An updated checklist of ticks and mites (Acari) reported on reptiles of Türkiye: New records and new host-parasite associations

Aca ological S udies Vol 7 (1): 12-41 doi: 10.47121/aca ols ud.1554694 RESEARCH ARTICLE An upda ed checklis o icks and mi es (Aca i) epo ed on ep iles o Tü kiye: New eco ds and new hos -pa asi e associa ions Gökhan EREN1,3 , Mus a a AÇICI2 1Depa men o Aqua ic Animal Heal h, Medi e anean Fishe ies Resea ch, P oduc ion and T aining Ins i u e, An alya, Tü kiye 2Depa men o Pa asi ology, Facul y o Ve e ina y Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs Uni e si y, Samsun, Tü kiye 3Co esponding au ho : gokhane [email protected] Recei ed: 23 Sep embe 2024 Accep ed: 1 Decembe 2024 A ailable online: 30 Janua y 2025 ASBTRACT: Rep iles a e e es ial e apods wi h a cosmopoli an dis ibu ion wo ldwide, wi h a di e si y o mo e han 10,000 species. Due o his di e si y, he e a e many in e ac ions wi h bo h animals and humans wi hin he ecosys em. Na u ally, he ep iles a ec he li e cycle o many ec opa asi es ha ansmi pa hogenic o nonpa hogenic agen s o hu- mans and animals. In his s udy, i was aimed o e eal he ec opa asi ic auna o ep iles commonly ound in Saka ya, Samsun, and A in p o inces be ween 2021 and 2023. The s udy examined 1021 indi iduals in 26 di e en hos species ( o oise, gecko, liza ds and snakes). A he end o he examina ion, he ick specimens we e iden i ied as Ixodes icinus (Linnaeus) and Hyalomma aegyp ium (Linneaus); mi e specimens we e iden i ied as Hemilaelaps a ie i (Tibbe s), Ophi- onyssus na icis (Ge ais), Op. sau a um (Oudemans), Odon aca us e e us Kud yasho a, Od. hushchai Kud yasho a, Od. naumo i Kud yasho a and Rybin, Od. saxicolis Schluge , Huschcha and Kud yasho a, Lace aca us callosus (Schluge ), L. similis Schluge and Vasilie a, and Geckobia u kes ana Hi s . Among hese ec opa asi es, H. a ie i, Od. e e us, Od. hush- chai, Od. naumo i and Od. saxicolis we e de ec ed on ep iles o he i s ime in Tü kiye. In addi ion, ec opa asi ic species de ec ed in he s udies conduc ed o da e on ep iles in Tü kiye a e also lis ed in he appendix sec ion. Keywo ds: Faunis ic eco ds, Hemilaelaps, Odon aca us, ep ile ec opa asi es Zoobank: h ps://zoobank.o g/A2B41650-74DF-4517-8B0A-3F00C9B097B8 INTRODUCTION Rep iles a e e es ial e apods wi h a cosmopoli an dis ibu ion, wi h o e 10,000 species classi ied unde ou o de s in cu en axonomy: C ocodilia (c ocodiles), Rhynchocephalia (liza d-like ep iles), Squama a (liza ds and snakes) and Tes udines ( u les) (Budak and Göçmen, 2014; Ue z e al., 2019). Depending on hei ich species di e si y and cosmopoli an dis ibu ion, hey in- e ac wi h o he li ing c ea u es and humans wi hin he ecosys em, and as a esul o he p eda o -p ey ela ion- ship in he ood web, hey con ibu e o he li e cycle o p o ozoan and me azoan ( ema ode, ces ode, nema ode, and a h opod) pa asi es as ec o and in e media e o inal hos s (G eine , 2003; Bowe e al., 2018; Mendoza- Roldan e al., 2020). Because o his, ep iles a e e- quen ly s udied in e e ina y pa asi ology, and he zoon- o ic po en ials o he ec opa asi ic agen s hey ca y ha e been in es iga ed (Kampen e al., 2004; Mendoza-Roldan e al., 2019). Resea ch on he he pe o auna o Tü kiye s a ed a he beginning o he 19 h cen u y and has con inued inc eas- ingly un il oday; i has been published by he Tu kish and o eign esea che s as checklis s o he p iles ( ep- iles and amphibians) in a ious pe iods (Bodenheime , 1944; Başoğlu and Ba an, 1977; Demi soy, 1997; Sindaco e al., 2000; Ba an e al., 2021). Due o some cha ac e is- ics o Tü kiye's e i o y, he ep ile auna has shown g ea di e si y: (1) I s e i o y is loca ed in signi ican pa s o h ee di e en biodi e si y ho spo s, namely he Medi e anean, I an-Tu an and he Caucasus, which ha e a signi ican impac on species di e si y; (2) I s e i o y is loca ed wi hin wo impo an geog aphical egions such as Eu ope-Sibe ia and he Eas e n Medi e anean, which a e impo an in e ms o he pe ology; (3) I also has moun ain anges and he e o e isola ed geog aphical egions due o al i ude (Mi e meie e al., 2004; Şeke - cioğlu e al., 2011; Fice ola e al., 2018; Ku naz, 2020; Yaşa e al., 2021). Conside ing he cu en checklis o Tü kiye's ep iles and he s udies published on new spe- cies in ecen yea s, i can be seen ha Tü kiye's ep ile auna consis s o o e 140 species (Ku naz, 2020, Yaşa e al., 2021; A ibas e al., 2022; Ku naz e al., 2022). I can be seen ha s udies on ep ile ec opa asi es in Tü- kiye s a ed in he 1950s (Ku pına , 1954; Hoogs aal, 1959). In he ollowing yea s, a ious s udies ha e been ca ied ou by many esea che s, bu in hese s udies, he p esence o ec opa asi es in es ing he ep ile auna o Tü kiye has no been su icien ly e ealed. Up o now, nine ick species om 22 hos species in se en amilies (Appendix I: Table 4) and 16 mi e species om 37 hos species in se en amilies (Appendix I: Table 5) we e e- po ed in aunis ic ec opa asi e s udies on ep iles in Tü- kiye. MATERIALS AND METHODS This s udy was conduc ed in h ee di e en p o inces, espec i ely Saka ya, Samsun, and A in, loca ed on he coas line o he Black Sea egion o Tü kiye, du ing he mon hs when ep iles we e ac i e be ween 2021 and 2023. Hos s we e cap u ed using he ac i e sea ch Aca ological S udies 7 (1): 12-41, 2025 13 me hod. Each cap u ed hos was es ained, ca e ully ex- amined o ec opa asi es whe e i was ound, and hen eleased in he same a ea. The ep iles caugh in he el- e an s udy a eas using he ac i e sea ch me hod we e i s subjec ed o a gene al ex e nal examina ion, and species iden i ica ions we e made by aking in o accoun he dis ibu ion maps and mo phological cha ac e s and using he ele an li e a u e (Budak and Göçmen, 2014; Ba an e al., 2021; Yaşa e al., 2021). A e wa ds, ec o- pa asi e sc eening was pe o med o icks and om- biculid mi es; hey we e examined unde a s e eo mic o- scope o mesos igma ic mi es ha canno be seen wi h he naked eye. While ick specimens we e collec ed wi h blun - ipped o ceps, mi e specimens we e collec ed us- ing a s eel sy inge needle (17G). The collec ed ec opa a- si e specimens we e s o ed in Eppendo ubes con ain- ing 70% e hanol un il mo phological iden i ica ion was made. Finally, Eppendo ubes we e labelled acco ding o he hos om which hey we e collec ed, he egion and habi a whe e he hos was caugh , he da e, he ec- opa asi e g oup and he numbe o ows o he specimen examined. Pho og aphs o he ep iles subjec ed o ec o- pa asi ic examina ion and he habi a s in which hey we e cap u ed we e aken wi h a Nikon Coolpix P610 digi al compac came a (Appendix II: Figu es 1-5). Rep- esen a i e numbe s o mi e and ick specimens we e i s exposed o 48 hou s wi h lac ophenol o clea ing be o e moun ing. Then, all specimens we e moun ed on glass slides in he Hoye ’s medium. A e wa ds, he p e- pa ed slides we e d ied a oom empe a u e o wo weeks and adhe ed o wi h clea nail polish. Finally, ick and mi e specimens we e ca e ully iden i ied unde a ligh (Nikon Eclipse 80i, Tokyo, Japan) and s e eo mic oscope (Nikon SMZ1500, Tokyo, Japan) using ele- an li e a u e sou ces (Fain, 1962; E ans, 1966; Kud yasho a, 1998; Apanaske ich, 2003; S ekolniko and Daniel, 2012; S ekolniko e al., 2014; Es ada-Peña e al., 2018). A e wa ds, he iden i ied species we e pho- og aphed wi h he came a in eg a ed in o he mic o- scope (Msho Mdx4- , Guangzhou, China). Addi ionally, Scanning Elec on Mic oscopy was used o image some mesos igma ic and p os igma ic mi es. As in he ele an li e a u e (Na ion, 1983; McAllis e e al., 2021), he specimens we e p epa ed, and he imaging p ocess was ca ied ou in he Elec on Mic oscope Labo a o y o On- dokuz Mayıs Uni e si y Ka adeniz Ad anced Technology Resea ch and Applica ion Cen e (Samsun, Tü kiye). O iginal pho og aphs o he hos s examined and ec opa - asi es iden i ied in he s udy a e included in he appendix sec ion (Appendix II and Appendix III). RESULTS Du ing he s udy, 1021 ep ile indi iduals, including 26 ep ile species, we e examined o ec opa asi es, and 3006 ick and 2726 mi e specimens we e collec ed om hese hos s. O he 1021 ep ile hos s examined, 580 (56.80%) we e in es ed wi h one o mo e ec opa asi e species. O he nine di e en ep ile hos species exam- ined in he s udy, Anguis colchica (No dmann) (n: 58), Ablepha us ki aibelii (Bib on and Bo y S -Vincen ) (n: 14), Hemidac ylus u cicus (Linnaeus) (n: 2), Co onella aus iaca Lau en i (n: 6), Na ix na ix (Linnaeus) (n: 22), Vipe a kaznako i Nikolsky (n: 4), V. ammody es (Lin- naeus) (n: 3), Emys o bicula is (Linnaeus) (n: 12), and T achemys sc ip a (Thunbe g) (n: 5) no in es a ion was de ec ed in a o al o 128 (12.53%) indi iduals. Among he in es ed hos s, he a e o in es a ion wi h ick species alone was 54.21% (n: 315), while he a e o in es a ion wi h mi e species was 53.70% (n: 312). In addi ion, he a e o ep iles in es ed wi h bo h ick and mi e species was de e mined o be 13.45% (n: 78). In es a ion a es among liza d hos s (Anguidae, Lace - idae, and Scincidae) a y depending on he egion. In es- a ion a es o liza ds examined in A in, Saka ya and Samsun p o inces we e de e mined as 70.37% (n: 247), 44.37% (n: 134) and 35.59% (n: 21), espec i ely. Ec o- pa asi e in es a ions we e no de ec ed on he slow wo m (A. colchica) and on he snake-eyed skink (A. ki aibelii) (0%). The highes in es a ion a e was de e - mined as 96.33% on he spiny- ailed liza d (D. obscu a) in A in, 93.75% on he Bi hynican spiny- ailed liza d (D. bi hynica) in Saka ya, and 52.63% on he Bi hynican spiny- ailed liza d (D. bi hynica) in Samsun. The in es a- ion a e in all liza d species (n: 712) examined du ing he s udy was 56.46%. Two species o gecko we e subjec ed o ec opa asi ic ex- amina ion du ing he s udy, and he in es a ion was de- ec ed only on he Ko schy's gecko (M. c . ko schyi). Twen y-eigh di e en indi idual Ko schy's gecko we e examined om h ee o he loca ions in A in, and he in es a ion was de ec ed only in he specimens (n: 20) ex- amined in he Cehennem De esi Canyon loca ed A danuç (71.42%) (Appendix II: Figu e 3; Appendix III: Figu e 11). No in es a ion was de ec ed in eigh indi iduals ex- amined in wo di e en loca ions wi hin he bo de s o Bo çka. In addi ion, no in es a ion was de ec ed in he Medi e anean house gecko (H. u cicus) specimens ex- amined in Samsun (0%). Only Medi e anean spu - highed o oise (Tes udo g aeca) in es a ion was de ec ed on he To oises/Tu - les species examined (Appendix II: Figu e 6; Appendix III: Figu es 29-30). The in es a ion a e o he Medi e - anean spu - highed o oise (T. g aeca) was de e mined as 95.45% in Samsun and 9.52% in Saka ya. No in es a- ion was de ec ed in he o he wo u le species exam- ined (Emys o bicula is and T achemys sc ip a). In es a- ion a es o snake species examined in A in, Saka ya and Samsun we e de e mined as 25.92%, 4.16% and 0%, espec i ely. The snake species mos equen ly exam- ined du ing he s udy we e he g ass snake (Na ix na- ix) (n: 22), he dice snake (N. essela a) (n: 22) and he Dahl's whip snake (Pla yceps najadum) (n: 12). Thei in- es a ion a es we e 0%, 13.63% and 66.66%, espec- i ely. No in es a ion was de ec ed in he smoo h snake (Co onella aus iaca), Caucasian Vipe (V. kaznako i), he nose-ho ned Vipe (V. ammody es) and he g ass snake (N. na ix). Du ing he s udy, 87 indi iduals belonging o nine di e en snake species we e examined, and he in- es a ion a e was 17.24%. As a esul o he ec opa asi ic examina ions, a o al o 12 ec opa asi e species we e iden i ied, including wo ick species om he Ixodidae Aca ological S udies 7 (1): 12-41, 2025 14 amily [Ixodes icinus (Linnaeus) and Hyalomma ae- gyp ium (Linnaeus)], h ee species o mesos igma ic mi es [Hemilaelaps a ie i (Tibbe s), Ophionyssus na i- cis (Ge ais), and Op. sau a um (Oudemans)], and se en species o p os igma ic mi es [Odon aca us e e us (Kud yasho a), Od. hushchai Kud yasho a, Od. naumo i Kud yasho a and Rybin, Od. saxicolis Schluge , Huschcha and Kud yasho a, Lace aca us callosus (Schluge ), L. si- milis (Schluge and Vasilie a), and Geckobia u kes ana Hi s ]. DISCUSSION Re ealing ep ile ec opa asi e ela ionships is essen ial o i s ha m ul e ec s on he hos and o i s ha m ul e - ec s on he ep ile hos s and public heal h. Because icks and mi es ha a ach o ep iles also ac as ec o s o many bac e ial, i al, p o ozoan and helmin hic agen s (Bu idge, 2001; F ances, 2005; Bowe e al., 2018; Di- e s and S ahl, 2019; Mendoza-Roldan e al., 2019). S ud- ies conduc ed wo ldwide o many yea s ha e shown ha many mi es ( amilies En onyssidae, He e oze co- nidae, Ixodo hynchidae, Laelapidae, Mac onyssidae, Omen olaelapidae, Pa amegis idae, Cloaca idae, Ha pi hynchidae, P e ygosoma idae, and T ombiculi- dae) and ick species ( amilies Ixodidae and A gasidae) caused in es a ion on ep iles (Hoogs aal and Kohls, 1966; Ba ke and Mu ell, 2004; Venzal and Es ada- Peña, 2006; Faj e , 2012; De Alcan a a e al., 2018). In he amily o Ixodo hynchidae Ewing, esea che s ha e epo ed many species on almos all con inen s. Howe e , i is one o he pa asi ic mi e g oups ha has no been s udied su icien ly in e ms o bo h i s biology and axonomy (Faj e , 2012; Al onso-Toledo and Pa edes-León, 2021). Taxonomic cha ac e is ics o ix- odo hynchid species a e mainly based on he monog aph o Fain (1962). These mi es, which ha e high hos speci- ici y, do no ha e zoono ic po en ial. So a , all species (31-43 species om six gene a) desc ibed a e associa ed wi h snakes (Squama a: Se pen es) (Voss, 1961; Fain, 1962; Voss and S and mann, 1962; Lizaso, 1983; Dowling, 2009; Beaulieu e al., 2011). When we examine he geog aphical egions o he epo s o ixodo hynchid species, we see ha hey a e mainly om Ame ica and A ica, especially om colub id snakes. In he s udy i led "A su ey o ixodo hynchid mi es on snakes", published by Voss (1961), wi h e e ence o Feide and Solomon (1959), i was epo ed ha Hemilaelaps pige (syn. Ophi- dilaelaps pon icus) on he g ass snake (Na ix na ix) om Tü kiye (Appendix I: Table 5). Wi h his s udy, Hemilaelaps a ie i was de ec ed on Dolichophis caspius (Colub idae) o he i s ime in Tü kiye (Appendix III: Figu es 19-24). The Mac onyssidae amily includes he mos common and well-known species o mi es ha cause in es a ion in ep iles. In pa icula , Ophionyssus na icis has zoono ic impo ance and a cosmopoli an dis ibu ion, making i one o he mos s udied mi e species in ep iles. Al hough 17 species ha e been desc ibed in his genus, only Ophi- onyssus na icis has zoono ic po en ial. This species, which pa icula ly in es s snakes, also a ely in es s liz- a ds. They can also be ansmi ed om in es ed ep iles o humans and cause alle gic eac ions (Yunke , 1956; Schul z, 1975; Beck, 1996; Wozniak e al., 2000; Amana - a d e al., 2014). To da e, no human in es a ion cases due o Op. na icis has been epo ed in Tü kiye. In addi ion, Ophionyssus sau a um, which causes in es a ion on liz- a ds wi hin his genus, was de ec ed in many ep iles in a la ge-scale s udy conduc ed in Tü kiye published by Jabba pou (2016) (Appendix I: Table 5). Unlike he Oph- ionyssus species, wi hin he Mac onyssidae amily, D aco- nyssus and Endophionyssus species also se le in he es- pi a o y ac o ep iles (Yunke and Rado sky, 1966; Rado sky, 2010). Howe e , he e a e no enough s udies on hese species. In he hos -pa asi e associa ions de- ec ed in his s udy, he ed-belied liza d (Da e skia ad- ja ica), he De jugin's liza d (D. de jugini), he common wall liza d (Poda cis mu alis), and he Balkan wall liza d (P. au icus), a e new hos eco ds o Ophionyssus sau- a um (Appendix III: Figu es 7-10). The P e ygosoma idae amily consis s o mi e species wi h ex emely high hos speci ici y, wi h a cosmopoli an dis ibu ion o o e 180, mos o which cause ep ile in- es a ion (Hi s , 1926; Wal e e al., 2009; Faj e , 2012, 2015, 2023; Be and e al., 2013). P e ygosoma id mi es, also called scale mi es, spend mos o hei li e cycle on he hos and a e i mly ixed o he skin wi h hei chelic- e ae. Excep o some gene a (Geckobiella Hi s , Hi s iella Be lese and Pimeliaphilus T äga dh), hei hos speci ic- i y is qui e high. Fo example, P e ygosoma species in es iguanas, while Geckobia species in es geckos (Be and, 2002; Be and e al., 2012; Pa edes-Leon e al., 2012). Al hough he e ha e been many epo s o p e ygosoma- id in es a ion on ep ile hos s wo ldwide, he numbe o s udies conduc ed in Tü kiye is limi ed. In hese s udies, Geckobia a an ula, G. u kes ana, and Geckobia sp. we e epo ed on ep iles (Appendix I: Table 5). T ombiculids a e mi es wi h ex emely poo species speci ici y, bu he hos speci ici y may be obse ed a a ce ain le el, such as commonly, Wha onia species in es ba s and Lace aca us species in es liza ds. They a e dis- ibu ed on all con inen s excep An a c ica, and mi es in his pa asi ic g oup can in es mammals, bi ds, and ep- iles (Sha o and Kud yasho a, 2008). This g oup o mi es has se en de elopmen al s ages: egg, p ela ae (deu o um), la a, h ee nymphs (p o onymph, deu- onymph, i onymph) and adul (Zajkowska e al., 2018). The ac i e nymphal and adul s ages o hese mi es, which a e pa asi ic only in hei la al s ages, eed on so -bodied a h opods (Collembola, Dip e a, Hemip e a, and Lepidop e a) as well as soil-dwelling nema odes (Chaisi i, 2016). These mi es also ha e zoono ic po en- ial, and o e 50 cases o T ombiculosis on humans ha e been epo ed all o e he wo ld o da e. Species o he gene a Apolonia, Blankaa ia, Blanciella, Euscho ngas ia, Eu ombicula, Gah liepia, He pe aca us, Kepka ombic- ula, Lep o ombidium, Neo ombicula, Odon aca us, and Schoengas ia ha e been epo ed in hese human cases (Rjpka and S ekolniko , 2006; Bu ns, 2010; San ibáñez e al., 2015; Po as-Villamil and Ja ie -Oli e a, 2021; Sil a- de la Fuen e e al., 2021; S ekolniko and Mumcuoğlu, Aca ological S udies 7 (1): 12-41, 2025 15 2021). In addi ion o hei pa asi ic e ec s, hey a e being in es iga ed ec o po en ials o many agen s ha a e pa hogenic o humans and animals, such as diseases Ba onellosis, Bo eliosis, Eh lichiosis, F ancisellosis, Lep ospi osis, Ricke siosis, Q e e and Han a i us (Kampen e al., 2004; San ibáñez e al., 2015; Faccini e al., 2017; Mendoza-Roldan e al., 2021; Moniuszko e al., 2022). Howe e , excep O ien ia su sugamushi (Ricke - siales: Ricke siaceae) among hese pa hogen g oups, no agen is con i med o be ansmi ed h ough he bi es o ombiculid mi es (San ibáñez e al., 2015). S udies con- duc ed on ep iles a ound he wo ld ha e de ec ed in es- a ion o many species, such as Anco aca us (Takahashi e al., 2012), A abapolonia (S ekolniko e al., 2012), Ba- biangia (Sou hco , 1954), E ico ombidium (O lo a e al., 2023), Eu ombicula (S ekolniko and González-Acuña, 2010; Co n e al., 2014), Hypo ombidium (S ekolniko , 2018), Iguanaca us (Ve cammen-G andjean, 1965) La- ce aca us (S ekolniko e al., 2014; Kaluz, 2019; O lo a e al., 2023), Ma aca us (S ekolniko , 2018), Mic o om- bicula (Mocke , 2017), Neo ombicula (Mocke , 2017), Odon aca us (Mocke , 2017), O ni hogas ia (S ekolni- ko , 2018), Pen idionis (S ekolniko , 2018; E -Rguibi e al., 2023), Schoengas ia (O lo a e al., 2023; S ekolniko , 2021), Schou edenichia (Tau lieb, 1958), Siseca (Takahashi and Misumi, 2011), Va aca us (Nadcha am, 2006), and Xinjiangsha (E -Rguibi e al., 2023). S udies conduc ed in Tü kiye show ha no i ica ions abou ep- iles a e a he desi ed le el. In hese s udies (Kepka, 1962; Kalúz, 2011; Jabba pou , 2016), Ma aca us dem ei, Ma aca us sp., Lace aca us callosus, L. similis, L. u cicus, Neo ombicula au umnalis, Neo ombicula sp. species we e epo ed (Appendix I: Table 5). As a esul o his s udy, Odon aca us e e us (Appendix III: Figu e 15), Od. hushchai (Appendix III: Figu e 16), Od. naumo i (Appen- dix III: Figu e 17) and Od. saxicolis (Appendix III: Figu e 18) in es a ions we e epo ed om Tü kiye o he i s ime (Appendix III: Figu es 25-26). In addi ion o hese da a, in Tü kiye, he ed-belied liza d (Da e skia adja- ica), he Bi hynican spiny- ailed liza d (D. bi hynica), he Cla k's Liza d (D. cla ko um), he De jugin's liza d (D. de jugini), he spiny- ailed liza d (D. obscu a) and he common wall liza d (Poda cis mu alis) a e new hos ec- o ds o Lace aca us callosus (Appendix III: Figu e 13); Da e skia adja ica, D. bi hynica, and D. de jugini o mi e Lace aca us similis a e new hos eco ds (Appendix III: Figu es 12 and 14). S udies on a h opods ha in es ep iles seem o ocus mainly on icks (Cumming, 1998; De Alcan a a e al., 2018; O lo a e al., 2023). To da e, mo e han one hun- d ed ixodid icks (Amblyomma spp., Aponomma spp., De - macen o spp., Haemaphysalis spp., Hyalomma spp., and Ixodes spp.) and a gasid (A gas spp. and O ni hodo os spp.) ha e been iden i ied in ec opa asi ic s udies con- duc ed on ep iles a ound he wo ld (Hoogs aal e al., 1973; Pie zsch e al., 2006). In he p e ious s udies con- duc ed in Tü kiye, Hyalomma aegyp ium, H. ma gina um, Hyalomma sp., Heamaphysalis concinna, H. sulca a, H. pa a, Haemaphysalis sp., Ixodes icinus, Ixodes sp., Rhip- icephalus annula us (as R. calca a us in he s udy), R. kohlsi, and R. u anicus has been epo ed om he ep- iles o Tü kiye (Appendix I: Table 4). In his s udy, new hos -pa asi e associa ions we e e ealed o Ixodes ici- nus and Hyalomma aegyp ium ha d icks o he auna o icks o Tü kiye (Appendix III: Figu es 27-31). The Eu o- pean glass liza d (Pseudopus apodus), he ed-belied liz- a d (Da e skia adja ica), he Bi hynican spiny- ailed liz- a d (D. bi hynica), he Cla k's Liza d (D. cla ko um), he De jugin's liza d (D. de jugini), and he common wall liz- a d (Poda cis mu alis) a e new hos eco ds o Ixodes icinus in Tü kiye. In addi ion, he Balkan wall liza d (Po- da cis au icus) is a new hos eco d o Hyalomma ae- gyp ium, also known as o oise ick, in Tü kiye. CONCLUSIONS As a esul o his s udy, i e new eco ds and a ious new hos -pa asi e associa ions we e de ec ed. I aimed o con ibu e o s udies on e ealing he ec opa asi ic auna o ep iles in Tü kiye. I e alua ed in o al wi h his s udy conduc ed, he ec opa asi ic bu den o Tü kiye's ep ile auna consis s o nine icks and 21 mi e species. I is clea ha his numbe is well below he desi ed le el. Tü kiye e i o ies ha e a ich ep ile di e si y, al hough only ap- p oxima ely 1/3 o he ep iles ha e been in es iga ed o ec opa asi ic aspec s. Au ho s’ con ibu ions Gökhan E en: Concep ion/design o s udy, me hodology (equal), da a acquisi ion, da a analysis/in e p e a ion, iden i ica ion, p ese a ion (equal), d a ing manusc ip , inal app o al and accoun abili y (equal). Mus a a Açıcı: Me hodology (equal), collec ion o specimens, p ese a- ion (equal), inal app o al and accoun abili y (equal). This wo k is de i ed om he i s au ho 's PhD disse a- ion. S a emen o e hics app o al This s udy was app o ed o ield esea ch by he Gen- e al Di ec o a e o Na u e Conse a ion and Na ional Pa ks o he Minis y o Ag icul u e and Fo es y, based on he pe missions da ed 9/9/2020 and numbe ed 49933177-663.08-E.88314, and by he Local E hics Com- mi ee o Animal Expe imen s o Ondokuz Mayıs Uni e - si y, wi h he decision numbe 2020/60 da ed 26/11/2020. Funding This s udy was suppo ed by Ondokuz Mayıs Uni e si y Scien i ic Resea ch P ojec s Coo dina ion Uni wi h p o- jec numbe PYO.VET.1904.21.022. Con lic o in e es The au ho s decla e ha he e is no con lic o in e es . Acknowledgemen s The au ho s a e g a e ul o D . Alexand A. S ekolniko (Zoological Ins i u e, Russian Academy o Sciences, S . Pe e sbu g, Russia) o assis ance abou iden i ying o he chigge mi es (Aca i: T ombiculidae). Aca ological S udies 7 (1): 12-41, 2025 16 REFERENCES Al onso-Toledo, J.A. and Pa edes-León, R. 2021. Molecu- la and mo phological iden i ica ion o de manyssoid mi es (Pa asi i o mes: Mesos igma a: De - manyssoidea) causa i es o a pa asi ic ou b eak on cap i e snakes. Jou nal o Medical En omology, 58 (1): 246-251. doi: 10.1093/jme/ jaa164 Amana a d, E., Yousse i, M.R. and Ba imani, A. 2014. Hu- man de ma i is caused by Ophionyssus na icis, a snake mi e. I anian Jou nal o Pa asi ology, 9 (4): 594. Apanaske ich, D.A. 2003. Towa ds a diagnos ic iew o Hyalomma (Hyalomma) aegyp ium (Aca i, Ixodidae). Pa azi ologiia, 37 (1): 47-59. 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An upda ed checklis o icks and mi es (Aca i) epo ed on ep iles o Tü kiye: New eco ds and new hos -pa asi e associa ions. Aca ological S udies, 7 (1): 12-41. Aca ological S udies 7 (1): 12-41, 2025 27 Table 5. Mi e species de ec ed on he ep iles in Tü kiye o da e. Species Hos s Re e ences Aca idae Aca us a is Scincidae: Ablepha us che no i Jabba pou , 2016 Ty ophagus pu escen ia Eublepha idae: Eublepha is ang amainyu Gekkonidae: Mediodac ylus he e oce cum Lace idae: Acan hodac ylus (A) sch eibe i, Apa hya cap- padocica, Da e skia (D.) d yada, D. pa ula, D. obscu a (as D. udis), Lace a (L.) i idis, and Ophisops (O.) ele- gans Anys idae E y h aca us pa ie inus Gekkonidae: Hemidac ylus u cicus Lace idae: A. sch eibe i and O. elegans Glycyphagidae Lepidoglyphus des uc o Gekkonidae: Hemidac ylus u cicus Ixodo hynchidae Hemilaelaps pige Colub idae: Na ix na ix Feide and Solomon, 1959 Laelap idae Haemolaelaps sp. Gekkonidae: Hemidac ylus u cicus Jabba pou , 2016 Mac onyssidae Ophionyssus na icis Colub idae: Na ix essella a Gekkonidae: Hemidac ylus u cicus Lace idae: Apa hya cappadocica, D. bendimahiensis, D. obscu a (as D. udis), D. alen ini, E emias s auchi, and Phoenicolace a lae is Dik, 2012; Jabba - pou , 2016 Ophionyssus sau a um Gekkonidae: Hemidac ylus u cicus and S enodac ylus g andiceps Lace idae: Acan hodac ylus sch eibe i, Apa hya cappa- docica, D. a meniaca, D. bendimahiensis, D. cla ko um, D. d yada, D. addei, D. obscu a (as D. udis), D. unisexualis, D. uzzelli, L. agilis, L. media, L. ilinea a, L. i idis, O. ele- gans, Pa ilace a pa a, Phoenicolace a lae is, and Po- da cis siculus Scincidae: Ablepha us che no i and Eumeces schneide ii Jabba pou , 2016 Ophionyssus sp. Gekkonidae: Hemidac ylus u cicus and S enodac ylus g andiceps Lace idae: Apa hya cappadocica, D.d yada, L. i idis, O. elegans, Pa ilace a pa a, Phoenicolace a lae is, and Poda cis mu alis Jabba pou , 2016 Aca ological S udies 7 (1): 12-41, 2025 28 P e ygosoma idae Geckobia a an ula Gekkonidae: Hemidac ylus u cicus Lace idae: Apa hya cappadocica Jabba pou , 2016 Geckobia u kes ana Gekkonidae: Asaccus ba ani, Cy opodion scab um, and Hemidac ylus u cicus Lace idae: Apa hya cappadocica and D. d yada Geckobia sp. Gekkonidae: Cy opodion scab um and Eublepha is an- g amainyu Pimeliaphilus dese us Gekkonidae: Asaccus ba ani, Cy opodion scab um, Hem- idac ylus u cicus and Mediodac ylus he e oce cum Lace idae: Apa hya cappadocica Te anychidae Pe obia la ens Lace idae: Da e skia a meniaca Jabba pou , 2016 T ombiculidae Lace aca us callosus Gekkonidae: S enodac ylus g andiceps Lace idae: Ana ololace a pelasgiana, D. pa ula, L. i- linea a, L. i idis, Phoenicolace a lae is, and Poda cis siculus Jabba pou , 2016 Lace aca us similis Gekkonidae: Asaccus ba ani, Cy opodion scab um, Hem- idac ylus u cicus, S enodac ylus g andiceps, and T apelus lessonae Lace idae: Acan hodac ylus boskianus, Ana ololace a dan o di, Apa hya cappadocica, D. bendimahiensis, D. cla ko um, D. d yada, D. obscu a (as D. udis), D. pa ula, D. uzzelli, E emias s auchi, L. agilis, L. media, L. iline- a a, O. elegans, and Poda cis mu alis Scincidae: Eumeces schneide ii Lace aca us u cicus Lace idae: Lace a spp. Kalúz, 2011 Ma aca us dem ei Eublepha idae: Eublepha is ang amainyu Gekkonidae: Asaccus ba ani Lace idae: Lace a i idis, Ophisops elegans, and Po- da cis mu alis Kepka, 1962; Jabba - pou , 2016 Ma aca us sp Lace idae: Poda cis siculus Neo ombicula au umnalis Gekkonidae: Hemidac ylus u cicus Neo ombicula sp. Lace idae: Ana ololace a pelasgiana Aca ological S udies 7 (1): 12-41, 2025 29 Table 6. Mi e species de ec ed on he pe ep iles in Tü kiye o da e. Species Hos s Re e ences Mac onyssidae Ophionyssus na icis Boidae: Boa cons ic o Colub idae: Pan he ophis gu a us Ku dede e al., 2009; Keskin, 2021 P e ygosoma idae Hi s iella sp. Iguanidae: Iguana iguana Gazyağcı e al., 2011; Yipel, 2014 Aca ological S udies 7 (1): 12-41, 2025 30 APPENDIX II: Ec opa asi ic in es a ions de ec ed on he examined ep ile hos s Figu e 1. Ec opa asi e in es a ion on hos s: A. Da e skia obscu a ( om Bo çka, A in), B. Da e skia cla ko um ( om Bo çka, A in) ( ed a ows: mi e specimens on he igh , and icks in he la al and nymph s ages on he le ). Figu e 2. Ec opa asi e in es a ion on hos s: A. Da e skia de jugini ( om Bo çka, A in), B. Pla yceps najadum ( om Bo çka, A in) ( ed ec angles and a ow: ombiculid specimens). Figu e 3. Geckobia u kes ana ( ed a ows) on he Ko schy`s Gecko (Mediodac ylus c . ko schyi) ( om A danuç, A in). Aca ological S udies 7 (1): 12-41, 2025 31 Figu e 4. Ec opa asi e in es a ion on lace id hos s ( ed a ows show Ixodes icinus la ae and nymphs). Figu e 5. Ec opa asi e in es a ion on lace id and anguid hos s ( ed a ows show Ixodes icinus la ae and nymphs). Figu e 6. Hyalomma aegyp ium in es a ion on Tes udo g aece ( om A akum, Samsun, Tü kiye). Aca ological S udies 7 (1): 12-41, 2025 32 Appendix III: The images o he de ec ed ec opa asi es ( icks and mi es) Figu e 7. Ophionyssus sau a um (p o onymph): A. Do sal iew (scale ba : 250 μm), B. Pygidial pla e (scale ba : 50 μm), C. Anus (scale ba : 25 μm). Figu e 8. A. S e nal shields: A. Ophionyssus na icis (p o onymph), B. Op. sau a um (p o onymph) (scale ba s: 50 μm). Aca ological S udies 7 (1): 12-41, 2025 33 Figu e 9. Ophionyssus sau a um (p o onymph): A. Do sal iew (scale ba : 250 μm), B. Pygidial pla e (scale ba : 50 μm), C. Anus (scale ba : 25 μm). Figu e 10. A. P o onymph specimens o Ophionyssus sau a um on he spiny- ailed liza d (Da e skia obscu a), B. The same specimens on he g een liza d (Lace a i idis) ( ed a ows: mi e specimens; blue a ow: icks in he la al s age). Aca ological S udies 7 (1): 12-41, 2025 34 Figu e 11. Geckobia u kes ana (♀): A. Do sal iew (scale ba : 100 μm), B. Geni al egion (scale ba : 100 μm), C. Scu um (scale ba : 100 μm), D. Coxae I-IV (scale ba : 100 μm), E. Ven al se ae (scale ba : 50 μm). Figu e 12. A. La al specimens o Lace aca us similis ( ed a ows) on he A in liza d (Da e skia de jugini), B. The same specimens on he Adja a liza d (Da e skia adja ica). Aca ological S udies 7 (1): 12-41, 2025 35 Figu e 13. Lace aca us callosus (la a): A. Do sal iew o idiosoma, B. Ven al iew o idiosoma (scale ba s: 100 μm). Figu e 14. Lace aca us similis (la a): A. Do sal iew o idiosoma, B. Ven al iew o idiosoma (scale ba s: 100 μm). Figu e 15. Odon aca us e e us (la a): A. Do sal iew o idiosoma, B. Ven al iew o idiosoma (scale ba s: 250 μm). Aca ological S udies 7 (1): 12-41, 2025 36 Figu e 16. Odon aca us hushchai (la a): A. Do sal iew o idiosoma, B. Ven al iew o idiosoma (scale ba s: 250 μm). Figu e 17. Odon aca us naumo i (la a): A. Do sal iew o idiosoma, B. Ven al iew idiosoma (scale ba s: 250 μm). Figu e 18. Odon aca us saxicolis (la a): A. Do sal iew o idiosoma, B. Ven al iew o idiosoma (scale ba s: 250 μm).