Geometry-aware Analysis of Wheat Grain Hydration Prior to Milling

101 “Al-Fa g‘oniy a lodla i” elek on ilmiy ju nali ISSN 2181-4252. Tom: 1 | Son: 3 | 2025-yil "Descendan s o Al-Fa ghani" elec onic scien i ic jou nal. ISSN 2181-4252. Vol: 1 | Iss: 3 | 2025 yea Электронный научный журнал "Потомки Аль- Фаргани" ISSN 2181-4252. Том: 1 | Выпуск: 3 | 2025 год h ps://al- a goniy.uz/ Geome y-awa e Analysis o Whea G ain Hyd a ion P io o Milling А.U inboe , Fe gana S a e Technical Uni e si y, Fe gana, Uzbekis an [email p o ec ed] B. Ismailo , M.Auezo Sou h Kazakhs an Uni e si y, Shymken , Kazakhs an [email p o ec ed] Abs ac . This s udy p esen s an analysis o he geome y and sho - ime hyd a ion o wo whea a ie ies widely cul i a ed in he Fe gana Valley o Uzbekis an “As ” and “Aleksee ich”. Linea dimensions (leng h, wid h, hickness) we e measu ed wi h a digi al calipe (p ecision 0.001 mm); mic os uc u e was examined by op ical mic oscopy; and su ace/ olume cha ac e is ics we e econs uc ed om 3D scans. Hyd a ion kine ics we e assessed g a ime ically a 5 min in e als up o 30 min unde cold (20–25 °C) and wa m (40–50 °C) condi ions. “As ” g ains we e ound o be la ge ac oss all axes (leng h 5.6 ± 0.3 mm; wid h 2.45 ± 0.2 mm; hickness 2.05 ± 0.2 mm) han “Aleksee ich” (5.3 ± 0.2, 2.2 ± 0.2, 1.9 ± 0.2 mm; p < 0.05). Mass gain a 30 min was highe in wa m compa ed wi h cold condi ions (9.1% s. 4.2% o As ; 8.5% s. 3.9% o Aleksee ich). Box-plo analysis con i med signi ican ly as e wa e up ake o “As ” unde bo h egimes. An ellipsoidal mul i-laye di usion amewo k was applied o link g ain geome y wi h p edic ed mois u e- pene a ion imes (𝑡50,𝑡95). The esul s demons a e ha geome y-awa e condi ioning can imp o e millabili y and lou quali y while educing epea ed we ing–d ying cycles. Kali so‘zla : Whea , geome ic pa ame e s, 3D modeling, hyd a ion kine ics, condi ioning, di usion. INTRODUCTION In Uzbekis an, whea plays a cen al ole in ag icul u al p oduc ion, se ing as he p ima y aw ma e ial o he milling, ce eal, baking, and pas a indus ies. The quali y o bo h win e and sp ing whea is de e mined by a ange o cha ac e is ics ha signi ican ly a ec he inal p ope ies o p ocessed p oduc s. G ain quali y assessmen is based on a combina ion o pa ame e s ha mus con o m o egula o y and echnical documen a ion s anda ds. Mode n app oaches o g ain p ocessing a e aimed a imp o ing he quali y o inished p oduc s, educing losses, and op imizing echnological p ocesses. One o he mos c i ical s ages in p epa ing g ain o milling is hyd a ion, which signi ican ly al e s he physical, mechanical, and geome ic p ope ies o he g ain. This p ocess a ec s he size, shape, and s uc u e o he g ain, di ec ly in luencing milling e iciency and lou quali y. Modeling he geome ic pa ame e s o whea g ains du ing hyd a ion allows o he iden i ica ion o pa e ns essen ial o op imizing echnological p ocesses and de eloping ad anced p ocessing me hods. In ecen yea s, nume ous s udies ha e been conduc ed on he hyd a ion and milling o whea g ains unde a ying mois u e le els. S udies [1-4] ha e in es iga ed a ious aspec s ela ed o he cha ac e is ics o whea and lou , as well as p ocessing echnologies. Pa icula a en ion has been gi en o he in luence o whea a ie y on lou quali y, along wi h he ela ionships be ween g ain ha dness, endospe m s uc u e, and physicochemical p ope ies. A signi ican ocus has also been placed on c op managemen me hods and hei e ec s on yield and g ain quali y, con ibu ing o mo e e icien p oduc ion and p ocess op imiza ion. The physicochemical p ope ies o g ain a e in luenced by a ious ac o s, including clima ic condi ions and echnological p ac ices. Resea ch [5-6] highligh s he e ec s o empe a u e egimes, p ecipi a ion le els, and o he 102 “Al-Fa g‘oniy a lodla i” elek on ilmiy ju nali ISSN 2181-4252. Tom: 1 | Son: 3 | 2025-yil "Descendan s o Al-Fa ghani" elec onic scien i ic jou nal. ISSN 2181-4252. Vol: 1 | Iss: 3 | 2025 yea Электронный научный журнал "Потомки Аль- Фаргани" ISSN 2181-4252. Том: 1 | Выпуск: 3 | 2025 год h ps://al- a goniy.uz/ na u al ac o s on yield and g ain quali y. S udies ha e also explo ed he consequences o hea s ess, i s impac on pa hogen iabili y, and he p ese a ion o g ain du ing s o age. Fu he mo e, i is impo an o examine he e ec s o a ious ea men me hods on main aining and enhancing g ain quali y, which is c i ical o he e ec i e ope a ion o ag icul u e and ood secu i y. Mode n g ain p e-p ocessing me hods, including he in oduc ion o inno a i e echnical solu ions such as compac mul i unc ional machines and mobile g ain d ye s, con ibu e o inc eased p oduc i i y and educed aw ma e ial losses. Resea ch in de eloping and op imizing p ocessing condi ions in specialized equipmen enables signi ican imp o emen s in p oduc quali y wi h minimal ene gy inpu . These app oaches g ea ly enhance he e iciency o pos -ha es g ain p ocessing, os e ing sus ainabili y and economic bene i s in ag icul u e. In he con ex o his s udy, he analysis o g ain geome y and hyd a ion p ocesses p io o milling ep esen s a i al a ea o esea ch ha suppo s he op imiza ion o ce eal p ocessing echnologies. S udies [9-12] emphasize he impo ance o mo phological changes in g ains du ing hyd a ion, which di ec ly in luence hei beha io du ing milling. Analyzing he geome ic pa ame e s o g ains and how hey change du ing hyd a ion helps iden i y key pa e ns ha can imp o e g ain p ocessing e iciency and lead o he p oduc ion o highe -quali y lou . Hyd a ion plays a c ucial ole in ensu ing he quali y o inal p oduc s such as lou . The p ocess enhances he physical and mechanical p ope ies o he g ain, acili a ing p ocessing and inc easing milling e iciency. Hyd a ion ensu es he uni o m dis ibu ion o mois u e wi hin he g ain, minimizing aw ma e ial loss and maximizing p oduc yield. Gi en he g owing demand o high-quali y ood p oduc s, op imizing hyd a ion has become a i al objec i e in mode n g ain p ocessing. Hyd o he mal ea men , in ol ing he combined ac ion o wa e and hea , is implemen ed using wo p ima y me hods: cold and apid condi ioning. In cold condi ioning, g ains a e mois ened wi h wa e a oom empe a u e and le o es o a ce ain pe iod. Rapid condi ioning in ol es ea ing he g ain wi h mois s eam, inc easing i s mois u e con en by 1.5-2.0% and aising i s empe a u e o 45-55°C in a sho ime (20-40 seconds). The choice o me hod depends on g ain cha ac e is ics such as a ie y, glu en quali y, and ke nel anslucency. Fo whea cul i a ed in he Fe gana Valley o he Republic o Uzbekis an-cha ac e ized by a anslucency ange o 40-60% and subop imal glu en quali y-cold condi ioning is p e e able. Due o local geog aphical and clima ic condi ions, he dominan whea a ie ies g own in he egion include “As ” and “Aleksee ich”. One p omising di ec ion o imp o ing he hyd a ion p ocess is he modeling o g ain shape and i s in luence on mois u e abso p ion and dis ibu ion wi hin he g ain s uc u e. Mode n 3D modeling echniques enable de ailed in es iga ions o hyd a ion kine ics, aking in o accoun he geome ic and mo phological p ope ies o he g ain. These ad ancemen s c ea e oppo uni ies o au oma ion and p ocess con ol, as well as he de elopmen o inno a i e echnologies and equipmen . 3D modeling enhances he accu acy o expe imen al da a, educes he cos o da a acquisi ion, and minimizes ene gy consump ion by p e en ing he need o epea ed mois ening and d ying be o e milling. In eg a ing ma hema ical and compu e modeling in o he au oma ed con ol sys ems (ACS TP) o milling en e p ises inc eases p ocess e iciency and educes en i onmen al impac by p omo ing esou ce-e icien p ac ices. Acco ding o s udies [11-21], he shape o a whea g ain can be conside ed an i egula geome ic igu e (see igu e 1). Howe e , o ma hema ical modeling and nume ical analysis o mois u e dis ibu ion wi hin he g ain, i s shape is o en app oxima ed as a egula body, such as an ellipsoid o a pa aboloid o e olu ion. In ou iew, he mos e ec i e app oach combines expe imen al and heo e ical modeling echniques. Using mode n compu a ional ools (including 3D modeling), i is possible o de e mine quan i a i e cha ac e is ics o he g ain’s geome ic pa ame e s, such as leng h, hickness, and po osi y. These geome ic pa ame e s 103 “Al-Fa g‘oniy a lodla i” elek on ilmiy ju nali ISSN 2181-4252. Tom: 1 | Son: 3 | 2025-yil "Descendan s o Al-Fa ghani" elec onic scien i ic jou nal. ISSN 2181-4252. Vol: 1 | Iss: 3 | 2025 yea Электронный научный журнал "Потомки Аль- Фаргани" ISSN 2181-4252. Том: 1 | Выпуск: 3 | 2025 год h ps://al- a goniy.uz/ a e hen used in mois u e dis ibu ion simula ions du ing hyd a ion. A well-s uc u ed hyd a ion p ocess no only imp o es lou quali y bu can also enhance ene gy e iciency by a oiding epea ed mois ening o d ying s eps. Thus, modeling he geome ic pa ame e s o g ains is a ele an ask ha con ibu es o mo e accu a e p edic ions o key cha ac e is ics. Figu e 1. A) Schema ic ep esen a ion o whea : whole g ain; B) g ain c oss-sec ion. The objec i e o his s udy is o analyze he cha ac e is ics o he mos widely cul i a ed whea a ie ies in he Fe gana Valley o he Republic o Uzbekis an and o de elop compu e models o hei g ains. The de eloped compu a ional model enables he de e mina ion o op imal mois u e pene a ion imes o di e en g ain laye s, which is c ucial o imp o ing he e iciency o he hyd a ion p ocess and o e all lou p oduc ion. 2. METHODS AND MATERIALS This s udy ocuses on analyzing he geome ic pa ame e s o wo whea a ie ies “As ” and “Aleksee ich” and hei in luence on mois u e abso p ion du ing he hyd a ion p ocess. A combina ion o mode n expe imen al echniques, including mic oscopic analysis and digi al 3D modeling, was employed o ob ain comp ehensi e da a. To in es iga e he ela ionship be ween g ain size and hyd a ion beha io p io o milling, wo whea a ie ies we e selec ed based on hei p e alence wi hin he ag o-indus ial sec o o he Fe gana Valley, Republic o Uzbekis an. The choice o “As ” and “Aleksee ich” a ie ies is jus i ied by hei widesp ead cul i a ion in he egion and he dis inc i e physicochemical and geome ic cha ac e is ics ha signi ican ly impac he hyd a ion p ocess. The “As ” a ie y is indigenous o Uzbekis an, whe eas “Aleksee ich” was in oduced om he Russian Fede a ion. The geome ic pa ame e s ob ained h ough hese in es iga ions se e as aluable inpu s o ma hema ical models used in p ocessing ope a ions such as d ying o o e ly mois g ains o ehyd a ing excessi ely d y ones. 2.1. Selec ion o whea a ie ies and hei cha ac e is ics The geome ic pa ame e s o whea g ain- including linea dimensions, shape, su ace a ea, and su ace a ea- o- olume a io-ha e a signi ican impac on hyd a ion p ocesses. Whea g ains can a y in shape om o al and o oid o elonga ed, wi h he ollowing dimensional anges: hickness - 1.4 o 2.7 mm, wid h - 1.4 o 3.6 mm, and leng h - 4.3 o 6.4 mm. The “As ” and “Aleksee ich” whea a ie ies we e de eloped by local b eede s and a e well-adap ed o he clima ic condi ions o Uzbekis an, including he Fe gana Valley. Thei cha ac e is ics a e summa ized in Table 1. Table 1. Ag onomic and quali y cha ac e is ics o he whea a ie ies “As ” and “Aleksee ich”. As shown in Table 1, he “As ” and “Aleksee ich” a ie ies exhibi s able adap a ion o a id and ho clima ic condi ions, making hem pa icula ly sui able o egions cha ac e ized by high empe a u es and limi ed humidi y. These a ie ies all in o IDK (Indi idual Quali y G oup (classi ica ion based on glu en con en and g ain anslucency)) G oup 2, indica ing compliance wi h speci ic quali y s anda ds, including glu en con en and g ain anspa ency. These ai s make bo h a ie ies sui able o s udies aimed a op imizing hyd a ion p ocesses. Acco ding o hei physical s uc u e, ana omical composi ion, and geome ic cha ac e is ics, he mass a io o g ain componen s a ies wi hin ce ain anges. Fo lou p oduc ion, a high endospe m pe cen age is a 104 “Al-Fa g‘oniy a lodla i” elek on ilmiy ju nali ISSN 2181-4252. Tom: 1 | Son: 3 | 2025-yil "Descendan s o Al-Fa ghani" elec onic scien i ic jou nal. ISSN 2181-4252. Vol: 1 | Iss: 3 | 2025 yea Электронный научный журнал "Потомки Аль- Фаргани" ISSN 2181-4252. Том: 1 | Выпуск: 3 | 2025 год h ps://al- a goniy.uz/ c ucial indica o o quali y, as he endospe m con ains he majo i y o he s a ch and p o ein ha de e mine he ex u e, nu i ional alue, and baking p ope ies o lou . The “As ” and “Aleksee ich” a ie ies exhibi highe endospe m con en , con ibu ing o he p oduc ion o high-quali y whi e lou . Depending on p ocessing goals, di e en ypes o lou a e chosen: o b ead baking, lou wi h a high endospe m con en is p e e ed, while whole-g ain lou wi h a balanced composi ion is ecommended o heal hie nu i ion. Figu e 2 p esen s a compa a i e diag am o he dis ibu ion o key g ain componen s o he “As ” and “Aleksee ich” a ie ies. Figu e 2. Compa a i e Diag am o he Main G ain Componen s o he “As ” and “Aleksee ich” Va ie ies. A) “As ” a ie y; B) “Aleksee ich” a ie y; (1-ge m, 2-endospe m, 3-b an) In Figu e 2a, he main g ain componen s o he “As ” a ie y a e shown, consis ing o h ee laye s: he ge m, endospe m, and b an. Each laye is cha ac e ized by a speci ic pe cen age ha e lec s i s sha e in he o al g ain composi ion. - In Figu e 2A-1, he ge m- he i al ep oduc i e pa o he g ain-accoun s o 1.4% o 3.8% o he o al g ain mass. I p o ides he nu ien s and ene gy equi ed o sp ou ing. - In Figu e 2A-2, he endospe m, he main componen , se es as a nu ien ese oi (p ima ily s a ch) o he de eloping seedling. I cons i u es 83% o 85% o he g ain mass, making i he mos signi ican componen in he “As ” a ie y. - In Figu e 2A-3, he b an, o ou e p o ec i e laye , plays a c ucial ole in shielding in e nal issues om ex e nal ac o s. I makes up 1.1% o 1.8% o he g ain mass-a ela i ely small sha e, ye impo an o p o ec ion and p ese a ion. Figu e 2B depic s he g ain s uc u e o he “Aleksee ich” a ie y, which also consis s o he ge m, endospe m, and b an, hough wi h sligh di e ences in hei p opo ional composi ions: - In Figu e 2B-1, he ge m cons i u es 1.2% o 3.4% o he g ain mass, sligh ly less han ha o he “As ” a ie y, hough s ill essen ial o sp ou ing. - In Figu e 2B-2, he endospe m makes up 81% o 85% o he g ain mass-simila o “As ”, indica ing compa able nu ien con en suppo ing seed de elopmen . - In Figu e 2B-3, he b an accoun s o 1.1% o 1.2%, sligh ly lowe han in he “As ” a ie y. Despi e i s modes sha e, i plays a p o ec i e ole in p ese ing in e nal g ain issues. In summa y, bo h “As ” and “Aleksee ich” a ie ies sha e simila ana omical s uc u es wi h mino pe cen age di e ences, which may in luence hei esis ance o ex e nal s esso s and nu i ional alue. To analyze he geome ic pa ame e s o he g ain, compu e modeling, mic oscopy, and expe imen al echniques we e used. The physicochemical p ope ies o he g ain we e de e mined in acco dance wi h he na ional s anda d (GOST) [23] and in e na ional quali y s anda ds [24]. Hyd a ion pa ame e s we e assessed by measu ing changes in g ain mass a e imme sion in wa e a a ious empe a u es and ime in e als. Thus, he selec ion o he “As ” and “Aleksee ich” a ie ies is jus i ied by hei cha ac e is ics and widesp ead cul i a ion, allowing he esul s o be e ec i ely applied in eal-wo ld p oduc ion o op imizing echnological p ocesses. 2.2. Me hodology o measu ing g ain dimensions To ensu e he p ecise measu emen o he geome ic pa ame e s o whea g ains, a comp ehensi e me hodology was employed in his s udy, inco po a ing mode n ins umen s ha p o ide a high deg ee o accu acy and ep oducibili y. In 105 “Al-Fa g‘oniy a lodla i” elek on ilmiy ju nali ISSN 2181-4252. Tom: 1 | Son: 3 | 2025-yil "Descendan s o Al-Fa ghani" elec onic scien i ic jou nal. ISSN 2181-4252. Vol: 1 | Iss: 3 | 2025 yea Электронный научный журнал "Потомки Аль- Фаргани" ISSN 2181-4252. Том: 1 | Выпуск: 3 | 2025 год h ps://al- a goniy.uz/ pa icula , he digi al calipe Mi u oyo 500-196-30 om he Mi u oyo Absolu e Digima ic Calipe se ies was u ilized o de e mine he linea dimensions o he g ains (leng h, wid h, and hickness). This ins umen o e s measu emen p ecision up o 0.001 mm, making i especially e ec i e o applica ions whe e e en he sligh es dimensional a ia ions a e o scien i ic signi icance. Fo mo e de ailed analysis and high- esolu ion isual obse a ion o he whea g ains, an op ical mic oscope Mo ic BA310E was used. This de ice is capable o magni ica ion up o 1000x and o e s excellen op ical esolu ion. I enabled ho ough examina ion o he mic os uc u e o he g ains and accu a e measu emen s o hei dimensions a he mic ome e scale. The supe io op ical capabili ies o he mic oscope we e essen ial o s udying he ana omical and s uc u al ea u es o he g ains in he con ex o hyd a ion p ocesses. In addi ion, o cons uc h ee-dimensional models o he g ains and o in es iga e hei su ace mo phology in de ail, a 3D scanne EinScan P o 2X Plus was employed. This de ice is capable o gene a ing highly accu a e 3D ep esen a ions o objec s, enabling no only he assessmen o linea dimensions bu also he calcula ion o g ain olume and su ace a ea wi h high p ecision. This app oach allows o a mo e comp ehensi e analysis o he g ain’s geome ic pa ame e s, which is pa icula ly impo an in s udies o hyd a ion, whe e su ace a ea and olume di ec ly in luence he a e and e iciency o wa e abso p ion. Figu e 3. Geome ic ep esen a ions o whea g ain o he “As ” a ie y: A) Op ical mic og aph o c oss-sec ion (scale ba =200 µm); B) 3D scanne image o in ac g ain. Using he a o emen ioned ins umen s, p ecise geome ic cha ac e is ics o whea g ains we e ob ained and subsequen ly analyzed wi hin he amewo k o his esea ch. Figu e 3 p esen s he images o he whea g ains acqui ed ia he op ical mic oscope and 3D scanne , clea ly demons a ing he high quali y and eliabili y o he collec ed da a, as well as hei compliance wi h he me hodological equi emen s o he s udy. Table 1 p esen s he esul s o he geome ic measu emen s o whea g ains o he “As ” and “Aleksee ich” a ie ies, ob ained using he digi al calipe . These esul s con i m he high p ecision o he measu emen s and hei alignmen wi h he esea ch objec i es. 2.3. 3d Modeling o whea g ain To in es iga e he geome ic cha ac e is ics o whea g ains and analyze hei shape, olume, and su ace a ea, his s udy employed 3D modeling echniques. This app oach enhanced measu emen accu acy and acili a ed a deepe unde s anding o he hyd a ion p ocesses o he g ain. This sec ion ou lines he ools and so wa e used, he s eps in ol ed in cons uc ing 3D models, and he analysis o he esul ing models. A 3D model o he whea g ain a ie y “As ” was de eloped using Au odesk 3ds Max so wa e. In he ini ial s age, he whea g ain was scanned using he EinScan P o 2X Plus 3D scanne . Figu e 4. 3D models o “As ” whea g ain: A) Ini ial scan model; B) Mesh cons uc ion; C) Pa ame e ized model p epa ed o analysis; D) 3D isualiza ion o he whea g ain’s shape. This p ocedu e yielded de ailed digi al images wi h high p ecision. Scanning was conduc ed in wo modes: High-Resolu ion Mode o cap u ing de ailed 106 “Al-Fa g‘oniy a lodla i” elek on ilmiy ju nali ISSN 2181-4252. Tom: 1 | Son: 3 | 2025-yil "Descendan s o Al-Fa ghani" elec onic scien i ic jou nal. ISSN 2181-4252. Vol: 1 | Iss: 3 | 2025 yea Электронный научный журнал "Потомки Аль- Фаргани" ISSN 2181-4252. Том: 1 | Выпуск: 3 | 2025 год h ps://al- a goniy.uz/ geome ic ea u es, and Rapid Scan Mode o p elimina y shape analysis. The ob ained digi al models we e hen impo ed in o 3ds Max, whe e noise a i ac s in oduced du ing scanning we e emo ed, and he g ain dimensions we e pa ame e ized. Pa ame e iza ion in ol ed iden i ying key me ics (leng h, wid h, hickness) and gene a ing a mesh model composed o nume ous iangles, which enabled accu a e ep oduc ion o he g ain su ace. In he inal s age, he 3D models we e e i ied using SolidWo ks. This e i ica ion in ol ed compa ing he 3D model dimensions o hose ob ained ea lie using he digi al calipe . Su ace a ea and olume calcula ed om he models we e c oss- alida ed wi h expe imen al da a, and mesh adjus men s we e made o minimize disc epancies. The 3D models c ea ed se ed as a ounda ion o he p ecise de e mina ion o geome ic p ope ies, including su ace a ea, olume, and shape. These da a we e hen analyzed o es ablish co ela ions be ween he g ain’s geome ic pa ame e s and i s hyd a ion beha io . Figu e 4 p esen s examples o 3D models o he “As ” whea g ain de eloped using he desc ibed me hodology. The applica ion o 3D modeling signi ican ly imp o ed he accu acy o geome ic analysis, which is essen ial o op imizing hyd a ion p ocesses and enhancing whea p ocessing quali y unde eal-wo ld indus ial condi ions. Based on he analysis shown in Figu e 4, i was obse ed ha he g ain su ace exhibi s g oo es o inden a ions. Du ing hyd a ion, he a e o mois u e pene a ion h ough hese g oo es signi ican ly exceeds he di usion a e h ough o he su ace a eas. This e ec mus be conside ed when compa ing ma hema ical modeling esul s wi h expe imen al da a ha e lec he empo al and spa ial dis ibu ion o mois u e con en . The esea ch indings suppo he selec ion o “As ” and “Aleksee ich” whea a ie ies based on hei geome ic p ope ies and he analy ical me hods applied. The use o mode n measu emen ools-such as he digi al calipe , op ical mic oscope, and 3D scanne -ensu ed high da a accu acy and allowed o de ailed examina ion o c i ical g ain pa ame e s and hei impac on hyd a ion p ocesses. The in eg a ion o 3D modeling echniques enabled a mo e comp ehensi e analysis by p o iding p ecise da a on shape, su ace a ea, and olume. The combined use o hese ools and me hods no only enhanced he eliabili y o he esul s bu also con i med hei p ac ical ele ance o op imizing hyd a ion and whea p ocessing echnologies. These conclusions a e pa icula ly aluable o imp o ing he quali y o ag o-indus ial p oduc ion in he Fe gana Valley and o he egions wi h simila clima ic condi ions. The esul s ob ained can be in eg a ed in o echnological wo k lows, he eby inc easing he e iciency and p oduc i i y o g ain p ocessing ope a ions. 2.4. Hyd a ion p o ocol and s a is ical analysis. Hyd a ion expe imen s we e conduc ed on n = 50 indi idual g ains pe a ie y (“As ” and “Aleksee ich”), wi h h ee independen eplica es a each empe a u e condi ion. P io o hyd a ion, g ains we e cleaned, so ed by size o emo e ou lie s, and equilib a ed a labo a o y oom empe a u e (22 ± 1 °C). Each eplica e was imme sed in dis illed wa e a a ixed g ain- o-wa e a io o 1:20 (w/ ) o ensu e excess wa e a ailabili y. Two empe a u e egimes we e es ed: cold hyd a ion (20–25 °C) and wa m hyd a ion (40–50 °C). Wa e ba hs (±0.5 °C p ecision) we e used o main ain cons an empe a u e, and no agi a ion was applied du ing he expe imen s. Hyd a ion ime poin s we e se a 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 minu es. A each in e al, g ains we e emo ed, gen ly blo ed wi h il e pape o elimina e su ace mois u e, and immedia ely weighed using an analy ical balance (±0.001 g). The ela i e change in g ain mass was calcula ed using he ollowing equa ion: ∆𝑚(%)=100×𝑚𝑡−𝑚0 𝑚0 whe e 𝑚𝑡 is he g ain mass a ime , and 𝑚0 is he ini ial d y mass. All measu emen s a e epo ed as mean ± s anda d de ia ion (SD). S a is ical analysis was pe o med using one-way ANOVA, ollowed by Tukey’s HSD pos -hoc es o assess pai wise 107 “Al-Fa g‘oniy a lodla i” elek on ilmiy ju nali ISSN 2181-4252. Tom: 1 | Son: 3 | 2025-yil "Descendan s o Al-Fa ghani" elec onic scien i ic jou nal. ISSN 2181-4252. Vol: 1 | Iss: 3 | 2025 yea Электронный научный журнал "Потомки Аль- Фаргани" ISSN 2181-4252. Том: 1 | Выпуск: 3 | 2025 год h ps://al- a goniy.uz/ di e ences be ween a ie ies and empe a u e egimes. The signi icance h eshold was se a α = 0.05. E ec sizes we e es ima ed using Cohen’s d, and 95% con idence in e als (CI) we e calcula ed o all mean alues. Boxplo s (Figu e 6) display he dis ibu ion o g ain dimensions and hyd a ion da a. In each plo , he cen al line indica es he median, boxes ep esen he in e qua ile ange (IQR), whiske s ex end o 1.5 × IQR, and indi idual poin s beyond he whiske s a e conside ed ou lie s. 2.5. Da a analysis P e-p ocessing and quali y con ol. All aw measu emen s (leng h, wid h, hickness, and hyd a ion mass o e ime) we e sc eened o en y e o s and biologically implausible alues. Ou lie s we e iden i ied as poin s beyond 1.5×IQR in p elimina y boxplo s and we e inspec ed agains expe imen al no es (e.g., chipped ke nels, incomple e blo ing). Unless a p ocedu al e o was documen ed, alues we e e ained o p ese e na u al a iabili y; summa y plo s (Fig. 6–7) display hese poin s anspa en ly. Desc ip i e s a is ics. Fo geome ic pa ame e s and hyd a ion ou comes, mean ± s anda d de ia ion (SD) and 95% con idence in e als (CI) we e epo ed, wi h CIs compu ed as 𝑥±𝑡0.975,𝑑𝑓𝑠/√𝑡. Dis ibu ional summa ies we e isualized using boxplo s (Fig. 6) and ime-cou se cu es (Fig. 7). Assump ion checks. P io o pa ame ic in e ence, no mali y o esiduals was assessed using Shapi o–Wilk es s and Q–Q plo s, and homogenei y o a iances ac oss g oups was e alua ed by Le ene’s es . When assump ions we e no ully me , obus CIs (bias-co ec ed and accele a ed, BCa) we e ob ained ia nonpa ame ic boo s ap (10,000 esamples), and p- alues we e complemen ed by e ec sizes. In e en ial compa isons. - Geome y (Table 2; Fig. 6): Be ween- a ie y di e ences in leng h, wid h, and hickness we e es ed wi h one-way ANOVA ( ac o : Va ie y) o each dimension, ollowed by Tukey’s HSD o pai wise con as s. E ec sizes we e exp essed as Cohen’s d wi h 95% CI. - Hyd a ion endpoin (30 min): Mass gain (%) a 30 min was analyzed using wo-way ANOVA wi h ixed ac o s Va ie y (As , Aleksee ich) and Tempe a u e (20–25 °C, 40–50 °C), including he in e ac ion e m. Tukey’s HSD con olled he amily-wise e o a e o simple e ec s. Pa ial η2 was epo ed o indica e ac o impo ance. - Full ime-cou se: Because epea ed measu emen s we e aken ac oss ime wi hin eplica es, mass-gain ajec o ies we e modeled using a linea mixed-e ec s amewo k: 𝑦𝑖𝑗𝑘𝑙=𝛽0+𝛽1𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑡𝑦𝑖+𝛽2𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑗+𝛽3𝑡𝑘 +𝛽4(𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑡𝑦×𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝)𝑖𝑗 +𝛽5(𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑡𝑦×𝑡)𝑖𝑘 +𝛽6(𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝×𝑡)𝑗𝑘+𝑢𝑙+𝜖𝑖𝑗𝑘 whe e a andom in e cep 𝑢𝑙 accoun ed o eplica e (and o g ain, when acked), and ∈𝑖𝑗𝑘𝑙 deno ed he esidual. Time (min) was ea ed as con inuous and was ep esen ed wi h a es ic ed cubic spline (3 kno s) o cap u e cu a u e. Signi icance was de e mined by likelihood- a io es s (nes ed models) wi h Sa e hwai e deg ees o eedom. Model adequacy was checked h ough esidual diagnos ics (homoscedas ici y and independence ac oss ime). Empi ical kine ics and cha ac e is ic imes. Fo each condi ion (Va ie y×Tempe a u e), hyd a ion kine ics we e summa ized by i ing a Weibull- ype up ake model o he mean cu e ( eplica e-le el i s we e used in sensi i i y analysis): 𝑋(𝑡)=𝑋∞[1−𝑒𝑥𝑝{−(𝑡/𝜏)𝛽}] whe e 𝑋∞ deno es he asymp o ic gain, τ a scale pa ame e , and β a shape pa ame e . Cha ac e is ic imes we e compu ed analy ically: 𝑡50=𝜏(𝑙𝑛2)1/𝛽, 𝑡95=𝜏(𝑙𝑛20)1/𝛽 Unce ain y (95% CI) o 50 and 95 was es ima ed by nonpa ame ic boo s ap (10,000 esamples). The esul ing alues a e epo ed in Table 4 alongside di usion-model p edic ions. 108 “Al-Fa g‘oniy a lodla i” elek on ilmiy ju nali ISSN 2181-4252. Tom: 1 | Son: 3 | 2025-yil "Descendan s o Al-Fa ghani" elec onic scien i ic jou nal. ISSN 2181-4252. Vol: 1 | Iss: 3 | 2025 yea Электронный научный журнал "Потомки Аль- Фаргани" ISSN 2181-4252. Том: 1 | Выпуск: 3 | 2025 год h ps://al- a goniy.uz/ Physics-based model alida ion. Ag eemen be ween expe imen al da a and di usion simula ions (Sec ion 3.3) was quan i ied using he oo -mean- squa e e o (RMSE) o he ime cou ses and absolu e/ ela i e e o s in 50 and 95: 𝑅𝑀𝑆𝐸=√1𝑁∑(𝑋𝑒𝑥𝑝(𝑡𝑘)−𝑋𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙(𝑡𝑘))2 𝑁 𝑘=1 Mean absolu e pe cen age e o (MAPE) was addi ionally epo ed o in e p e abili y. Pa ame e sensi i i y (±20% a ound baselines in Table 3) was p opaga ed o 50 and 95 and summa ized using pa ial ank co ela ion coe icien s (PRCC). Mul iple es ing and epo ing. The o e all signi icance h eshold was se a α=0.05. Pos -hoc compa isons used Tukey’s HSD. Alongside p- alues, e ec sizes (Cohen’s d, pa ial η2) and 95% CIs we e p esen ed o emphasize p ac ical signi icance. So wa e and ep oducibili y. S a is ical analyses we e conduc ed in R (lme4, emmeans, ca ) o Py hon (s a smodels, pingouin, sciki -pos hocs), and igu es we e gene a ed wi h ggplo 2 o ma plo lib. Di usion simula ions we e un in COMSOL Mul iphysics 6.1. Analysis sc ip s and da a a e a ailable om he co esponding au ho upon easonable eques . 3.RESULTS This s udy p esen s he esul s o he analysis o geome ic pa ame e s o whea g ains om he “As ” and “Aleksee ich” a ie ies, as well as an in es iga ion in o he hyd a ion p ocess and i s e ec on changes in g ain mass. The measu emen s e ealed signi ican di e ences in he size and shape o he g ains, which di ec ly in luence he a e and ex en o mois u e abso p ion. Pa icula emphasis was placed on he e ec o wa e empe a u e on he in ensi y o hyd a ion, as well as on he modeling o mois u e dis ibu ion wi hin he g ain using ad anced 3D echniques. The indings p o ide aluable insigh s in o he dynamics o wa e up ake and highligh he c i ical ole o g ain mo phology in hyd a ion e iciency. The ob ained da a se e as a ounda ion o he op imiza ion o hyd a ion and milling p ocesses. Such op imiza ion is expec ed o signi ican ly imp o e lou quali y and educe aw ma e ial losses du ing indus ial p ocessing. 3.1. Measu emen o geome ic pa ame e s o whea g ain An essen ial aspec o he whea g ain hyd a ion p ocess is he conside a ion o i s geome ic cha ac e is ics, as he shape and size o he g ains signi ican ly in luence he a e and ex en o mois u e abso p ion. In his s udy, linea dimensions o whea g ains om he “As ” and “Aleksee ich” a ie ies we e measu ed, e ealing subs an ial di e ences in hei geome ic pa ame e s. Figu e 5 illus a es he p incipal geome ic pa ame e s o whea g ains, including leng h, wid h, and hickness. The main diag am p esen s a op iew o a g ain, clea ly indica ing i s leng h and wid h, while an enla ged segmen highligh s he hickness measu emen . These pa ame e s a e c i ical o analyzing he physical p ope ies o he g ain, which plays a signi ican ole in op imizing s o age, p ocessing, and anspo a ion p ocesses in he ag icul u al and ood indus ies. Figu e 5. Geome ic pa ame e s o whea g ain: leng h, wid h, and hickness. Table 2 summa izes he a e age geome ic cha ac e is ics o whea g ains om he “As ” and “Aleksee ich” a ie ies. As shown, he a e age leng h o “As ” g ains (5.6 mm) sligh ly exceeds ha o “Aleksee ich” g ains (5.3 mm). Simila ly, di e ences a e obse ed in wid h and hickness: he a e age wid h o “As ” g ains is 2.45 mm compa ed o 2.2 mm o “Aleksee ich”, and he hickness is 2.05 mm e sus 1.7 109 “Al-Fa g‘oniy a lodla i” elek on ilmiy ju nali ISSN 2181-4252. Tom: 1 | Son: 3 | 2025-yil "Descendan s o Al-Fa ghani" elec onic scien i ic jou nal. ISSN 2181-4252. Vol: 1 | Iss: 3 | 2025 yea Электронный научный журнал "Потомки Аль- Фаргани" ISSN 2181-4252. Том: 1 | Выпуск: 3 | 2025 год h ps://al- a goniy.uz/ mm, espec i ely. These a ia ions in linea dimensions may be a ibu ed o he gene ic ai s o he a ie ies and he condi ions unde which hey we e cul i a ed. Unde s anding hese geome ic di e ences is impo an o p edic ing g ain beha io du ing hyd a ion, as size in luences bo h he speed and uni o mi y o mois u e pene a ion. Thus, he da a p esen ed in Table 2 p o ide a basis o u he analysis and modeling o p ocesses ela ed o g ain hyd a ion and p ocessing. Table 2. A e age geome ic cha ac e is ics o whea g ain a ie ies Pa ame e As (mm) Aleksee ich (mm) Leng h 5.6 5.3 Wid h 2.45 2.2 Thickness 2.05 1.9 Figu e 6 p esen s an analysis o he a ia ions in geome ic pa ame e s o “As ” and “Aleksee ich” whea g ains. This isualiza ion clea ly depic s he ange o changes in g ain leng h, wid h, and hickness, as well as he median alues o each pa ame e . Figu e 6A in shows ha “As ” g ain leng h a ies om 5.0 o 6.2 mm, wi h a median close o he uppe bound, whe eas “Aleksee ich” g ain leng h anges om 4.8 o 5.6 mm, wi h a median nea he cen e o he ange. This indica es ha , on a e age, “As ” g ains a e longe han “Aleksee ich” g ains. Figu e 6B demons a es ha “As ” g ain wid h anges om 1.8 o 3.1 mm, while “Aleksee ich” g ains a y be ween 1.6 and 2.3 mm. The wide alue ange and highe median con i m ha “As ” g ains a e gene ally b oade . Figu e 6C shows he hickness dis ibu ion: “As ” g ains ange om 1.7 o 2.4 mm, while “Aleksee ich” g ains all wi hin 1.4 o 2.0 mm. The median hickness o “As ” g ains is g ea e han ha o “Aleksee ich”, u he a i ming “As ”'s supe io i y in his dimension. Figu e 6. Compa ison o geome ic pa ame e s o whea g ains om “As ” and “Aleksee ich” a ie ies: A) leng h. B) wid h. C) hickness. Boxplo s show median (cen e line), in e qua ile ange (box), whiske s o 1.5×IQR; poin s beyond whiske s a e ou lie s. The diag am analysis con i ms ha he “As ” a ie y has ad an ages ac oss all h ee geome ic pa ame e s-leng h, wid h, and hickness-compa ed o he “Aleksee ich” a ie y. These di e ences a e likely due o a ie al gene ic ai s and should be conside ed when selec ing a a ie y o speci ic g owing condi ions o p ocessing pu poses. The esul s can also be used o op imize echnological p ocesses associa ed wi h g ain handling and ea men . 3.2. The hyd a ion p ocess and mass change o whea g ain The hyd a ion p ocess o whea g ains was in es iga ed unde a ying wa e empe a u es and ime in e als. Changes in g ain mass indi ec ly indica e he a e o mois u e di usion and he quan i y o wa e abso bed by he g ain. Expe imen al esul s e ealed ha he mos signi ican mass inc ease occu ed when he g ains we e ea ed wi h wa m wa e (40-50°C), whe eas hyd a ion in cold wa e (20-25°C) p oceeded a a slowe a e. Figu e 7 illus a es he changes in g ain mass as a unc ion o wa e empe a u e and p ocessing ime. G ain mass was measu ed e e y 5 minu es, beginning a he 5 h minu e and concluding a he 30 h minu e o ea men . Figu e 7 p esen s he g aphs depic ing he change in mass o whea g ains om wo