Are seed and information circulation networks related to the crop diversity and resilience of smallholder farms? A study protocol

Ti le 1 A e seed and in o ma ion ci cula ion ne wo ks ela ed o he c op di e si y and esilience 2 o smallholde a ms? A s udy p o ocol 3 Au ho s 4 Vanesse Labey ie*1,2, Julie e Ma iel*1,2, Ka ina Flo ide Olodo1,2, Da id And es Be nal Hoyo1,2, 5 Ga ance Danne 1,2, Océane Cobelli1,2, Flo ence Lebeaupin1,2, Ewen Menguy1,2, Wissal Msellek3, 6 Si akiniaina Cla a Rake abakoly4, Jus ine S u z1,2, Ndeye Fa ou Faye5, Samba Sy5, Malamine J. Badji5, 7 Salama El Fa ehi3, Younès Hmimsa3, Ve ohani a Ra idison4, Josoa Rand iamalala6, Adeline Ba naud7, 8 S éphanie M. Ca iè e8, F édé ique Jankowski1,2, Ch is ian Lecle c9,10, Delphine Rena d11, Isabelle 9 Sanchez12, I ene Teixido -Toneu13, Nicolas Ve zelen12 10 *Vanesse Labey ie and Julie e Ma iel a e bo h i s and co esponding au ho s. 11 1 CIRAD, UMR SENS, F-34398, Mon pellie , F ance. 12 2 SENS, Uni Mon pellie , CIRAD, IRD, UPVM, Mon pellie , F ance. 13 3 TEDAEEP Team Resea ch, Abdelmalek Essaadi Uni e si y, Polydisciplina y Facul y o La ache – (UAE-FPL), 14 La ache, 92000, Mo occo. 15 4 Facul é des Sciences, Uni e si é d’An anana i o, BP 906 An anana i o 101, Madagasca . 16 5 Ins i u Sénégalais de Reche ches Ag icoles, Bu eau d'Analyses Mac oéconomiques, Daka , Sénégal. 17 6 Uni e si é d'An anana i o, École Supé ieu e des Sciences Ag onomiques, BP 175, Anka so, An anana i o 101, 18 Madagasca . 19 7 DIADE, Uni e si y o Mon pellie , IRD, CIRAD, Mon pellie , F ance. 20 8 IRD UMR SENS, CIRAD, IRD, UPVM, Uni Mon pellie , Mon pellie , F ance. 21 9 CIRAD, UMR AGAP Ins i u , F-34398, Mon pellie , F ance. 22 10 UMR AGAP Ins i u , Uni Mon pellie , CIRAD, INRAE, Ins i u Ag o, F-34398 Mon pellie , F ance. 23 11 CEFE, Uni Mon pellie , CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Mon pellie , F ance. 24 12 MISTEA, INRAE, Ins i u Ag o, Uni e si y o Mon pellie , Mon pellie , F ance. 25 13 IMBE, Aix Ma seille Uni e si y, A ignon Uni e si y, CNRS, IRD, Ma seille, F ance. 26 27 Abs ac 28 Smallholde a ming is p edominan in egions ha a e pa icula ly subjec o clima e change 29 wo ldwide, especially d ylands, and pa icula ly su e om an inc ease in clima ic shocks. In his 30 con ex , c op di e si y is conside ed as an impo an asse o he esilience o smallholde s who ha e 31 limi ed inancial and ma e ial capi als, in as uc u es and echnologies. Howe e , knowledge is limi ed 32 abou he p ocesses enhancing smallholde s’ access o c op di e si y. Seed and associa ed in o ma ion 33 ci cula ion pa e ns a e conside ed as a majo d i e o c op di e si y a ailabili y and access, al hough 34 which ci cula ion pa e ns enhance he a ailabili y o a la ge di e si y pool a he collec i e le el and 35 i s access o a me s emains ma e o deba e. 36 The esea ch p o ocol p esen ed he e, designed in he ARISER p ojec (Access o c op di e si y and 37 small a ms’ esilience o clima e a iabili y in A ican d ylands: The ole o seed and in o ma ion 38 ne wo ks) unded by he Eu opean Resea ch Council, is de eloped o add ess hese c i ical gaps. This 39 p o ocol was designed o collec ing compa able longi udinal and panel da a ac oss di e se con ex s o 40 assess: (i) di e ences in a ms’ seed and associa ed in o ma ion ne wo ks, and hei socioeconomic 41 d i e s; (ii) whe he hese di e ences in a m’s ne wo ks ela e o di e ences in hei le el o c op 42 di e si y and empo al u no e , (iii) whe he hey ela e o plu iannual indica o s o a ms’ esilience 43 o shocks, mainly he empo al s abili y o c op p oduc ion and households' abili y o mee hei ood 44 and inancial needs o e ime. 45 ARISER p o ocol is he i s o his kind, co e ing ou consecu i e yea s and 2000 households in h ee 46 di e en al hough compa able s udy si es. We hus belie e ha sha ing his p o ocol and he challenges 47 we me along i s design, es and implemen a ion can be o in e es o he design o u u e esea ch in 48 his domain and wo h o be sha ed wi h ou esea ch communi y. This p o ocol is expec ed o imp o e 49 he gene al unde s anding o how seed and ela ed in o ma ion ne wo ks a ec smallholde s’ abili y o 50 use c op di e si y in he ace o dis u bances, and o which ex en his is media ed by socioeconomic 51 inequali ies. Such unde s anding is needed o imp o e decision-making in he seed sec o and be e 52 add ess he speci ic challenges ha smallholde s ace in adap ing o global changes. 53 Keywo ds 54 Resea ch p o ocol, c op di e si y, seed ci cula ion, esilience, smallholde s 55 56 57 58 59 60 In oduc ion 61 Smallholde a ming is he dominan o m o ag icul u e in a la ge pa o he wo ld, including A ica, 62 Sou h-Eas Asia, La in Ame ica, and opical Islands (Sambe g e al. 2016). Smallholde a me s 63 gene ally cul i a e small a eas and ha e limi ed access o in as uc u e and o echnologies including 64 mechaniza ion, chemical inpu s, and i iga ion because o hei low inancial capi al. Despi e hose 65 limi ed asse s, hey p oduce a subs an ial pa o he wo ld’s ood while ha ing limi ed en i onmen al 66 impac s as hey mos ly p ac ice ag oecological cul i a ion. Recen es ima ions indica e ha a ms o 67 less han i e ha p oduce an es ima ed hal o he wo ld’s ood calo ies (Riccia di e al. 2018). Small 68 a ms hus can play a key ole in sus aining ood secu i y while p ese ing na u al esou ces and 69 biodi e si y in he ace o global challenges such as adap a ion o clima e change (Al ie i and Nicholls 70 2017). 71 Smallholde s la gely ely on c op di e si y o hei li elihoods, as i is one o he main esou ces hey 72 can mobilize o ensu e p oduc ion wi hou subs an ial inancial in es men (Ce igni and Mo is 2016). 73 A la ge pa o smallholde li es in a eas whe e he a iabili y o he biophysical and socioeconomic 74 en i onmen is high. Fo ins ance, smallholde ag icul u e is dominan in he d ylands, whe e clima ic 75 a iabili y is high and is expec ed o inc ease d ama ically in he u u e wi h majo impac s on 76 ag icul u e (Knox e al. 2012, Po e e al. 2017, Co ell e al. 2019). In hese a eas, cul i a ing a 77 di e si y o c op species and a ie ies is equen ly men ioned as a way o cope wi h he highly a iable 78 en i onmen al condi ions as i s eng hens households’ capaci y o mee hei ood and inancial needs 79 in he ace o pe u ba ions (Al ie i and Nicholls 2017, Ve nooy 2022). Access o c op di e si y and o 80 he in o ma ion associa ed o he cha ac e is ics o he di e en c ops is expec ed o be c ucial o he 81 esilience o smallholde s o en i onmen al a iabili y o wo main easons. Fi s , he cul i a ion o 82 di e en c op species and a ie ies allows o bu e en i onmen al a ia ions o di e en kind, 83 especially clima ic o economic ones (Rena d and Tilman 2021, Lo eau e al. 2021, Di Falco and Cha as 84 2008, Pascual, Jackson and D ucke 2013). Second, he capaci y o a ms o change c op species o 85 a ie ies is a key o adap ing o changing condi ions (Coope e al. 2008, Magesa e al. 2023, Labey ie 86 e al. 2021). 87 To be able o di e si y o change hei c ops, a me s need access o adap ed plan ing ma e ial, as seeds, 88 cu ings, o o he p opagules. To selec adap ed species and a ie ies, hei own knowledge as well as 89 ex e nal in o ma ion on c op cha ac e is ics a e c ucial. Such in o ma ion encompasses o ins ance 90 c op a ie ies’ g ow h-cycle leng h ha condi ion hei abili y o wi hs and d ough , o hei cu en 91 p ice on local ma ke . Howe e , despi e hei ob ious impo ance in smallholde s’ esilience o 92 en i onmen al a iabili y, he p ocesses d i ing hei access o c op di e si y and in o ma ion emain 93 la gely igno ed in ag icul u al policies and de elopmen p og ams (Coomes e al. 2015). Ra he , 94 de elopmen p og ams in A ica and wo ldwide suppo he specializa ion and uni o miza ion o c ops 95 om he plo o he egional le el, which inc eases he ulne abili y o smallholde a ming o clima e 96 a iabili y and has majo implica ions o ood secu i y a he local, na ional and global le els (Khou y 97 e al. 2014, Rena d and Tilman 2019). This uni o miza ion is pa icula ly sus ained by he cen aliza ion 98 o seed and in o ma ion ci cula ion, which also limi s oppo uni ies o de elop local ag oecological 99 inno a ions and adap a ions (Vanloque en and Ba e 2017, Coolsae 2015). 100 Smallholde s ace he sha ed challenge o gaining g ea e ecogni ion o he plu ali y o hei seed 101 sys ems, and bene i ing om go e nance o seed sys ems ha is be e sui ed o hei needs (Coomes e 102 al. 2015, Wes engen, Dalle and Mulesa 2023). Seed sys ems a e de ined as “combined ac i i ies o 103 ac o s, making use o plan ma e ials and knowledge, ha oge he a e necessa y o suppling seeds o 104 a me s” (C omwell e al. 1993; Louwaa s e Manicad 2022). Smallholde seed sys ems in ol e a ange 105 o s akeholde s and ins i u ions o di e en kinds: a me s and local seed selle s on weekly ma ke s and 106 pee s (McGui e e Spe ling 2016). Ye , in mos coun ies whe e smallholde a ming is p edominan , 107 na ional public policies, legal amewo ks, and de elopmen p og ams led by in e na ional agencies 108 end o ocus on cen alizing seed p oduc ion and dis ibu ion (Scoones and Thompson 2011, Louwaa s, 109 de Boe and Edeme 2013). These ini ia i es aim, on one hand, o s eng hen s a e p og ams o b eeding 110 and dissemina ing new a ie ies, and on he o he hand, o de elop he p i a e seed sec o , bo h o which 111 p ima ily dis ibu e ce i ied seeds om imp o ed a ie ies o a limi ed numbe o c op species (Mulesa 112 e al. 2021). This aises majo conce ns among schola s and a me s' o ganiza ions, who a gue ha hese 113 ac ions do no adequa ely add ess he speci ic needs o smallholde s in e ms o c op seed di e si y 114 (Coomes e al. 2015, Pescha d and Rande ia 2020). Calls especially mul iply on he necessi y o 115 conside he plu ali y o seed sys ems, and a o he eme gence o new o ganiza ion modali ies be ween 116 ac o s, accoun ing o local o ganiza ion modali ies, o enhancing smallholde access o seed di e si y 117 (Mulesa e al. 2021, Be he e al. 2020). De e mining which seed sys em o ganiza ion is be e sui ed 118 in his pe spec i e is a key poin o deba e (Wes egen, Dalle and Mulesa 2023, Louwaa s and Manicad 119 2022). 120 The ci cula ion o seed and associa ed in o ma ion has especially been iden i ied as po en ially key o 121 he main enance and dynamics o c op di e si y in a ms (Labey ie e al. 2021b). Subs an ial esea ch 122 has ocused on analyzing seed ci cula ion pa e ns in smallholde ag icul u e, and o a lesse ex en 123 hose o associa ed in o ma ion. Ye , a hough ul unde s anding o how hese pa e ns ela e o 124 a ms’ c op di e si y and ela ed esilience ou comes is lacking. Social ne wo k analysis 125 (Wasse man and Faus 1994) has been applied o analyze seed ci cula ion in smallholde communi ies, 126 and o a lesse ex en , he ci cula ion o associa ed in o ma ion (Box 1). Howe e , he ex en o which 127 di e en seed and in o ma ion ci cula ion pa e ns ela e o a m-le el ou comes—such as c op 128 di e si y, empo al u no e , and he main enance o key unc ions unde pe u ba ions— emains 129 poo ly unde s ood (Labey ie e al. 2021b). 130 The esea ch p o ocol p esen ed in his a icle was designed o enhance ou unde s anding o how seed 131 and in o ma ion ci cula ion pa e ns ela e o c op di e si y le el and empo al u no e in small a ms, 132 and o indica o s o a ms’ esilience o pe u ba ions. Addi ionally, i seeks o unde s and which 133 socioeconomic ac o s enhance o limi a me s capaci y o access c op di e si y h ough hese 134 ne wo ks. De eloped wi hin he ARISER p ojec (Access o C op Di e si y and Small Fa ms’ 135 Resilience o Clima e Va iabili y in A ican D ylands: The Role o Seed and In o ma ion Ne wo ks) 136 unded by he Eu opean Resea ch Council (S a ing G an 2022-2027), his p o ocol was designed o 137 collec ing compa able longi udinal and panel da a ac oss di e se con ex s o assess: (i) di e ences in 138 a ms’ seed and associa ed in o ma ion ne wo ks, and hei socioeconomic d i e s; (ii) whe he hese 139 di e ences in a m’s ne wo ks ela e o di e ences in hei le el o c op di e si y and empo al 140 u no e , (iii) whe he hey ela e o plu iannual indica o s o a ms’ esilience o shocks, mainly he 141 empo al s abili y o c op p oduc ion and households' abili y o mee hei ood and inancial needs o e 142 ime. 143 This a icle aims a sha ing his esea ch p o ocol wi h he esea ch communi y on seed sys ems, and 144 p o ide eedback on i s implemen a ion du ing he ARISER p ojec . This uni ied and adap able p o ocol 145 is expec ed o b ing a me hodological con ibu ion o esea ch on smallholde seed sys ems, helping o 146 d aw gene al conclusions on he s udied ela ionships. We expec ha compa ing esul s ob ained 147 h ough a s anda dized me hod ac oss h ee s udy si es, loca ed in di e en egions bu in simila 148 ag oecosys ems, will imp o e he gene al unde s anding o hese linkages and ha publishing his 149 p o ocol will s imula e he collec ion o compa able da a ac oss a ange o con ex s. 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 Box 1. Applica ions o Social Ne wo k Analysis o he analysis o seed and associa ed in o ma ion 164 ci cula ion 165 166 Hypo heses, esea ch s a egy and e hics 167 Concep ual amewo k 168 The gene al objec i e o his p o ocol is o es ablish he i s sys ema ical assessmen o he ela ionship 169 be ween seed and in o ma ion ci cula ion pa e ns, c op di e si y and indica o s o a m’s esilience in 170 A ican d yland a eas, subjec o high clima e a iabili y. Fo his pu pose, i combines concep and 171 me hods om social and ag icul u al sciences, especially: (i) social ne wo k analysis, ha s udies 172 in e ac ions be ween social ac o s (i.e. indi iduals o o ganiza ions) and how hey a e in luenced by 173 ac o s’ socioeconomic cha ac e is ics, as well as how hey a ec ac o s’ access o esou ces (Bo ga i 174 2009); (ii) ag oecology, ha s udies linkages be ween c op di e si y and he empo al s abili y o 175 p oduc ion as well as a ms’ li elihood and ou comes (B a o-Peña e Yode 2024; Rena d e Tilman 176 2021). 177 This p o ocol aims a es ing h ee gene al hypo heses, (de ailed he ea e ): (1) Fa ms di e in hei seed 178 and in o ma ion sou cing ne wo ks because o socioeconomic dispa i ies; (2) These di e ences in 179 ne wo ks ela e o di e ences in a m’s c op di e si y and empo al u no e ; (3) This is associa ed o 180 di e ences in a ms’ capaci y o main ain key unc ions, such as c op p oduc ion and households’ needs 181 co e age, in he ace o pe u ba ions (i.e. esilience). 182 (1) P e ious esea ch in u al a eas indica es ha he p ope ies o he social ne wo ks o some 183 ca ego ies o households limi hei access o esou ces (Rockenbauch e Sakdapol ak 2017). The 184 ca ego ies especially include: (i) less weal hy households (e.g. Bai d e G ay 2014), and households 185 whose heads belong o he ollowing ca ego ies: (ii) e hnic mino i ies o mig an s (e.g. Hoang e al. 186 2018), (iii) women (e.g. To kelsson 2007), (i ) young people (e.g. Cassidy e Ba nes 2012). Thus, he 187 p o ocol aims a es ing whe he a m and a me s cha ac e is ics in e ms o economic s a us, 188 iden i y and da e o se lemen , gende and age a e ela ed o di e ences in seed and in o ma ion 189 ne wo k indica o s, such as he numbe and di e si y o connec ions, and posi ion in he 190 communi y ne wo k (e.g. cen e s pe iphe y). 191 (2) Social ne wo k esea ch has la gely heo ized and es ed how he s uc u e and composi ion o 192 communi ies’ social ne wo ks a ec he ichness and di e si y o esou ces a ailable o hei membe s 193 (e.g. Pu nam 1995), and how an indi idual’s pe sonal social ne wo k and posi ion in he whole ne wo k 194 in luences access o esou ces (e.g. Lin e al. 2001; Bu 2002) (Figu e 1). Ye , bo h collec i e and 195 indi idual le els we e a ely ea ed oge he in Social Ne wo k Analysis (Agneessens e Koskinen 196 2016). Following he mul ile el social ne wo k amewo k p oposed by hese au ho s, we hypo hesize 197 ha he ne wo k pa e ns a bo h communi y (e.g., illage) and a ms’ le els a ec a m c op di e si y 198 and i s empo al dynamics as: (i) he pool o c op di e si y a ailable a he collec i e le el and i s 199 dynamics depend on he communi y seed ne wo k pa e ns, and (ii) he access o a ms o his pool 200 depends on hei posi ion in he communi y ne wo k and on pa e ns o hei own ne wo k. Based on 201 his li e a u e, he p o ocol aims a es ing whe he he c op di e si y le el and he c op u no e in 202 a ms o e ime a e ela ed o seed and in o ma ion ne wo k cha ac e is ics a he communi y 203 and a m le els. A he communi y le el, indica o s encompass he densi y o connec ions in he 204 communi y ne wo k, he di e si y o connec ions, and global s uc u al pa e ns (e.g. dis ibu ed, co e- 205 pe iphe y, o clus e s uc u e.). A he a m le el, indica o s co e he deg ee (numbe o connec ions), 206 connec ions di e si y, and cen ali y in he whole ne wo k. 207 (3) Acco ding o he “insu ance hypo hesis” o which inc easing e idence eme ge om ag oecology 208 li e a u e, main aining a highe le el o c op di e si y o e ime is expec ed o insu e mo e s able c op 209 p oduc ion o e ime, especially in con ex s whe e in e -annual clima e a iabili y is high (Rena d e 210 Tilman 2021). Mo e b oadly, s udies in di e en con ex s epo he con ibu ion o c op di e si y o 211 he main enance o ood a ailabili y and income in he ace o shocks, al hough esul s appea s ongly 212 con ex dependen (B a o-Peña e Yode 2024). We hus expec ha a ms ha ing an enhanced access 213 o c op di e si y would be mo e esilien o shocks in smallholde a ming con ex s whe e clima e 214 a iabili y is high. The p o ocol hus aims a es ing whe he a ms p esen ing seed and in o ma ion 215 ne wo ks pa e ns associa ed o a highe c op di e si y and u no e also p esen a highe and 216 mo e s able c op p oduc ion o e ime, as well as household’s needs co e age. 217 Figu e 1. Main ne wo k pa e ns a he communi y and a m le el expec ed o a ec c op di e si y le el 218 and c op u no e in a ms. The nodes ep esen he social uni s (e.g., he a ms), and he ies ep esen 219 hei in e ac ions (e.g., seed di usion). 220 221 Resea ch s a egy 222 To es hese hypo heses, longi udinal and panel a m su eys we e designed in ARISER p ojec o 223 collec compa able ield da a in h ee d yland a eas in No h Mo occo, cen al Senegal and Sou h- 224 Wes e n Madagasca (Box 2), whe e a me s a e mos ly smallholde s who p ac ice ain ed cul i a ion 225 o ce eals and legumes and ace an inc easing in e -annual ain all a iabili y. Co e ing s udy si es in 226 di e en al hough compa able con ex allows b inging mo e gene al esul s ha go beyond hose o 227 case s udies. This p o ocol is dedica ed o smallholde seed sys ems ha sha e common cha ac e is ics 228 and challenges. Al hough i was applied o smallholde ag icul u al sys ems loca ed in d ylands in he 229 ame o ARISER p ojec , i was hough o be applicable o o he clima ic and ag onomic con ex s as 230 a as smallholde a ming is conce ned. 231 These s udy a eas we e selec ed because hey a e ep esen a i e o biodi e si y-based small-scale 232 a ming ha is p ac iced by he la ge majo i y o a me s h oughou A ican d ylands, ha ing limi ed 233 access o ag icul u al echnologies and in as uc u es (Lowde e al. 2016; Riccia di e al. 2018). They 234 we e also selec ed because hey a e loca ed in a eas p one o ecu en ain all de ici , which allows 235 in es iga ing he linkages be ween seed and in o ma ion ne wo k pa e ns, c op di e si y and i s 236 ou comes (i.e. he s abili y p oduc ion, household needs co e age). Fa me s in he h ee s udy si es 237 combine he p oduc ion o ood c ops o sel -consump ion and local sale, and he p oduc ion o cash 238 c ops o sale on u ban ma ke s o o expo . The seed sys ems om which hey sou ce hei seeds 239 combine a di e si y o ac o s: a me s, go e nmen al and non-go e nmen al u al de elopmen 240 o ganiza ions, and p i a e ac o s. Al hough such a coexis ence o ac o s was ound in he h ee s udy 241 si es, he sha e o seeds ob ained by a me s om each ac o ype di e be ween si es. The h ee 242 coun ies whe e he s udy akes place also p esen simila challenges ega ding smallholde seed sys em 243 go e nance. Public policies and in e na ional de elopmen agencies suppo he cen alized seed sec o 244 ha in ol es s a e and p i a e ac o s o he dissemina ion o ce i ied seeds om a ew species and 245 a ie ies. Gene ally speaking, hese ac ions poo ly ma ch he speci ic needs o smallholde s, mainly 246 because species and a ie ies dis ibu ed a e ew and a ely adap ed o he di e si y o local g owing 247 condi ions and uses, and because seeds a e cos ly (Almekinde s and Louwaa s 2002). 248 In each coun y, s udy si es include en communi ies loca ed in he same commune (i.e. smalles 249 adminis a i e uni ). This allows es ing o he e ec o di e en communi y ne wo k pa e ns wi hin 250 a same social-ecological con ex . Longi udinal da a collec ion is being conduc ed o e ou consecu i e 251 yea s (2023-2026) o cap u e in e -annual a ia ions and es he hypo hesis conce ning he empo al 252 dynamics o c op di e si y and he s abili y o c op p oduc ion and household’s needs ul illmen . 253 Su eys a e conduc ed a e he las ha es o he ag icul u al yea , du ing pe iods whe e a me s a e 254 a ailable. 255 Wi hin ARISER p ojec , he da a collec ed h ough he a m su ey p o ocol desc ibed in his a icle, 256 mainly dedica ed o quan i a i e analysis, a e combined wi h: (i) su eys among seed selle s on local 257 ma ke s, (ii) quali a i e da a collec ed h ough a a ie y o app oaches such as e hnog aphic su eys, 258 pa icipan obse a ions, se ious games and pa icipa o y wo kshops, (iii) ex ensi e li e a u e e iew, 259 including “g ey li e a u e” and policy documen s. Da a collec ed h ough hese a ious app oaches 260 Du ing he aining, collec i ely de ining he mos co ec wo ding and ansla ion possible o each 423 ques ion wi h in e iewe s was ins umen al. This was equi ed o a oid as much as possible 424 misunde s anding and di e ences in su eys implemen a ion be ween in e iewe s, as each indi idual 425 conduc s he su eys based on his.he own pas expe iences and wi h his. he own pos u e and app oach. 426 The aining p o ided o local in e iewe s was he e o e buil up in a pa icipa i e and collabo a i e 427 way, in o de o in ol e he in e iewe s as much as possible in he s udy and enable hem o sha e hei 428 knowledge and skills. Despi e his common aining o all in e iewe s in ARISER s udy, we 429 acknowledge ha in e iewe s may ha e misunde s ood he objec i e o some ques ions and may also 430 pay less e o han ained esea che s in ge ing he accu a e answe om a me s. Assessmen o 431 in e iewe ’s bias is hus being implemen ed p io o he da a analysis. 432 Once his i s s age o su ey p epa a ion had been comple ed, a m su eys s a ed in 2023 and a e 433 epea ed each yea wi h he same households o ou yea s, so he a m household da a collec ion 434 p o ocol ends in 2027. A pa icula challenge in his longi udinal su ey was o limi pa icipan s 435 sa u a ion and disengagemen as we asked epea edly simila ques ions o ou consecu i e yea s. We 436 payed pa icula a en ion o ain he in e iewe s eam o explain he eason o ha , and his was 437 de ailed in he le e o in o ma ion o he P io In o med Consen P ocedu e. O ganizing wo kshops 438 o p esen and deba e esul s wi h su ey pa icipan s was also key o main ain hei in ol emen , and 439 aising discussions abou hei own in e es in ela ion wi h he opic o he p ojec . 440 Fa ms and pa icipan s ec ui men s a egy 441 Fi s , an exhaus i e sampling o a ms in ol ed in seed and in o ma ion ci cula ion in each communi y 442 was seek, in he objec i e o conduc comple e ne wo k analysis a he communi y le el (Wasse man 443 and Faus 1994). Comple e ne wo k allows o analyze he pa e ns o seed ci cula ion be ween 444 communi y membe s and he posi ion o a ms in his ne wo k. Howe e , we encoun e some issues o 445 mee his objec i e o di e en easons. Fi s ly, i was no possible o make su e ha all he a ms we e 446 su eyed and o es ima e he pa icipa ion a e because ge ing access o p eexis ing census o a ms 447 was no possible, and local au ho i ies we e eluc an ha esea che s conduc hei own census. This 448 p oblem was aced in all he ield si es o ARISER p ojec . Secondly, i is equen ha in e iews could 449 no be done in some a ms because he heads a e no p esen due o seasonal mig a ion, o because hey 450 e use o pa icipa e in he su ey. 451 Second, we decided in each si e who should be in e iewed in each a m based on li e a u e e iew, 452 obse a ions done du ing p elimina y su eys, and discussions wi h he local collabo a o s. C op 453 managemen p ac ices a he a m le el a e he esul o complex decision-making p ocesses and ac ions 454 in ol ing di e en household membe s. S udies gene ally in e iew a m heads, conside ed as ha ing 455 a good knowledge o he di e en ace s o c op managemen a he a m le el, bu some s udies indica e 456 ha his s a egy does p o ide an accu a e pic u e o he whole seed po olio and sou cing channels a 457 he a m le el (Wencélius e al. 2016). We ini ially aimed a in e iewing bo h he male and emale 458 a m heads, as bo h can g ow di e en c ops. In he case o polygamous households, i was ag eed ha 459 he i s spouse gene ally ge s a good knowledge o wha he o he s we e doing, al hough we ag ee his 460 app oach p esen s some limi s. Howe e , we we e cons ained o e iew his objec i e o di e en 461 easons. Fi s , in mos cases i was di icul o ind bo h he man and he women a ailable o he 462 in e iew wi hin households. This was especially he case in Madagasca , whe e we decided o 463 in e iew one o he o he depending on hei a ailabili y, as bo h ge a good gene al knowledge o wha 464 is cul i a ed in he a m. In Senegal, men equen ly mig a e o ind a job du ing he d y season whe e 465 he in e iews we e conduc ed, which aises p oblems o in e iew hem. In many cases, women we e 466 also e y busy a he ime o he in e iew o ood p epa a ion and house wo k, and i was no easy o 467 con ince hem o pa icipa e. We encoun e di icul ies conduc ing in e iews wi h women because o 468 cul u al habi s, pa icula ly in Senegal and Mo occo. In some cases, men do no le he in e iewe s 469 conduc su eys wi h hei wi es because hey a gue ha hey knew all ha was done in he a m. Men 470 could e en eel o ended ha we asked o in e iew women on his opic. This po en ially impac ed ou 471 abili y o documen he seed managemen o some c ops (e.g. hose cul i a ed in home ga dens), whe e 472 women appea o play an impo an ole. 473 Fa ms’ su eys con en 474 The a m su eys (see he su ey ques ionnai e in S1) a e conduc ed on a yea ly base and ake place 475 a e he main ha es pe iod. In ARISER p ojec , hey co e he a ge c ops (ce eals, legumes, and 476 ube s) cul i a ed du ing he yea p eceding he su ey (s a ing om he i s sowing pe iod). Fo 477 ins ance, he su eys conduc ed in 2023 co e ed: he pe iod be ween No embe 2022 and Augus 2023 478 in Madagasca , be ween May 2022 and Decembe 2022 in Senegal, and be ween Oc obe 2021 and 479 Sep embe 2022 in Mo occo. 480 The a m su eys a e based on ques ionnai es s uc u ed in wo main sec ions (sec ions D and C o 481 Figu e 2) ha aim a collec ing gene al da a conce ning he cha ac e is ics o he households, a ms and 482 ields ha a e ele an o unde s and c op and seed managemen , and le el o c op p oduc ion. Indeed, 483 his p o ocol app ehends c op di e si y (species and a ie ies) managemen as embedded in he gene al 484 household unc ioning and adop s a sys emic pe spec i e o i s analysis. This implies accoun ing o 485 he e ec s o he di e en managemen scales (i.e. household, a m, ield) wi hin a ms and he di e en 486 aspec s o a ms’ unc ioning and o a me s’ decision-making conce ning c ops and seeds. In his 487 pe spec i e, he ques ionnai es a e designed o collec da a co e ing he di e en managemen scales. 488 In ARISER p ojec , we decided o collec de ailed da a on households’ socioeconomic cha ac e is ics 489 and ield managemen only he i s yea o he su ey o cha ac e ize he a ming sys em, bu his was 490 no epea ed he ollowing yea s o limi he ime spen du ing he su ey. 491 492 Figu e 2: O ganiza ion o he ques ionnai e o a m su eys wi h he di e en o ganiza ional le els a which 493 da a we e collec ed and he ypes o da a collec ed ( o mo e de ails, see he su ey ques ionnai e in S1). 494 495 (i) Fa m’s cha ac e is ics: A he household scale (sec ion D, Figu e 2 and S1), he 496 ques ionnai e co e s he socioeconomic cha ac e is ics, including household composi ion, 497 economic and li elihood ac i i ies, and indica o s o weal h. Cha ac e is ics o he 498 indi iduals chie ly in ol ed in c op managemen (household heads) a e also documen ed, 499 including educa ion le el, age, gende , geog aphical o igin and mo he ongue. I also 500 includes some ques ions on households’ capaci y o mee hei needs o ood and income, 501 and he p oblems hey aced o c op p oduc ion, as well as hei app ecia ion conce ning 502 access o seed and in o ma ion. A he ield scale (sec ion C.1), he ques ionnai e co e s 503 cha ac e is ics ha a e impo an o c op di e si y managemen , such as modali ies o 504 access o land, ag icul u al ools and a m asse s, da a on he ag oecological condi ions (soil 505 ype and opog aphy) and on a ming p ac ices (e.g. use o inpu s, ype o soil p epa a ion, 506 ype o c ops’ associa ion). 507 This sec ion o he ques ionnai e is designed o o e come se e al issues ha we e 508 encoun e ed du ing he es s age, and we ended in de ining indica o s and o mula ing 509 ques ions ha limi hese issues. Collec ing accu a e da a on sensi i e aspec s such as he 510 economic s a us and asse s o he households, he land a ea, and he ag icul u al p oduc ion, 511 is especially challenging. In some con ex s, esponden s a e eluc an o p o ide his ype 512 o in o ma ion ei he because o local no ms and aboos, o because hey ea ha such 513 in o ma ion could be used by he au ho i ies o con ol hem, and o egula e hei access o 514 s a e suppo sys ems and subsidies. In some cases, esponden s don’ know he su ace 515 hey cul i a e, which is a classical p oblem aced in his ype o su ey, and es ima ing 516 hese su aces based on he ime spen p epa ing he soil o sowing can be e y challenging. 517 518 (ii) Seed baske s: A e hese gene al sec ions, he ques ionnai e goes in o sec ions dedica ed 519 o he seed baske and associa ed in o ma ion, ha co e s all he seed lo s cul i a ed by he 520 household o e he las yea o ce eal, legume and ube c ops. A seed lo is he se o 521 seeds o a gi en a me ’s named a ie y he.she epo ed ob aining om he same sou ce on 522 he same da e. Fo documen ing seed baske s while limi ing memo y issues, esponden s 523 we e i s asked o lis he species o legumes, ce eals o ube c ops hey ha e g own o e 524 he pas yea (sec ion C.2). A p ede ined lis o species o hese c ops was used o 525 sys ema ically check o he p esence o absence o each in he a m. Then (sec ion C.2.a), 526 o each c op species, a me s we e asked o lis all he a ie ies ha ha e been g own in 527 he a m o e he las yea based on he name hey use o iden i y hem (he ea e e e ed 528 o as “named a ie ies”). The a ie ies named by a me s can co e di e en ypes o 529 biological en i ies, hey can be land aces, i.e. a se o indi idual plan s p esen ing simila 530 mo phological cha ac e is ics acco ding o a me s and hence iden i ied using he same 531 name by hem bu ha can co e a subs an ial mo phological and gene ic di e si y (Loue e 532 2000, Villa e al. 2006), bu also some imes DHS egis e ed a ie ies (Dis inc , 533 Homogeneous and S able), o c op popula ions ha esul om a mix be ween land aces 534 and DHS a ie ies ( e e ed as ‘c eolized a ie ies’ in he li e a u e). A p ede ined lis o 535 a ie ies names is sugges ed o a me s based on p elimina y su eys, bu he op ion o add 536 new names is possible. Cha ac e is ics o he a ie ies a e eco ded, wi h a ocus on hei 537 o igin acco ding o he a me , i.e. whe he hey a e: (i) local a me s’ a ie ies, conside ed 538 by he in e iewees o ha e been g own in he a ea be o e hey s a ed a ming, (ii) 539 in oduced a ie ies ha appea in he a ea a e hey s a ed a ming, in which case we 540 documen ed when possible i a me s hink hey we e dis ibu ed h ough o icial channels 541 such as p i a e seed companies o de elopmen o ganiza ions, o i hey a e a ie ies 542 in oduced om o he egions, and (iii) a ie ies whose o igin is unknown. We also 543 es ima ed he ancien ly o he a ie y in he s udy a ea by asking esponden s whe he hei 544 pa en s we e al eady g owing his a ie y. We documen he quan i y sowed and ha es ed 545 o each a ie y, he use o des ina ion o he ha es p oduc s (e.g. household ood sel - 546 consump ion, animal ood, g ain o seed sale), he a me 's le el o sa is ac ion wi h he 547 ha es and any p oblems encoun e ed ha a ec ed p oduc ion le els. We also asked 548 a me s abou he easons o cul i a ing his pa icula a ie y. 549 Fo each named a ie y (sec ion C.2), we ask a me s o lis and desc ibe he di e en seed 550 lo s (i.e. all he seed o he same a ie y ob ained om he same sou ce on he same da e 551 by he household) hey sow o e he pas yea , and o desc ibe each seed lo sou ce and he 552 social ie in ol ed (sec ions C.2.a and C.2.c). The seed lo s we e di e en ia ed depending 553 on whe he esponden s epo ed hey had been sel -p oduced on- a m o ob ained om 554 ou side, in case i was sel -p oduced, we asked when he seed lo was sou ced ou side he 555 a m o he las ime (Figu e 3). 556 Then, we eco d he ex e nal sou ces whe e he seeds we e las ob ained based on a 557 ca ego iza ion om p elimina y su eys ha de ined i e main ca ego ies o sou ce. 558 Ce ain ca ego ies ha e been added and adap ed depending on he s udy si e, based on he 559 su eys conduc ed among seed dis ibu o s. To co e he a ious less equen ly ci ed 560 sou ces, we lea e he possibili y o a me o ci e o he seed sou ces (ca ego y “o he 561 sou ce”). Addi ional in o ma ion is hen collec ed conce ning he seed sou ce, including i s 562 geog aphical loca ion, i s gende and i s name in case i is an indi idual loca ed in he 563 esea ch a ea, and i s loca ion and name in case i is an o ganiza ion o a p ojec . In case 564 he seed ansac ion in ol es wo indi iduals, he social ie be ween he seed ecei e and 565 p o ide is desc ibed as ollows: (i) no p e-exis ing ie, (ii) acquain ance (i.e. hey know 566 each o he bu don’ ha e a close social ela ionship), (iii) iendship, (i ) neighbo ing (o 567 house o ields), ( ) amilial ie (kinship). In case o a kinship ie, we use a s anda dized 568 way o coding p ecisely he ela ionship o be able o iden i y i s p ecise na u e. Las , 569 in o ma ion is collec ed conce ning he easons o seeking seeds om his speci ic seed 570 sou ce, wi h p ede ined op ions sugges ed (see ques ionnai e in S1) and he possibili y o 571 add new ones. We also collec in o ma ion on he na u e o he ansac ion, i.e. i i is 572 mone ized, in he o m o gi s o exchanges, o inhe i ed. 573 The sec ion C.2.b aims a documen ing he sou ces h ough which a me s ge in o ma ion 574 conce ning each c op a ie ies and ha mo i a ed hem o s a hei cul i a ion. In his 575 pe spec i e, a me s a e in i ed o desc ibe how hey go he idea o g ow his pa icula 576 named a ie y. Fi s , we eco d i his is based on a me s’ own expe ience, o on ex e nal 577 ad ice o obse a ions. I i is ex e nal, we documen he cha ac e is ics o he in o ma ion 578 sou ce and social ie in ol ed, ha a e desc ibed in he same way as o he seed 579 ansac ions. 580 Fo bo h seed and in o ma ion sou cing, he name gene a o app oach is applied by asking 581 he in e iewees o ci e eely he name o seed/in o ma ion p o ide s and we collec o he 582 in o ma ion o make possible hei iden i ica ion a-pos e io i (age, gende , p ecise 583 loca ion). The a-pos e io i iden i ica ion o hese indi iduals is made in collabo a ion wi h 584 he esponsible o he su eys in each coun y, when necessa y. Applying a os e app oach 585 is usually ecommended o collec ing such da a in a sys ema ic way (Wasse man and Faus 586 1994), based on a p ede ined lis o households. This was no possible in he di e en s udy 587 si es co e ed by ARISER p ojec s as no census exis ed o local au ho i ies we e no allowed 588 o ansmi hem, and hey we e also eluc an o allow he esea ch eam o conduc a 589 census. The name-gene a o app oach can lead o e o s in iden i ying a-pos e io i he 590 indi iduals om whom he a me s ob ained seeds and in o ma ion. This is especially 591 challenging when homonymy is equen , which equi es collec ing p ecise in o ma ion on 592 he loca ion, age and spouse o he p o ide . Fu he mo e, collec ing da a on he p ecise 593 iden i y o seed o in o ma ion p o ide s is e y sensi i e, and in e iewees can be eluc an 594 o p o ide his in o ma ion. Accu a ely collec ing his ype o da a equi es us , which is 595 di icul o a ain in such la ge-scale su eys whe e he in e iewe s s ay a limi ed ime in 596 he communi ies. Fa me s’ memo y is also one limi , as some e en s o seed o in o ma ion 597 can be easily o go en. 598 599 Figu e 3: De ail o he di e en da a collec ed h ough he ques ionnai e sec ions on seed and in o ma ion 600 sou cing. 601 602 Ques ionnai e design and digi al implemen a ion 603 In ARISER s udy, KoboToolbox so wa e and he KoboCollec applica ion we e used o acili a e la ge- 604 scale su eys and educe he isk o in e iewe s’ e o s, by elimina ing pape -based da a collec ion and 605 indi idual da a en y in o Excel sp eadshee s. The so wa e o e s he possibili y o build a su ey o m 606 wi h di e en esponse modali ies (e.g. in ege o decimal, single choice, mul iple choice, ee ex ), 607 and whose s uc u e can include ques ion nes ing, epe i ion and loops. The su ey o m can be buil 608 o line using he xlsx language. This allows he a iable names and modali ies o be de ined a he same 609 ime as he ques ions a e o mula ed and he possible answe s a e lis ed. Thus, each ques ion 610 co esponds o a a iable, and each possible answe co esponds o a modali y. So, when a su ey is 611 ca ied ou , i.e. a o m is illed in, i is sen o he so wa e se e and he da a collec ed is di ec ly 612 eco ded and s o ed in an Excel sp eadshee acco ding o he p e-de ined a iable and modali y names. 613 Fo ield su eys, he KoboCollec applica ion enables he o m o be downloaded on o a able . 614 Da a managemen and analysis 615 Da a managemen 616 ARISER Da a Managemen Plan desc ibes he da a managemen li e cycle o he da a o be collec ed, 617 p ocessed and s o ed p ojec . As he p ojec p ocesses pe sonal da a, measu es ha e been implemen ed 618 o ensu e adequa e p o ec ion : (i) aise awa eness among use s (bo h in e nal and ex e nal o he p ojec ) 619 wo king wi h pe sonal da a o he isks associa ed wi h p i acy issues, (ii) es ablish p ocedu es o 620 p ocessing, sha ing and s o age pe sonal da a in line wi h he Gene al Da a P o ec ion Regula ion, (iii) 621 use secu e In o ma ion Technologies solu ions wi h use access limi ed o he da a hey need and use 622 enc yp ed elec onic de ices (ha dwa e, compu e , phones), (i ) Include special clauses applying o 623 pe sonal da a in p o ide s’ con ac s. Pe sonal da a allowing indi iduals iden i ica ion a e only accessed 624 by he eam membe s, who a e con ac ually commi ed o comply wi h he p i acy ules. 625 Once submi ed, he ques ionnai es a e s o ed on CIRAD Kobo oolbox pla o m ha is loca ed on a 626 se e loca ed in he Eu opean Union. Da a a e hen downloaded and s o ed secu ely on enc yp ed 627 elec onic de ices. A he end o he s udy, da a will be a chi ed in a secu e manne o a limi ed du a ion 628 o 30 yea s. To comply wi h he FAIR ules, non-sensi i e o sec e da a will be made publicly a ailable 629 on he da a e se o CIRAD, and only ully anonymized o agg ega ed will be made a ailable so ha 630 indi iduals’ e-iden i ica ion will no be possible. 631 Da a Analysis o e iew 632 Quan i a i e da a analysis is being conduc ed o es he main hypo heses o he p ojec , building on he 633 di e en heo e ical and me hodological amewo ks desc ibed in he concep ual amewo k. We 634 p esen he e a gene al desc ip ion o he me hods en isioned, bu he de ailed desc ip ion o me hods 635 e ec i ely implemen ed o ea he di e en esea ch ques ions will be p o ided in he di e en a icles 636 ela ed o each ques ion. An o e iew o he esea ch ques ions, hypo hesis and analysis conduc ed is 637 p o ided in S2 (S udy Design able). 638 Fi s , a se o analysis is being conduc ed o es ablish a ypology o a me s’ seed and in o ma ion 639 sou cing ne wo ks, and assess he socio-economic ac o s associa ed o hese di e en g oups o 640 p ac ices. In his objec i e, we combine clus e ing and indica o -based app oaches o gain a be e 641 assessmen , ollowing he classical pe sonal ne wo k analysis me hods (Wasse man and Faus 1994, 642 McCa y e al. 2019). Mul i a ia e analysis (PCA) and classi ica ion algo i hms such as HAC 643 (hie a chical ascendan classi ica ion) a e being espec i ely applied o he ma ices o a ms’ seed o 644 in o ma ion sou ces. Ne wo k me ics a e being compu ed a he a m le el o measu e he ollowing 645 indica o s o pe sonal (ego) ne wo ks: (i) he numbe o di ec seed o in o ma ion sou cing ies a a m 646 has (indeg ee, F eeman 1979), (ii) he di e si y o ies de i ed om Shannon en opy ha has he 647 ad an age o being obus o missing da a and almos insensi i e o ne wo k size (Blü hgen 2006), (iii) 648 he geog aphical ex en o ne wo ks, based on he maximum geog aphical dis ance o ies. Gene alized 649 Linea Models a e being used o es o he co ela ions ei he be ween a m’s membe ship o he 650 di e en seed o in o ma ion ne wo k g oups o be ween a ms’ ne wo k measu es on one hand, and on 651 he o he hand, a ms’ socioeconomic a iables such as he gende , age, and e hnici y o he house heads 652 o he economic s a us o he household. 653 Second, a speci ic se o analysis is being conduc ed o assess gende di e ences in hei epo s o seed 654 baske s and sou cing. This analysis is only be conduc ed on da a collec ed in Senegal and Madagasca 655 as in e iews could no be conduc ed wi h women in Mo occo. Fi s , analysis is being conduc ed o 656 compa e he epo s o men a m heads VS women conce ning he whole a m seed baske and sou cing. 657 This compa ison be ween he popula ion o ma ied men and women in e iewed conce ning he a m 658 seed baske s will allow o assess whe he some gende bias exis s, by es ing i men and women di e 659 in he equency o epo ed c op cul i a ed, seed lo s sel -p oduc ion, and ype and cha ac e is ics o 660 seed sou ces. Second, we es whe he women’s seed baske s and sou ces a e accu a ely epo ed by 661 men when hey a e in e iewed abou his aspec a he a m le el. In his objec i e, we compa e he 662 answe s o men and women in ol ed in seed sou cing wi hin he same household o assess he ma ch 663 o hei epo s conce ning he c op cul i a ed by women. This is be conduc ed only o Senegal da a, 664 whe e a speci ic su ey is done wi h women in a subsample o households. 665 Thi d, he ela ionship be ween a ms’ seed and in o ma ion sou cing ne wo ks on he one hand, and 666 he c op di e si y le el in a ms and he c op u no e o e ime on he o he hand, is being es ed. 667 Measu es o he le el o c op di e si y on each a m and in each yea a e compu ed based on he numbe 668 o species and a ie ies. Then, he u no e o c op species and a ie ies o e ime is compu ed using 669 B ay-Cu is dissimila i y o compa e c op composi ion a he a m le el be ween pai s o consecu i e 670 yea s (Magu an and Hende son 2010). These measu es will be compu ed sepa a ely a he species le el 671 and a he a ie al le el o each species. Each measu e is agg ega ed o e ime in o a summa y mul i- 672 annual index, compu ed as he a io o hei mean o e he i e yea s o he s udy o hei s anda d 673 de ia ion (Rena d and Tilman 2019). We build on ecen ly de eloped mul ile el linea modeling 674 app oaches o es he espec i e e ec o communi y e sus a m ne wo k s uc u e on c op di e si y 675 and u no e measu es (Agneessens and Koskinen 2016). Fa m ne wo k measu es is compu ed as 676 desc ibed abo e, and ou communi y ne wo k measu es a e compu ed: (i) global ne wo k di e si y 677 based on bo h he abundance o each ac o ca ego y and he p obabili ies o in e ac ion be ween hese 678 ca ego ies (Ohlman e al. 2019). Ac o s ca ego ies a e de ined depending on hei na u e - indi idual, 679 go e nmen al, non-go e nmen al o p i a e o ganiza ions - hei geog aphical loca ion and hei 680 socioeconomic a ibu e, (ii) he densi y o he ies in he ne wo k (Wasse man and Faus 1994). 681 Depending on ou capaci y o es ima e global measu es o ne wo k s uc u e, syn he ic measu es 682 e lec ing how close a ne wo k is o a co e-pe iphe y s uc u e may be compu ed based on he ou pu s 683 o S ochas ic Block Models (Gonzalez e al. 2020). To deal wi h he ne wo k’s in e dependence issue, 684 ixed and andom communi y-le el e ec s a e included, as well as an au oco ela ion componen 685 (Snijde s and Boske s 2012). Cha ac e is ics o a ms (e.g. li elihood ac i i ies), communi ies (e.g. 686 size), and si es (e.g. wea he da a), a e included as co a ia es in he model o con ol o hei e ec . 687 Las , es s a e being conduc ed o assess o wha ex en he cha ac e is ics o a ms’ seed and 688 in o ma ion sou cing ne wo ks ela e o p oxies o esilience ou comes a he a m le el, namely mo e 689 s able ag icul u al p oduc ion o e ime, and an enhanced capaci y o co e hei ood and inancial 690 needs. Based on he analysis p esen ed abo e, we expec o iden i y g oup o a ms p esen ing pa icula 691 ne wo k cha ac e is ics ela ed o a highe le el o c op di e si y and c op u no e . We es i he a ms 692 p esen ing hese connec i i y cha ac e is ics ha e a mo e s able ag icul u al p oduc ion o e ime and 693 be e co e hei needs o e se e al yea s as compa ed o o he a ms. An index o c op p oduc ion is 694 being compu ed a he a m le el o each yea as he agg ega ion o he quan i ies ha es ed o each 695 c op species con e ed in ene gy (calo ies). I is hen be agg ega ed o e ime in o a summa y mul i- 696 annual index, compu ed as o c op di e si y. We es i he mean p oduc ion di e s be ween a ms 697 g oups using a iance analysis, and i needs co e age di e s using adap ed ank es s. 698 Challenges and pe spec i es 699 Th ough he p o ocol desc ibed, we expec o imp o e he gene al unde s anding o he ole o seed and 700 in o ma ion sou cing p ac ices in smallholde a me s’ access o c op di e si y, and o wha ex en his 701 con ibu es o hei esilience o pe u ba ions. Collec ing compa able da a wi hin a common amewo k 702 and ield se ing o e di e en s udy si es is a key challenge o p og ess in he gene al unde s anding o 703 he p ocesses s udied. As de ailed in he in oduc ion, se e al case-s udies in es iga ed he ela ionship 704 be ween c op di e si y and seed sou cing p ac ices, leading o di e ging conclusions. The di e ences 705 in me hods and con ex s o hese s udies s ongly limi ed ou capaci y o iden i y he o igin o hese 706 di e ences and hei implica ions. Conduc ing la ge scale longi udinal su eys is hence needed o 707 complemen case s udies and b ing gene al conclusions, bu i aises pa icula challenges which we 708 belie e i is impo an o sha e wi h ou esea ch communi y. La ge panel and longi udinal su eys on 709 smallholde seed and in o ma ion ne wo ks, co e ing housands o esponden s and epea ed o se e al 710 yea s, a e no common in smallholde seed sys ems esea ch. ARISER p o ocol is he i s o his kind, 711 co e ing ou consecu i e yea s and 2000 households in h ee di e en al hough compa able s udy si es. 712 The quan i a i e app oach based on his p o ocol p esen s some s eng hs, bu also some weaknesses, 713 as discussed abo e. We hus belie e ha sha ing his p o ocol and he challenges we me along i s 714 design, es and implemen a ion can be o in e es o he design o u u e esea ch in his domain and 715 wo h o be sha ed wi h ou esea ch communi y. These aspec s should also be conside ed when 716 examining he esul s and conclusions ha can be d awn om he applica ion o he p o ocol. 717 Conduc ing la ge su eys on seed sys ems equi es o comp omise on he le el o de ails and accu acy 718 o da a. Gene ally speaking, la ge su eys makes i much mo e di icul o o e come he local no ms 719 and aboos as compa ed o case s udies ha allow o build p oximi y and us wi h su ey pa icipan s 720 and makes possible o ex end in e iew du a ion and de ails and access o in o ma ion on sensi i e 721 aspec s. This especially a ec ed ou abili y o ec ui women, as explained in he me hods sec ion. I 722 also limi ed ou capaci y o ge de ails abou he iden i y o seed o in o ma ion p o ide , a ec ing in 723 u n he abili y o conduc comple e ne wo ks da a sampling as ini ially planned. 724 Combining his quan i a i e su ey da a wi h ine-g ain quali a i e and comp ehensi e su eys is hus 725 c ucial o gain a good unde s anding o he p ocesses a s ake. The p esen ed p o ocol pu he ocus on 726 quan i a i e me hods, bu we insis on he impo ance o combining i wi h quali a i e da a, as well as 727 ex ensi e li e a u e e iew. This is especially needed o ge a comple e unde s anding o he go e nance 728 o seed sys ems and ma ke dynamics ha play a key ole in smallholde a me s’ access o seed. I 729 allows also o ge in o he local ules and no ms ha d i e seed and in o ma ion ci cula ion in u al 730 socie ies, and documen mo e di use o hidden p ocesses ha could no be documen ed h ough 731 ques ionnai es. In ARISER p ojec , case s udies a e conduc ed by s uden s in each s udy si es, which 732 p o ides an in-dep h unde s anding o he local c op di e si y managemen p ac ices. A se ious game 733 was designed o ob ain complemen a y da a abou a me s’ decision-making ega ding seed and 734 in o ma ion sou cing. We a e conduc ing a li e a u e e iew co e ing scien i ic publica ions and epo s 735 as well as o icial documen s conce ning public policies and legal amewo ks ela ed o he seed sec o . 736 Las , wo kshops a e o ganized wi h a me s and local de elopmen o ganiza ions o discussing ou 737 esul s, which is decisi e o building obus and accu a e conclusions. 738 The p esen ed p o ocol is expec ed o make signi ican con ibu ions o esea ch on smallholde seed 739 sys ems by o e ing a uni ied amewo k o conduc ing u u e compa able esea ch. Such a amewo k 740 will allow o implemen a la ge-scale assessmen o he e ec o di e en c op seed and in o ma ion 741 sou cing modali ies on smallholde s’ access o c op di e si y ac oss di e en con ex s. This will add ess 742 an impo an challenge in his esea ch ield, as schola s claim ha local social ne wo ks in ol ed in 743 c op seed and in o ma ion di usion play a key ole in smallholde s’ access o c op di e si y (Coomes 744 e al. 2015, Pau asso e al. 2013), bu conc e e e idence o which cha ac e is ics o hese ne wo ks is 745 lacking. This p o ocol is also expec ed o ad ance ou unde s anding o he p ocesses in ol ed in 746 smallholde esilience in a con ex o high clima e a iabili y. This is pa icula ly impo an as esea ch 747 Scoones I, Thompson J. The poli ics o seed in A ica’s g een e olu ion: Al e na i e na a i es and 936 compe ing pa hways. Ids Bull. 2011;42(4):1-23. 937 Snijde s, T. A. & Boske , R. J. Mul ile el heo ies, mul is age sampling, and mul ile el models (Chap e 938 2). in Mul ile el analysis: An in oduc ion o basic and ad anced mul ile el modeling (Sage, 2012). 939 Thomas, M., & Caillon, S. E ec s o a me social s a us and plan biocul u al alue on seed ci cula ion 940 ne wo ks in Vanua u. Ecol and Soc. 2016; 21(2). 941 Schlingmann A, G aham S, Benyei P, Co be a E, Ma inez Sanes eban I, Ma elle A, e al. Global 942 pa e ns o adap a ion o clima e change by Indigenous Peoples and local communi ies. A sys ema ic 943 e iew. Cu Opin En i on Sus ain. 2021;51:55-64. 944 Tengö M, B ondizio ES, Elmq is T, Malme P, Spie enbu g M. Connec ing Di e se Knowledge 945 Sys ems o Enhanced Ecosys em Go e nance: The Mul iple E idence Base App oach. AMBIO. 946 2014;43(5):579-91. 947 Tengö M, Hill R, Malme P, Raymond CM, Spie enbu g M, Danielsen F, e al. Wea ing knowledge 948 sys ems in IPBES, CBD and beyond—lessons lea ned o sus ainabili y. Cu Opin En i on Sus ain. 949 2017;26-27:17-25. 950 To kelsson, Å. Resou ces, no capi al: a case s udy o he gende ed dis ibu ion and p oduc i i y o 951 social ne wo k ies in u al E hiopia. Ru al Sociol. 2007;72, 583–607. 952 UNEP-WCMC. A spa ial analysis app oach o he global delinea ion o d yland a eas o ele ance o 953 he CBD P og amme o Wo k on D y and Subhumid Lands. Da ase based on spa ial analysis be ween 954 WWF e es ial eco egions (WWF-US, 2004) and a idi y zones (CRU/UEA; UNEPGRID, 1991). 955 2007. A ailable om: h ps://da a-gis.unep- 956 wcmc.o g/po al/home/i em.h ml?id=789 cac8959943ab9ed7a225e5316 08 957 Vanloque en G, Ba e PV. How ag icul u al esea ch sys ems shape a echnological egime ha 958 de elops gene ic enginee ing bu locks ou ag oecological inno a ions In: Food So e eign y, 959 Ag oecology and Biocul u al Di e si y. Rou ledge; 2017. 960 Ve nooy R. Does c op di e si ica ion lead o clima e- ela ed esilience? Imp o ing he heo y h ough 961 insigh s on p ac ice. Ag oecol Sus ain Food Sys . 2022;46(6):877-901. 962 Villa, T. C. C., Max ed, N., Schol en, M., & Fo d-Lloyd, B. De ining and iden i ying c op land aces. 963 Plan gene es. 2005; 3(3), 373-384. 964 Wasse man, S, and Faus , K. 1994. Social Ne wo k Analysis: Me hods and Applica ions. Camb idge 965 Uni e si y P ess. 966 Wencélius J, Thomas M, Ba billon P, Ga ine E. In e household a iabili y and i s e ec s on seed 967 ci cula ion ne wo ks: a case s udy om no he n Came oon. Ecol Soc. 2016;21(1). 968 Wes engen OT, Dalle SP, Mulesa TH. Na iga ing owa d esilien and inclusi e seed sys ems. P oc 969 Na l Acad Sci. 2023;120(14):e2218777120. 970 971 Sec ion numbe o ype o answe Ques ions asked each yea Ti le o ques ion asked Choice o answe s A. A. INTRODUCTION A.1 A.1 PRESENTATION OF THE ARISER STUDY Yes Summa y, P ocess, and Pu poses o he Su eys : The ARISER s udy aims o be e unde s and how di e en c ops enable a me s in [commune name] o cope wi h dis up ions, pa icula ly clima ic ones. This s udy also seeks o unde s and whe e a me s ob ain hei seeds o hese a ious c ops and how hese di e en seed supply s a egies in luence households' abili y o cope wi h dis up ions. The esul s om his su ey will lead o scien i ic publica ions, p esen a ions a con e ences, o in o ma ional documen s o de elopmen s akeholde s. We will y o dissemina e he esul s and discuss hem wi h all he illages in he a ea so ha all esiden s o he commune can bene i . All w i en epo s om his s udy will be deli e ed o he illage chie and will be accessible o anyone who wishes o see hem. I you wish o ob ain in o ma ion abou he ollow-up o he p ojec , you can con ac he lead esea che a any ime. Yes Pa icipan s' Righ s : You a e olun a ily pa icipa ing in his su ey, which means ha you a e ee o pa icipa e o no , and you can choose no o answe one o mo e ques ions asked o you. You pa icipa ion is ee o cha ge, wi h no inancial compensa ion o cos o you. You can s op he su ey and wi hd aw om his s udy a any ime, wi hou needing o jus i y you sel . To do so, simply con ac he lead esea che . The indi iduals esponsible o his su ey ensu e ha you pa icipa ion o wi hd awal has no nega i e consequences o you. Thus, you esponses and iden i ying da a will only be known o he su ey eam. The da a om his su ey will only be accessible o hose in cha ge o he su ey and he esea che s associa ed wi h he p ojec o analysis pu poses, and hey will be secu ed h ough passwo d-p o ec ed access. The esul s ha will be dissemina ed a he end o his p ojec will no allow you o be iden i ied, as only agg ega ed da a, ha is, global da a, will be sha ed. I any changes o he p ojec 's objec i es o he use o you esponses a e conside ed, we will in o m you o hese changes and eques you consen again. You ha e he op ion o indica e now whe he you would ag ee o ha e you da a po en ially eused o o he esea ch p ojec s (o he han he cu en p ojec ). You e usal will no ha e any nega i e consequences o you and does no call in o ques ion you pa icipa ion in his su ey. I you ag ee, we will ask o you consen again o his euse. Yes Da a P o ec ion : The in o ma ion collec ed by Ci ad as he da a con olle is ga he ed o he pu pose o s udying he ole o seed supply me hods in he esilience and ood secu i y o a ming households, o esea ch pu poses. This p ocessing is based on you explici consen , exp essed e bally and signed by he wi ness be o e he in e iews begin. You da a will be kep o he du a ion o he s udy (5 yea s, om 2022 o 2027) and up o 30 yea s a e he end o he s udy. This ex ended e en ion is ini ially necessa y o allow he exploi a ion o he da a o publica ions o 10 yea s a e he end o he s udy, hen o an addi ional 15 yea s o allow, i necessa y, compa a i e analyses by o he p ojec s. A he end o his e en ion pe iod, he da a will be des oyed. The in o ma ion collec ed is in ended o he ARISER esea ch eam and subcon ac o s in ol ed in he s udy and may be communica ed o pa ne s unde con iden iali y condi ions and wi hin he sole amewo k o ARISER. In acco dance wi h he applicable egula ions, conce ning he Gene al Da a P o ec ion Regula ion (GDPR), you ha e he igh s o access, ec i ica ion, e asu e, and po abili y (when applicable) conce ning you da a, as well as he igh o es ic and objec o hei p ocessing o legi ima e easons. You can exe cise hese igh s by con ac ing he Da a P o ec ion O ice o he da a con olle a dpo@ci ad. . You also ha e he igh o lodge a complain a any ime wi h he compe en au ho i y (in F ance, he CNIL). Yes P o ec ion o T adi ional Knowledge and Know-How Associa ed wi h Gene ic Resou ces : In he con ex o access and bene i -sha ing (ABS), adi ional knowledge and know-how associa ed wi h gene ic esou ces e e o he knowledge, inno a ions, and p ac ices o indigenous and local communi ies ela ed o gene ic esou ces. They esul om he expe ience gained by people o e cen u ies, a e adap ed o local needs, cul u es, and en i onmen s, and a e passed down h ough gene a ions. The collec ion o his adi ional knowledge and know-how equi es compliance wi h he p ocedu es se by he Nagoya P o ocol o 2010, pa icula ly he ai and equi able sha ing o bene i s a ising om esea ch. In he con ex o his su ey, you a e sha ing wi h us in o ma ion abou adi ional knowledge and know-how associa ed wi h local gene ic esou ces. The p ojec has aken he necessa y s eps o comply wi h he Nagoya P o ocol. A.2 A.2 CONSENT REQUEST 1. Ha e you ecei ed and unde s ood he in o ma ion ha was communica ed o you? 2. Ha e you been able o ask ques ions? 3. Do you unde s and ha you can decide o s op pa icipa ing in he su ey a any ime? 4. Do you ag ee o pa icipa e in he s udy? 5. Do you unde s and you igh s ega ding you pe sonal da a? 6. Do you ag ee ha he da a collec ed in his s udy can be used acco ding o he pu poses, e en ion pe iod, and ecipien s indica ed in he in o ma ion le e ? 7. Do you ag ee ha you da a can be eused o ano he p ojec ? (i applicable) 8. Do you ag ee o be con ac ed again o ano he su ey? (i applicable) Yes/no Yes Does he esponden gi e hei consen e bally? Unique choice Yes Name o he in e iewe Lis o he local in e iewe s ec ui ed B. B. SURVEY IDENTIFICATION da e Yes Su ey da e Unique choice Yes Name o he su eyed illage Lis o he illages selec ed o he s udy Unique choice Yes Name o he su eyed hamle o neighboo hood Lis o hamle s o neighbo hoods s udied in he illage when applicable geopoin No GPS coo dina es o he house GPS coo dona es gi en by Kobo applica ion, o by GPS Ga min Unique choice Yes Fa m iden i ie (ID) Lis o he a ms selec ed o he s udy and iden i ied by an unique numbe C. C. FARM C.1 C.1 FIELD C.1.a C.1.a Land s a us and ield su ace a ea In ege o decimal No Wha is he o al a ea o ag icul u al land ha you household owns? Yes/no No Does you household ha e a home ga den? Mul iple-choice No Wha a e he main c ops you g ow each yea in you home ga den? Lis o he mos commonly c ops species and ca ego ies o c ops species encoun e ed in he s udy a ea (e.g. Wa e melon, melon, peppe s, oma oes, and o he ege ables) Yes O e he las ag icul u al season : In ege o decimal How many ields in o al ha e you cul i a ed ? ( he o al numbe o ields includes owned ields, en ed ields, bo owed ields, and sha ec opped ields) In ege o decimal I you le some land uncul i a ed, wha o al a ea i ep esen s? (e.g. land le allow) Di e en uni s o a ea measu emen a e p o ided (e.g. km², hec a es, m²) C.1.b C.1.b Desc ip ion o each ield cul i a ed o e he las ag icul u al season No Ques ions asked o each ield cul i a ed o e he las ag icul u al season : Mul iple-choice Wha is he ype o land enu e ? Lis o he di e en cases and possibili ies encoun e ed in he s udy a ea In ege o decimal Wha is he a ea o he ield ? Di e en uni s o a ea measu emen a e p o ided (e.g. km², hec a es, m²) Mul iple-choice Wha a e he di e en ypes o soil p esen in he ield ? Lis o he di e en cases and possibili ies encoun e ed in he s udy a ea Mul iple-choice Wha a e he di e en species o ce eals, legumes, and ube s ha you cul i a ed in his ield du ing he p e ious ag icul u al season? Exhaus i e lis o c op species o ce eals, legumes and ube s in en o ied in he s udy a ea (e.g. maize, so ghum, mille , peanu , peas, beans, cassa a) Yes/no Did you allow he li es ock o g aze on he esidues om he p e ious c ops ? Mul iple-choice Wha a e he di e en species o ce eals, legumes, and ube s ha you sown in his ield o e he las ag icul u al season ? Exhaus i e lis o c op species o ce eals, legumes and ube s in en o ied in he s udy a ea (e.g. maize, so ghum, mille , peanu , peas, beans, cassa a) Mul iple-choice Wha a e he c op species, o he han ce eals, legumes, and ube s, ha you sown in his ield o e he las ag icul u al season ? Exhaus i e lis o he o he c op species in en o ied in he s udy a ea (e.g. seconda y c ops, bissap, ok a) No I se e al c op species ha e been sown in his ield o e he las ag icul u al season : Unique choice How a e hese c ops species associa ed in he ield ? Lis o he di e en c op species associa ions obse ed in he ields in he s udy a ea (e.g, in e c opping, mixed, in sepa e ed a eas) C.1.c C.1.c Fa ming p ac ices Yes Ques ions asked o all he ield cul i a ed o e he las ag icul u al season : Mul iple-choice Wha ype o illage ha e you pe o med on you ields ? Lis o he di e en cases and possibili ies encoun e ed in he s udy a ea (e.g. manual, mecanized) Yes/no Did you use chemical e ilize s ? Mul iple-choice Did you use manu e ? And how ? Lis o he di e en cases and possibili ies encoun e ed in he s udy a ea (e.g. applica ion in all ields, applica ion in ields wi h in e ile soil) Mul iple-choice Did you use p oduc s o elimina e insec s, diseases, o ungi ? Lis o he di e en cases and possibili ies encoun e ed in he s udy a ea (e.g. chemical p oduc , biologic p oduc ) No I he e a e pe ennial species in you ields o e he las ag icul u al season : Mul iple-choice Wha a e he pe ennial species ? Lis o pe ennial species obse ed in he ields in he s udy a ea (e.g. mango ee, neem ee, jujube ee) In ege o decimal How many do you ha e app oxima ely ? In ege o decimal On how many ields a e hey p esen ? (I p esen on all ields, please indica e he o al numbe o cul i a ed ields) C.2 C.2 CROP SPECIES Yes Lis o c op species cul i a ed o e he las ag icul u al season Mul iple-choice Lis o all he species o ce eals, legumes, and ube s ha you cul i a ed ac oss all you ields : (Do no include homega den c ops and do no o ge seconda y c ops occupying small a eas in he ields) Exhaus i e lis o c op species o ce eals, legumes and ube s in en o ied in he s udy a ea (e.g. maize, so ghum, mille , peanu , peas, beans, cassa a) Yes/no Do you con i m ha you ha e no cul i a ed he c ops ha we e no checked in he p e ious lis ? ( he in e iewe should lis all unchecked c ops be o e answe ing and ensu e ha no c op species we e o go en o added) Yes Ques ion asked o each species o ce eal, legume, and ube checked in he p e ious lis : In ege o decimal How many a ie ies o his specie did you sown ac oss all you ields o e he las ag icul u al season ? C.2.a/b/c C.2.a/b/c CROP VARIETY Yes Sec ions C.2.a/b/c : ques ions asked o each a ie y coun ed o each species o ce eal, legume, and ube checked in he p e ious lis C.2.a C.2.a Named a ie y, sowing and ha es ing Yes O e he las ag icul u al season : Unique choice Wha is he name o he a ie y you sown ? Exhaus i e lis o he 28 named a ie ies o ce eals, legumes and ube s in en o ied in he s udy a ea Unique choice Wha is he na u e o he a ie y you sown ? Lis o he di e en cases and possibili ies encoun e ed in he s udy a ea (e.g. local a me a ie y, in oduced a ie y) Unique choice Would you spon aneously use one o hese e ms o desc ibe his a ie y ? (lis adap ed o each s udy si e, illus a ion in Senegal s udy si e) possible choices : local ( hiossane, cosaan) in odui e ( écemmen in odui e) ce i iée, ne sai pas Yes/no Did you pa en s al eady cul i a ed his a ie y ? Yes/no Is i he i s ime you g ow his a ie y ? Yes/no Did you cul i a ed i las yea ? Unique choice E en i you don' g ow i each yea , since app oxima ely how long a e g owing i ? possible choices : ...< 5 yea s; 5<...<10; 10<...<20; 20<...<40; 40<... In ege o decimal Wha quan i y did you sown ? Di e en uni s o weigh measu emen a e p o ided (e.g. kilog am, onne, g am, 50 kg sack) Unique choice When did you sown : beginning, middle o end o which mon h o he yea ? Yes/no Did you do a e-sow ? In ege o decimal Wha quan i y did you ha es ed ? (en e 0 i he e was no ha es ) Di e en uni s o weigh measu emen a e p o ided (e.g. kilog am, onne, g am, 50 kg sack) Unique choice Do you coun you ha es in g ains, shells, ea s, o pods ? Unique choice When did you ha es ed : beginning, middle o end o which mon h o he yea ? Mul iple-choice I no ha es : how do you explain ha ? Lis o 22 main easons desc ibed by he a me s o he s udy a eas (e.g. soil e ili y issues, excessi e ain all, no ge mina ion due o poo -quali y seeds) Yes I ha es ed : Unique choice A e you sa is ied wi h he ha es ? Mul iple-choice I he ha es was poo o unsa is ac o y : in you opinion, wha a e he easons o his? Lis o 22 main easons desc ibed by he a me s o he s udy a eas (e.g. soil e ili y issues, excessi e ain all, no ge mina ion due o poo -quali y seeds) Mul iple-choice I he ha es was sa is ac o y o e y sa is ac o y : In you opinion, wha a e he easons o his? Lis o 8 main easons desc ibed by he a me s o he s udy a eas (e.g. a o able wea he condi ions, good-quali y seeds) Unique choice Using he e ms "no a all, a li le, a lo , all," es ima e he sha e o he o al ha es ha was in ended o : -sale -human consump ion -animal eed - o be used as seeds o he ollowing yea Mul iple-choice Why do you p e e his a ie y o e ano he ? O wha a e he ad an ages o cul i a ing his a ie y ? Lis o 23 main easons desc ibed by he a me s o he s udy a ea (e.g. High g ain yield, high selling p ice, esis an o pes s) C.2.b C.2.b In o ma ion sou ces Unique choice Yes Whe e did you knowledge abou he a ie y come om ha made you decide o cul i a e i ? (selec he main sou ce o in o ma ion) -F om pe sonal expe ience -F om obse ing a neighbo 's ield -Th ough amily adi ion/gene a ional knowledge ans e -F om common p ac ices among a me s in he illage, commune, o egion -F om ad ice gi en by a a me -F om ad ice gi en by a selle (ma ke , local shop, specialized s o e) -F om ad ice gi en by an ag icul u al p ojec (go e nmen , NGO, coope a i e, associa ion) -F om in o ma ion sha ed ia media ( adio, newspape , ele ision) -F om in o ma ion sha ed on social media -Can' emembe ex Yes I he in o ma ion came om a p ojec , coope a i e, o a me s' o ganiza ion, wha is i s name? Yes Whe e was his sou ce o in o ma ion loca ed ? (i.e., place o obse a ion, loca ion o he ma ke , s o e, a me who p o ided he ad ice, o p ojec ) (O icial lis s a ailable on he go e nmen websi e) Unique choice Name o he egion in he s udy coun y Lis o he egions o Senegal Unique choice Name o he depa emen in he s udy egion Lis o he depa men s in he s udy egion (Ka ine) Unique choice Name o he illage in he s udy depa men Lis o he illages/ci ies in he s udy depa m en (Ka ine) Wha e e he answe gi en o he ype o in o ma ion sou ce: Unique choice Wha is he na u e o you ela ionship wi h he pe son who ga e you he ad ice, o wi h whom you made he obse a ion ? -I don' know hem. -I don' know hem pe sonally, bu I ecognize who hey a e (i 's an acquain ance). -I 's a iend. -I 's a amily membe Unique choice I he sou ce o in o ma ion was loca ed in he s udy depa men : is he pe son a neighbo ing a me ? someone om he illage ? - ield neighbo - illage neighbo -bo h nei he Yes I he pe son associa ed wi h he sou ce o in o ma ion is someone known, a iend, o a amily membe : Unique choice Gende ex Las name ex Fi s name Unique choice Age ca ego y Lis o 6 age ca ego ies (< 20 yea s, 20-30, 30-40 yea , 40-50, 50-60, and > 60 yea s) Yes I he pe son is a amily membe : Unique choice Does he pe son belong o you own amily o o you spouse's amily ? Unique choice Wha is he na u e o he kinship ie ? Lis o kinship ies ac oss h ee gene a ions acco ding o he gende o he esponden (e.g mo he , a he , b o he , sis e , g andmo he (ma e nal/pa e nal), g and a he (ma e nal/pa e nal)) C.2.c C.2.c Seed sou ces Yes O e he las ag icul u al season : In ege o decimal How many di e en sou ces (o seed lo s) do he seeds o he a ie y you cul i a ed come om ? (seed lo : all he seed o he same a ie y ob ained om he same sou ce on he same da e by he household) Yes Ques ions asked o each seed lo coun ed : Unique choice Was his seed lo sel -p oduced (seeds kep om a p e ious ha es ), o sou ced ou side he a m las yea ? -Sel p oduced -Sou ced ou o he a m Yes I he seeds we e sel -p oduced on he a m: Unique choice How did you selec you seeds? -Selec ion in he ield -Selec ion a he g ana y/s o age (s o ed ha es bags) -O he Unique choice Whe e did you s o e you seeds be o e using hem o he las ag icul u al season ? -T adi ional g ana y (sakk) -Keu gui s o age -Deukêbi s o age -Household s o age -In a ee -O he Unique choice When was he las ime you ob ained hese seeds? (i.e. las acquisi ion be o e sel -p oduc ion) -Can' emembe -Be ween 2 and 5 yea s ago -Be ween 5 and 10 yea s ago -Mo e han 10 yea s ago -Inhe i ed Yes I he seeds ha e been inhe i ed (answe "inhe i ed" abo e l.108) : Unique choice Does he pe son belong o you own amily o o you spouse's amily ? Unique choice Wha is he na u e o he kinship ie ? Lis o kinship ies ac oss h ee gene a ions acco ding o he gende o he esponden (e.g mo he , a he , b o he , sis e , g andmo he (ma e nal/pa e nal), g and a he (ma e nal/pa e nal)) ex Las name ex Fi s name Unique choice Gende Unique choice Age ca ego y Lis o 6 age ca ego ies (< 20 yea s, 20-30, 30-40 yea , 40-50, 50-60, and > 60 yea s) Yes I he seeds we e no sel -p oduced on he a m (answe "ou o he a m" l.104) : Mul iple-choice Why did you es ock you seeds ? Lis o 8 main easons desc ibed by he a me s o he s udy a ea (e.g. los o he a ie y, es o a new a ie y, oppo uni y) Unique choice Whe e do he seeds o he a ie y you cul i a ed o e he las e ag icul u al season come om ? -Louma (weekly ma ke ) -Daily ma ke in he illage -Specialized s o e (seed and ag icul u al supplies) -Village shop -Fa me -Fa me s' o ganiza ion (associa ion, coope a i e) -Ag icul u al p ojec (go e nmen , NGO) -Seed mul iplie (ce i ied seed p oduce ) -Can' emembe Unique choice How we e hese seeds ob ained: pu chase, dona ion, ba e , o in exchange o o he seeds? Unique choice I he seed sou ce is a ma ke , wha ype o selle was i ? -local a me s selling punc ually he own ha es -local seed eselle s (buying and eselling seeds in hei communi y) -ex e nal seed selle s -o he ex I he seed sou ce is a specialized s o e, illage shop, p ojec (go e nmen , NGO), coope a i e, o a me s' associa ion: wha is i s name ? Yes Wha e e he answe gi en o he ype o seed sou ce: whe e was i loca ed ? (O icial lis s a ailable on he go e nmen websi e) Unique choice Name o he egion in s udy coun y Lis o he egions o Senegal Unique choice Name o he depa emen in s udy egion Lis o he depa men s in he s udy egion (Ka ine) Unique choice Name o he illage in s udy depa men Lis o he illages/ci ies in he s udy depa m en (Ka ine) Yes Wha e e he answe gi en o he ype o seed sou ce: Unique choice Wha is you ela ionship wi h he pe son om whom you ob ained he seeds ? -I don' know hem. -I don' know hem pe sonally, bu I ecognize who hey a e (i 's an acquain ance). -I 's a iend. -I 's a amily membe Unique choice I he seed sou ce was loca ed in he s udy depa men : is he pe son a neighbo ing a me ? someone om he illage ? - ield neighbo - illage neighbo -bo h nei he Yes I he pe son associa ed wi h he seed sou ce is someone known, a iend, o a amily membe : Unique choice Gende ex Las name ex Fi s name Unique choice Age ca ego y Lis o 6 age ca ego ies (< 20 yea s, 20-30, 30-40 yea , 40-50, 50-60, and > 60 yea s) Yes I he pe son is a amily membe : Unique choice Does he pe son belongs o you own amily o o you spouse's amily ? Unique choice Wha is he na u e o he kinship ie ? Lis o kinship ies ac oss h ee gene a ions acco ding o he gende o he esponden (e.g mo he , a he , b o he , sis e , g andmo he (ma e nal/pa e nal), g and a he (ma e nal/pa e nal)) Yes Excep in cases whe e he seeds we e gi en as a dona ion o inhe i ed Mul iple-choice Why did you choose his sou ce o seeds? (I he esponse ela es o us , inqui e u he abou he basis o ha us be o e eco ding he answe ) Lis o 14 main easons desc ibed by he a me s o he s udy a ea (e.g. unique sou ce ha p o ides hose seeds, ecommended seed sou ce, lowe seed selling p ice) D. D. HOUSEHOLD D.1 D.1 HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS D.1.a No D.1.a Household head cha ac e is ics ex Fi s name ex Las name In ege o decimal Phone numbe In ege o decimal Age Unique choice Gende Unique choice Na i e language g oup (lis o g oups adap ed o each s udy si e, illus a ion in Senegal s udy si e) Exhaus i e lis o he di e en e hic g oups iden i ied in he s udy a ea (e.g. Se ee , Peulh) Unique choice Region, depa men and illage o bi h O icial lis s a ailable on he go e nmen websi e Unique choice Educa ion le el In ege o decimal How many yea s ha e you been a ming as he head o he ag icul u al ope a ion? Mul iple-choice Do you ha e a peci ic social s a us wi hin he illage ? (o se e al, adap ed o each s udy si e, illus a ion in Senegal s udy si e) Lis o he di e en cases encoun e ed in he s udy a ea (e.g. illage chie , neighbo hood chie , lineage chie , no able, p esiden o a illage associa ion) Yes/no A e you a bene icia y o one o mo e ag icul u al p ojec s? (e.g.NGO p ojec , go e nmen p ojec ) Mul iple-choice Name o he p ojec s Lis o ag icul u al p ojec s iden i ied in he s udy a ea Yes/no A e you a membe o one o mo e a me s' o ganiza ions? (e.g.coope a i e, associa ion) Mul iple-choice Name o he a me s' o ganiza ion Lis o a me s' o ganiza ions iden i ied in he s udy a ea D.1.b No D.1.b Household composi ion In ege o decimal How many women a e you ma ied wi h and li e in he household ? In ege o decimal How many people, li e in you household h oughou he yea o o a signi ican pa o he yea ? (O he amily membe s o no , welcomed by he head o he household, p esen a all meals o e y egula ly) Fo each spouse coun ed : Unique choice Na i e language g oup Exhaus i e lis o he di en e hic g oups iden i ied in he s udy a ea (e.g. Se ee , Peulh) Unique choice Region, depa men and illage o bi h O icial lis s a ailable on he go e nmen websi e In ege o decimal Age D.2 D.2 SOCIOECONOMIC DATA D.2.a No D.2.a Household income-gene a ing ac i i ies Mul iple-choice Wha a e he di e en ac i i ies o he men and sons in you household ha con ibu e solely o he household income ? Lis o he di e en ac i i ies desc ibed by he a me s in he s udy a ea (e.g. ailo , mechanic, ca pen e , ma ke ga dene ) Mul iple-choice Wha a e he di e en ac i i ies o he women and daugh e s in you household ha con ibu e solely o he household income ? Lis o he di e en ac i i ies desc ibed by he a me s in he s udy a ea (e.g. ailo , mechanic, ca pen e , ma ke ga dene ) In ege o decimal Can you ank he di e en ac i i ies men ioned in descending o de o impo ance in e ms o income gene a ed? (Use he same numbe i mul iple ac i i ies ha e he same impo ance) D.2.b No D.2.b Household esou ces Mul iple-choice Does you household ha e hese asse s ? (lis o asse s adap ed o each s udy si e, illus a ion in Senegal s udy si e) -House made o mud o b icks -Me al o du able ence -Sola panel -Tele ision -Jaka a scoo e -Well -Access o elec ici y ia he collec i e g id -None Yes/no Has you household e e aken ou a loan o bo owed money? Yes/no A e he e people who don' li e in he house, bu who ecei e money and/o p oduce om you a m ? Yes/no A e he e people who don' li e in he house bu send you money and/o ood? D.2.c No D.2.c Domes ic and li es ock animals (adap ed o each s udy si e) In ege o decimal How many d a animals does you household own ? (e.g.donkeys, ho ses, oxen - adap ed o he s udy si es) In ege o decimal App oxima ely, wha is he size o you sheep lock (in numbe o heads) ? In ege o decimal App oxima ely, wha is he size o you ca le he d (in numbe o heads) ? D.2.d D.2.d Labou o ce Yes O e he las ag icul u al season : Yes/no Did you use hi ed wo k o ce o cul i a e he ields ? In ege o decimal I yes : wha is he o al amoun o money you es ima e o his expense ela ed o hi ed wo k o ce (in na ional cu ency) ? In ege o decimal Including he people in you household and hose li ing in he amily compound, how many people in o al (including you sel ) helped wi h he wo k in he a m ? D.3 D.3 PERCEPTIONS OF LIFE CONDITIONS AND FOOD SECURITY Yes O e he las ag icul u al season : Yes/no Did you ha e any di icul ies accessing he seeds you wan ed o cul i a e ? Mul iple-choice I yes : o which c op species ? Exhaus i e lis o c op species o ce eals, legumes and ube s in en o ied in he s udy a ea (e.g. maize, so ghum, mille , peanu , peas, beans, cassa a) Yes/no Ha e you hea d abou o he a ie ies ha migh in e es you ? Yes/no I yes: would i be easy o you o ob ain in o ma ion abou hese o he a ie ies ? Unique choice In ligh o he di icul ies ha amily a ming ace in you a ea, do you hink i is be e o mee you needs sa is ac o ily by: -Does no exp ess an opinion -Cul i a e mul iple species -Focus on a educed numbe o species Unique choice In you opinion, he income o you household and you p oduc ions: -Did no mee he amily's needs ( ood, heal h/illness...) -Only ba ely me he amily's needs ( ood, heal h/illness...) -Me he amily's needs ( ood, heal h/illness...) -Ve y well me he amily's needs ( ood, heal h/illness...) Yes/no Ha e you been o ced o change you ea ing habi s due o inancial di icul ies? Unique choice I yes: how do you assess he signi icance o hese changes? -Low -Medium -High Yes/no Ha e you had di icul ies managing ce ain ag icul u al expenses ? Mul iple-choice I yes: wha a e hese ag icul u al expenses? Lis o he di e en expenses desc ibed by he a me s o he s udy a ea (e.g.paying o labo , ac o , inpu s) Unique choice I yes: how do you assess he signi icance o hese di icul ies ? -Low -Medium -High Yes/no Ha e you had di icul ies managing o he expenses ela ed o he amily's li ing condi ions? (e.g. school ees, heal h expenses, expenses o a ce emony) Unique choice I yes: how do you assess he signi icance o hese di icul ies ? -Low -Medium -High