang (530 abo e sea le el) which a e bo h 56 Reco e y a e ex eme e en s - Lessons lea ned and emaining challenges in Disas e Risk Reduc ion loca ed no hwes o Sinabang. These moun ains a e loca ed a he coas al zone, c ea ing high elie mo phology in i s no heas acing coas s a ound Ujung Tinggi illage (Figu e 4). Figu e 4: Simeuleu Island Sou ce: Suma aEcoTou ism (n.d.) Men awai Island Men awai Island belongs o he same island bel wi h Simeuleu and is loca ed o sho e o Wes Suma a. The island i sel geologically was o med dominan ly by olded and aul ed ma ine sedimen s con olled by he ac i e Men awai Faul . Men awai Faul uns h ough he island bel o sho e Wes Suma a. Due o i s haza d p one a ea, Men awai ibe disposes o Indigenous Knowledge ela ed o he selec ion o esidence a eas. People choose esidence loca ions a om he coas line. They selec a eas close o mang o e o es s which in he pas ac ed as a na u al p o ec ion agains incoming la ge wa es om he sea (Zu iyani, 2016). The e also exis s Indigenous Knowledge conce ning he building o houses, which a e cons uc ed app oxima ely wo me es abo e soil g ound which allows o adap o empo ally ising sea le els du ing (Figu e 5). Figu e 5: An Uma, he adi ional communal house o he Men awai Sou ce: Lapue a (2004) Each household also has small boa s which se e as e acua ion ools in case o sea wa es (Romana, 2010 in Zu iyani, 2016). This local wisdom has been inhe i ed om people´s ances o s who we e awa e o geological haza ds and hei e ec s on hei esiden ial a eas. IK o Men awai people is lis ed in Table 2. 57 In eg a i e Risk and Secu i y Resea ch Volume 2/ 2017 Type o indigenous knowledge Implied alues Conse a ion implica ions I s ole on adap a ion and haza d mi iga ion T adi ional houses a e buil app oxima ely wo me es abo e he g ound in Men awai Islands Adap a ion e o using low and p ecise echnology as well as sa ing ene gy sui able wi h local na u al condi ions - E o s o mi iga e sea wa e lood and high ide wa e Sabulungan wisdom means no sepa a ion be ween human and na u e P inciple o balance be ween na u e and humans as well as espec o he su ounding na u e T o p ese e lo a and auna di e si ies in he o es P o ec ing biodi e si y is one e o o s o e ca bon in an icipa ion o clima e change impac Respec o he sea o wa e as he sou ce o human li e bu also as po en ial dange , local Men awai’s name : Tai Leubaga Koa Respec o he su ounding na u e ha c ea es ha mony be ween humans and na u e T he communi y ealize ha hey a e pa o he na u e, his c ea es espec and awa eness on he need o main ain biodi e si y Ca bon ese e s o age and clima e change an icipa ion Selec ion o esiden ial a eas a om coas line o membe s in Men awai communi ies Adap a ion capabili y using p ecise low echnology and ene gy sa ing sui able o local na u al condi ions T o keep en i onmen capabili ies, h ough adap a ion o esiden ial loca ion wi h local condi ion As a o m o an icipa ion o la ge wa e haza d ( sunami) o o minimize he impac o sunami Table 2: Conse a ion p inciple and haza d mi iga ion in local wisdom Sou ce: Analysed based on conse a ion p inciples o local wisdoms by Nababan (1995) Conclusions Indigenous knowledge is a powe ul ool in Disas e Risk Reduc ion as e idence om i s applica ion by Simeuleu and Men awai people in he islands o sho e wes o Suma a Island shows. Du ing he Tsunami 2004, i is epo ed ha he ic ims we e only se en people om 78,000 o al popula ion o Simeuleu Island. The adi ional cul u e ha had been inhe i ed was e-es ablished a e a sunami e en in 1907 when almos 70 pe cen o Simeuleu people died. Su i o s augh he lessons lea ned o hei child en and g andchild en and hey a e emembe ed un il he p esen day. The cul u e ook he o m o a s o y hey called smong which means sunami in local language. The egional geological condi ions in he a ea made local esiden s awa e o he sunami haza d and has gi en he oppo uni y o adap . Cul u e in ha mony wi h na u e is an Indigenous Knowledge ha possibly can be used by mode n socie ies in unde s anding be e how na u e wo ks. While IK is a powe ul ool, i is necessa y o ha local communi y ecognise he high alue o i o u u e human secu i y. Much esea ch has o be ca ied ou on Indigenous Knowledge especially conce ning he ela ionship o people wi h hei physical li ing en i onmen . Physical cha ac e is ics especially hose ha ela e o he geomo phology o sunami p one coas al a eas need o be examined u he . P essing ques ions a e e.g. how a he dis ance o highe hin e land as e acua ion zones ha e o be om people’s esidences , in wha ype 64 Reco e y a e ex eme e en s - Lessons lea ned and emaining challenges in Disas e Risk Reduc ion uni e si y in he Tohoku a ea, conduc ed se e al ac ions o deal wi h pos -disas e ac i i ies (Aoki & I o, 2014). One yea a e he disas e , Tohoku Uni e si y es ablished he esea ch ins i u e “In e na ional Resea ch Ins i u e o Disas e Science” o deal wi h mo e comp ehensi e and wide access o in e na ional ins i u ions o suppo he econs uc ion o he a ec ed a eas and also o s eng hen he esea ch ac i i ies (IRIDeS, 2015). The o ganisa ion “Iwa e Uni e si y Headqua e s o P omo ion o San iku Region Reco e y” was es ablished o a long- e m suppo o he econs uc ion o he disas e -a lic ed a eas. Iwa e Uni e si y se up a c isis managemen headqua e o con i m he sa e y o s uden s and acul y membe s and o iden i y he damage o campus buildings (Ma suoka, 2015). Conclusions In acing a disas e , a uni e si y equi es a s ong leade ship so ha i is capable o in i ing o he na ional and in e na ional ins i u ions o pa ne in disas e isk educ ion and disas e managemen . To ensu e ha he adminis a ion p ocedu e does no hinde he pa ne ship, which leads o he delayed esponse, a decision should be aken immedia ely. The no mal academic cul u e equi ing delibe a ion and consensus building migh no be app op ia e du ing a disas e . The case a Syiah Kuala Uni e si y e ealed ha ac ical and s a egic esponses a e wo key aspec s in dealing wi h a disas e so ha any ac ions necessa y can be aken immedia ely. Academicians a a ec ed uni e si ies should play impo an oles in ini ia ing ac ions o disas e isk educ ion, pos -disas e econs uc ion, and ehabili a ion. I is he e o e s ongly ecommended ha knowledge access o disas e is widely opened o hem. Acknowledgemen s The au ho would like o exp ess his p o ound g a i ude o P o . D . Samsul Rizal, he Rec o o Syiah Kuala Uni e si y, Banda Aceh, o his insigh ul commen s and ui ul discussion on he pos - sunami uni e si y leade ship. G a e ul app ecia ion also goes o D . Muzailin, D . Khai ul Munadi, M . Faisal Mus a a and M . Nu Fadli o hei gene ous suppo in p epa ing he manusc ip . Re e ences A an, M., Koshimu a, S., Imamu a, F., So yan, H., Agus ina, S., Nizamuddin, & Fadli, N. 2015. Lessons Lea ned om Two Villages in he Tsunami Mos A ec ed A ea o Banda A ce h Ci y; A Re iew o he Housing Recons uc ion and he Cu en S a e o V illa g e De elopmen . In V. San iago-Fandiño, Y. A. Kon a , & Y. Kaneda (Eds.), Pos -Tsunam i Haza d. 44. 59-72. Aoki, T., & I o, K. 2014. Wha is he ole o uni e si ies in disas e esponse, eco e y, a nd ehabili a ion? Focusing on ou disas e ic im iden i ica ion p ojec . Commun ic a i ons Magazine, IEEE, 52(3), 30-37. De Ve a, P. 2012. Uni e si y ci ic engagemen in disas e managemen : The Case o he Uni e si y o he Philippines in he A e ma h o T opical S o m Sendong. P esen ed on Regional Con e ence on Highe Educa ion-Indus y-Communi y Engagemen in Asia: Fo ging Meaning ul Pa ne ship, 7 – 9 May, Malaysia. G i in, C., D. Ellis, S. Bea is, and D. Zole a-Nan es. 2013. Coas al esou ces, li elihoods and he 2004 Indian Ocean sunami in Aceh, Indonesia. Ocean & Coas al Managemen 71:176-186. JICA. 2013. Lessons lea ned om he MLIT’s expe ience o he G ea Eas e n Japan Ea hquake: Leading he i s esponse o la ge-scale na u al disas e s. Tohoku Regional Bu eau, MLIT. JICA. 2005. The U gen Rehabili a ion and Recons uc ion Plan o Banda Aceh Ci y. JICA, Jaka a IRIDeS. 2015. IRIDeS Repo 03: A h ee-yea jou ney a eled oge he wi h disas e a ec ed a eas. Sendai: In e na ional Resea ch Ins i u e o Disas e Science. Ma suoka, K. 2015. The ole o uni e si ies in econs uc ion o he disas e -s icken a eas: Connec ing he needs o a lic ed a eas and seeds o uni e si y. P esen ed a Thi d UN Wo ld Con e ence on Disas e Risk Reduc ion Public Fo um, Disas e -S icken Uni e si ies Symposium, Sendai, Japan. Noji EK: Flood. Noji EK (ed). 1997. The Public Heal h Consequences o Disas e Ox o d Uni e si y P ess, New Yo k, pp 287–301 65 In eg a i e Risk and Secu i y Resea ch Volume 2/ 2017 Pila czyk, J., Rubin, C. M., Sieh, K., Ho on, B., Daly, P., Majewski, J., & Ismail, N. 2013. P edecesso s o he 2004 Indian Ocean sunami in a coas al ca e, Aceh p o i n ce , Suma a. In AGU Fall Mee ing Abs ac s. 1, p. 08. S einbe g, F. 2007. Housing econs uc ion and ehabili a ion in Aceh and Nias, Indonesia—Rebuilding li es. Habi a In e na ional 31:150-166. Sha ma, Y. 2012. Uni e si y’s key ole in disas e p epa edness and e spons e . Re ie ed om h p: // www.uni e s i ywo l dn e ws. c om /a icle .php ? s o y = 20120518132734905 . Spieke mann, R., Kienbe ge , S., No on, J., B iones, F. & Weichselga ne , J. 2015. Th e Disas e - Knowledge Ma ix – Re aming and e alua ing he knowledge challenges i n disas e isk educ ion. In e na ional Jou nal o Disas e Risk Reduc ion. 13. 96-108. S ini as, H. and Y. Nakagawa. 2008. En i onmen al implica ions o disas e p epa edness: Lessons Lea n om he Indian Ocean Tsunami. Jou nal o En i onmen al Managemen 89:4-13. Rizal, S. 2015. Uni e si y In ol emen on Disas e Managemen and Reco e y om Sum a a Tsunami. P esen ed a Thi d UN Wo ld Con e ence on Disas e Risk Reduc ion Pub lic Fo um, Disas e -S icken Uni e si ies Symposium, Sendai, J a p a n. Se ille, E., Hawke , C., Ly le, J. 2011. Shaken bu no S i ed: A Uni e si y's Resilience in he Face o Ad e si y - he 4 h Sep embe 2010 Ea hquake. Re ie ed om h p://www. eso gs.o g.nz/images/s o ies/pd s/ shakenbu no s i ed.pd Se ille, E., Hawke , C., Ly le, J. 2012. Resilience Tes ed: A yea and a hal o 10,000 a e shocks. Re ie ed om h p://www. eso gs.o g.nz/images/s o ies/pd s/O ganisa ions acingc isis/ esilience_ es ed_a_yea _o _10000_a e shocks_pd .pd 66 Reco e y a e ex eme e en s - Lessons lea ned and emaining challenges in Disas e Risk Reduc ion A e iew o he ci il p o ec ion sys em de elopmen in Pe u and ecen isk go e nance challenges wi h ocus on he disas e isk managemen in he egion o Ica a e he 1997-1998 El Niño I is Dominguez1, Alexande Feke e2 & Ch is iane S ephan2 1Depa men o Enginee ing, Pon i ical Ca holic Uni e si y o Pe u, Pe u 2Ins i u e o Rescue Enginee ing and Ci il P o ec ion, TH Köln - Uni e si y o Applied Sciences, Ge many Email: [email p o ec ed]; alexande . eke e@ h-koeln.de; ch is iane.s [email p o ec ed] Abs ac Pe u is a coun y p one o disas e s, mainly because o he Paci ic Ring o Fi e, egion o high seismici y, and impac s o El Niño. Recen ci il p o ec ion in Pe u has been o med acco ding o such na u al haza ds, o example, a e a majo ea hquake in Ancash in 1970. In his a icle, he de elopmen o he ci il p o ec ion in Pe u is e iewed wi h emphasis on he las yea s, including he changes ha ollowed in e na ional guidelines o disas e isk managemen (DRM). The e iew ocuses on he depa men o Ica in he Sou h o Pe u. In 1998, he ci y o Ica was looded due o hea y ain all caused by El Niño. In 2007, a majo ea hquake de as a ed h ee p o inces in he depa men and in 2017 El Niño hi he u ban pe iphe y o he ci y. This wo k e iews which ins i u ions ha e been c ea ed ela ing o he ex eme e en s in Pe u and in pa icula which plans and measu es ha e been in oduced in he depa men o Ica since he disas e caused by El Niño in 1997-1998. Keywo ds: Ci il p o ec ion, disas e isk managemen , ulne abili y, isk go e nance, El Niño, Pe u, Ica In oduc ion Pe u is a coun y p one o ea hquakes, sunamis, loods, d ough s and landslides, being pa o he Paci ic Ring o Fi e, as well as being unde he impac o El Niño in he equa o ial Paci ic. Acco ding o he u u e clima e change scena ios o he In e go e nmen al Panel on Clima e Change, an in ensi ica ion o he El Niño Sou he n Oscilla ion (ENSO) is expec ed (IPCC, 2007). Fu he , Pe u is conside ed o ha e ‘ ou o he i e geog aphical a eas mos ulne able o clima e change’ (The Gua dian, 2013). Pe u has unde gone majo disas e s in i s his o y. The ea hquake and sunami o 1746 in Lima, he capi al ci y, and El Callao, he main ha bou in Pe u, killed a ound 1,200 o he es ima ed popula ion o 60,000 a ha ime (Oli e -Smi h, 1997). In he las cen u y, he ea hquake o magni ude 7.8 Rich e in 1970 in he depa men o Ancash, and he ollowing a alanche bu ied he owns o Yungay and Ran ahi ca (Ku oiwa, 2010). In his cen u y, an ea hquake o 8.0 Mw and sunami a ec ed he depa men o A equipa in 2001. Simila ly, an ea hquake o 7.9 Mw and sunami impac ed he depa men o Ica in 2007 (Ta e a, 2008). Conce ning El Niño, Ku oiwa (2002) says ha in he 19 h and 20 h cen u ies, ou ‘mega’ El Niño e en s ha e aken place in Pe u in 1891, 1925, 1983 and 1998. Abou ’mega’ El Niño e en s in he his o y o Pe u, Rocha (2007, p. 11) wa ns abou epea ing he same mis akes: ‘Looking back a he las i e cen u ies [...] each Meganiño [...] ha caused ex ensi e damage, was conside ed [...] unusual and no expec ed o occu again. Tha is why same mis akes a e made again.’ Fu he mo e, human ac ion adds o he high p obabili y o he occu ence o disas e s in Pe u. U baniza ion wi h poo planning and managemen is an impo an ac o in disas e ulne abili y (UN-Habi a , 2012). Ci ies 67 In eg a i e Risk and Secu i y Resea ch Volume 2/ 2017 ha e g own and s ill g ow in Pe u wi h limi ed o poo planning (Dia io Ges ión, 2016). Nowadays, 74% o he 28,220,764 people in Pe u li e in ci ies, acco ding o he la es census o 2007 (INEI, 2008). Acco ding o a Uni ed Na ions Mission epo abou he implemen a ion o he disas e isk managemen in Pe u, po e y, poo con ol and egula ion o land use, weakness o social o ganisa ions, limi ed capaci y o manage eme gencies and disas e a e hose ac o s ha make Pe u a coun y o high ulne abili y (Naciones Unidas, 2014). The p esen pape ocuses on disas e isk managemen (DRM) in he depa men o Ica a e he 1997-1998 El Niño. This case o a majo disas e and ecen e en s o El Niño allow he assessmen o he de elopmen o he DRM wi hin he ci il p o ec ion sys em a egional scale. Measu es and p ojec s in eac ion o El Niño disas e s a e p esen ed. Fo a deepe unde s anding o he DRM in Ica, he ci il p o ec ion sys em de elopmen a na ional scale is summa ized, ega ding DRM public policies, ins i u ions and plans. The main esea ch ques ion is how he de elopmen o disas e isk managemen in ci il p o ec ion is in e linked wi h signi ican disas e e en s and he speci ic con ex in Pe u. The ollowing sub-ques ions a e o analyse his acco ding o selec ed aspec s:  Which ins i u ions ha e been c ea ed, changed and shaped by he disas e e en s?  Which managemen plans and measu es ha e been implemen ed?  How e ec i e a e hese implemen a ions in e ms o he educ ion o ulne abili y and he accep ance o he local popula ion? The p esen wo k is based on he e iew o documen s such as public policies, na ional and egional go e nmen plans conce ning DRM, in pa icula , in he depa men o Ica. The pape is a desc ip i e o e iew, ex ac ing key phases o ins i u ional de elopmen in he ield o disas e isk managemen . Expe in e iews and quali a i e local media sou ces complemen a desc ip i e assessmen o ecen changes in DRM. The expe in e iews mainly se ed he pu pose o iden i y challenges inside he DRM sys em o Pe u oday. The expe in e iews did no ollow a s anda dised scien i ic me hodology, we e mos ly explo a i e, and con ain in e nal knowledge. The e o e, sou ces o indi idual s a emen s a e undocumen ed and names a e no p o ided, also o easons o p ese ing anonymi y. While hese sou ces a e he e o e no scien i ically alid, o he con ex o his wo king pape hey shall mainly se e as o assis in explaining he hi he o la gely undocumen ed his o y o he ci il p o ec ion de elopmen in Pe u. Sec ion 2 s a s wi h a gene al o e iew o he de elopmen o ci il p o ec ion ins i u ions in Pe u a na ional le el. Sec ion 3 p o ides an o e iew on DRM in Ica and speci ies en i onmen al and human-made ac o s con ibu ing o isks and impac s due o El Niño in 1997-1998. Sec ion 4 analyses changes in oduced in he disas e isk managemen in Ica. The discussion summa ises ele an aspec s o he disas e isk managemen in he depa men o Ica wi hin he con ex o Pe u. De elopmen o he ci il p o ec ion sys em in Pe u This sec ion ou lines he de elopmen o he ci il p o ec ion sys em since he 1970s. This de elopmen ollows signi ican disas e e en s, is in e wined wi h he poli ical changes in Pe u and in luenced by in e na ional amewo ks o disas e isk managemen a UN le el (Naciones Unidas, 2014). In Pe u, he es ablishmen o he i s agency o a end he popula ion in a disas e si ua ion is linked o he majo ea hquake ha occu ed in 1970 in he depa men o Ancash. A e he disas e , he mili a y go e nmen (1968-1975) c ea ed he Na ional Ci il De ence Sys em (Sis ema Nacional de De ensa Ci il - SINADECI) in 1972 by he Law N . 19338 ( he use in Pe u ian Spanish is ‘ci il de ence’ ins ead o ‘ci il 68 Reco e y a e ex eme e en s - Lessons lea ned and emaining challenges in Disas e Risk Reduc ion p o ec ion’). Wi h he ci ed law, he Na ional Ins i u e o Ci il De ense (Ins i u o Nacional de De ensa Ci il - INDECI) was c ea ed in 1972. A e he 1972-1973 El Niño wi h hea y ain all, landslides and loods (INDECI, 2002), he P og am o he Regional S udy o El Niño Phenomenon (P og ama pa a el Es udio Regional del Fenómeno El Niño - ERFEN), ha in ol es Chile, Colombia, Ecuado and Pe u, was c ea ed in 1974. Following his, he Mul isec o al Commi ee in cha ge o he Na ional S udy o El Niño Phenomenon (Comi é Mul isec o ial enca gado del Es udio Nacional del Fenómeno El Niño - ENFEN) was c ea ed in Pe u in 1977. The 1982-1983 El Niño caused losses ha amoun ed o mo e han one billion dolla s due o he looding in he no h and he d ough in he sou h o Pe u (INDECI, 2002). The ca as ophe added o he poli ical c isis due o a b eakou o e o is ac i i ies wi h he Communis Pa y o Pe u-Shining Pa h wi hin he ecen ly ins alled democ acy (since 1980). The poli ical and economic c isis deepened in Pe u, ending wi h an a e age annual in la ion o 7481.7% in 1990 (BCR, 2016). In 1986, he Pe u ian Japanese Cen e o Ea hquake Enginee ing Resea ch and Disas e Mi iga ion (Cen o Pe uano Japonés de In es igaciones Sísmicas y Mi igación de Desas es – CISMID) was c ea ed wi h unding o he Japanese In e na ional Coope a ion Agency (JICA). To cope wi h he e ec s o El Niño, he CISMID includes he Ins i u e o Mi iga ion o he E ec s o El Niño Phenomenon (Ins i u o de Mi igación de los E ec os del Fenómeno El Niño - IMEFEN). In 1992, he p esiden in o ice ca ied ou an ‘au o’ coup-d’e a and es ablished a dic a o ship (CVR, 2003). The 1997-1998 El Niño esul ed o be ‘one o he mos ca as ophic in his o y’, because i a ec ed abou 41 coun ies and le in Pe u losses o 1,800 million dolla s app oxima ely (INDECI, 2002). In Pe u, he disas e happened in he dic a o ial egime, when co up ion and he a med con lic wi h he Shining Pa h had weakened he social s uc u e and he public ins i u ions (CVR, 2003). A e a democ a ic egime was e-es ablished in Pe u (2001), he new go e nmen , he poli ical o ces and he ci il socie y signed a Na ional Ag eemen in 2002 ' o se a cou se o he sus ainable de elopmen and o asse he democ a ic go e nance' (Acue do Nacional, 2002). In June 2001, an ea hquake and sunami in he depa men o A equipa hi also he depa men s o Moguegua and Tacna in he sou h o Pe u. The disas e aised losses abou 310 million dolla s (INDECI, 2002). In he ollowing yea s, aking in o accoun he e olu ion abou ‘disas e ’ and ‘ isk’ owa ds a ision acco ding o he De elopmen Agenda, in 2010 he Na ional Ag eemen app o ed public policies in Disas e Risk Managemen (Policy N . 32) and Land Use and Managemen (Policy N . 34). Bo h we e se wi hin he amewo k o he Andean S a egy o Disas e P e en ion and A en ion (Es a egia Andina pa a la P e ención y A ención de Desas es), he Millennium De elopmen Goals and he p io i ies se in he Hyogo F amewo k o Ac ion 2005-2015 (Naciones Unidas, 2014). In 2011, he Law N . 29664 c ea ed he Na ional Sys em o Disas e Risk Managemen (Sis ema Nacional de Ges ión del Riesgo de Desas es - SINAGERD) (Cong eso de la República, 2011). The law se he Na ional Policy o Disas e Risk Managemen (Polí ica Nacional de Ges ión del Riesgo de Desas es) and he Na ional Plan o Disas e Risk Managemen (Plan Nacional de Ges ión del Riesgo de Desas es – PLANAGERD), on he basis o he p ospec i e, co ec i e and eac i e managemen by means o he isk es ima ion, p e en ion, educ ion, p epa edness, esponse, ehabili a ion and econs uc ion. The law also ins alled he Na ional Cen e o Disas e Risk Es ima ion, P e en ion and Reduc ion (Cen o Nacional de Es imación, P e ención y Reducción del Riesgo de Desas es – CENEPRED). Hence, CENEPRED and INDECI a e he na ional execu ing agencies, while he egional and local go e nmen s a e in cha ge o execu ing disas e isk managemen ac ions. In Ma ch 69 In eg a i e Risk and Secu i y Resea ch Volume 2/ 2017 2015, Pe u a ended he III UN Wo ld Con e ence on Disas e Risk Reduc ion in Sendai, Japan, whe e he Sendai F amewo k o Disas e Risk Reduc ion 2015-2030 was adop ed. In 2016 he la es ci il p o ec ion dec ee was issued ha co e s aspec s o mode nisa ion o ins i u ions and s esses a na ional disas e isk plan (De ensa 2016). Haza ds and isk con ex El Niño Sou he n Oscilla ion (ENSO) in Pe u Pe u lies in he geog aphic zone o in luence and impac o El Niño, which occu s in he equa o ial Paci ic Ocean ha is mainly he no h o Pe u. ‘El Niño’ is he Spanish exp ession o ‘The Child’ which e e s o he Ch is mas child. I is known ha ishe men in no he n Pe u use ‘El Niño’ o e e o he wa m wa e cu en in he equa o ial Paci ic and he esul ing in ense ain all ha lead o looding a he coas o Pe u. Such an episode eaches ull in ensi y owa ds Decembe . Though s ill o en e e ed o as a a e ‘phenomenon’, nowadays El Niño is no mo e desc ibed by scien is s as an ‘unusual’ e en bu ‘a ecu ing clima e pa e n’, ha is he wa m phase o El Niño-Sou he n Oscilla ion (ENSO), while La Niña is he cool phase ac oss he opical Paci ic (NOAA, 2016). El Niño is cha ac e ized by he sea su ace empe a u e (SST) anomalies in El Niño 3.4 egion (see igu e 1). In Pe u, ENFEN de ines El Niño e en in he coas al egion o Pe u (also known as 'Coas al El Niño') as he pe iod in which he El Niño Coas al Index (in Spanish: ICEN, Índice Cos e o El Niño) eaches he ca ego y o ‘wa m condi ions’. ICEN is cha ac e ized by a h ee-mon h unning mean o SST anomalies in he Niño 1+2 egion (see igu e 1). The ‘wa m condi ions’ ca ego y, which depends on he ICEN, can be o he magni ude: ‘weak’, ‘mode a e’, ‘s ong’ o ‘ex ao dina y’ (ENFEN, 2012). Based on his de ini ion, ENFEN classi ies El Niño o 1997-1998 as ‘ex ao dina y’, aking in o accoun he pe iod o 1950-2011 da a as he e e ence (ENFEN, 2012). Figu e 1: El Niño Regions Sou ce: Na ional Cen e s o En i onmen al In o ma ion (2016) 70 Reco e y a e ex eme e en s - Lessons lea ned and emaining challenges in Disas e Risk Reduc ion Demog aphy, opog aphy and hyd og aphy as isk ac o s in Ica Ica is one o he 25 depa men s o Pe u. I is loca ed abou 300 km sou h o he capi al Lima. Va ious ac o s ha e de e mined he apid g ow h o he ci y and he pe iphe y in he las decades. In he 1980s and 1990s, he iolence o he Shining Pa h among o he ac o s (such as employmen oppo uni ies, heal h ca e and educa ion) caused in e nal mig a ion in Pe u. Ica ecei ed ca. 80% o he 195,000 people who le he depa men s o Apu imac, Ayacucho and Huanca elica in he pe iod o 1988-1993, leeing om he iolence (INEI, 1995). Fu he , since he 1990s, he neolibe al model in oduced by he go e nmen allowed he apid g ow h o expo ag icul u e in he alley and people came o Ica looking o wo k in he ield. In Ica, he wa e esou ces come om he seasonal ainwa e in he Andes, he exploi a ion o he g oundwa e and he wa e ans e om he Choclococha lagoon. Ica Ri e uns ca. 220 km downs eam owa ds he Paci ic Ocean. The i e ibu a ies a e mainly om he le bank, while he a ea o he igh bank is known o i s ex eme a idi y (see igu e 2). Figu e 2: Ica Ri e , La Tinguiña, Pa cona, Ica (among o he dis ic s) and Cansas (in ed) Sou ce: p epa ed wi h A cGIS (A cMap 10.2.2, WGS_1984_UTM_Zone_18S: EPSG P ojec ion) wi h da a om: Desca ga de in o macion espacial del MED (2015, Oc obe 29) wi h he assis ance o I an Vilcahuaman 71 In eg a i e Risk and Secu i y Resea ch Volume 2/ 2017 The ibu a y gullies on he le i e bank a e o s eep slope wi h allu ial soil, g a el and ocks. These gullies, such as he Cansas gully (see igu e 2), p oduce unde ex ao dina y ain all abundan uno hea ily laden wi h sedimen , e en huge ocks. The 1997-1998 El Niño a ec ed a la ge a ea o he depa men o Ica, including he dis ic s o Ica, La Tinguiña, Pa cona, San José de Los Molinos, Los Aquijes, San iago and Yauca del Rosa io, i.e. ca. 45% o he p o ince o abou 7,800 km2 (INDECI-PNUD, 2007). Despi e he lood due o El Niño in Janua y 1998, he i e sides nea by he ci y and he pe iphe y a e nowadays densely inhabi ed (see igu e 3). The u ban popula ion in he dis ic s o Ica, La Tinguiña and Pa cona, downs eam Cansas, has e en inc eased since he disas e in 1998 (see able 1). Figu e 2: Ica Ri e , iew downs eam he G au B idge Sou ce: Dominguez (2013) Dis ic La Tinguiña Pa cona Ica Census u ban u al u ban u al u ban u al 1993 18,264 3,916 39,345 938 103,797 2,584 2007 27,723 3,179 49,090 1,259 124,789 400 Table 1: Popula ion de elopmen in he dis ic s downs eam Cansas Sou ce: INEI (1993; 2007) O he wise, human ac i i ies also inc ease he isk o looding. People h ow domes ic and indus ial was e in o he i e , which educes he i e capaci y o discha ge and inc eases he isk o o e low. This human- made agg a a ion o he lood isk akes place in an en i onmen con ibu ing o his isk. As a coupled social-ecological sys em, i is impo an o unde s and no jus he socie al sha e o isk, bu also he en i onmen al in e ac ion wi h his human sys em (Be kes & Folke 1998, Folke e al. 2007, Djalan e e al. 2011). 72 Reco e y a e ex eme e en s - Lessons lea ned and emaining challenges in Disas e Risk Reduc ion The 1997-1998 El Niño disas e in Ica The i s o ecas o he 1997-1998 El Niño da es o June 1997. The wea he o ecas ing wa ned ha an episode simila o he 1982-1983 El Niño, wi h loods in he no h and ex eme d ough in he sou h o Pe u, would occu . I ailed howe e , because he 1997-1998 El Niño a ec ed he no h as well as down o Ica in he sou h o Pe u (INDECI, 1998). The ex ao dina y ain all due o El Niño le he ci y o Ica unde mud and s ones on Janua y 29, 1998. The 1998 El Niño lood in Ica is ega ded as ‘ he mos ca as ophic in i s his o y o i s balance o 120,000 ic ims and losses o hund eds o millions o dolla s’ (INDECI- PNUD, 2007). A e he looding, se e al p og ams and plans we e s a ed. The Execu i e Commi ee o he Recons uc ion o El Niño (Comi é Ejecu i o de Recons ucción de El Niño - CEREN) and he Uni ed Na ions De elopmen P og am (UNDP) launched he Sus ainable Ci ies P og am (P og ama Ciudades Sos enible - PCS) in Oc obe 1998 as a esponse o he eme gency. In his amewo k, haza d maps o Ica we e p oduced (INDECI, 2001). The Special P ojec Tambo Cca acocha (P oyec o Especial Tambo Cca acocha – PETACC) joined he ‘Suppo P og am o he Eme gency o he Phenomenon El Niño’ (P og ama de Apoyo a la Eme gencia del Fenómeno El Niño). In Augus 2000, a con ac wi h he Technical Ad iso s Associa es and SWECO In e na ional was signed o de elop he de ini i e s udy ‘P ojec o con ol o he Ica Ri e loods and he Cansas Chanchajalla gully’ (P oyec o pa a el con ol de inundaciones del ío Ica y queb ada Cansas Chanchajalla). Among he echnical al e na i es o disas e isk educ ion, he e we e wei s, d ainage canals, e en ion ponds, e c. A ha ime i was decided o he egula ion ponds ha s ill ha e no been ealised. Mo e in o ma ion abou he disas e o 1998 can be ound in INDECI-PNUD (2007) and INDECI (2012). The ‘Regional Plan o he P e en ion and A en ion o Disas e s Ica Region’ o 2005 o 2008 (Plan Regional de P e ención y A ención de Desas es Región Ica – 2005-2008), p epa ed by he ci il p o ec ion sys em in he depa men o Ica ocused on ‘p e en ion and a endance o eme gencies o disas e s o p o ec he people and he pa imony o he depa men ’ (De ensa Ci il, 2005). Almos en yea s la e , he ea hquake o 7.9 Mw (Ta e a, 2008) in 2007 killed abou 600 people and damaged mo e han 60,000 buildings. The ea hquake´s epicen e was close o Pisco and impac ed he neighbou ing p o inces o Chincha and Ica. Bo h ha e s ill no eco e ed om his disas e (Dia io El Come cio, 2015). In 2009, he egional go e nmen o Ica and he egional ci il p o ec ion (GORE Ica y SINADECI, 2009) p esen ed he ‘Regional Plan o he P e en ion and A endance o Disas e s - Ica Region 2009-2019’ (Plan Regional de P e ención y A ención de Desas es – Región Ica 2009-2019), ha also conside ed, in addi ion o ex ao dina y loods, i e o e low scena ios wi h smalle and mo e equen amoun s o discha ge low. Rega ding he implemen a ion o he Regional Plan o he P e en ion and A en ion o Disas e s - Ica Region 2009-2019, an INDECI o icial s a es (anonymous, in e iew on Augus 13, 2015): i 'almos has no been ollowed', only 'in some aspec s, o example, capaci y building o eme gency b igades'. The 2015-2016 El Niño o ecas In July 2015, ENFEN epo ed ‘consis en condi ions’ o a ‘s ong’ El Niño (ENFEN, 2015a). The o ecas in Sep embe 2015 was ha a 's ong' o an 'ex ao dina y' Niño a he Paci ic coas –simila o El Niño in 1982- 1983 and El Niño in 1997-1998− had 55% o p obabili y o happen (ENFEN, 2015b). Howe e , al eady in Janua y 2016 he coas al Niño had only a 20% chance o be 's ong' o 'ex ao dina y' (ENFEN, 2016a). Indeed, he 2015-2016 El Niño happened o be ‘s ong’ in Janua y, bu wi h he end o educe i s in ensi y o ‘mode a e’ in he ollowing mon hs (ENFEN, 2016b). 73 In eg a i e Risk and Secu i y Resea ch Volume 2/ 2017 Wi h he o ecas o a ‘s ong’ El Niño, in July 2015 he go e nmen decla ed he 's a e o eme gency' in he depa men s unde in luence, including Ica, `[...] in o de o achie e he implemen a ion o immedia e and necessa y esponse ac ions aimed a educing he e y high exis ing isk and he ehabili a ion o a eas ha may be a ec ed’ (PCM, 2015a, 2015b). Then, he Minis y o Ag icul u e and I iga ion (Minis e io de Ag icul u a y Riego - MINAGRI) announced in Sep embe o ha yea ha as a measu e o p e en and mi iga e he e ec s o El Niño 2015-2016 ' ain gauges and ea ly wa ning sys ems [we e] going o be ins alled in 132 ulne able s eam basins in he 14 depa men s unde he s a e o eme gency´ (Radio Nacional, 2015). Rain gauges we e going o be ins alled in he uppe s eam basins, while he ea ly wa ning sys ems (consis ing in loudspeake s, si ens and e acua ion ou es) would ac i a e o e acua e he people, when he gauges egis e ed he ising o wa e , which migh cause he all o huaicos (local e m o landslide). Acco ding o he Regional Di ec o o he Na ional Se ice o Me eo ology and Hyd ology (Se icio Nacional de Me eo ología e Hid ología – SENAMHI), Ica had an Ea ly Wa ning Sys em (EWS) in place s a ing om Decembe 2010 (Dominguez, 2014). Howe e , INDECI di ec ion in Ica in oduced he lood Ea ly Wa ning Sys em (Sis ema de Ale a Temp ana – SAT) in he dis ic s o Ica, La Tinguiña, Pa cona and San José de Los Molinos no be o e Sep embe 2015. Conce ning he SAT in 2015, GIZ (Ge man In e na ional Coope a ion) pa icipa ed in he implemen a ion wi hin i s p ojec Adap ación al cambio climá ico en Ica y Huanca elica (ACCIH). A pe sonal e-mail om a GIZ s a membe on 14 h Ap il 2016 epo ed ha he p o ocol o 2015 (P o ocolo Ope a i o del Sis ema de Ale a Temp ana an e Inundaciones del Río Ica) p epa ed by he echnical eam o he EWS −also in eg a ed by INDECI− was pu in o p ac ice h ough simula ions, whe e weaknesses we e iden i ied, in pa icula in he esponse o local people, because people e used o e acua e o because hey we e no willing o pa icipa e in aining. The 2016-2017 El Niño Cos e o In 2016 and 2017, El Niño Cos e o ( he Coas al El Niño) impac ed mainly he no h o he coun y, a ec ing housands o amilies (Canal N, 2017). In he case o Ica, he dis ic s o La Tinguiña (see igu e 4) and Pa cona, downs eam he Cansas gully, we e looded on 26 h Janua y 2017 (Dia io Co eo.pe, 2017). Figu e 4: El Niño a ec ed a ea in La Tinguiña Sou ce: Minis e io de De ensa del Pe ú (2017) (c ea i e commons) 80 Reco e y a e ex eme e en s - Lessons lea ned and emaining challenges in Disas e Risk Reduc ion This pe spec i e no e ocusses on he 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami and he 2008 Cyclone Na gis and aims o discuss he espec i e damage ex en as well as esponse measu es in o de o de i e lessons lea ned o e ec i e and sus ainable ehabili a ion e o s. The p esen ed insigh s a e mainly buil upon he p ac ical expe iences o he lead au ho Moe Moe as a na ional echnical specialis o he en i onmen , ulne abili y and clima e change sec o o he Na ional Ac ion Plan o Po e y Alle ia ion and Ru al De elopmen (NAPA) P ojec unded by he Li elihoods and Food Secu i y T us Fund (LIFT). 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami and 2008 Cyclone Na gis 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami The 2004 Tsunami mo ed s ongly owa ds he eas and wes , bu weakly o he no h. The a i al ime o he sunami wa e owa ds Myanma was abou h ee hou s and he epicen e was a a dis ance o abou 1,000 kilome es away. The calcula ed speed o p opaga ion owa ds he coas was 160 km/h . Damage ex en In compa ison o o he sunami a ec ed coun ies he e was less damage in Myanma . The sunami caused mode a e damage in some pa s o he Myanma Coas , o example Pyinsalu sub- ownship, Lapu a Township, Myaung Mya Dis ic and he Ayeya waddy Del a. Impac s included he dea h o 25 people, he des uc ion o 289 homes and 123 ishing boa s. Reasons o he a he in compa ison o o he coun ies limi ed damage ex en we e he exis ence o a seismic gap, di ec ion o he wa es and he opog aphic ea u e o seabed le el. The sunami impac ed upon unspoiled mang o e o es s and exis ences o hund eds o uninhabi ed islands in Myeik A chipelago. Response measu es The e we e wo key sunami ehabili a ion objec i es o p o ide suppo o ishing communi ies in eplacing ishing gea and boa s and suppo ing he eplacemen o equipmen o ag icul u e. Immedia ely ollowing he Tsunami, all agencies (including NGOs, go e nmen and p i a e sec o ) pulled oge he wi h he communi ies o suppo he eme gency and ehabili a ion e o s. Lessons Lea ned The lessons lea ned du ing ehabili a ion we e he impo ance o anspa ency ( he igh o in o ma ion), he cons i u ion o commi ees and accoun abili y, he use o local ma e ials, gende sensi iza ion, he use o a holis ic app oach ha emphasizes ho izon al and e ical as well as a " o wa d backwa d" linking. The cons ain s aced du ing ehabili a ion e o s we e he la ge scale o he damage, much impac on subsis ence ishe s, he weak capaci y o implemen ing agencies, he inadequa e in as uc u e, and he lack o a ailabili y o ma e ials, unde s anding o socio-economic and adi ional p ac ices, al e na i e echnologies, awa eness and a ime lag in gea ing up he esponse. O he b oad issues conside ed impo an o implemen a ion o eco e y measu es included: commi men o implemen a ion in a ime bound manne ; coo dina ion, need based app oaches, en i onmen al issues, sus ainabili y, gende , alue adding, anspa ency and accoun abili y, c edi , quali y assu ance and sea sa e y. The p og amme moni o ing mechanisms we e ou lined wi h ci il socie y and NGOs should ake a majo ole o e ec i eness. 81 In eg a i e Risk and Secu i y Resea ch Volume 2/ 2017 Myanma iden i ied aluable lessons o he u u e which include mang o e econs uc ion, app op ia e loca ion and cons uc ion o buildings, imp o ed communica ion sys ems, he de elopmen o e ec i e ea ly wa ning and esponse sys ems and he need o elie planning. 2008 Cyclone Na gis Cyclone Na gis caused se e e looding and shi ing o sands, which esul ed in ex ensi e damage o li es and li elihoods in May 2008. An es ima ed 84,537 people died, 53,836 emain missing (assumed dead) and 33,754 people we e inju ed. Nea ly 18,000 ishe ies wo ke s died and 10,000 wen missing. Assessmen da a e eals ha o he es ima ed popula ion o 7.35 million li ing in a ec ed ownships, some 2.4 million indi iduals we e se e ely a ec ed (Pos -Na gis Join Assessmen , 2008). The assessmen also indica es ha mo e women and child en died han men, which has dis o ed social s uc u es. App oxima ely 800,000 people we e displaced, o whom 260,000 sough shel e in camps and se lemen s h oughou he del a. The epo s indica ed ha a signi ican numbe o displaced pe sons we e auma ized. These people also su e ed he o al loss o hei li elihood (land, housing, ools, equipmen and o he asse s) and may no e u n o hei places o o igin, depending, a leas o he nea u u e, on hei hos communi ies. The e had been widesp ead de as a ion, wi h he nea - o al des uc ion o ields and shel e in a eas ha we e di ec ly hi by he cyclone. In all, 37 ownships we e signi ican ly a ec ed in Ayeya wady and Yangon Di isions, wi h widesp ead des uc ion o homes and c i ical in as uc u e, such as oads, je ies, wa e and sani a ion sys ems, uel supplies and elec ici y. Damage ex en wi h ocus on he ag icul u e sec o Majo damages and losses in he ag icul u e sec o a e Na gis included 63 pe cen o paddy ields subme ged; s o ed paddy and milled ice des oyed; seed s ocks los ; some powe ille s and housands o illing equipmen los ; widesp ead damage o public and p i a e ag icul u al in as uc u e and buildings; o cha d c ops and backya d ga dening des oyed; d augh animals (bu aloes and ca le) los in he ele en mos a ec ed ownships; many o he animals like pigs, ducks, goa s and chickens died; ma ine ishing essels, small inland ishing boa s and gea we e los ; some ac es o ish and sh imp ponds we e des oyed; se e e damage o 14 000 hec a es o na u al mang o e o es (ou o 56 000 hec a es, al eady agile and weakened by yea s o o e -exploi a ion); and se ious damage o 21 000 hec a es o he 63 000 hec a es o ede eloped mang o e plan a ions. 82 Reco e y a e ex eme e en s - Lessons lea ned and emaining challenges in Disas e Risk Reduc ion Table 1: Es ima es o damage and losses in he ag icul u e sec o (cu ency Kya million) Sou ce: Pos -Na gis Join Assessmen (2008) Response measu es The go e nmen and he in e na ional communi y mobilized signi ican esou ces o add ess he immedia e needs o popula ions a ec ed by Cyclone Na gis. The achie emen s ha e been no able despi e he a ious logis ical cons ain s and o he impedimen s du ing he p ocess. In e na ional pa ne s aced di icul ies and limi a ions in accessing he a ec ed a eas, which also in luenced he ype and scale o assis ance ha could be p o ided. The ag icul u e sec o is he mains ay o he economy in he cyclone-a ec ed a eas. Pos -Na gis ehabili a ion e o s, pa icula ly in e ms o ag icul u e, we e done based on he esul s o apid need assessmen by di e en Local and In e na ional NGOs a e eme gency esponses. The ins i u ions ha se e and go e n he ag icul u e subsec o s (i.e. c ops, li es ock, ishe ies/aquacul u e and o es y) we e also necessa y o ehabili a e. Unde s anding and es o ing ins i u ions and p oduc ion sys ems a e a p e equisi e o ehabili a ing li elihoods in a sus ainable way wi h a iew o build back be e and o imp o e he esilience o ulne able popula ions. Fu he , Disas e Risk Managemen (DRM) issues also need o be an in eg al pa o e ec i e and sus ainable ehabili a ion e o s. This is pa icula ly impo an in he con ex o clima e change and he speci ic isks and ulne abili y o li elihood sys ems in Na gis-a ec ed a eas. A holis ic p og amme app oach was es ablished, which s eamlines DRM and ins i u ional capaci y building in ehabili a ion plans. A na ional le el, he Na ional Commi ee on Disas e P e en ion and Managemen was ounded in Janua y, 2005 chai ed by P ime Minis e and membe s om minis e s o 16 di e en minis ies and by he sec e a y om he Depu y Minis e o Home A ai s. The e a e Cen al Commi ee and 10 Sub-commi ees on Disas e P e en ion Managemen Cen al Wo king Commi ee and hey coo dina e he oles and s a egy o he whole coun y. A communi y le el, some Local and In e na ional NGOs y o implemen esponses and p epa edness on Disas e Risk a e he Cyclone Na gis and communi ies a e also included. Fo example, Wo ld Vision Myanma (WVM) implemen ed he Myanma Disas e Risks Reduc ion (MDRR) P ojec in i s a eas. I was conduc ed o inc ease awa eness, unde s andings and p ac ices o he a ge communi ies on Disas e Risk Reduc ion (DRR) by means o inc easing awa eness, unde s andings and p ac ices o he a ge communi ies mainly h ough he ainings and semina s and in o ma ion, educa ion, and communica ion ma e ials o he Disas e Managemen Commi ees (DMCs). Quali y o DMCs and in e es s and a i udes o local au ho i y on DRR ac i i ies we e also one o he impo an ac o s in achie ing DRR. The communi ies ha e al eady iden i ied and loca ed he sa e places o e acua e o hei communi y membe s in he case o he nex disas e s o happen. Disas e impac on p i a e sec o (including households) Asse s Damage Losses To al Field c ops 65 336 159 929 - 283 000 225 265 - 348 336 Fa m equipmen 24 046 n/a 24 046 Plan a ions 22 043 65 209 87 252 Li es ock 45 190 30 775 75 965 Cap u e ishe ies 22 609 99 932 125 541 Fish a ms 4 120 29 394 33 514 To al 186 344 571 583 - 694 654 571 583 - 694 654 83 In eg a i e Risk and Secu i y Resea ch Volume 2/ 2017 Nowadays communi ies in he Ayeya waddy del a hi by he 2004 Tsunami and Cyclone Nagis a e awa e o hose isks. The communi ies a e lis ening o news o cyclone and wea he epo s om adio and ans e he wea he news o each o he . The communi ies iden i ied and cons uc ed e acua ion places in each illage and buil a cyclone shel e house o 5-10 illages o common use. The numbe s o shel e a e no enough o he communi ies s ill, because o limi ed inancial suppo . Wo ies abou he nex disas e and loss o li es exis . Some illage s, who aced he sunami and he cyclone expe ienced shock and auma due o loss o many li es and all p ope ies. Communi ies hold my hs ha hey did some hing w ong and ecei ed punishmen by he sea h ough he Tsunami. Lessons Lea ned A e Cyclone Na gis, he go e nmen is awa e ha i is necessa y o p epa e, o example, h ough cyclone wa ning and ale o na i e people. This did no happen du ing he cyclone and i was e iden ha when he nex cyclone in Rakhine occu ed, e en when i had he same s eng h, i did no each he same dea h oll. Fewe people we e a ec ed and he go e nmen ecognized ha i is necessa y o p o ec om disas e s, also ela ed o clima e change. The communi ies in del a a eas a ec ed by he Cyclone Na gis could no o ge ha so o disas e and ecognize ha i was mo e se e e because o no exis ence o windb eak ees like mang o e o es . Some illages we e less a ec ed due o bamboo plan a ion a ound hei compound. Li es we e sa ed because bamboo ees we e no up oo ed when he cyclone hi . Pe sis ing cu en disas e isks Du ing a ac inding mission o TH Köln in Augus 2016, we could obse e some o he na u al and man- made condi ions in Myanma ha play a ole in he cons uc ion o na u al disas e isk. In he sou h o Myanma , Myeik, mang o e o es s a e s ill in ac along la ge a eas along he coas (Figu e 2). Howe e , in he u u e, he a ea migh be unde de elopmen o inc easing ou ism and also, plan a ion o cash c ops such as palm oil p oduc ion, which migh esul in con lic wi h na u al esou ce managemen and p o ec ion om cyclones and sunami. Figu e 2. In ac mang o e o es along he coas in he sou ho Myanma , close o Myeik Sou ce: own pho og aph by Feke e (2016) 84 Reco e y a e ex eme e en s - Lessons lea ned and emaining challenges in Disas e Risk Reduc ion In he sou h, bu also on he ield ip o a eas a ound Nay Pyi Taw and Yezin in he coun y cen e, aces o landslides and e osion wi hin dense ege a ion could be obse ed, ypical o ain all- igge ed g a i a ional mass mo emen s, bu o cou se also due o a ange o o he ac o s such as a ming and cu ing o ege a ion (Figu e 3). Ag icul u al lands a e on he one hand exposed o e osion, bu p ac ices o a ming a e a he same ime in in e play wi h c ea ing o agg a a ing ce ain isks o landslides. Figu e 3. T aces o ege a ion co e loss p obably ela ed o g a i a ional mass mo emen s in he sou h o Myanma , close o Myeik Sou ce: own pho og aph by Feke e (2016) Na u al haza ds a e no an issue o u al a eas in Myanma only, also ci ies a e acing impac s o wea he e en s such as in ensi e ain alls o lash loods (Figu e 4). In Yangon ( o me ly Rangoon), he la ges ci y in Myanma wi h a ound 7 million inhabi an s, a ic inc eases and ca s a e apidly eplacing o me means o anspo a ion such as scoo e s o bicycles. Nex o a ic jams as a daily bu den, impac s o me eo ological e en s such as ain o s o m o loods a e likely o inc ease in e up ions o anspo a ion and logis ics. While u ban in as uc u e is exposed o me eo ological haza ds, i is also how such in as uc u e is echnically cons uc ed bu mo eo e , how i is used o e en used beyond planned capaci y ha con ibu es o isk o in e up ion in daily li e as well as in a se e e disas e si ua ion. Figu e 4. In ensi e ain alls subme ging oads in Yangon Sou ce: own pho og aph by Feke e (2016) 85 In eg a i e Risk and Secu i y Resea ch Volume 2/ 2017 Conclusion Acco ding o he insigh s p esen ed all s akeholde s and au ho i ies ha e o ha e a mas e plan o Disas e Risk Managemen . The e is a con inuing need o communi y awa eness on conse a ion o na u al esou ces and sys ema ic Disas e Risk Managemen o mi iga e disas e s ela ed o clima e change in Myanma . Un il now, in Myanma , p ac ice is applied when disas e s ikes. In he u u e, i will be also necessa y o ac be o e disas e isk u ns in o disas e damages. I is necessa y o coope a e and s udy Disas e Risk Reduc ion in Myanma by in e es ed ins i u ions om inland and ou side o he coun y. Rega ding he alidi y o he a gumen s and indings p esen ed he e please no e ha hey a e mainly based on he lead au ho ’s wo king expe ience as a na ional echnical specialis o he en i onmen , ulne abili y and clima e change sec o o he Na ional Ac ion Plan o Po e y Alle ia ion and Ru al De elopmen (NAPA) P ojec unded by he Li elihoods and Food Secu i y T us Fund (LIFT) and need u he empi ical esea ch in o de o de i e gene al conclusions. Acknowledgemen s We a e g a e ul o DAAD o enabling he Alumni Semina in 2015 and he e o e es ablishing he con ac be ween he au ho s. We would also like o hank DAAD and TH Köln o he Fac Finding Mission and, Jan Bäume o suppo wi h he li e a u e da abase and ci a ions. Re e ences CIA 2017, The Wo ld Fac book: Bu ma A ailable om h ps://www.cia.go /lib a y/publica ions/ he-wo ld- ac book/geos/bm.h ml. [24 Augus 2017]. Eme gency Communica ion Sys em in Myanma , ITU/ESCAP Disas e Communica ion Wo kshop. Tun Win (2006): 12-15 Decembe , 2006 Bangkok, Thailand. Food and Ag icul u e O ganiza ion o he Uni ed Na ions – Pos -Na gis Reco e y and Rehabili a ion P og amme, Myanma , Janua y 2009. Myanma Disas e Risks Reduc ion (MDRR) E alua ion Repo (D a ). Khin Maung Lwin, 6 Janua y 2014, Yangon, Myanma . Assessmen Repo . Coo dina ed by he Food Secu i y Sec o and led by FAO and WFP in collabo a ion wi h he Go e nmen o Myanma , UN women, Wo ld Vision, CESVI, CARE, JICA, LIFT, 2015. Pos -Na gis Join Assessmen 2008, Pos -Na gis Join Assessmen Repo . A ailable om h p://documen s.w p.o g/s ellen /g oups/public/documen s/ena/w p189113.pd ?_ga=2.17160697.1 594788223.1504532072-521411957.1504532072 [24 Augus 2017] UN O ice o he Coo dina ion o Humani a ian A ai s 2017, Myanma : Recen na u al disas e s o e iew (as o 28 June 2017). A ailable om: h p:// elie web.in /si es/ elie web.in / iles/ esou ces/MMR_Snapsho _P epa edness_5Yea s_280617. pd [24 Augus 2017]. Wo ld Bank 2017, Myanma . A ailable om: h ps://da a.wo ldbank.o g/coun y/myanma . [24 Augus 2017]. 86 Reco e y a e ex eme e en s - Lessons lea ned and emaining challenges in Disas e Risk Reduc ion E alua ion o e o s: pe cep ions o sa is ac ion and long- e m e ec s 87 In eg a i e Risk and Secu i y Resea ch Volume 2/ 2017 S udying ex eme e en s om he pe spec i e o he disas e elie wo ke s in ol ed in 2013 loods in Ge many Ch is ian Baumga ne , Ch is ian Ben le & Alexande Feke e1 1Ins i u e o Rescue Enginee ing and Ci il P o ec ion, TH Köln - Uni e si y o Applied Sciences, Ge many Email: alexande .[email p o ec ed] In oduc ion In 2013, loods a ec ed se e al egions o Ge many and caused billions o eu os in damage (Cen e o Disas e Managemen and Risk Reduc ion Technology 2013). These de as a ing loods in Cen al Eu ope ha e become a s ong eminde o he impac such calami ies can ha e on all g oups o socie y. To p e en u he damage, sa e li es and suppo he a ec ed people, abou 100,000 disas e elie pe sonnel om di e en o ganiza ions we e sen on mission (Fede al O ice o Ci il P o ec ion and Disas e Assis ance 2013). The Ge man disas e elie sys em is mainly comp ised o olun a y membe s who conduc aining p og ammes and di e en ope a ions besides hei no mal occupa ion, hei amily commi men s and o he hobbies. The e is no ixed mone a y con ac be ween hese olun ee s and hei espec i e o ganiza ions. The e o e, i is no possible o oblige membe s o go on a escue mission — hey need o be mo i a ed. The Ge man disas e elie sys em is gene ally based on he p inciple o high mo i a ion, which can be in luenced in a posi i e o nega i e way h ough di e en pa ame e s (F ancis & Jones 2012, and Figu e 1), such as a mission o an eno mous dimension. Since he Ge man disas e sys em needs a g ea numbe o olun ee s, hese o ces need o be highly mo i a ed. Howe e , du ing and a e he loods he e we e bo h posi i e and nega i e oices ega ding a ious o ganiza ional issues and he e ec i eness o he deployed elie o ces. The e o e, his ‘lessons lea ned’ s udy analyses he sa is ac ion o he disas e elie pe sonnel wi h he mission du ing he lood disas e in Ge many in 2013, as well as he implica ions o u he commi men o he disas e elie sys em. Fu he mo e, he s udy aims o inc ease awa eness o he opic o ‘pe sonal sa is ac ion o elie o ces’ in ci il p o ec ion.   Figu e 1. Fac o s po en ially in luencing sa is ac ion o elie wo ke s Sou ce: own elabo a ion  88 Reco e y a e ex eme e en s - Lessons lea ned and emaining challenges in Disas e Risk Reduc ion The su ey In o de o analyse he sa is ac ion o he disas e elie o ces and o iden i y impo an c i e ia o his sa is ac ion, a ques ionnai e was o mula ed. This ques ionnai e is based on hypo heses de eloped based on li e a u e esea ch and explo a o y pee -g oup discussions (Baumga ne & Ben le 2014b) To ob ain signi ican and de ailed esul s, i was necessa y o each disas e elie o ces a ilia ed o di e en o ganiza ions ac oss Ge many. The e o e, an online ques ionnai e was made a ailable o e a pe iod o six mon hs, and he in o ma ion was sp ead by email and social media. The esul s o his s udy a e based on 3,377 comple ed and analysable da ase s (Baumga ne & Ben le 2014a). These da ase s show ha mos o he elie o ces we e a leas sa is ied wi h he lood mission (Figu e 2) and he mo i a ion o u he mission has inc eased (Table 1). Mo eo e , he s udy iden i ies some impo an poin s o sa is ac ion ela ed o missions such as in o ma ion managemen o ale ing and ad anced in o ma ion (Tables 1 & 2). The coope a ion be ween he disas e elie o ces and posi i e beha iou o he esiden s a e men ioned as addi ional main c i e ia. The s udy also shows c i e ia ha a ec ed he sa is ac ion in a nega i e way such as p oblems wi h coo dina ion o a long s andby ime (Baumga en & Ben le 2014b).  Figu e 2. Pe sonal sa is ac ion o disas e elie o ces du ing he lood mission in 2013 (N=3377) Sou ce: Baumga en & Ben le (2014b)  The o e all pic u e o pe sonal sa is ac ion o he elie wo ke s a e he lood mission in 2013 can be u he b oken down o se e al ac o s con ibu ing o i , as displayed below in Tables 1 and 2. C i e ion Ca ego ies Responses N = 3377 Leade ship le el and aining G oup commande (Ve band üh e ) o highe (highes deg ee o leade ship) 11% Pla oon leade (Zug üh e ) 15% G oup leade (G uppen üh e ) 26% Squad leade (T upp üh e ) 20% o he aining 11% none 17% Pe sonal mo i a ion change due o ope a ion Yes, my mo i a ion inc eased 53% No in luence o ope a ion on my mo i a ion 42% 89 In eg a i e Risk and Secu i y Resea ch Volume 2/ 2017 My mo i a ion dec eased 5% Age g oup (in yea s) < 25 26% 25-30 34% 36-45 22% 46-60 17% > 60 1% Gende Female 10% Male 90% Table 1. Selec ed ques ions and esponses om he su ey ega ding elie wo ke s’ sa is ac ion wi h he ope a ion Sou ce: own elabo a ion Table 1 shows ha ega ding leade ship le el and aining, all anks pa icipa ed in he su ey. O e all, mo i a ion has inc eased o emained, and only ew (5%) epo ed dec eased mo i a ion a e his e en . A ela i ely high deg ee o younge pe sons pa icipa ed in he su ey, which may be due o amilia i y wi h online su eys and media, bu also ep esen s he amoun o pe sons ac i e in such o ganisa ions. 90% male pa icipan s can also be expec ed in a s ill hea ily male domina ed ield. C i e ion Ca ego ies Responses N = 3377 In o ma ion p o ision Ve y good 13% Good 32% Fai 32% Bad 16% Ve y bad 6% No judgmen 1% Ala m and in o ma ion be o ehand Ve y good 16% Good 36% Fai 28% Bad 13% Ve y bad 7% No judgmen 0,5% Ope a ion ecapi ula ion Ve y good 18% Good 37% Fai 23% Bad 11% Ve y bad 5% 96 Reco e y a e ex eme e en s - Lessons lea ned and emaining challenges in Disas e Risk Reduc ion Finally, he happy day o he inaugu a ion ce emony was o come on 13 Augus , 2008 (he p esen au ho was o una ely able also o a end he opening ce emony o Ankokkawala illage. Some o his pe sonal imp essions a e gi en abo e). The se le s en husias ically applauded when he ibbon was cu o signal he o icial hand-o e o he houses o hem. Happy wishes we e exp essed by se e al pe sonali ies, including eligious digni a ies and public se ice ep esen a i es when he se le s p oudly ook o e hei new houses. Lucky aces o he people, bo h o pa en s and child en, we e o be seen as hei despe a e homelessness had come o an end. The se le s we e ha dly able o exp ess in wo ds how o una e and hank ul hey we e abou hei new houses. They seemed o unde s and ha hey could s a a new li e and o look wi h con idence owa ds a sa e and happy u u e. Hope ully he houses o he illage s would soon change in o hei homes. Remembe ing he sad saying among he sunami-a lic ed people: “We ha e los no only ou houses, bu e en mo e ou homes.” Imp o emen o housing condi ions In he yea s o come a e he opening o Ankkokawala illage, se e al imp o emen s we e ca ied ou in o de o c ea e be e li ing and housing condi ions o he illage s. Funded by he SLCNC, he ollowing measu es we e ca ied ou :  iling o he e anda loo  iling in he ki chen and ba h oom/ oile ,  digging o a well o sa e supplemen a y wa e besides he public unning wa e sys em,  building o a d ainage sys em o p e en he sloppy e ain in he illage om e osion a e hea y ain all,  p o iding seeds and plan s o he se le s o de eloping hei ga dens. The go e nmen p o ided a new a ed oad om a nea by illage o Ankokkawala passing h ough he emaining ubbe plan a ion. On his oad a egula public bus se ice was also in oduced ha connec ed Ankokkowala illage wi h Galle own. All he addi ional imp o emen s we e happily welcomed by he se le s in Ankokkawala illage. … a decade unde e iew Re iewing he pas nea ly en yea s, he ocal ques ions a ise:   We e he emendous e o s - including he high amoun o money, espec i ely unds, in ol ed in he illage p ojec - wo h o no ?  Wha we e he bene i s o he p ojec ? Wha we e de ici s?  Wha abou he illage s sa is ac ion, espec i ely dissa is ac ion? I seems impo an ha he SLCNC has egula ly, yea by yea , paid inspec ion isi s o Ankkokawala illage aiming:  o mee he illage s,  o look in o hei well-being,  o no e he p og ess o he illage de elopmen and he socie al p ocess o ha monisa ion among he se le s  and o no e he se le s' sa is ac ion, espec i ely dissa is ac ion. The ollowing achie emen s a Ankokkawala illage can be s a ed: 97 In eg a i e Risk and Secu i y Resea ch Volume 2/ 2017  he illage has ob ained a well- unc ioning in as uc u e by anspo as well as elec ici y and wa e ,  all en amilies who li e in he illage ha e meanwhile become a communi y wi h a highly de eloped spi i o communal esponsibili y. People do mee , hey come oge he , si oge he , alk oge he  se le s ha e also well de eloped a good as e o a eliable neighbou hood and e en close iendship and unde s anding,  people us each o he and a e good pa ne s,  people pay much a en ion o hei ga dens by plan ing ui ees and ege ables. People lo e hei ga dens and mos o hem a e paying p oud a en ion o hem. Bananas and o he ui ees, like papaya and passion ee, a e h i ing well and bea ing ich ui s. Meanwhile, e en coconu ees ha e g own up and ha e become adul o ich ha es s. Yea by yea , i has been possible o obse e o which ex en ga dening was success ully in ensi ied and de eloped,  mos illage s ha e e en plan ed o namen al lowe plan s, including lowe po s and o chids in baske s in on o he e andas,  i is highly encou aging o obse e o which ex en he se le s ha e pu all hei e o s o make hei homes and homes ead ga dens as nice as possible,  he illage is mo ing o wa d o become a 'g een illage', ich and p ospe ous in na u e's blessings unde opical skies. Ye , he e mus also be ecognized some de ici s a Ankokkawala illage and o he se le s:  he loca ion o he illage is ob iously in he hin e land and hence o he main oad as well as o he sea,  he ishe men a e qui e a away om hei ishing si es and hey mus a el e e y day some se en o eigh kilome es o he sea as well home o Ankokkawala illage,  i is mos impo an o main ain he access oad o Ankokkawala illage in good condi ion in o de o con inue a egula bus se ice,  he e is no shop o s o e as pa o he illage because i may be oo small o same. Shopping e en o he daily need mus he e o e be done in a illage some kilome es away om Ankokkawala,  he e is no playg ound o he kids and also no spo s ield o he you h.  li e has ob iously been changed; he open ocean and sea is no longe pa o he amily li e. Conside ing all he de ici s, hey a e compa ably small compa ed wi h he achie emen s. Compa ing bo h, he achie emen s and he de ici s, i can be ollowed ha Ankokkawala ep esen s a illage wo h all he e o s ha ha e been pu in du ing he pas en yea s. Summa y Conside ing he achie emen s o Ankokkawala illage o e he pas decade, i can be ollowed ha he illage has de eloped owa ds a ue illage wi h a s ong communal esponsibili y among he se le s. I can also be no ed ha happiness and sa is ac ion is a ound among all he people in he illage. I can hence be s ongly s a ed ha houses ha e meanwhile success ully u ned in o homes o he sunami- a lic ed people whe e o li e happily wi h con idence and ai h. 98 Reco e y a e ex eme e en s - Lessons lea ned and emaining challenges in Disas e Risk Reduc ion The happy aceso he se le s a e exp essing he bes e idence o he success ul illage implemen a ion and illage de elopmen so a . I mus be app ecia ed as a sign o happiness o he Ankokkawala illage s ha no amily who se led down a he opening o he illage a decade ago has le he place. All he 'pionee ' amilies s ill li e in Ankokkawala. The SLCNC mus pay u he con inuous a en ion o he de elopmen o Ankokkawala illage and o assis he illage s, as a as possible, in hei needs o a pleasan and p ospe ous u u e. 99 In eg a i e Risk and Secu i y Resea ch Volume 2/ 2017 B ing back he lessons lea ned o he bene icia ies! Pia Hollenbach1 & Gab iela Neuhaus2 1 Depa men o Geog aphy, Uni e si y o Zu ich, Swi ze land 2O oad Repo s, Swi ze land Email: [email p o ec ed]h; o oad ep[email p o ec ed] In oduc ion In he a e ma h o he 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, abou 70’000 people we e eloca ed in S i Lanka, mos o hem due o he implemen a ion o a Bu e Zone by he go e nmen , which p ohibi ed he econs uc ion o pe manen housing along he coas line. Reloca ion o such a huge numbe o people was made possible h ough he in ol emen and inancial suppo o In e na ional Aid O ganisa ions. In his pape we i s wan o highligh he di icul ies and long e m impac s o ( o ced) eloca ion, asking why o me lessons lea ned ha e no been su icien ly and sus ainably inco po a ed in p ojec planning and implemen a ion, and second, why Aid O ganisa ions did no accep weaknesses and di ec ly a end o upcoming sho comings. Finally, we show ha hey e en we e no eady o e i e hei p ojec s and epai back be e a e e alua ions/impac s udies p o ed ha bene icia ies and local go e nmen s su e om long- e m consequences o aid in e en ions. Inexcusable e o s Quali a i e, mul idisciplina y and ac ion esea ch o e a ime pe iod o almos 10 yea s esul ed in a scien i ic PhD hesis0F 1 and a jou nalis ic documen a y ilm1F 2 on he one hand analysing, on he o he hand documen ing sho ages and ailu es o how aid has being done and which sus ainable and long-las ing impac i has on he li es o aid ecipien s in pos - sunami S i Lanka. Wi h he help o quali a i e in e iews (170) o aid ecipien s bu also wi h local go e nmen au ho i y, poli icians and in e na ional/na ional aid wo ke s (35) we isi ed mo e han 20 eloca ion illages and – o compa e – abou 10 places wi h in si u econs uc ion. Finally we wo ked ou o al and isualized his o ies om 6 eloca ion locali ies (Sou h and Eas S i Lanka) ha we e dono -d i en managed by in e na ional bu also na ional dono s. All hese examples clea ly show weaknesses in p ojec planning and implemen a ion as well as oo ea ly wi hd awal o dono s. Fac is: 10 yea s pos - sunami we see a majo i y o eloca ion p ojec s acing huge social, economic and echnical di icul ies. One o he bes esea ched examples o pos - sunami eloca ion ailu e is Ge man Ha i ha Gama in Sou he n S i Lanka: 90 houses co- inanced and planned h ough a Ge man Eme gency Aid O ganisa ion wi h he ision o c ea e an eco- iendly and au a kic model illage, buil by a con ac o , up o 18 kilome es away om he bene icia ies’ o me homes. Un il oday he illage has no p ope wa e supply, no decen access oad and public anspo ; he emo eness hampe s social and economic de elopmen . Hal o he houses a e abandoned and many o he o he s only empo a ily used. Jus 12 houses a e pe manen ly inhabi ed, and e en hose no all by he i s ecipien s. The planned bake y has been aliena ed and is oday he emple o a Buddhis monk and he kinde ga en, he doc o ’s oom and he ma ke place ha e ne e se ed hei pu poses. 1Hollenbach, 2014: The Pa adox o Good In ensions: p i a e-gi ing in pos - sunami S i Lanka 2Neuhaus, G. and Scudele i, A. 2014: Bu e Zone. S i Lanka – 10 yea s a e he Tsunami, Documen a y Film 100 Reco e y a e ex eme e en s - Lessons lea ned and emaining challenges in Disas e Risk Reduc ion This unaccep able si ua ion is no a singula case bu is ound in a ious loca ions in S i Lanka as well as in pos - sunami Aceh and Tamil Nadu (Ba ens ein & Pi e 2007; Duyne Ba ens ein 2015; Daly & Feene 2016; Jha e al 2010). Resea ch shows ha simila p oblems, in combina ion o o he socio-economic and s uc u al p oblems occu , in o he pos disas e eloca ion p ojec s e.g. in Hai i o New O leans (Chamlee-W igh & S o 2010). Le alone The communi y o Ge man Ha i ha Gama ied e y ha d o sol e he p oblems a e he implemen ing NGO closed hei 3 yea s commi men in 2009. Village s called a en ion o hei non-li eable si ua ion on di e en le els: hey w o e le e s o local poli icians and adminis a ion, he NGO headqua e , p i a e dono s and e en o ganised public p o es s in on o he Galle Dis ic Sec e a ia . Un o una ely wi hou success! E en an enqui y o a p i a e dono , who co- unded he p ojec and is engaged in he illage ill oday, o e-es ablish echnical and inancial suppo sol ing he wa e p oblem c ea ed by he p ojec , ecei ed a nega i e answe om he o ganisa ion’s headqua e in Ge many. And long e m s a egies o s ay in ol ed c ea ing a sus ainable communi y, p oposed by a o me p ojec manage , ha e also been ejec ed. The o ganisa ion’s main a gumen o i s non- eac ion was ha hey wan ed o a oid long e m aid dependency o he bene icia ies and ha humani a ian assis ance would ha e a limi ed ime ame – a e which he local go e nmen needs o ake o e he long e m esponsibili ies o de elopmen . A simila answe was gi en o he ilm eam, eques ing a commen o he ou come and ob ious ailu es o he p ojec . In he end, all ac i i ies o b ing back suppo o he people o Ge man Ha i ha Gama emained una ended, al hough cu en s udies p o e ha exis ing p oblems – mainly he lack o wa e and in as uc u e - exceed he echnical and inancial capabili ies o he housing bene icia ies as well as o he local go e nmen . We ind such de as a ing si ua ions island wide, whe e implemen ing o ganisa ions e use o ace hei mis akes and o epai back be e . No lea ning Al hough se e al p e-Indian Ocean Tsunami s udies emphasize he speci ic di icul ies and complexi ies o pos -disas e and de elopmen induced eloca ion (Ce nea 1999; Fe nando e al 2010), he e was and he e s ill is ob iously no lea ning o lessons lea ned. We ask: Why no ? Al hough i was known ha eloca ion p ojec s need mo e ime han in-si u econs uc ion, Aid O ganisa ions wi hd ew in mos cases a e maximum 3 yea s, a e he houses we e buil . Thei engagemen did no ake su icien ly in o accoun he socio-economic de elopmen and in eg a ion o a decen li elihood in he new places. Based on ou expe iences, we s a e ha he majo i y o s akeholde s in he Aid Indus y a e no willing o look a long e m de elopmen s o p ojec s once hey ha e been handed o e . They a e e en less eady o openly accep ailu es and mis akes and o change hei implemen ing habi s. In ou opinion, one o he d i ing easons is he compe i i eness o he Aid Business: The dono s’ p io i y is o sus ainably gene a e unds o keep hei business going. The e o e, hey pu in on hei own isibili y and in e es s in Public Rela ion ins ead o p io i ising he bene icia ies’ needs and demands. Fu he mo e in e na ional o ganisa ions end o igno e o in coope a e local knowledge and expe ise, especially in he iden i ica ion, planning and de eloping phase o p ojec s. They come in wi h hei own s anda dised me hods and p oduc s and de alue he impo ance o he socio-poli ical, economic and 101 In eg a i e Risk and Secu i y Resea ch Volume 2/ 2017 cul u al con ex . The assump ion is – e en in complex eloca ion si ua ions – ha handing-o e houses is a su icien base o o m a communi y. The e o dono s o en phase ou and hand o e p ojec s oo quickly and mos c i ically wi hou su icien knowledge- ans e in o he esponsibili ies o local go e nmen s and bene icia ies. Gi en ime cons ains highligh ha a uly pa icipa o y and in eg a ed p ocess is no possible, and e en so-called owne -d i en p ojec s become a a ce, as he owne is mainly d i en by he dono ’s ision. In ac lexibili y and adjus ing o un o eseen ci cums ances is ca ego ically denied as all decisions a e subo dina ed o he so-called «goal-o ien ed p ocess planning». O as Ramlingam (2013) no es “…o ganiza ions spend all hei ime looking o he single igh answe a he han di e se solu ions; people spend mo e ime ying o do hings igh han doing he igh hings; he e is much mo e ocus on knowledge ans e han on knowledge c ea ion…” (26, emphasis added). Need o change Wha needs o be changed o o e come he exis ing igid s uc u es in he Aid Business? – The main p oblem: Aid O ganisa ions a e d i en by own in e es s a he han he ac ual demands o bene icia ies. As a esul , econs uc ion p ojec s a ge ing Disas e Risk Reduc ion o en sus ain he e e yday disas e s o he bene icia ies in he long un. To eally ul il hei claim imp o ing he li es o hose in need – « o build back be e » – Aid agencies and NGOs need o gi e up hei esis ance o hones sel -de elopmen and sel - e lec ion. I hey a e eally eady o lea n hei lessons om exis ing indings, he i s logical s ep would be, o gi e he p o i o hese lea nings back o he o me bene icia ies: Aid O ganisa ions need o go back in o hei old ields o in e en ions and make jus ice o hei ailu es. I is impo an o admi ha he e is no bluep in solu ion o pos -disas e econs uc ion. Real pa ne ship he e o means ha new con ex ualized knowledge needs o be c ea ed by local expe s, go e nmen s and he ecipien s, oge he wi h hei dono s. We s ongly u ge o b ing back he so-called bene icia ies back in o he d i e ’s sea s o pos -disas e econs uc ion. This needs ime and mul idisciplina y skills, including in e cul u al communica ion, social science, anspa ency and p ojec planning ha allow agili y in any p ojec phase. Li e a u e Ba ens ein, J & Pi e , D 2007 ‘Pos -Disas e Housing Recons uc ion. Cu en T ends and Sus ainable Al e na i es o Tsunami-A ec ed Communi ies in Coas al Tamil Nadu’ Lausanne: EPFL. Ce nea, M 1999 ‘The economics o in olun a y ese lemen : Ques ions and challenges’. Wo ld Bank publica ion. Chamlee-W igh , E & S o , VH 2010, The Poli ical Economy o Hu ican Ka ina and Communi y Rebound, Edwa d Elga , Chel enham, UK. Duyne Ba ens ein, J 2015. Does eloca ion iola e people’s igh o adequa e housing? The case o pos - sunami econs u ion in Tamil Nadu, India. In: P. Daly and M. Feene (eds). Rebuilding Asia ollowing na u al disas e s: App oaches o Recons uc ion in he Asia-Paci ic Region. Camb idge: Camb idge Uni e si y P ess ( o hcoming). Daly, P & Feene RM, 2016, Rebuilding Asia Following Na u al Disas e s: App oaches o Recons uc ion in he Asia-Paci ic Region, Camb idge Uni e si y P ess, Camb idge Fe nando, N e al 2010 ‚Mig a ion and Na u al Haza ds: Is eloca ion a seconda y disas e o an oppo uni y o ulne abili y educ ion’ In A i i, T & Jage , J (eds) “En i onmen , Fo ced mig a ion and Vulne abili y. Sp inge , Heidelbe g. Jah Abhas e al 2010 ‘Sa e Homes, S onge Communi ies. A Handbook o Recons uc ing a e Na u al Disas e s. GFDRR/Wo ld Bank. Ramalingam, B 2013, Aid on he Edge o Chaos: Re hinking In e na ional Coope a ion in a Complex Wo ld, OUP Ox o d, Ox o d. 102 Reco e y a e ex eme e en s - Lessons lea ned and emaining challenges in Disas e Risk Reduc ion Lessons on elie and eco e y a e disas ous e en s – Pe cep ion and sa is ac ion o elie wo ke s Alexande Feke e1, Celia No 1, Ch is iane S ephan1 & Ka olina Bedna ska2 1Ins i u e o Rescue Enginee ing and Ci il P o ec ion, TH Köln - Uni e si y o Applied Sciences, Ge many 2Ins i u e o Fi e Sa e y Enginee ing, Main School o Fi e Se ice, Poland Email: alexande . eke e@ h-koeln.de; [email p o ec ed]; ch is iane.s ephan@ h-koeln.de Abs ac The pe cep ion and sa is ac ion o elie helpe s and manage s engaged in di e en o ms o domes ic and o eign aid conce ning disas ous e en s is a c ucial aspec in e alua ing disas e elie ac ions and de i ing lessons lea ned o u u e p ojec s. This a icle i s ly summa izes indings on he pe cep ion and sa is ac ion o elie wo ke s p esen ed in g ey and scien i ic li e a u e and highligh s he li e a u e’s ocus on eco e y e o s conce ning housing, logis ics and planning as well as on he di e en s akeholde s in ol ed. Secondly, hese indings om he li e a u e a e suppo ed by insigh s om a su ey ca ied ou amongs di e en ac o s in ol ed in disas e elie in se e al coun ies and cases. The esul s unde line ime cons ain s and in o ma ion managemen as cen al aspec s o limi ing elie enablemen . Mo eo e , con a y o o he obse a ions, ce ain key documen s ega ding Disas e Risk Reduc ion (DRR), especially he Sendai and Hyogo F amewo ks a e well known and also, a leas o 61% e alua ed as gene al use ul by elie wo ke s. This pape se es as a s a ing poin o in-dep h esea ch on he sa is ac ion wi h disas e elie ac i i ies as one impo an pa o e ec i e DRR ha includes immedia e esponse bu also long- e m e ec i eness o eco e y measu es and hus makes disas e elie no an isola ed ac i i y bu in eg a ed in o DRR and de elopmen aspec s. In oduc ion Disas e s such as he Indian Ocean Tsunami in 2004, he ea hquake in Hai i 2010, he Nepal Ea hquake 2015,o many o he so-called na u al haza ds (also cyclones, loods e c.) do no only a ac global a en ion bu also domes ic as well as o eign aid in di e en o ms. A ew mon hs o yea s a e a disas e howe e his a en ion and aid dec eases, as he manda es o humani a ian o ganiza ions end and media a en ion swi ches o o he places o opics. This a icle based on a su ey gene a es an o e iew o which ex en hese di e en o ms o domes ic and o eign aid in e en ions we e sa is ying om he poin o iew o hose pe sons who helped. Help and aid can come in di e en o ms o a disas e s icken communi y; sea ch and escue eams, people o ganising he logis ics om ab oad o , c owd sou ced e en om hei home o ice. Consul an s o NGOs, go e nmen , p i a e sec o and indi iduals, a ec ed o no a ec ed all belong o a wo ld-wide communi y o people in ol ed in aid and eco e y a e se e e e en s such as a sunami, cyclone o ea hquake. Goods and se ices o e ed o imp o e immedia e si ua ions can a y s ongly and he leng h o he eco e y phase can be ex ended up o decades. Small-scale p o ision o ood and wa e , bu also la ge-scale housing p ojec s o haza d ba ie s, jus as less physically angible se ices like knowledge o dona ions in o m o money all belong o disas e aid and eco e y. While qui e a numbe o lessons lea ned s udies exis s ha add ess he ime immedia ely a e an e en , as in he case o he 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, he numbe o s udies published o e lec long- e m lea ning 103 In eg a i e Risk and Secu i y Resea ch Volume 2/ 2017 dec eases signi ican ly o e he yea s a e an e en . In o de o os e long- e m lea ning and sha e expe ience on which eco e y e ec s we e e ec i e and which we e no sus ainable, we ca ied ou wo ac i i ies; an expe semina and a su ey. Backg ound and mo i a ion: Alumni Semina In con ex o he DAAD Alumni Semina on he opic “11 Yea s A e he Indian Ocean Tsunami 2004 – Lessons o Disas e Reco e y, Rehabili a ion and Resilience”, ca ied ou by TH Köln - Uni e si y o Applied Sciences, Ins i u e o Rescue Enginee ing and Ci il P o ec ion, he Uni ed Na ions Uni e si y - Ins i u e o En i onmen and Human Secu i y (UNU-EHS) and he Social Policy Analysis and Resea ch Cen e, Uni e si y o Colombo (SPARC), 20 in e na ional pa icipan s om Asia, La in Ame ica and A ica and a ious Ge man and in e na ional expe s in he ield o Disas e Risk Managemen and Humani a ian Aid discussed opics o social esilience, bu e capaci ies o ce ain ecosys ems o sunami wa es and he challenges o dona ion managemen and long- e m owne ship and esponsibili y o elie ac i i ies. Especially wo p essing ques ions we e pu in o ocus: 1. Ha e he di e en ac o s lea ned om he disas e and 2. Ha e p ocesses o Disas e Risk Reduc ion (DRR) and li elihood imp o emen been implemen ed success ully and in a sus ainable manne ? In discussing hese ques ions, he sa is ac ion o helpe s and manage s who we e engaged in p o iding di e en o ms o domes ic and o eign aid was highligh ed - especially he need o e alua e hese p ocesses, he eby de i ing ce ain lessons on how o imp o e hem o u u e p ojec s. The ou come o he semina is documen ed by se e al scien i ic pape s in his olume and in a icles published in o he jou nals (e.g. S ephan, No & Feke e, 2017). The aim o his pape is o add empi ical e idence o he main ques ions; answe ing which a e di e en ac o s o s akeholde g oups and in es iga ing lea ning ha akes place when c i ically e iewing and e alua ing speci ic p ocesses ha ake place du ing he eco e y phase. Success and cons ain ac o s o DRR a e analysed, mainly ega ding long- e m lea ning and ans e lessons lea ned on DRR o o he u u e e en s. In o de o achie e hese objec i es, his sho pape i s ly looks in o a selec ed body o li e a u e and secondly adds some insigh s om a b oadly designed su ey ca ied ou amongs di e en ac o s in ol ed in disas e elie in se e al coun ies and cases. Li e a u e e iew on eco e y e o s ela ed o disas e s In o de o p o ide a backg ound o he speci ic esea ch ques ions ha will be add essed in he subsequen chap e , i s ly i is ele an o desc ibe he hema ic ame o his pape . The li e a u e e iew is limi ed in scope and dep h, since he main in en ion is o iden i y key hemes al eady exis ing, be o e u u e esea ch will look in o speci ic aspec s in mo e dep h. Me hod o li e a u e e iew Li e a u e e iew was conduc ed in Janua y 2017 using he sea ch engines Google Schola and Google and analysing each 100 i s hi s ega ding speci ied sea ch e ms such as „Sa is ac ion o Disas e Relie Helpe s“. One sea ch p ocess has been conduc ed in Google (no Google Schola ) wi h iden ical sea ch wo ds in o de o analyse he di e ences in hi s. The esul s showed ha in egula Google sea ch only ew addi ional aluable scien i ic jou nal a icles we e ound, howe e , subs an ially mo e su eys and g ey li e a u e 104 Reco e y a e ex eme e en s - Lessons lea ned and emaining challenges in Disas e Risk Reduc ion epo s. While he e is a b ead h o epo s om NGOs and o he s, such epo s ha e no been included in his e iew, since i would exceed he scope o his o e iew pape . The i s 100 sea ch hi s we e analysed ega ding hei ele ance wi h ega d o he scope o ou pape . All abs ac s ha e been analysed, s o ed and hei key conclusions exce p ed. Mos a icles we e ully accessible h ough a ious uni e si y pla o ms, bu no all, hence abs ac s allowed o a compa able ex sou ce. Howe e , ele an a icles we e also s o ed and analysed ega ding ull ex . The selec ion o ‘ ele ance’ o cou se is highly subjec i e bu is mainly an indica ion o he eade s, which a icles conduc esea ch in a domain simila o ou esea ch di ec ion in his pape . I should no be misunde s ood as a gene al judgemen on usabili y o quali y. In o de o emain consis en , sea ch e ms we e used consis en ly, e en i g amma ically sligh ly inco ec o incomple e in ce ain a ia ions such as ‘sa is ac ion o disas e elie ’. Each pape appea s only once in he esul ing selec ion, e en when i would i o se e al sea ch e m combina ions (see able below). Only he sea ch e m combina ions as shown in able 1 we e used, no synonyms o B i ish English equi alen s such as ‘o ganisa ions’ – he e o e, hese a icles migh be missing. The li e a u e e iew ocuses on scien i ic jou nal a icles and includes some edi ed books, monog aphies and di e en ypes o g ey li e a u e. Using only one speci ic sea ch e m such as “sa is ac ion” is limi ing, o he synonyms o sa is ac ion would be con en men , o g a i ica ion, o example. Howe e , hey we e ound e en less equen han sa is ac ion and he e o e excluded in o de o ob ain a i s consis en o e iew. Sea ch wo ds Sea ch engine Pape s analysed in dep h and inally selec ed o his chap e SATISFACTION OF DISASTER RELIEF HELPERS Google Schola 3 ou o 17 SATISFACTION OF DISASTER RELIEF SURVEY Google Schola 4 ou o 13 SATISFACTION OF DISASTER RELIEF Google Schola 3 ou o 12 SATISFACTION OF EMERGENCY ORGANIZATIONS IN DISASTER Google Schola 4 ou o 9 SATISFACTION WITH THE HELP OF AID ORGANIZATIONS AFTER DISASTER Google Schola 1 ou o 5 SATISFACTION OF DISASTER RELIEF SURVEY Google 2 ou o 11 Table 1. Sea ch e m combina ions used o iden i y he publica ion basis o he li e a u e e iew Sou ce: own elabo a ion The sample is clea ly oo small o make s a is ically iable s a emen s. Mainly, he p eselec ion helps o sepa a e pape s mo e ele an o his li e a u e e iew. Resul s o li e a u e e iew The opic o sa is ac ion ela ed o disas e elie is widely desc ibed in he li e a u e as he b ie li e a u e sea ch e eals. I is obse ed ha disas e s o ecen imes a e analysed by a ious ypes o go e nmen al and non-go e nmen al o ganisa ions. Va ious aspec s o disas e s a e analysed in he selec ed numbe o a icles 105 In eg a i e Risk and Secu i y Resea ch Volume 2/ 2017 (see Table 1). Many o hem gi e o e all summa y desc ip ions o haza dous e en s, hei p ocesses, damages and coun e measu es. Howe e , he e also exis s li e a u e dealing no jus wi h he disas e desc ip ion o p ocess analysis, bu p esen e lec ions on how he e en was handled and, iden i ying a he same ime ele an gaps and u u e p io i y a eas. As an example, he epo en i led "Wea ing Hopes a e Disas e s" (Xa ie 2015) discusses long- e m impac and bene icia y sa is ac ion o elie , ehabili a ion and de elopmen p og ammes in India. The au ho ealises ha o ganisa ions need o in ospec pe iodically how e ec i e hei in e en ions a e in e ms o educing he ad e se e ec s o disas e s and he unde lying social and economic inequali ies, de ining p io i ies and acili a ing people’s access o igh s and en i lemen s by go e nmen . In o de o accomplish his, he e is a need o access sys ema ic eedback by bene icia ies on hei pe cep ion and app ecia ion o hese ac i i ies. The epo aims o a ain his objec i e as i mainly in ends o ob ain a c i ical scien i ic analysis o he impac o di e en elie , ehabili a ion and de elopmen ac i i ies wi hin he Indian pos -eme gency ehabili a ion p og ammes, ocusing on he bene icia ies’ pe cep ions and sa is ac ion. I u he aims a ecommending p io i ies in he combina ion o di e en in e en ion s a egies in u u e pos -disas e p og ammes. C i ical e alua ion o eco e y e o s – housing, logis ics and planning A c i ical e iew o empo a y housing as a ypical means o apid elie o esiden s losing homes iden i ies as c i ical he issues o sui abili y (cos s and en i onmen al issues) and use -needs (cul u al sensi i i y) (Félix, B anco & Feio 2013). This is widely in line wi h a ange o o he s udies showing ha empo a y housing p ojec s, al hough designed by dono s wi h good in en ions, o en lack he necessa y sensi i i y o local con ex s and he e o e does no conside use -needs adequa ely; o he p oblems a e lack o main enance, p ope in eg a ion wi h in as uc u e and poo li ing condi ions (Geipel 1982; Fe nando 2012). While logis ics a e a key esou ce o e ec i e eco e y, cons ain s in his a ea can be a lack o coope a ion be ween logis ics companies and use s as well as a lack o anspa ency, us , awa eness o cul u al speci ics bu also con lic s a ising om elie capaci ies, ole and in e es s o he companies (Schulz & Blecken 2010). The dependence o disas e elie logis ics on he p ocess chain and ‘business con inui y’ in si ua ions whe e disas e s can also hampe he (c i ical) in as uc u e and se ices hemsel es seems o be lacking awa eness (Bozo gi-Ami i e al. 2012). Li eline econs uc ion as well as business econs uc ion howe e , a e key opics iden i ied in a numbe o s udies and epo s (B own e al. 2015; Gio inazzi e al. 2016; Se ille e al. 2014, Suppas i e al. 2015). Local di e ences conce ning he measu es applied also play an impo an ole as o how e ec i e o sa is ac o y elie p ocesses a e pe cei ed. As an example, sa is ac ion wi h disas e elie a e loods a ied signi ican ly be ween wo a ec ed communi ies in Kansas in 1998. A s udy showed ha esiden s in Augus a we e less sa is ied han hose in A kansas Ci y due o sho e lead- ime o wa nings issued by ci y o icials (Paul 2002). Local di e ences and di e en con ex s a e a gene al majo aspec o obse ed no only in disas e - elie ac i i ies bu also in cases o long- e m eco e y and planning. Fo example, applica ion o measu es a e he Indian Ocean Tsunami in 2004 such as bu e and isk zona ion le els a y in loca ions and coun ies a ec ed by he Tsunami (Fe nando 2012, Suppas i e al. 2015). Planning and land use managemen a e howe e jus one pa o issues nex o in e nal con lic s and educa ion, his s udy inds. Di e en s akeholde s unde analysis Qui e a numbe o s udies ocus on he pe cep ions o and sa is ac ion wi h disas e elie and eco e y om he pe spec i es o ic ims o people a ec ed. Fo example, s udies elabo a ed a e he ea hquake in Nepal 112 Reco e y a e ex eme e en s - Lessons lea ned and emaining challenges in Disas e Risk Reduc ion 7) We e you mainly wo king alone o in a g oup o helpe s? 38 ou o 40 people answe ed his ques ion 8) In wha ype o o ganiza ional s uc u e had you been wo king wi hin his ope a ion? 39 ou o 40 people answe ed his ques ion 9) Wha kind o wo k did you do in his ope a ion? 39 ou o 40 people answe ed his ques ion 10) Ha e you been wo king in a simila ope a ion again? 39 ou o 40 people answe ed his ques ion 11) Would you be willing o wo k in a simila ope a ion in he u u e? 39 ou o 40 people answe ed his ques ion 12) Wha pe sonal cons ain s did you expe ience du ing he ope a ion? 36 ou o 40 people answe ed his ques ion 5 Un ained olun ee 3 / 8% 6 Un ained and sel -o g anized helpe ( om he coun y )1 / 3% La ge g oup o o ganisa ion 1 30 / 79% 2-3 People 2 5 / 13% 4-6 3 5 / 13% 4 Alone 2 / 5% Non Go e nmen al o ganisa ion 1 17 / 44% Go e nmen al ins i u ion 2 16 / 41% O he 3 3 / 8% P i a e 4 3 / 8% Desk op wo k (planning, analysis, decision-making) 1 23 / 59% Social Wo k 2 8 / 21% 3 Ph y sical wo k ( o example, cons uc ion, anspo ). 5 / 13% 4 Medical aid and ea men s 2 / 5% 5 Adminis a i e 1 / 3% Yes 1 28 / 72% No 2 11 / 28% Yes 39 / 100% 1 2 No 0 / 0% Time cons ain s 1 21 / 58% Unce ain y by lack o in o ma ion and guidance 2 19 / 53% 113 In eg a i e Risk and Secu i y Resea ch Volume 2/ 2017 13) F om which sou ces did you ecei e in o ma ion abou you ope a ion a ea a e you help? 38 ou o 40 people answe ed his ques ion 14) Did you ind his in o ma ion su icien and he way i was p o ided sa is ying? 37 ou o 40 people answe ed his ques ion 15) Ha e you hea d abou he “Hyogo F amewo k o Ac ion” o he “Sendai F amewo k o Disas e Risk Reduc ion”? 38 ou o 40 people answe ed his ques ion 16) In case you know he Hyogo F amewo k o Ac ion” o he “Sendai F amewo k o Disas e Risk Reduc ion” do you know ope a ions whe e i was/is used? 34 ou o 40 people answe ed his ques ion 17) I yes, wha is you imp ession on hei use ulness and in luence o you ac ions in his e en ? 23 ou o 40 people answe ed his ques ion Obliga ions wi h main job 3 12 / 33% Psychological and emo ional s ess 4 12 / 33% 5 P oblems wi h lod g in g , ood o heal h 6 / 17% 6 Aid e j ec ed b y he people 5 / 14% 7 Ph y sical o men al iolence a g ains y ou o o he people 5 / 14% 8 Obli g a ions wi h own amil y 3 / 8% Colleagues 1 21 / 55% Public media 2 18 / 47% Public/ p i a e O icials 3 18 / 47% You unding agency/ ope a ion leade 4 17 / 45% 5 F iends o amil y 5 / 13% yes 1 24 / 65% pa ly 2 10 / 27% no 3 3 / 8% Sendai F amewo k 1 26 / 68% Hyogo F amewo k 2 24 / 63% No 1 17 / 50% Yes 2 17 / 50% Gene ally use ul 1 14 / 61% No e y use ul 2 5 / 22% Played a key ole 3 4 / 17% 114 Reco e y a e ex eme e en s - Lessons lea ned and emaining challenges in Disas e Risk Reduc ion 18) Wha ype o suppo ing documen s did you ind help ul? 37 ou o 40 people answe ed his ques ion 19) Wha is you age? 36 ou o 40 people answe ed his ques ion 20) Gende 37 ou o 40 people answe ed his ques ion 1 P ac ical Guidelines ( ela ed o c isis mana g emen , eme g encies, isks, sa e y & secu i y )18 / 49% Academic publica ions 2 10 / 27% Risk maps ( isk a eas) 3 7 / 19% 4 Maps 2 / 5% 5 Social Media 0 / 0% 6 T a el g uides 0 / 0% 50-59 1 11 / 31% 40-49 2 10 / 28% 30-39 3 8 / 22% 20-29 5 2 / 6% 6 1-19 1 / 3% 7 70-79 0 / 0% 8 80 up 0 / 0% Male 1 21 / 57% Female 2 16 / 43% 3 O he 0 / 0% 115 In eg a i e Risk and Secu i y Resea ch Volume 2/ 2017 Publica ion Lis - In eg a i e Risk and Secu i y Resea ch Volume 1/2017 No , C, S ephan C & Feke e, A (Eds.) 2017 In e disziplinä e Pe spek i en des Risiko- und K isenmanagemen s - Bei äge aus Wissenscha und P axis im Rahmen de Ve ans al ungs eihe „Risky Monday“. In: In eg a i e Risk and Secu i y Resea ch, 1/2017, Cologne. Volume 3/2015 Feke e, A, G inda, C & No , C (Eds.) (2015), Mach allein Schaden klug? Wissen, E ah ung und Le nen im Umgang mi Risiken – Bei äge aus Wissenscha und P axis zum 27. T e en des A bei sk eises Na u ge ah en/Na u isiken. In: In eg a i e Risk and Secu i y Resea ch, 3/2015, Cologne. Volume 2/2015 Baumga en, C & Ben le , C (2015), Analyse de pe sönlichen Zu iedenhei on Einsa zk ä en wäh end de Hochwasse ka as ophe 2013 in Deu schland. Eine Um age zu S eige ung de Mo i a ion on Hel e n im Be ölke ungsschu z. In: In eg a i e Risk and Secu i y Resea ch, 2/2015, Cologne. Volume 1/2015 G inda, C, No , C, Blä gen, T & Feke e, A (Eds.) (2015), Coun y P o iles o Clima e and Disas e Ex emes in 16 Coun ies. Resul s o he DAAD Alumni Summe School 2013. In: In eg a i e Risk and Secu i y Resea ch, 1/2015, Cologne. Volume 1/2014 No , C; Blä gen, T, G inda, C & Feke e, A (Eds.) (2014), Coping wi h Disas e s and Clima e Ex emes – Challenges & Coope a ion Po en ial. Resea ch Con ibu ions o DAAD Alumni Summe School 2013. In: In eg a i e Risk and Secu i y Resea ch, 1/2014, Cologne. All publica ions can be downloaded om h ps://www. h-koeln.de/anlagen-ene gie-und- maschinensys eme/sch i en eihe-in eg a i e- isk-and-secu i y- esea ch_17446.php; o you use h p:// inyu l.com/oaj4 7a Cologne, No embe 2017