The impact of authorization in the assessment of risks and safety measures of oversized transport activity

Jou nal o Social Sciences Vol. VIII, no. 1 (2025), pp. 39 - 50 Fascicle Social Science ISSN 2587-3490 Topic Ma ke ing and Logis ics eISSN 2587-3504 Jou nal o Social Sciences Ma ch, 2025, Vol. 8 h ps://doi.o g/10.52326/jss.u m.2025.8(1).03 UDC 347.763:656.053. 432.11 THE IMPACT OF AUTHORIZATION IN THE ASSESSMENT OF RISKS AND SAFETY MEASURES OF OVERSIZED TRANSPORT ACTIVITY Nina Ga s ea*, ORCID: 0000-0003-4706-8937 Technical Uni e si y o Moldo a,168 S e an cel Ma e Bl d., Chisinau, Republic o Moldo a * Co esponding au ho : Nina Ga ș ea, nina.ga s ea@ an.u m.md Recei ed: 02. 11. 2025 Accep ed: 03. 15. 2026 Abs ac . The a icle aims o analyze he egula ions and egula o y amewo k ega ding he au ho iza ion o o e sized anspo , highligh ing hei impo ance in ensu ing oad sa e y and p o ec ing he in as uc u e. I also assesses he isks associa ed wi h o e sized anspo and implemen he necessa y sa e y measu es. A desc ip i e and analy ical app oach is used, examining he doc ine in conjunc ion wi h ele an na ional and in e na ional legisla ion in he ield o o e sized anspo . The au ho analyzes esea che s’ iews, na ional and in e na ional no ma i e ac s ha egula e he oad anspo o o e sized goods, he condi ions necessa y o ob aining special anspo au ho iza ions, and he speci ic isks associa ed wi h hese ope a ions. The s udy highligh s ha he au ho iza ion o o e sized anspo is essen ial o p e en ing acciden s and p o ec ing oad in as uc u e. Exis ing egula ions impose s ic equi emen s o ob aining he Special T anspo Au ho iza ion (AST), including app o als om he compe en au ho i ies and compliance wi h speci ic echnical condi ions. I also emphasizes assessing isks such as damage o goods, oad obs acles, ad e se wea he condi ions and p ope load handling. Implemen ing sa e y measu es, such as he use o p ope ly equipped esco ehicles, is c ucial o educing he isks associa ed wi h o e sized anspo . Keywo ds: O e sized anspo , special anspo au ho iza ion, excess weigh , au ho ized ou e, speci ic isks, sa e y measu es. Rezuma . A icolul își p opune să analizeze eglemen ă ile și cad ul no ma i p i ind au o iza ea anspo ului agaba i ic, ele înd impo anța aces o a pen u asigu a ea sigu anței u ie e și p o ecția in as uc u ii. De asemenea, se u mă eș e e alua ea iscu ilo asocia e cu anspo ul agaba i ic și implemen a ea măsu ilo de sigu anță necesa e. Es e u iliza ă o abo da e desc ip i ă și anali ică, examinând doc ina în co obo a e cu legislația națională și in e națională ele an ă în domeniul anspo ului agaba i ic. Au o ul analizează iziunile ce ce ă o ilo în domeniu, ac ele no ma i e naționale și in e naționale ca e eglemen ează anspo ul u ie de mă u i agaba i ice. De asemenea, se discu ă desp e condițiile necesa e pen u obține ea au o izațiilo speciale de anspo și e alua ea iscu ilo speci ice asocia e cu aces e ope ațiuni. S udiul ealiza , e idențiază că au o iza ea anspo ului agaba i ic es e esențială pen u p e eni ea acciden elo și p o eja ea 40 N. Ga ș ea Jou nal o Social Sciences Ma ch, 2025, Vol. 8 in as uc u ii u ie e. Reglemen ă ile exis en e impun ce ințe s ic e pen u obține ea Au o izației Speciale de T anspo (AST), inclusi a ize de la au o i ățile compe en e și espec a ea uno condiții ehnice speci ice. De asemenea, se subliniază impo anța e aluă ii iscu ilo , p ecum de e io a ea mă u ilo , obs acolele u ie e, condițiile me eo ologice ne a o abile și manipula ea co ec ă a încă că u ilo . Implemen a ea măsu ilo de sigu anță, cum a i u iliza ea ehiculelo de însoți e echipa e co espunză o , es e c ucială pen u educe ea iscu ilo asocia e anspo ului agaba i ic. Cu in e cheie: T anspo agaba i ic, au o izație specială de anspo , masă depăşi ă, aseu au o iza , iscu i speci ice, măsu i de sigu anță. 1. In oduc ion O e sized anspo e e s o he anspo o goods ha exceed he s anda d weigh o size limi s es ablished by he legisla ion in o ce. These anspo s a e s ic ly egula ed, and hei implemen a ion is admissible only unde he condi ions o ob aining a Special T anspo Au ho iza ion (AST). The e o e, he quali y o he exis ing egula ions in he ield o o e sized anspo au ho iza ion de e mines he p edic ion o isks and ensu ing he sa e conduc o o e sized anspo ac i i ies. This si ua ion de e mines he p ospec s in he o e sized anspo sec o in he con ex o he e olu ion and de elopmen o anspo en e p ises. 2. Gene al desc ip ion o he egula o y amewo k ega ding he au ho iza ion o o e sized anspo The egula o y amewo k ega ding he au ho iza ion o o e sized anspo is egula ed by a se ies o legisla i e ac s and speci ic no ms ha es ablish he condi ions and p ocedu es necessa y o he conduc o hese ypes o anspo . These egula ions a e undamen al o ensu ing oad sa e y, p o ec ing he in as uc u e, complying wi h he legisla ion in o ce and an icipa ing he isks o disas ous and a al e en s. In acco dance wi h he p o isions o poin 11 o he Regula ion on he pe o mance on public oads o oad anspo exceeding he o al mass, axle masses and/o maximum pe mi ed dimensions, app o ed by Go e nmen Decision No. 326 o 18.05.2022, he ci cula ion on public oads o oad ehicles exceeding he maximum pe mi ed mass and/o dimensions is possible only in excep ional cases, wi h he possession o a special anspo au ho iza ion, o he anspo a ion o indi isible loads o o ehicles ha , wi hou load, cons uc i ely exceed he maximum pe mi ed masses and/o dimensions [1]. This pe missi e ac issued by he Na ional Road T anspo Agency is manda o y and absolu ely necessa y o he ope a ion o o e sized anspo . Based on he e e ence documen , he ou e and he a i s cha ged o his ou e will be es ablished by he oad adminis a o [2]. The au ho iza ion o o e sized anspo is egula ed by legisla i e and egula o y ac s a in e na ional and na ional le els. In e na ionally, he au ho iza ion o o e sized anspo is egula ed by: 1. The Eu opean Con en ion on he In e na ional Ca iage o Goods by Road (CMR) [3], which egula es he in e na ional ca iage o goods by oad, es ablishing he igh s and obliga ions o he pa ies in ol ed. Al hough i does no ocus exclusi ely on o e sized anspo , he CMR is essen ial o unde s anding he gene al ules applicable o in e na ional anspo . The impac o au ho iza ion in he assessmen o isks and sa e y measu es o o e sized anspo ac i i y 41 Jou nal o Social Sciences Ma ch, 2025, Vol. 8 2. The Eu opean Ag eemen on he In e na ional Ca iage o Dange ous Goods (ADR) [4], egula es he anspo o dange ous goods, including aspec s ela ed o ehicles ha may exceed s anda d weigh and size limi s. I is impo an ha ope a o s comply wi h hese egula ions when anspo ing o e sized goods ha a e also conside ed dange ous. 3. The EU-Moldo a Ag eemen on he Road T anspo o Goods (2022) [5], which egula es he oad anspo o goods be ween he Eu opean Union and he Republic o Moldo a, including o e sized anspo . The Ag eemen p o ides o common s anda ds o he ope a ion o anspo , including au ho isa ion equi emen s and echnical egula ions o ehicles ca ying ou anspo wi h excess weigh and dimensions. 4. Di ec i e (EU) 2015/719 [6], which se s maximum limi s o he dimensions o oad ehicles in he Eu opean Union. Al hough i does no apply di ec ly o he Republic o Moldo a, i in luences na ional egula ions, gi en ha Moldo a aspi es o align i s legisla ion wi h Eu opean s anda ds. 5. Regula ion (EC) No 1071/2009 [7], which de ines he equi emen s o oad anspo ope a o s, including hose ca ying ou o e sized anspo . Ope a o s mus demons a e p o essional compe ence and inancial eliabili y. 6. Di ec i e 2008/68/EC [8], egula es he in e nal anspo o dange ous goods, including aspec s ela ed o o e sized ehicles anspo ing such goods. I imposes s ic equi emen s ega ding sa e y and in o ma ion equi ed o dange ous anspo . In he Republic o Moldo a, he au ho iza ion o o e sized anspo is egula ed by: 7. Road T anspo Code Code no. 150/2014 [9], which in a . 5 de ines o e sized oad anspo as a oad anspo ope a ion ca ied ou wi h exceeding he maximum mass and/o maximum pe mi ed dimensions. I also egula es he o ganiza ion and conduc o oad anspo , implici ly es ablishing he obliga ions o anspo ope a o s o comply wi h he legal condi ions o ca ying ou oad anspo , including o e sized ones. 8. Road Law no. 509/1995 [10], which egula es he admissibili y o he mo emen on public oads o means o anspo wi h masses and/o dimensions exceeding he pe mi ed limi s only on he basis o a special anspo au ho iza ion, issued by he Na ional Road T anspo Agency. 9. Regula ion on he pe o mance o oad anspo on public oads exceeding he o al mass o axle weigh s and/o maximum pe mi ed dimensions, app o ed by he Decision o he Go e nmen o he Republic o Moldo a No. 326 o 18.05.2022 [1], which egula es: he condi ions o pe o ming oad anspo , he issuance and alidi y o special anspo pe mi s; con ol o ehicles wi h/o wi hou load, wi h masses and/o dimensions exceeding he maximum pe mi ed limi s; esponsibili y in he e en o mo emen wi hou a special anspo pe mi , ailu e o comply wi h i s condi ions and immobiliza ion o he ehicle. 10. ANTA Ins uc ion on he issuance o a Special T anspo Pe mi o exceeding he maximum pe mi ed limi s [11], which desc ibes in s ages he AST issuance p ocedu e. 3. Condi ions o au ho izing o e sized anspo The s a e egula es he ac i i y o en ep eneu s h ough manda o y no ms, imposing on hem a numbe o obliga ions [12]. Thus, an essen ial ea u e o he oad anspo ac i i y, being an en ep eneu ial ac i i y, is he ac ha oad anspo se ices a e subjec o he au ho iza ion egime in he manne es ablished by he legisla ion in o ce [13]. O e sized anspo in he Republic o Moldo a is egula ed by a speci ic legal amewo k, which imposes ce ain equi emen s o ob aining he necessa y au ho iza ions. These equi emen s 42 N. Ga ș ea Jou nal o Social Sciences Ma ch, 2025, Vol. 8 a e essen ial o ensu ing he sa e y and legali y o anspo on public oads. Bu hese equi emen s canno be quali ied as excessi e o malism in access o he p o ession and would se e as an obs acle o he no mal de elopmen o he oad anspo sec o [14]. Howe e , he es ablishmen o s ic au ho iza ion condi ions o his ype o anspo is necessa y o ensu e oad sa e y, in as uc u e p o ec ion and he e iciency o logis ics ope a ions. S udies show ha o e sized ca go poses signi ican isks o oad sa e y. Acco ding o a ecen analysis by S e e C ane & Rigging Company, ob aining he necessa y pe mi s is essen ial o ensu e compliance wi h legal egula ions and p e en oad acciden s [15]. Wi hou p ope au ho iza ion, ehicles ca ying o e sized ca go can c ea e obs acles and cause collisions wi h o he ehicles o oad in as uc u e. O e sized anspo egula ions a e designed o p o ec oad in as uc u e om damage. To his end, o e sized anspo mus comply wi h he maximum pe missible size and mass limi s se by law. Wi hou s ic licensing condi ions, he e is a isk o damage o oads, b idges and o he s uc u es, which can lead o signi ican epai and main enance cos s. The es ablishmen o clea au ho iza ion condi ions con ibu es o he e iciency o logis ics ope a ions. Acco ding o se e al doc inal analyses in his ield, o sa ely ca y ou his anspo p ocess, he ollowing asks mus be pe o med: ca go iden i ica ion, e i ica ion o anspo capaci y, selec ion o app op ia e ehicles, and de ailed planning o he op imal ou e. Pa icula a en ion should be paid o he wid h o he oads, as well as he heigh and wid h o b idges, he exis ence o signs and pilla s, oundabou s, elec ical ne wo ks and he condi ion o he oads on which he ou e is planned [16]. This no only op imizes deli e y ime bu also educes cos s associa ed wi h anspo a ion. Acco ding o he legisla ion, oad anspo o goods wi h weigh s o dimensions exceeding he es ablished limi s is pe mi ed only wi h a special au ho iza ion issued by he Na ional Road T anspo Agency (ANTA). This applies o bo h ehicles egis e ed in he Republic o Moldo a and hose om o he s a es. In o de o ob ain a special o e sized anspo pe mi , he applican mus mee he ollowing condi ions [11]: • Submi an applica ion acco ding o he empla e es ablished by ANTA. • Collec he necessa y app o als om he Minis y o In e nal A ai s and o he ele an en i ies. • Pay an app op ia e ee o p ocessing he applica ion. The applica ion o he issuance o he special anspo pe mi is comple ed in ull by he applican , who bea s ull esponsibili y o he co ec ness and e aci y o he in o ma ion p o ided ega ding [1]: 1) he applican 's iden i ica ion da a; 2) he oad anspo ope a o 's iden i ica ion da a; 3) he model, egis a ion numbe s and alid echnical inspec ion epo o he ehicle wi h excesses, including he backup ehicle, i applicable; 4) he poin o depa u e and des ina ion o he anspo on he e i o y o he Republic o Moldo a, as well as in e media e poin s i he op s o a speci ic ou e be ween he poin o depa u e and des ina ion; 5) he con igu a ion o he ehicle in e ms o axles, ype o axles, suspensions and wheels, dis ance be ween axles; 6) o al mass and dimensions o he ehicle and/o o e aking load; The impac o au ho iza ion in he assessmen o isks and sa e y measu es o o e sized anspo ac i i y 43 Jou nal o Social Sciences Ma ch, 2025, Vol. 8 7) ehicle axle masses; 8) ype o load anspo ed; 9) eques ed alidi y pe iod; 10) in e es ed pe son, model, egis a ion numbe s and echnical inspec ion epo o he ehicle wi h which he o e aking ehicle will be accompanied. The applica ion oge he wi h he documen s necessa y o ob aining he AST, acco ding o poin 39 o he Regula ion on he pe o mance o oad anspo on public oads exceeding he o al mass o he masses pe axle and/o he maximum pe mi ed dimensions can be submi ed a he single coun e , a he Agency's p o ile elec onic add ess o h ough he in o ma ion sys em "e-T anspo Au ho iza ion" [1]. An impo an achie emen in he p ocedu e o submi ing documen s in o de o ob ain he AST is he au oma ion o his p ocedu e h ough he use o in o ma ion sys ems, which ha e gene a ed mul iple bene i s o anspo ope a o s, such as: debu eauc a iza ion o he au ho iza ion p ocedu e, p o ision o e icien and accessible se ices o applican s, ensu ing anspa ency in he au ho iza ion p ocess e c. Depending on he cha ac e is ics o he ehicle wi h o e aking and he ou e o be a eled, he Agency, in he special anspo au ho iza ion, will en e [1]: 1) he obliga ion o accompany he ehicle wi h o e aking, indica ing: a) he numbe o accompanying ehicles necessa y o ca ying ou he o e aking anspo ; b) he in e es ed pa y, model, egis a ion numbe s o he ehicle wi h which he o e aking ehicle will be accompanied; 2) o he condi ions imposed o he mo emen o he o e aking ehicle ha con ibu e o he sa e passage o he au ho ized ou e, such as: a) a ic es ic ions es ablished on he au ho ized ou e du ing ce ain pe iods o he yea , days o ime in e als; b) empo a y and local in e up ion o a ic o he passage o ce ain oad sec ions, o c ossing enginee ing wo ks o o unde c ossing elemen s o he oad in as uc u e and u ili ies; c) bypassing o disman ling elemen s o he oad in as uc u e; d) posi ion while d i ing when c ossing enginee ing wo ks o unde c ossing elemen s o he oad in as uc u e and u ili ies; e) dismoun ing o sel -p opelled equipmen om anspo ehicles in o de o limi he masses and/o dimensions o he anspo ; ) exis ence and use o heigh educ ion de ices; g) maximum speed o c ossing he wo ks o a ; h) in o ming he oad adminis a o and he media abou he anspo p og am; i) he obliga ion o comply wi h he condi ions imposed by he anspo p ojec o by s udying he ou e. The au ho iza ion may be used only by he ca ie in whose name i was issued and may no be ans e ed o ano he pe son [1]. In acco dance wi h poin 10 o he Regula ion on he pe o mance on public oads o oad anspo exceeding he o al mass o masses on axles and/o he maximum pe mi ed dimensions, he mo emen o ehicles wi h o e hangs may be ca ied ou on he public oad ne wo k o he Republic o Moldo a unde he ollowing condi ions [1]: a) hey a e admi ed o ci cula ion; 44 N. Ga ș ea Jou nal o Social Sciences Ma ch, 2025, Vol. 8 b) hey co espond in e ms o echnical condi ion and a ic sa e y equi emen s; c) hey do no exceed he maximum au ho ized masses o ehicles, es ablished by he manu ac u ing plan ; d) hold a alid special anspo au ho iza ion, issued by he issuing body; e) comply wi h he p o isions se ou in he special anspo au ho iza ion. 4. Risk assessmen , design and implemen a ion o sa e y measu es o o e sized anspo ac i i ies O e sized goods anspo in ol es a numbe o speci ic isks ha mus be ca e ully managed o ensu e he sa e y o ope a ions. Risk assessmen , design and implemen a ion o sa e y measu es in o e sized ca go anspo a e essen ial o ensu e he e icien and sa e conduc o hese ope a ions. The main isks associa ed wi h o e sized ca go anspo include: a. Damage o goods. O e sized ca go is suscep ible o damage du ing handling, loading, unloading and anspo . La ge dimensions and i egula weigh can lead o s uc u al o in e nal damage. A solu ion o mi iga e his isk would be o use specialized packaging equipmen and conduc de ailed inspec ions o he ca go be o e and a e anspo o de ec any de ec s. b. Road obs acles. O e sized ca go anspo may encoun e obs acles such as low- heigh b idges, na ow o damaged oads, which can a ec he smoo h conduc o he anspo . The e o e, de ailed ou e planning is equi ed, including iden i ying all po en ial obs acles and ob aining he necessa y pe mi s. c. Ad e se wea he condi ions. Ex eme wea he ( ain, snow, s ong winds) can a ec he sa e y o anspo a ion and he s abili y o he goods. The e o e, i is necessa y o moni o he wea he condi ions be o e anspo a ion and adjus he deli e y schedule acco ding o he o ecas . d. Regula o y and compliance issues. O e sized and hea y goods equi e special pe mi s o deli e y o di e en a eas. In addi ion, he e a e s ic sa e y s anda ds o loading and unloading o e sized goods ha land eigh companies mus adhe e o. These include guidelines o he co ec use o loading amps and special pla o ms o main ain s abili y. Goods mus be secu ed wi h locks, s aps, and b acke s on hese s uc u es o p e en any mo emen ha could lead o acciden s. Ano he impo an aspec is he angle o he amp, egula ed o p o ide a g adual incline and educe he isk o he ca go slipping o ipping. Alignmen wi h he load is also me iculously checked o a smoo h ansi ion. And o ensu e he s abili y o he anspo ehicle, land eigh companies a e esponsible o posi ioning he ca go on he ehicle’s loading su ace in such a way ha i main ains balance du ing anspo and mee s he cen e o g a i y equi emen s. In his chap e , we highligh he need and impo ance o collabo a ing wi h he ele an au ho i ies o ensu e compliance wi h all local and in e na ional egula ions [17]. . Imp ope handling. Imp ope handling o o e sized ca go can cause acciden s o damage. Thus, i is impe a i e ha anspo ope a o s ensu e ha pe sonnel a e well ained in he applica ion o co ec handling echniques and he use o app op ia e equipmen . g. Inc eased isk o acciden . Due o hei la ge size, ehicles ca ying o e sized goods ha e a highe isk o causing a ic acciden s. The e o e, i is manda o y o use p ope ly equipped accompanying ehicles (wi h ligh signals, e lec i e ma kings) o wa n o he oad use s [18]. A oad anspo acciden is a disas e no only o ou coun y, bu also o all coun ies in he wo ld. As a esul o oad acciden s, mo e han 10 million people in he wo ld The impac o au ho iza ion in he assessmen o isks and sa e y measu es o o e sized anspo ac i i y 45 Jou nal o Social Sciences Ma ch, 2025, Vol. 8 a e killed and inju ed e e y yea . A signi ican inc ease in he coun y's ca lee , wi h a simul aneous dec ease in a ic o ganiza ion and de e io a ion o oad quali y, has led o a sha p inc ease in he numbe o oad acciden s, which e y o en esul in he loss o d i e s, passenge s and pedes ians. This has led o an inc ease in he numbe and dange o anspo acciden s and c imes, acciden s and disas e s ha lead o he loss o human li e and he des uc ion o p ope y [19]. The oad use is he i s link in he oad sa e y chain. Wha e e he echnical measu es adop ed, he e ec i eness o oad sa e y policy ul ima ely depends on he beha io o he a ic pa icipan [20]. The con ol o e exceeding he limi s and maximum au ho ized o al masses o oad ehicles used in oad anspo ope a ions will allow educing he damage o public oads caused by hese exceedings. Regula ions on he au ho isa ion o o e sized anspo acili a e he s anda disa ion o p ocesses in he ield. Acco ding o a s udy by he Eu opean Commission, he es ablishmen o good p ac ices in o e sized anspo helps o c ea e a uni o m amewo k ha can be applied in all Membe S a es o he Eu opean Union [21]. This no only imp o es coope a ion be ween he di e en en i ies in ol ed in anspo , bu also ensu es be e coo dina ion be ween na ional and local au ho i ies.The oppo uni ies o sus ainable de elopmen o he Republic o Moldo a a e closely linked o he exis ing oad in as uc u e o mee he economic needs o he popula ion [22]. Risk managemen in o e sized anspo is essen ial o ensu e e icien and sa e ope a ions. To minimize hese isks, i is ad isable o ca y ou se e al p e en i e ac ions, including: a) Impac analysis. Assessing he po en ial impac o he iden i ied isks on oad sa e y and he in eg i y o he goods is c ucial. This includes analyzing possible ma e ial damage and isks o oad use s. b) Designing sa e y measu es, which includes planning and logis ics. I is essen ial o de elop a de ailed plan ha includes he ype o ehicle equi ed, he mos app op ia e ou e and ob aining special pe mi s. Equally impo an is e ec i e coo dina ion h ough collabo a ion wi h all pa ies in ol ed in ca ying ou anspo ope a ions (supplie s, cus ome s, au ho i ies), which is essen ial o a oid delays and addi ional cos s. Complex logis ical planning is equi ed o de e mine he ype o ehicle equi ed, he mos app op ia e ou e, and ob aining special pe mi s. This in ol es collabo a ing wi h he compe en au ho i ies o ensu e compliance wi h oad egula ions. c) Use o app op ia e ehicles and hei egula main enance. The use o specialized ehicles and app op ia e equipmen is essen ial o educing isks. Mode n ehicle lee s mus be equipped o handle o e sized anspo s e ec i ely. Vehicles used o o e sized anspo mus be p ope ly main ained o p e en echnical ailu es ha could lead o acciden s. Regula echnical checks a e essen ial d) Pe sonnel aining. D i e s and pe sonnel in ol ed in handling o e sized goods mus be p ope ly ained on he speci ic isks and sa e y measu es. This includes knowledge o he co ec handling o equipmen and eac ion in eme gency si ua ions. The e is much esea ch and e idence on he impac o p o essional aining on he e iciency o logis ics ope a ions. Well- ained d i e s a e able o plan ou es mo e e icien ly, minimize delays and manage esou ces be e , which leads o signi ican sa ings o anspo companies [23]. e) Con inuous moni o ing o anspo condi ions and e alua ion o he e ec i eness o he implemen ed measu es a e essen ial o apid adap a ion o any changes o p oblems ha a ise du ing anspo . 46 N. Ga ș ea Jou nal o Social Sciences Ma ch, 2025, Vol. 8 Risk es ima ion is an essen ial s ep in iden i ying and an icipa ing haza ds occu ing on he o e sized anspo ou e. Acco ding o some esea che s [24], isk es ima ion should include he ollowing o ecas ing s ages: • he possibili y o a haza d occu ing • he p obabili y o a haza d occu ing • he possibili y o iden i ying he haza d • he haza d1 e ec and he possibili ies o emedying he ha m ul consequences. The implemen a ion o p e en i e ac ions in he p e ious s age (calcula ions and analyses) de e mines he ope a ion o he necessa y ac ions in he o e sized anspo p ocess. The pu pose o isk es ima ion is o elimina e o educe he possibili y o c i ical e o s, which could cause he occu ence o i epa able haza ds, as well as o iden i y o mi iga e hei nega i e e ec s. Risk assessmen , design and implemen a ion o sa e y measu es in o e sized anspo a e in e dependen p ocesses ha con ibu e o ensu ing sa e and e icien anspo . Con inuous collabo a ion be ween anspo ope a o s, au ho i ies and o he s akeholde s is ex emely impo an o he success o hese ac i i ies. 5. T ends in he ield o o e sized anspo A condi ion o he in eg a ion o he Republic o Moldo a in o he Eu opean Union is he ha moniza ion o na ional legisla ion wi h Eu opean egula ions in he ield o oad anspo [25]. O e sized anspo is in a s a e o con inuous e olu ion, in luenced by echnological ad ances, ma ke equi emen s and en i onmen al egula ions. This sec ion will explo e he eme ging ends and inno a ions ha a e ans o ming he o e sized anspo sec o , highligh ing hei impac on ope a ional e iciency and sus ainabili y. T ends and inno a ions in he o e sized anspo sec o a e in luenced by echnological ad ances, ma ke equi emen s and cons an ly changing egula ions. Some o he mos impo an ends and inno a ions obse ed in his sec o include: 1) Inc eased demand o o e sized anspo se ices. Acco ding o ANTA [26], he demand o o e sized anspo has inc eased signi ican ly, being s imula ed by he apid de elopmen o indus ies such as cons uc ion, enewable ene gy and he au omo i e sec o . This end is due o: • Expansion o global ade. The g ow h o in e na ional ade has led o a g ea e need o o e sized anspo . • In as uc u e p ojec s. In as uc u e in es men s in a ious Eu opean coun ies ha e gene a ed an inc eased demand o he anspo o la ge equipmen 2) Digi aliza ion and au oma ion o p ocesses, is becoming an essen ial elemen in s eamlining o e sized anspo ope a ions. This includes: • T anspo a ion Managemen Sys ems (TMS). These so wa e solu ions allow o eal- ime acking o deli e ies, ou e op imiza ion and esou ce managemen . • Au oma ion o o de s and deli e ies, which educes p ocessing ime and imp o es anspa ency o cus ome s, who can ecei e eal- ime upda es on he s a us o hei shipmen s The impac o au ho iza ion in he assessmen o isks and sa e y measu es o o e sized anspo ac i i y 47 Jou nal o Social Sciences Ma ch, 2025, Vol. 8 3) Au onomous ehicles [2] ep esen a majo inno a ion in o e sized anspo . They use ad anced senso s and a i icial in elligence o na iga e he oads au onomously. The ad an ages include: • Reduc ion o acciden s. Au onomous echnology can educe human e o , he eby inc easing oad sa e y. • Ope a ional e iciency. Au onomous ucks can ope a e wi hou b eaks, inc easing deli e y e iciency. 4) Sus ainabili y and g een ene gy. In Eu ope and beyond, he e has been a signi ican inc ease in conce n o he s a e o he en i onmen . Clima e change and pollu ion a e majo issues acing mos coun ies on he Eu opean con inen [27]. Sus ainabili y is becoming a p io i y in he anspo sec o , and cu en ends include: • Flee elec i ica ion. Elec ic ehicles a e inc easingly used o hea y-du y anspo , educing ca bon emissions and dependence on ossil uels. Recen p ojec s aim o de elop cha ging in as uc u e o elec ic ehicles. • Al e na i e uels. The use o hyd ogen and bio uels is expanding in he ma i ime and ai anspo sec o s, con ibu ing o he educ ion o pollu ing emissions. 5) A i icial in elligence (AI). A i icial in elligence plays a c ucial ole in op imizing p ocesses in hea y-du y anspo , which ocuses on: • Da a analysis. AI algo i hms can analyze a ic and wea he da a o p edic delays and op imize ou es. • Imp o ing sa e y. AI is used o moni o d i e beha io and p e en acciden s by de ec ing signs o a igue o dis ac ion. 6) Dedica ed in as uc u e. The de elopmen o dedica ed in as uc u e o o e sized anspo is an eme ging end ha can signi ican ly imp o e he e iciency and sa e y o hese ope a ions. The necessa y measu es o be aken in his di ec ion include: • Building special oads o o e sized ehicles, which can educe conges ion on s anda d ou es and imp o e deli e y imes • Imp o ing exis ing in as uc u e. In es men s in he mode niza ion o oads, b idges and unnels a e essen ial o allow he sa e ci cula ion o o e sized ehicles. Fo example, go e nmen s in many Eu opean coun ies a e in es ing in he de elopmen o highways and b idges o acili a e o e sized anspo [26]. 5. Conclusions O e sized anspo is an essen ial sec o o he economic de elopmen o he Republic o Moldo a and beyond, wi h signi ican implica ions o in as uc u e, he en i onmen and oad sa e y. Analyzing cu en egula ions, challenges encoun e ed and eme ging ends, we can d aw some impo an conclusions and o mula e ecommenda ions o imp o ing he au ho iza ion and managemen p ocess o o e sized anspo . • Complexi y o egula ions. The au ho iza ion p ocess o o e sized anspo is o en complica ed, in ol ing mul iple ins i u ions and legal equi emen s. This complexi y can lead o signi ican delays in deli e y and addi ional cos s o anspo ope a o s. • Impac on in as uc u e. O e sized anspo has a conside able impac on oad in as uc u e, causing p ema u e wea and ea o oads and he need o equen epai s. This ac e eals he impo ance o adequa e ou e planning and assessmen o he condi ion o he in as uc u e.