Project TAPAT (Tricycle Accountability, Passenger Assistance, and Traceability)

 Co esponding au ho : Loida He mosu a Copy igh © 2025 Au ho (s) e ain he copy igh o his a icle. This a icle is published unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion Liscense 4.0. P ojec TAPAT (T icycle Accoun abili y, Passenge Assis ance, and T aceabili y) Loida He mosu a *, Rogelio C Agus in, Ma lon L Cas o, A jay V O donio, Alexliz D Simon, Fideli o R Bau is a, Ma k Jasphe R Juan and Jo dan M De Ve a No heas e n College, San iago Ci y, Isabela, Philippines. Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(01), 2832-2839 Publica ion his o y: Recei ed on 14 Ma ch 2025; e ised on 20 Ap il 2025; accep ed on 22 Ap il 2025 A icle DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.30574/wja .2025.26.1.1393 Abs ac The T icycle Accoun abili y, Passenge Assis ance, and T aceabili y (TAPAT) sys em was de eloped o add ess c i ical issues in he icycle anspo a ion sec o in San iago Ci y, including he lack o d i e accoun abili y, ine icien epo ing mechanisms, and poo aceabili y o ope a ions. This s udy p esen s he design and implemen a ion o a web- based pla o m ha empowe s passenge s o epo inciden s and p o ide eal- ime eedback by scanning QR codes displayed on egis e ed icycles. The sys em enables icycle d i e s and ope a o s o egis e hei ehicles, licenses, and anchises online, while p o iding he Philippine Na ional Police (PNP) wi h an adminis a i e dashboa d o moni o egis a ions, app o e applica ions, and gene a e epo s. De eloped using PHP, La a el, Ja aSc ip , and Boo s ap, P ojec TAPAT enhances communica ion be ween passenge s and au ho i ies, p omo es egula o y compliance, and ensu es secu e da a acking. Sys em e alua ion demons a es imp o ed anspa ency, ease o use, and adminis a i e e iciency. The TAPAT sys em ep esen s a scalable solu ion o enhancing anspo a ion sa e y and go e nance h ough digi al inno a ion. Keywo ds: T icycle; In elligen Sys em; T anspo a ion; Vehicles; Inno a ion 1. In oduc ion The T icycles, also known as " ike," ha e become a common o m o anspo a ion in many u ban a eas, pa icula ly in de eloping ci ies. O e ing a con enien and a o dable al e na i e o adi ional ehicles. This anspo a ion sec o plays a c ucial ole in he economy and daily li es. The apid g ow h o he icycle indus y in ecen yea s has b ough abou nume ous bene i s, including inc eased mobili y, economic oppo uni ies, and social connec ions. Howe e , he lack o accoun abili y, ine icien passenge assis ance, and inadequa e aceabili y ha e been majo challenges in his sec o . A San iago Ci y, he e a e p oblems encoun e ed, Sa e y Haza ds T icycles a e o en in ol ed in acciden s due o eckless d i ing, o e loading, and poo ehicle main enance; Fa e Dispu es The absence o s anda dized a e s uc u es and eliable paymen mechanisms leads o equen dispu es be ween passenge s and d i e s; Regula o y Compliance T icycle ope a ions a e subjec o adhe ence o a ic laws. T aceabili y and Accoun abili y T adi ional pape -based eco d-keeping sys ems make i challenging o ack icycle ips, moni o d i e beha io , and e i y a e ansac ions. The T icycle Accoun abili y, Passenge Assis ance, and T aceabili y (TAPAT) sys em will p o ide an easy- o-use QR code o a eal- ime epo by using an in e ne connec ion h ough hei handheld de ices o he PNP. I will also p o ide a su ey ques ionnai e o eedback on expe iences wi h he icycles hey ode. Addi ionally, he e will also be a dashboa d o he admin side, whe e you can gene a e ques ionnai es, iew & gene a e epo s. The p oposed sys em will also ca e o he scanning o he QR code, di ec ing use s o he su ey. Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(01), 2832-2839 2833 The p oposed sys em will p o ide PNP S a ion 1 wi h mo e p oduc i e and easy- o- ack epo s, enhancing he o e all p ocesses o he s a ion. The pu pose o his p ojec is o p o ide a con enien ool o Police S a ion 1. This sys em can speed up he p ocess o epo ing h ough he PNP, enabling S a ion 1 o secu e epo s by ob aining in o ma ion abou he use s who epo hem. Addi ionally, he sys em can ack he use 's loca ion, om whe e hey a e o whe e hey a e going. Mo eo e , his sys em can signi ican ly educe he numbe o isi s o he police s a ion o epo . Also, i can ack he colo um icycle because all ope a o s need o egis e hei icycles, and d i e s ha PNP needs o app o e. The sys em o e s he ollowing ea u es and unc ionali y, along wi h hei desc ip ion a e as ollows: • QR scanne (came a)- This QR scanne will easily scan QR o epo ing o eedback om icycle d i e s. • Su ey/Ques ionnai e- This shows ha he se en ques ions/su ey ha a e equi ed o be answe ed a e di ec o he PNP. • Accoun module- This con ains he use ’s c eden ials o he use s. o Ope a o -accoun s need ope a o s o egis e hei icycles, anchises, and d i e s. o Admin (PNP) - accoun allows app o al o egis a ion in he sys em, and hey will gi e he QR code ha needs o be inpu in he icycle. • Dashboa d- This p o ides a comp ehensi e o e iew o da a epo s ia he analysis o he la es su ey. and includes he o al ba angays, d i e s, ope a o s, owne s, and o al icycles. o Su ey/Ques ionnai e - This unc ion allows he admin o manage he ques ionnai e. o T acke - This epo is included in he su ey, and i is easy o iew whe e you came om and whe e you a e going. o Real- ime epo - Once answe ed, i will be o wa ded di ec ly o he PNP. • T ansac ion - He e a e all he ansac ions o epo ing and answe ing he su ey. o Use - Use will answe he su ey by scanning QR code in icycle. o Admin - The sys em admin use manages he o e all use da abase and hei access p i ileges. • Su ey/Ques ionnai e – This con ains a lis o ques ions ha he use needs o answe . • T icycle In o ma ion epo – Ca ego izes books in o new egis e ed anchises, o-be expi e anchises, and expi ed anchises. o Regis e ed- Lis s egis e ed anchise and license o Expi ed- Tha a e no longe o ope a e. • Ba angay- This con ains lis o ba angays in San iago Ci y. • Lis o T icycles- Con ains in o ma ion abou egis e ed icycle. • T icycle d i e In o ma ion - This con ains in o ma ion abou he d i e s in e e y ba angay. • Ope a o In o ma ion - This includes in o ma ion abou hei egis e ed icycle and he epo o hei d i e . The main objec i e o his p ojec is o enhance he eedback o passenge s on iding icycles. This sys em is use - iendly, as i helps wi h easie epo ing o icycles ha iola e a ic and anspo a ion ules and egula ions. Addi ional ea u es a e also p o ided, including a eal- ime epo , depending on he passenge 's in e ne . These ea u es and unc ionali ies will imp o e he cu en si ua ion in San iago Ci y. Tes he ollowing Sys em’s Func ionali y: Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(01), 2832-2839 2834 1.1. The s udy aims o achie e he ollowing speci ic objec i es: • Use (Passenge ): o b owse he web-based pla o m. o To Answe Su ey/Ques ion o To b owse online. o Repo Real ime. • Admin (PNP) o Gene a e Repo s on: o Log in o he sys em. o Su ey Repo o To al Ba angays o D i e s Repo o Ope a o s Repo o T icycle Repo o Manage T ansac ion ➢ Repo T icycle D i e ➢ App o ing he Regis a ion 1.2. Scope and Limi a ion The scope o he s udy is o de elop a use - iendly websi e and Windows applica ion in e ace o he San iago Ci y icycles, wi h a ocus on a ious ac i i ies wi hin he ike and PNP. These ac i i ies include online epo ing and acking. This sys em also includes a QR code o a eal- ime epo when using an in e ne connec ion h ough hei handheld de ices. The depa men epo s show he su ey ques ionnai e, T icycle In o ma ion, Ope a o In o ma ion and To al Ba angays. The websi e will be accessible o bo h PNP and use s using mobile phones, lap ops, o desk ops o b owse he su ey ques ionnai e sys em. while PNP has a p i ileged ole as admin ha can upda e, edi , and moni o he dashboa d. The sys em is limi ed only o he use s, and hey can only b owse he web-based pla o m o epo complain s and p o ide eedback. The ope a o has access o moni o he o his egis e ed icycle. The d i e needs o egis e he icycle in he sys em be o e s a ing ope a ing. PNP Admin has ull access o he sys em's ea u es and unc ionali ies, which include edi ing, upda ing ques ionnai es, app o ing egis a ion, and gene a ing epo s. The sys em does no include iola ions, al hough he p ojec aims o epo o ge eedback om icycle d i e s. Addi ionally, he sys em does no include he p in ing o QR code s icke s; he ope a o needs o p in hem. and he eal- ime acke only wo ks depending on he in e ne use . 2. Rela ed Li e a u e This inqui y is ocused on he unc ionali y o T icycle Regula ion Uni (TRU) o Tuguega ao Ci y pa icula ly i s powe s and unc ions is-à- is compliance o icycle d i e s and/o ope a o s wi h exis ing ci y o dinances co e ing public sa e y and secu i y. F amed in he in es iga ion is he concep o e iciency in go e nance, social esponsibili y, and discipline. The desc ip i e-quan i a i e esea ch was employed o ea u e-ou he e iciency o TRU on i s manda es o ensu e public sa e y and o de . Findings o his s udy include TRU's e iciency in he issuance o he anchise license, main aining da abase and esol ing complain s and g ie ances. Howe e , TRU o ice is ela i ely unde manned ha has e in co e ing all hei asks leads he s a o ge ing less humanely ac ul in dealing wi h iola ions. Rela i ely, be e s a ing as ecommended in his s udy would make TRU mo e esponsi e o closely moni o ing he ans e o owne ship o anchise license, and he di icul ies among icycle d i e s/ope a o s in complying wi h he ules and egula ions [1]. The icycle is one o he mos essen ial modes o public anspo a ion in he Philippines. A s udy was conduc ed o iden i y he ac o s a ec ing passenge sa is ac ion wi h icycle se ices using he SERVQUAL app oach. A o al o 654 esponden s pa icipa ed in an online su ey comp ising 62 ques ions. Mul iple a iables including assu ance, empa hy, eliabili y, esponsi eness, angibles, passenge expec a ions, sa is ac ion, loyal y, and u u e in en ions we e e alua ed using S uc u al Equa ion Modeling (SEM). The SEM esul s e ealed ha esponsi eness had he mos signi ican in luence on passenge sa is ac ion, ollowed by angibles, empa hy, and sa is ac ion i sel . Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(01), 2832-2839 2835 In e es ingly, assu ance and eliabili y we e no s a is ically signi ican p edic o s o sa is ac ion. These indings sugges ha icycle passenge s p ima ily alue aspec s such as cleanliness, punc uali y, a el con enience, a o dabili y, and eliabili y. This is conside ed he i s comp ehensi e s udy on icycle use sa is ac ion in he Philippines, o e ing a heo e ical ounda ion o imp o e se ice quali y. Fu he mo e, he me hodology can be adap ed o assess o he anspo a ion se ices in di e en coun ies [2]. E ec s o En i onmen al Regula ions among T icycle Ope a o s and D i e s Associa ion (TODA) in Cabana uan Ci y: I s Implica ion o he New No mal This s udy assesses TODA membe s ega ding en i onmen al laws and ci y o dinances in Cabana uan Ci y, ocusing on he ela ionship be ween he p o ile o icycle d i e s and he p oblems hey encoun e . The s udy ound ha mos d i e s we e male, in hei 30s o 40s, ma ied, and had been ope a ing o 11-15 yea s. The indings e ealed ha d i e s a e in ol ed in sel -assessmen on en i onmen al p o ec ion, wi h a ew ollowing p ope was e disposal p ocedu es. Common p oblems included high uel p ices, ewe passenge s, and impoli e passenge s. The s udy o e s ecommenda ions o imp o ing d i e p ocesses and echniques in he indus y[3]. Figu e 1 Sys em Flowcha Ano he s udy e alua es public pe cep ion o su eillance came as on icycles in Cabadba an Ci y. The indings show s ong suppo o he posi i e impac o su eillance came as on sa e y, wi h a mean sco e o 4.54. No signi ican di e ences we e obse ed based on esponden p o ile. The s udy ecommends he local go e nmen suppo his ini ia i e, especially o hose who canno a o d he came as, and ha he Land T anspo a ion O ice en o ce came a equi emen s o all public anspo ehicles [4]. The s udy de eloped he "T yke" mobile app o epo ing icycle d i e conduc . I uses Ionic F amewo k o he mobile in e ace and La a el o he backend. The app was e alua ed by in-house IT expe s, sco ing well in unc ionali y, usabili y, e iciency, and main ainabili y. The app was deemed eady o public elease a e be a es ing [5]. Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(01), 2832-2839 2836 In e na ionally, Ghana’s Wa Municipali y aces challenges in icycle anspo such as unde age d i ing, o e loading, and a ic conges ion, impac ing he local economy [6]. In Benin Ci y, Nige ia, icycle axis eme ged a e a ban on mo o cycles, e ealing agmen ed ope a ions and e i o ial monopolies in luenced by mobili y policies [7]. In Los Angeles, ide-hailing se ices like Ube and Ly ou pe o med adi ional axis in p ice, eliabili y, and wai ime, due o be e echnology use [8]. In Nai obi, Kenya, axi se ice quali y a ied among companies, bu cus ome sa is ac ion emained high due o loyal y and pe cei ed quali y [9]. In Su abaya, Indonesia, online- axi se ices like GRAB-CAR showed ha angible se ice aspec s mos s ongly in luenced cus ome sa is ac ion [10]. The TAPAT sys em o San iago Ci y T icycles illus a es wo ca ego ies. To s a , he ope a o s/d i e s need o egis e online using hei mobile phones. Be o e p oceeding, he admin will e i y i he ope a o s ha e anchises. Then, he admin will issue a QR code ha will be displayed on hei icycles. Passenge s can make a di ec epo using he QR code. When hey scan he QR code, hey will answe se en ques ions, and hei eedback will be submi ed o he admin (PNP). This p ocess allows o easy acking o whe e passenge s came om and whe e hey a e going. 3. Resul s and discussion The P ojec TAPAT sys em p esen s a mode n, in ui i e in e ace designed o ease o use by icycle d i e s, ope a o s, and he PNP adminis a o s. The home page in Figu e 2. clea ly communica es he sys em’s mission o c ea e sa e communi ies h ough anspa ency and accoun abili y. I o e s wo di ec ac ions: use egis a ion and QR code scanning, which aligns wi h he p ojec ’s goal o enhancing icycle egula ion and passenge sa e y h ough eal- ime eedback. Figu e 2 Home Page The egis a ion o m in Figu e 3 collec s essen ial in o ma ion such as he ull name o he use , license numbe , con ac de ails, and images o he license ca d ( on and back). This digi al eco d-keeping imp o es o e adi ional pape - based sys ems by inc easing aceabili y and da a in eg i y. The sys em suppo s uploading o o icial documen s and au oma ed expi a ion acking o licenses. This con ibu es o he eliabili y o he in o ma ion s o ed and aids he PNP in license moni o ing. Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(01), 2832-2839 2837 Figu e 3 Regis a ion Fo m Figu e 4 Pe sonalized Dashboa d Upon success ul egis a ion, use s ( icycle ope a o s) a e di ec ed o a pe sonalized dashboa d (Figu e 4), which displays a g ee ing and enables access o ea u es such as "Add T icycle" and "My T icycles". This dashboa d os e s a sense o owne ship and allows use s o manage hei en ies e ec i ely. This is especially use ul o use s managing mul iple icycles unde hei ope a ion. The “Add T icycle” sec ion pe mi s he en y o de ailed icycle in o ma ion including pla e numbe , body numbe , colo iden i ica ion, anchise expi a ion da e, and TODA a ilia ion. Uploading a anchise image ensu es ha isual documen a ion is p ese ed o alida ion by he admin. This p ocess also makes anchise e i ica ion seamless o he PNP and allows o easy upda ing o eco ds. Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(01), 2832-2839 2838 Figu e 5 T icycle Dashboa d The icycles iew (Figu e 5) lis s all egis e ed ehicles and hei co esponding de ails. Al hough no en ies we e a ailable in he p esen ed image, he sys em p o ides a s uc u ed o ma o adminis a o s and use s o ack egis a ion s a us, anchise alidi y, and ope a o esponsibili ies. I includes so able columns o s a us moni o ing, allowing ope a o s o e i y compliance and eadiness o ope a e. Compa ed wi h adi ional egula ion o ices like he Tuguega ao TRU o mobile apps like “T yke,” P ojec TAPAT o e s a comple e web-based ecosys em ha suppo s end- o-end egis a ion, app o al, and eedback p ocessing. I s in eg a ion o QR code scanning di ec ly links eal- ime commu e inpu o adminis a i e decision-making, which was a limi a ion in ea lie implemen a ions o simila sys ems. Addi ionally, d awing om indings in ela ed s udies, such as hose in Cabana uan and Nige ia, his sys em can help mi iga e issues such as o e loading, impoli e d i e beha io , and undocumen ed icycle ope a ions. The abili y o ca ego ize da a in o egis e ed, o-expi e, and expi ed s a uses makes p oac i e egula ion mo e achie able o local au ho i ies 4. Conclusion The de elopmen o he TAPAT sys em add esses long-s anding gaps in icycle anspo a ion go e nance by in oducing a echnology-d i en solu ion ha ensu es accoun abili y, acili a es passenge eedback, and enhances aceabili y o public anspo ope a ions in San iago Ci y. By in eg a ing eal- ime QR code-based epo ing, digi al egis a ion, and cen alized adminis a i e con ol, TAPAT empowe s passenge s, ope a o s, and law en o cemen o wo k collabo a i ely owa d sa e and mo e anspa en anspo a ion se ices. The pla o m’s use o mode n web echnologies, including PHP, La a el, Ja aSc ip , and Boo s ap, has enabled he c ea ion o an in ui i e, scalable sys em ha aligns wi h local needs and adminis a i e wo k lows. Sys em es ing and e alua ion e eal ha TAPAT signi ican ly imp o es epo ing e iciency, s eamlines anchise moni o ing, and s eng hens public us in egula o y mechanisms. I b idges communica ion gaps be ween he communi y and au ho i ies, he eby p omo ing a cul u e o ci ic pa icipa ion and esponsi e go e nance. Wi h i s modula ea u es anging om pe sonalized dashboa ds and au oma ed acking o su ey-based eedback and ope a o p o iling TAPAT is no only a ool o ope a ional o e sigh bu also a ca alys o mode nizing anspo a ion managemen . Wo ld Jou nal o Ad anced Resea ch and Re iews, 2025, 26(01), 2832-2839 2839 Re e ences [1] The unc ionali y o icycle egula ion uni o Tuguega ao Ci y-Indian Jou nals [In e ne ]. www.indianjou nals.com. 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Luce o, “T yke: A T icycle D i e Conduc Repo ing Mobile Applica ion,” Caps one P ojec Repo , 2021. [6] A. Kuude e al., “Challenges o T icycle T anspo a ion Business and Thei E ec s on The Local Economy o Wa Municipali y, Ghana,” ADRRI Jou nal, ol. 13, no. 4, 2022. [Online]. A ailable: h ps://jou nals.ad i.o g/index.php/ad ij/a icle/ iew/499 [7] P. O. Ojea, “P i ileging commu e s’ mobili y in neighbo hood access: Analysis o icycle axi ope a ions in Benin Ci y, Nige ia,” Geo o um, ol. 126, pp. 180–189, 2021. [Online]. A ailable: h ps://www.sciencedi ec .com/science/a icle/abs/pii/S0016718521002736 [8] M. B own, A. Nixon, and R. Blumenbe g, “Hailing a change: compa ing axi and idehail se ice quali y in Los Angeles,” T anspo a ion, ol. 48, no. 4, pp. 2127–2151, 2021. [Online]. A ailable: h ps://link.sp inge .com/a icle/10.1007/s11116-020-10086-z [9] M. N. Mungai, “Se ice Quali y P ac ices and Cus ome Sa is ac ion in Taxi Companies in Nai obi,” Uni e si y o Nai obi Reposi o y, 2017. [Online]. A ailable: h p://e eposi o y.uonbi.ac.ke/handle/11295/99277 [10] R. H. Nug oho and F. P. P ihandoko, “Analysis o Online-Taxi Se ice Quali y and Passenge Sa is ac ion,” IOP Con e ence Se ies: Ma e ials Science and Enginee ing, ol. 852, no. 1, 2020. [Online]. A ailable: h ps://iopscience.iop.o g/a icle/10.1088/1757-899X/852/1/012059/me a