Witness the Arctic - Spring 1997, Volume 5 Number 1

1 con inued on nex page ARCTIC Published by he A c ic Resea ch Conso ium o he Uni ed S a es • 600 Uni e si y A enue • Sui e 1 • Fai banks, AK 99709 Ch onicles o he A c ic Sys em Science Resea ch P og am Sp ing 1997, Volume 5 Numbe 1 GISP2 Ice Co e Is Long, Con inuous and De ailed Reco d by Ma k Twickle P edic ion and modeling o clima e change and i s e ec on he en i on- men and humankind is one o he mos challenging asks acing science oday. Knowledge o how clima e has changed in he pas is essen ial o his e o . On 1 July 1993, he G eenland Ice Shee P ojec Two (GISP2) success ully comple ed d illing 3,053.44 m o he base o he cen al G eenland Ice Shee —a 72°35'N 38°29'W, 3,200 m abo e sea le el— eco e ing he deepes ice co e eco d ha is achie able in he no he n hemisphe e. This co e and ano he om he Eu o- pean G eenland Ice Co e P ojec (GRIP), 30 km eas o GISP2, ha e yielded an unpa alleled eco d o clima ic change o e he pas 110,000 yea s. Each co e con ains concu en eco ds o many a iables a a le el o de ail ha , in many cases, cap u es annual and sea- sonal change. The co es p o ide e idence o a wide a ie y o en i onmen s, includ- ing his o ies o i es, sea-ice ex en , olca- nic ac i i y and s o miness. The co es also eco d he equency and magni ude o ex eme e en s, and elusi e cyclical componen s o he egion’s en i onmen . Simila i y o he GISP2 and GRIP eco ds is compelling e idence ha he s a ig aphy o he ice a he G eenland Summi loca ion is una ec ed by ex ensi e de o ma ion om he su ace o 2,790 m (110,000 yea s ago) and ha e en mino ea u es o he eco ds (e.g., 1-2 yea onse and e mina ion o clima e- change e en s) a e eliable. I is clea om he wo pa allel eco ds ha : • bo h ag a ian and indus ial socie ies de eloped du ing a pe iod which has exhibi ed by a he mos s able clima e o he pas 110,000 yea s, • majo changes in clima e ha e occu ed du ing he pe iod o human occupa ion in he A c ic, • clima e change has been ampli ied in he A c ic ela i e o lowe la i udes. The ollowing highligh s some o he en i onmen al eco d hus a deduced. The An h opogenic E a Rela i ely ecen inc eases in sul a e (SO4) and ni a e (NO3) p e iously The GISP2 d ill dome a Summi Camp on he G eenland Ice Shee (pho o by Deb a Meese). obse ed in ice co es om sou h G een- land ha e been iden i ied and con as ed o ea lie a mosphe ic condi ions eco ded in he GISP2 co e. An obse ed inc ease in chlo ide a GISP2, as o he 1940s, is belie ed o be a by-p oduc o ni a e and sul a e gene a ed by human ac i i ies; he la e a e belie ed o aid in ola iliza ion o hyd ochlo ic acid om sea-sal ae osol. Li le Ice Age and Medie al Wa m Pe iod The Li le Ice Age (LIA) and Medie al Wa m Pe iod (MWP) a e he mos ecen examples o condi ions coole and wa me , espec i ely, han he p esen cen u y. The eco ds o ca bon dioxide (CO2), s able iso opes, majo ions, accumula ion 2 The GISP2 P og am GISP2 is a p og am o he NSF A c ic Sys em Science (ARCSS) P og am. In es iga o s om 22 ins i u ions adminis- e 20 p og ams making 46 ypes o measu emen s on he ice co e. Nine o he p og ams p o ide in o ma ion necessa y o in e p e a ion o he eco d (e.g., a mosphe ic measu emen s; see page 4). GISP2 in es iga o s wish o acknowl- edge he NSF O ice o Pola P og ams o i s suppo and encou agemen ; he Pola Ice Co ing O ice o he Uni e si y o Neb aska (1987-1989) and Uni e si y o Alaska Fai banks (1989-1993) o d illing and logis ic suppo ; he 109 h Ai Na ional Gua d (Sco ia, New Yo k) o many yea s o close coope a ion, suppo and en husiasm; he U.S. Na ional Ice Co e Labo a o y o cu a o ial and scien- i ic assis ance; and GRIP colleagues o he seasons sha ed as neighbo s in cen al G eenland. The G eenlandic and Danish Go e nmen s kindly g an ed pe mission o GISP2 o wo k in G eenland. The Science Managemen O ice (SMO) also hanks colleagues (scien is s, d ille s, suppo c ews) o un linching dedica ion, e o s and cama ade ie h oughou he GISP2 ield econnais- sance (1987-1988) and d illing seasons (1989-1993); wi hou hem, GISP2 would no ha e been a success. Ma k Twickle is he Associa e Di ec o o he GISP2 SMO a he Uni e si y o New Hampshi e in Du ham. Fea u e A icle a e and pa icles in he GISP2 co e suppo he ollowing obse a ions: • The LIA appea s o span he pe iod om AD 1400±50 yea s (depending upon measu emen ype) o AD 1900. • The sensi i e oxygen iso ope eco d om GISP2 indica es ha he e was a ela i ely subdued empe a u e e ec a his si e du ing he LIA. • Accumula ion a e, a unc ion o anspo dis ance om he ocean plus empe a u e en ou e, is gene ally lowe du ing he LIA han he MWP. • Le els o dus om con inen al sou ces and ma ine sea sal s inc eased du ing he LIA. • The LIA is cha ac e ized by he mos apid onse o all he Holocene cold pe iods eco ded he e and co ela ed wi h o he paleoclima e eco ds. • Measu emen s o CO2 in ai bubbles indica e ha , be ween AD 1530-1810, a mosphe ic CO2 le els emained ela i ely cons an . A e his pe iod, concen a ions ise a he ab up ly and smoo hly. This ag ees wi h a mosphe ic obse a ions a Mauna Loa Volcano Obse a o y in Hawaii. • Indi idual olcanic signa u es ha e been s udied in he GISP2 co e by measu ing elec ical conduc i i y and he p esence o sul a e and pa icles om olcanic sou ces. Al hough olcanoes cause p ominen , sho -li ed coolings, hey do no appea o be a majo o cing agen on clima e a a mul i-decadal scale. The Younge D yas and O he Rapid Clima e-Change E en s T ansi ions in o he P ebo eal, Younge D yas (YD) and Holocene each occu ed o e a pe iod o a decade o less. E idence om he GISP2 co e con i ms ha he YD was an e en o 1300±70 yea s du a ion ha e mina ed ab up ly 11,640 yea s be o e p esen (BP), as e i- denced by a 7°C ise in empe a u e and a wo old inc ease in accumula ion a e. The end o he YD was, acco dingly, he mos signi ican apid clima e-change e en du - ing he las No h A lan ic deglacia ion. Iso opic empe a u e eco ds show 23 in e glacial e en s be ween 110,000 and 15,000 yea s BP. These millennial-scale eo ganiza ions o he clima e sys em ep- esen qui e la ge de ia ions—p obably many deg ees C in empe a u e, wo old changes in snow accumula ion, o de -o - magni ude changes in windblown dus and sea-sal loading, and almos a wo old inc ease in me hane (CH4). These e en s a e obse ed in local clima ic indica o s (e.g., snow accumula- ion a e, iso opic composi ion o snow, bo h linked o empe a u e), in egional clima ic indica o s (e.g., windblown sea sal , con inen al dus ), and in egional- o- global indica o s (e.g., a mosphe ic con- cen a ions o CH4, CO2, ni a e, ammo- nium). Some e en s a e eadily iden i ied in he ocean-sedimen eco d in egions c i ical o global ocean ci cula ion. Ga he ing Mo e E idence Wi h GISP2 d illing comple e, in es i- ga o s a e wo king o de elop new ice-co e eco ds o he Sou he n Hemisphe e and o ill in egional de ails a ound he wo ld. The eco e y o ice co es om An a c ic si es wi h accumula ion a es simila o hose a GISP2 will allow compa ison o bo h pola eco ds. Con inued ice-co ing ac i i ies a coss he A c ic (e.g., no h G eenland, he A c ic Islands o Canada and Russia) and a high-ele a ion si es a ound he wo ld (e.g., Asia, Sou h Ame ica) a e essen ial o unde s anding egional clima e e en s and linking exis ing paleoclima e eco ds. Fo mo e in o ma ion, see he GISP2 Web si e (h p://www.gisp2.s .unh.edu/ gisp2) o con ac Ma k Twickle (603/ 862-1991; ax 603/862-2124; [email p o ec ed]). - GISP2 in es iga o s logging a eshly d illed 6-m ice co e in he d ill dome (pho o by Ma k Twickle ). 3 collec ion ac oss he ARCSS P og am. These ini ial discussions may be ollowed by a planning wo kshop in 1997. Ha ing comple ed hei wo k, he Da a Managemen and Modeling Wo king G oups will be dissol ed. The AC and Ledbe e acknowledged he con ibu ions o he wo king g oups o he ARCSS P og am. Se e al new membe s will be appoin ed o he AC o add ess in eg a ion and syn hesis. W. Be y Lyons has esigned as AC chai , pending appoin men o a new chai . Recen obliga ions p e en him om p o iding he leade ship ha he eels he ARCSS communi y dese es. Jack K use, Di ec o o he Ins i u e o Social and Economic Resea ch a he Uni e si y o Alaska Ancho age, has been nomina ed o he posi ion. K use has a b oad in e disci- plina y unde s anding o a c ic sys em science and has demons a ed excellen abili y o os e p oduc i e communi y in e ac ions and esea ch e o s. New AC membe s a e Lloyd Keigwin (Woods Hole Oceanog aphic Ins i u e), Da ell Kau man (U ah S a e Uni e si y), and John Wea he ly (Na ional Co po a- ion o A mosphe ic Resea ch) ep esen - ing GISP2, PALE and OAII, espec i ely. The AC will mee nex in ea ly Oc obe 1997; he loca ion is no ye de e mined. Fo mo e in o ma ion, con ac ARCSS P og am Di ec o Mike Ledbe e (703/ 306-1029; ax␣ 703/306-0648; mledbe @ ns .go ) o Douglas Siegel-Causey (703/ 306-1029; ax 703/306-0648; dsiegel@ns . go ), o see he ARCSS Web si e (h p:// a css.colo ado.edu). Fo in o ma ion abou he ARCSS Commi ee and ARCSS publi- ca ions, e e o he ARCUS Web si e (h p://a cus.pola ne .com). ARCSS P og am Upda es ARCSS Resea ch Communi y P epa es New Science Plan The second d a o he new P og am Plan o a Russian-Ame ican Ini ia i e on Shel -Land En i onmen s in he A c ic (RAISE) is now a ailable o e iew and commen on he ARCUS Web si e a <h p://a cus.pola ne .com/RAISE>. Submi commen s by 6 June 1997 o S e e Fo man, Uni e si y o Illinois a Chicago (312/413-9404; ax 312/413-2279; [email p o ec ed]). RAISE D a A ailable o Re iew A he Oc obe 1996 mee ing o he ARCSS Commi ee (AC), membe s p epa ed o one o hei mos signi ican esponsibili ies o he esea ch commu- ni y—de elopmen o a new ARCSS science plan. The exis ing plan, A c ic Sys em Science: A Plan o In eg a ion, was published in 1993. Since hen, a c ic sys em esea ch has made much p og ess; ecen indings ha e opened new a eas o inqui y and augmen ed oppo uni ies o syn hesis and in eg a ion o exis ing da a. Rep esen a i es o each majo scien i ic elemen o he ARCSS P og am ga he ed in Janua y 1997 in Be keley o begin wo k on he new science plan. The plan in eg a es ecommenda ions om he May 1996 All-In es iga o Wo kshop and o he ARCSS P og am planning e o s. I inco po a es ARCSS indings, ou lines eme ging ques ions and key a eas o syn- hesis and in eg a ion, and ecommends new esea ch p io i ies. The new plan, Towa d P edic ion o he A c ic Sys em—P edic ing Fu u e S a es o he A c ic Sys em on Seasonal- o-Cen u y Time Scales by In eg a ing Obse a ions, P ocess Resea ch, Modeling, and Assessmen , emphasizes ha global changes o signi i- cance in he A c ic a e no limi ed o clima e. The ARCSS P og am seeks o unde s and clima e e ec s in he con ex o o he po en ially impo an o ces o change; he plan u ges addi ional in es - men s in esea ch—in pa ne ship wi h a c ic communi ies and o he ede al and s a e p og ams— o u he add ess a c ic sys em and global en i onmen al change. The ollowing objec i es a e iden i ied: • De elop a comp ehensi e unde s anding o pas en i onmen al a iabili y in he A c ic. • Scale-up mode n en i onmen al assessmen s om he egional o he ci cuma c ic. • In eg a e ou knowledge in o p edic i e models o clima e change in he A c ic. • In eg a e ou knowledge o he a c ic sys em in o models o global change. • Valida e hese models wi h obse a ions o pas clima e changes and wi h s udies o p ocesses ha ha e la ge e ec s on clima e eedbacks. Towa d P edic ion o he A c ic Sys em will be a ailable o communi y e iew in May 1997 and will be published by ARCUS in June. A he Oc obe 1996 mee ing, he AC e iewed he d a People and he A c ic: A P ospec us o Resea ch on he Human Dimensions o he A c ic Sys em and ecommended ha his new ini ia i e be inco po a ed in o he ARCSS P og am (see page 7). The p ospec us has been ex ensi ely e iewed by a c ic esea che s, policymake s, and a c ic indigenous peoples. I will be published in May 1997. The AC o wa ded commen s on he d a Land/A mosphe e/Ice In e ac ions (LAII) upda ed science plan (see page 5) o he LAII Science S ee ing Commi ee (SSC) and u ged he Ocean/A mosphe e/ Ice In e ac ions (OAII) SSC o p epa e an upda ed plan e lec ing he signi ican p og ess and eme ging ques ions in OAII (see page 5). ARCSS P og am Di ec o Mike Ledbe e ecommended ha he Paleo- clima es om A c ic Lakes and Es ua ies (PALE) p og am become pa o he newly o med NSF Ea h Sys em His o y (ESH) ini ia i e (see page 6). The G eenland Ice Shee P ojec (GISP2) has comple ed i s mission (see Fea u e, page 1); Ledbe e sugges ed ha u u e paleoen i onmen al s udies o he a c ic sys em, including ice co ing, be planned join ly unde he aegis o ESH and he ARCSS P og am. Following he mee ing, he AC explo ed wi h he esea ch communi y ways in which an in eg a ed paleoen i onmen al ini ia i e could p o ide a model o b oade empo al and spa ial unde s and- ing o he a c ic sys em, and could imp o e syn hesis, in eg a ion and da a e • • m P m 4 ARCSS P og am Upda es NSF Tes s Feasibili y o Win e S udies a Summi Camp Du ing he Win e o 1997-98, he NSF O ice o Pola P og ams (OPP) A c ic Sys em Science P og am will suppo he i s o e win e ield expe imen a Summi Camp on he G eenland Ice Shee . F om June 1997 o Ap il 1998, ou ield s a will main ain li e-suppo sys ems a he si e, ope a e ins umen s, conduc expe imen s and collec samples in es iga ing ai -snow exchange p ocesses on behal o ins i u- ions in he Uni ed S a es and Eu ope. The s udies a e designed o de e mine: • he ac o s ha con ol he composi ion o ai jus abo e he ice shee , • how closely he composi ion o snow e lec s ha o he ai , and • he p ocesses esponsible o ai -snow exchange o wa e , ene gy and chemical compounds h ough he win e . The GISP2 and GRIP deep d illing p og ams a Summi ha e eco e ed de ailed eco ds o he physical and chemical a ia ions in he longes ice co es ha can e e be d illed in he No he n Hemisphe e (see Fea u e, page 1). Clea ly, glaciochemical eco ds ha e isen o new p ominence as a esul o he unp ece- den ed esolu ion o sampling conduc ed o GISP2 and GRIP, as well as he new s a is ical and ime-se ies ools de eloped o in e p e a ion o he da a. These d illing p og ams suppo ed ex ensi e in es iga ion o a mosphe ic anspo and ai -snow exchange p ocesses o gases and pa icles eaching he a mo- sphe e di ec ly abo e Summi . Un il now, howe e , in es iga ions o ai -snow ela ionships ha e been limi ed o he summe season (la e-Ap il h ough ea ly- Sep embe ). Unde s anding he me eo o- logical, physical and chemical p ocesses ha in e ac o de e mine he composi ion o snow and i n a Summi du ing win e will os e quan i a i e econs uc ion o he chemical composi ion o he a mo- sphe e o e G eenland in he pas a he same empo al esolu ion now p o ided by he Summi ice co es. Samples and da a collec ed du ing he o e win e expe imen will be analyzed a he Uni e si y o New Hampshi e, Cold Regions Resea ch and Enginee ing Labo- a o y (see Membe Inse , his issue), Uni e si y o A izona, Uni e si y o Cali o nia a I ine, Ca negie Mellon Uni e si y, Uni e si y o Wisconsin a Milwaukee, Uni e si y o Colo ado, he Finnish Me eo ological Ins i u e, Labo a oi e de Glaciologie e Geophysique de l’En i onmen , and Uni e si y Heidelbe g. Two addi ional p ojec s om he Danish Me eo ological Ins i u e and Na ional En i onmen al Resea ch Ins i u e will also ha e ins umen a ion a he si e. The Pola Ice Co ing O ice (PICO) a he Uni e si y o Neb aska-Lincoln and coope a ing au ho i ies in G eenland and Denma k will p o ide logis ic suppo . Success ul comple ion o his expe imen al season will p o ide unique yea - ound da a on chemis y and exchange p ocesses, and is expec ed o pa e he way o a manned p esence yea - ound a Summi o se e al yea s in o he u u e. In e na- ional in e es in such a s a ion has al eady been exp essed, leading OPP and he Danish Pola Cen e o schedule a wo k- shop in May 1997 o explo e he ange o scien i ic p ojec s ha could make use o a yea - ound Summi s a ion (see box). Con ac Jack Dibb a he Uni e si y o New Hampshi e in Du ham (603/862- 3063; ax 603/862-2124; jack.dibb@unh. edu) ega ding he 1997-98 o e win e expe imen s; Ma ijane England a PICO in Lincoln, NE (402/472-9833; ax 402/ 472-9832; [email p o ec ed]) ega ding ope a ions, o ARCSS P og am Di ec o Mike Ledbe e (703/306-1029; ax 703/ 306-0648; [email p o ec ed]) ega ding long- e m plans o Summi . In an icipa ion o a success ul Win e 1997-98 pilo p ojec (see a icle his page), he NSF O ice o Pola P og ams and he Danish Pola Cen e a e join ly suppo ing a small wo kshop 21-22 May 1997 a he Kange lussuaq In e na ional Science Cen e in G eenland o explo e join in e es in science p og ams ha could u ilize a new o e win e capabili y a he Summi Camp a 10,000' on he G eenland Ice Shee . In a le e dis ibu ed o he esea ch communi y in Feb ua y 1997, NSF in i ed esea che s in all disciplines o submi b ie desc ip ions o esea ch p ojec s ha could bene i om his capabili y— esea ch p ojec s ha could be enhanced, o example, by measu emen s o a ull annual cycle a his al i ude o by he da k skies and clea , s ill condi ions expe ienced a Summi in win e . Fo mo e in o ma ion, con ac ARCSS P og am Di ec o Mike Ledbe e (703/306-1029; ax 703/306-0648; [email p o ec ed]) o A c ic Na u al Sciences P og am Di ec o Odile de La Beauja die e (703/306-1029; ax 703/306-0648; [email p o ec ed]). G eenland O e win e S udies Mee ing The G eenland Summi Camp is loca ed a 3,207 m abo e sea le el a 72 ° 35'N, 38 ° 29'W longi ude ( igu e cou esy o GISP2 Science Managemen O ice). Summi Camp 3000 1500 2000 2500 2500 60°N 68° 72° 78° 92°W76°W44°W 12°W 4°12°E 300 km 5 a e comple ing he SBI Resea ch Plan, which will be published in Ap il 1997. SBI is a de eloping OAII p og am ha will in es iga e he e ec s o global change on physical o cing, biogeochemical ans o ma ions, bio ic s uc u e and human in e ac ions wi hin he a c ic ecosys em (see Wi ness, Au umn 1996). The OAII All-Hands Mee ing and Planning Wo kshop will be held 8-10 May 1997 in Vi ginia Beach, Vi ginia o e iew scien i ic p og ess and o discuss u u e p io i ies. All in e es ed pa ies a e encou aged o a end. Fo mo e in o ma ion, e e o he OAII Web si e (h p://www.ccpo.odu. edu) o con ac Louis Codispo i a he OAII Science Managemen O ice (757/ 683-5770; ax 757/683-5550; lou@ccpo. odu.edu) o OAII SSC Chai Jackie G ebmeie (423/974-2592; ax 423/974- 3067; [email p o ec ed]). •Ca bon s o age and sensi i i y Ca bon s o age and sensi i i y o change—pas , p esen and u u e—in di e en a c ic ecosys ems. Lead au ho s: Chien-Lu Ping (pas ) and Da id McGui e ( u u e). O he opics cu ac oss he majo syn hesis hemes: • new echniques and ools used in LAII, • he sys em pe spec i e de eloped o LAII, and • o e all assessmen o he achie emen s and limi a ions o he LAII p og am. A syn hesis mee ing, open o in i ed pa icipan s, will ake place on O cas Island, Washing on on 22-29 June 1997. A ha mee ing, d a pape s on he opics ou lined abo e will be p esen ed and discussed o u he esol e linkages, in p epa a ion o publica ion. Fo mo e in o ma ion, con ac Pa icia A. Ande son (907/474-5698; ax: 907/474- 6722; [email p o ec ed]) o Gun e Welle (907/474-7371; ax 907/474-7290; [email p o ec ed]). ARCSS P og am Upda es Fi s OAII In es iga o Wo kshop Is Open o All LAII Mo es In o Syn hesis o Cu en Phase Majo nea - e m ac i i ies o he Ocean/A mosphe e/Ice In e ac ion (OAII) esea ch p og am include ini ia ing he main Su ace Hea Budge o he A c ic Ocean (SHEBA) ield expe imen , upda ing he OAII Science Plan, publish- ing he Shel Basin In e ac ions Resea ch Plan, and holding he i s OAII All- Hands Mee ing and Planning Wo kshop. SHEBA managemen has selec ed a Canadian iceb eake as he esea ch pla o m ha will be ozen o one yea in pack ice in he sou heas po ion o he Canada Basin. Obse a ions will be aken du ing all seasons. Plans a e being made o accommoda e non-SHEBA expe imen s on a space-a ailable basis. In coope a ion wi h SCICEX ‘97, SHEBA obse a ions will include da a collec ed om a S u geon-class nuclea subma ine p o ided by he U.S. Na y. Scien i ic p og ams suppo ed by he subma ine ecei e unding om he O ice o Na al Resea ch and NSF. The OAII Science S ee ing Commi ee (SSC) is upda ing he OAII Ini ial Science Plan, i s published in Augus 1992. The basis o he upda ed plan will be ha : • he gene al p io i ies ou lined in he Science Plan a e s ill alid, • a mosphe ic sciences wa an mo e a en ion, • signi ican esul s ha e eme ged om OAII esea ch, and • hese esul s will ha e a majo in luence on de elopmen o new hypo heses. Fo example, da a collec ed by SCICEX c uises (see Wi ness, Sp ing 1996) and he A c ic Ocean Sec ion expedi ion (see Wi ness, Au umn 1995), ha e s imula ed discussion abou whe he o no expansion o wa m A lan ic wa e s in o he Canada Basin ep esen s a cyclical change. The e is inc easing ecogni ion ha ci cula ion in he Canada Basin may lip- lop be ween wo dis inc modes. Pa icipan s a he Sep embe 1996 Shel -Basin In e ac ion (SBI) wo kshop The Land/A mosphe e/Ice In e ac ions (LAII) Ma ch 1997 All-In es iga o mee ing in Sea le, Washing on ini ia ed he syn hesis p ocess and planning o he nex phase, which begins wi h elease o an Announcemen o Oppo uni y by NSF in June 1997. The LAII syn hesis will include pape s on se e al majo opics: • T ace-gas luxes: Sou ces and sinks o ace gases (ca bon dioxide and me hane); in e annual and seasonal a iabili y, and spa ial dis ibu ion o ace-gas luxes. Lead au ho s: Wal Oechel and Bill Reebu gh. • Landscape e olu ion: Tund a la e- succession a oidance hypo hesis; e ec s o landscape e olu ion on key ecosys em p ocesses, animals and people. Lead au ho : Skip Walke . •De ec ion o change: E idence o changes in empe a u e, pe ma os , glacie s, CO2 lux, a c ic ci cula ion, species, sea le el, s o m su ges, e c.; sen- si i i y and ime lag o hese pa ame e s o change. Lead au ho : Ma k Se eze. • Snow and he win e egime: Snow- co e p ope ies and hei impo ance o ege a ion, pe ma os , ene gy balance, ace-gas luxes, humans and o he animals. Lead au ho : Ma hew S u m. •Feedback p ocesses: Albedo and ace- gas eedbacks o a c ic ecosys ems o he egional and global clima e, including ege a ion con ols on su ace luxes, and he e ec s o su ace luxes on a c ic egional clima e. Lead au ho : Amanda Lynch. • Hyd ologic cycle: Hyd ologic connec- ions be ween he land and ocean, p ima ily he expo o wa e and dissol ed and pa icula e ma e om he land o he ocean. Lead au ho : Jim McNama a. • Scaling: Spa ial a iabili y, sampling and scaling in ela ion o egional assessmen s o ace-gas luxes, based on sampling echniques and case s udies om he LAII p og am. Lead au ho : F i z Nelson. 6 ARCSS P og am Upda es A he Oc obe 1996 mee ing o he ARCSS Commi ee (AC), NSF ARCSS P og am Di ec o Mike Ledbe e announced his ecommenda ions ha PALE become pa o he O ice o Pola P og ams (OPP) con ibu ion o he newly o med NSF Ea h Sys em His o y (ESH) ini ia i e. ESH is he U.S. con ibu ion o Pas Global Changes (PAGES), a co e p ojec o he In e na ional Geosphe e-Biosphe e P og amme (IGBP). PALE is an impo - an elemen o he PAGES ocus on Paleoclima e and En i onmen al Va iabil- i y in Pola Regions; inco po a ing his p og am in o ESH would cla i y lines o adminis a ion. O he ad an ages include: • inc eased unding o p ojec s, • clea ly a icula ed PALE science objec- i es as p io i ies o ESH p oposals, • highe isibili y o PALE, and • s eng hened connec ions wi h scien is s wo king in o he geog aphic a eas. A his and se e al subsequen mee ings, he AC, he PALE Science S ee ing Commi ee (SSC), and PALE in es iga o s: • asse ed ha ARCSS should e ain a s ong paleoen i onmen al componen , and • ad oca ed s ongly ha ideas o mul idisciplina y a c ic esea ch and in ellec ual con ac s ini ia ed a he May 1996 ARCSS All-In es iga o Wo kshop (see Wi ness, Fall 1996) con inue o be in eg a ed wi h PALE. He man Zimme man, P og am Di ec o o he NSF A mosphe ic Sciences Paleoclima e P og am (which adminis e s ESH), assu ed he SSC ha PALE would emain an ARCSS p og am and ha he e would be no addi ional adminis a i e expec a ions unde ESH. Monies cu en ly allo ed o PALE would be ans e ed o he gene al ESH und; PALE would e ain i s iden i y as an a ea o special in e es wi hin ESH. The scien i ic ocus and esea ch ques ions o PALE emain he same, as do in e ac ions wi h he ARCSS P og am and he Ci cumA c ic PaleoEn i onmen s (CAPE) p og am, an in e na ional umb ella o ganiza ion ins iga ed by PALE esea che s wi hin IGBP/PAGES. This plan was p esen ed o he ESH S ee ing Commi ee in Decembe 1996. Acco dingly, PALE will be lis ed in he ESH announcemen as an a ea o emphasis in 1997 and will be included in all ARCSS li e a u e as well. The p oposal deadline will change om 1 Oc obe o 15 Janua y. P incipal in es iga o s seeking enewal awa ds o ield p ojec s beginning in ea ly 1998 may con ac Zimme man (hzimme m@ns . go ) ega ding lexibili y on he deadline. Fo mo e in o ma ion abou ESH- PALE, please con ac PALE SSC Co-chai s (con ac in o ma ion below). PALE Leade ship in CAPE PALE p incipal in es iga o s me in Lammi, Finland in Ap il 1997 a he i s wo king mee ing o he CAPE p og am (see Wi ness, Au umn 1996). This mee ing ocused on 1000-yea ime-slice econ- s uc ions o he A c ic, based on p e- mee ing syn heses by egional wo king g oups. The goals o he mee ing we e o: • syn hesize egional econs uc ions, and • compa e he obse a ional da abase o clima e model simula ions. The PALE Da a Coo dina ion g oup compiled CAPE me ada a (e.g., la i ude, longi ude, ele a ion) o nea ly 700 e es- ial and ma ine si es a ound he A c ic. The PALE Da a Coo dina ion G oup and Paul Mo in (Uni e si y o Minneso a) con inue o a chi e CAPE da a and pu sue isual ep esen a ion o syn heses. The esul ing p oduc s will be a ailable on he PALE Web si e (see below). Mo e Da a-Coo dina ion Achie emen s As a esul o collabo a ion wi h he Na ional Oceanic and A mosphe ic Adminis a ion (NOAA) Paleoclima ology P og am, he PALE da abase is now a ail- able on he PALE Web si e. Da a include: • pollen and o he eco ds om Be ingia, • Lake Basin da a o he PALE Mode n Calib a ion Ne wo k on Ba in Island, and • pollen and o he eco ds om he NW A lan ic egion. Th ough he Web si e, PALE esea che s can ale he PALE Da a Coo dina ion G oup o new si es o inclusion. The goal is o e en ually include all si es whe e PALE esea ch is being o has been conduc ed. Paleoen i onmen al A las o Be ingia The p elimina y e sion o he Paleo- en i onmen al A las o Be ingia is a ailable o e iew and use a <h p://www.ngdc. noaa.go /paleo/pale/a las.h ml>. The A las is an In e ne documen designed o p o ide access o di e se paleoen i onmen al da a and syn heses om he a c ic egion as hey become a ailable (see Wi ness, Au umn 1996). Da a manage s a e cu en ly inco po- a ing si es and p esen ing pollen pe cen - ages a 0, 6,000, 11,000 and 21,000 yea s be o e p esen . All Be ingian esea che s a e encou aged o e iew he A las, o e sugges ions a his ea ly s age o de elop- men , and submi eco ds o inclusion. To do so, con ac Ma C oss a he ARCSS Da a Coo dina ion Cen e in Boulde , CO (303/492-5532; ax 303/ 492-2468; [email p o ec ed]). The A las is being cons uc ed in collabo a ion wi h he NOAA Paleo- clima ology g oup. PALE esea che s Pa Ande son, Pa Ba lein and Ma y Edwa ds o m an ad hoc A las Commi ee. O he Wo kshops In addi ion o helping sponso he CAPE Mee ing, PALE suppo ed a Fall 1996 wo kshop on annually lamina ed lake sedimen s and a Ma ch 1997 wo k- shop on A c ic Paleohyd ology, a he Uni e si y o Cali o nia Los Angeles. In Fall 1997, PALE and NSF-OPP will con ene a Be ingia wo kshop. Fo mo e in o ma ion, e e o he PALE Web si e (h p://www.ngdc.noaa. go /paleo/index.h ml), o con ac Jay Moo e a he PALE Science Managemen O ice in Boulde , CO (303/492-0246; ax 303/492-6388; [email p o ec ed]. edu) o PALE SSC Co-chai s Pa icia M. Ande son (206/543-0569; ax 206/543- 3836; [email p o ec ed]) and Gi o d Mille (303/492-6962; ax 303/ 492-6388; [email p o ec ed]). PALE Me ges wi h NSF Ea h Sys ems His o y Ini ia i e 7 ARCSS P og am Upda es New Ini ia i e Seeks Regional and In eg a i e Syn heses People and he A c ic—A P ospec us o Resea ch on he Human Dimensions o he A c ic Sys em p esen s a s a egy o inco po a e esea ch on human in e ac- ions wi h a c ic en i onmen al change in o exis ing a c ic sys em science esea ch. This esea ch ini ia i e is a esponse o he 1993 ecommenda ion in A c ic Sys em Science: A Plan o In eg a ion ha human/en i onmen al in e ac ions be inco po a ed in o ARCSS esea ch. Tha ecommenda ion was based upon obse a ions ha : • humans a e a ca alys o change on global, egional and local scales; • changes in he A c ic a e ied his o ically o bo h local and global p ocesses; • some physical changes ha o igina e in he A c ic p opaga e o lowe la i udes, changing ai and sea empe a u es, and a ec ing economies; • he A c ic is expec ed o expe ience ampli ied clima e change e ec s and is, he e o e, seen as an ea ly wa ning sys em o global changes ha will ul ima ely a ec o he a eas as well; • he expe ience o a c ic peoples, whose su i al has depended upon adap abil- i y, is ins uc i e o humans elsewhe e in he wo ld who a e s i ing o accom- moda e exace ba ed luc ua ions and accele a ing a es o change in hei na u al and social en i onmen s. The Human Dimensions o he A c ic Sys em (HARC) ini ia i e is, hus, designed o b oaden unde s anding o he a c ic sys em, o assis a c ic peoples o espond o he e ec s o la ge-scale changes, and o elucida e he e ec s o change in he a c ic sys em on people who li e ou side he A c ic. The ini ia i e p o- ides a signi ican oppo uni y o in eg a e ecosys em and clima e s udies wi h a b oad ange o he social sciences. The human-dimensions ques ions a e o ganized wi hin i e esea ch hemes: • Wha a e he impac s o human ac i i y on a c ic and global sys ems? • Wha a e he ypes and sou ces o global change in he A c ic? • Wha a e he e ec s o global changes on human socie ies in he␣ A c ic? • Wha a e al e na i e app oaches o cu en p ac ices? • Wha a e he e ec s o changes in he a c ic sys em on people li ing ou side he A c ic? Each o hese esea ch hemes is elabo a ed upon by a discussion o possible esea ch ques ions, he ele ance o each, and he ma u i y and ac abili y o each in he con ex o exis ing esea ch. The ocus o he HARC ini ia i e on compa a i e and place-based s udy o he A c ic is an impo an con ibu ion owa d he egional and in eg a i e syn heses ha a e uni e sally sough bu no ye widely achie ed. In oduc ion o human dimen- sions o a c ic sys em models en ails a subs an ial inc ease in complexi y. The challenges include: • combining he in e ac ions be ween di e en subsys ems (e.g., e es ial hyd ology, ishe ies ecology, human economics, human popula ion); • modeling changes o e a pe iod o decades; and • modeling hese changes a a egional scale in a way ha e ec i ely add esses la ge -scale p oblems ele an o global change scena ios. Resea che s ha e emphasized he impo ance o adap ing he me hodologies o he di e se science disciplines ha will con ibu e o HARC, so ha he me hods and he da a hey gene a e can be linked wi h o he social and biophysical science indings o add ess a c ic sys em conce ns. These include me hodologies used in he social sciences such as su eys, o al his o- ies, census da a, heal h eco ds, ships logs and a i ac s, as well as hose mo e commonly used in he na u al sciences such as modeling and Geog aphic In o ma ion Sys ems (GIS). The p ospec us ecommends s ongly ha HARC esea che s—indeed all a c ic esea che s— ollow he P inciples o he Conduc o Resea ch in he A c ic, p omul- ga ed by he In e agency A c ic Resea ch Policy Commi ee, as well as guidelines es ablished o each espec i e social science discipline and by he ele an go e nmen s. The HARC P ospec us ecommends s ong educa ional componen s ha link scien is s and esea ch wi h a c ic esi- den s. This educa ional goal is o be e lec ed in p oposal designs, g an awa ds, and implemen a ion and dissemi- na ion o esul s. Whe e esea ch is ela ed o he li es o people in no he n commu- ni ies, hose communi ies should ha e a p ima y ole in i s de elopmen . This coope a ion will con ibu e o a be e unde s anding o a c ic sys ems and o he ac i e de elopmen o no he n sciences h ough adi ional knowledge and expe ience. Ini ial ecommenda ions o he HARC p ospec us we e de eloped a a communi y wo kshop in Oc obe 1995 and ha e subsequen ly unde gone conside able e iew and discussion by a c ic esea che s, policymake s and a c ic indigenous peoples. The P ospec us will be a ailable om ARCUS in May 1997. Fo mo e in o ma ion, see he ARCUS Web si e (h p://a cus.pola ne .com), o con ac ARCSS Associa e P og am Di ec o Douglas Siegel-Causey (703/306-1029; ax 703/306-0648; [email p o ec ed]). Ella Tulik aking down d ied he ing a Umkumiu ish camp in Alaska. Many illage s in wes e n Alaska depend on he ing o a la ge pa o hei annual ood supply (© James H. Ba ke ). 8 The Russian ma i ime A c ic: s ic ly de ined by Russian au ho i ies, he No he n Sea Rou e s e ches om he sou he n ip o No aya Zemlya o Be ing S ai (illus a ion by Lawson B igham, adap ed by Ma y Peale). 500 km NORTH POLE Ba en s Sea Chukchi Sea Eas Sibe ian Sea Lap e Sea Ka a Sea New Sibe ian Islands W angel Island No aya Zemlya F anz Jose Land S alba d Se e naya Zemlya ARCTIC OCEAN 70°80°70° ✪ FINLAND ALASKA RUSSIA SWEDEN Dikson Magadan Tiksl No il’sk A khangel’sk • • • • Pe ek • • • Kolyma R. Anady R Lena R. Yenisey R. Ob’ R. A c i c C i c l e Mu mansk 300 nm No he n Sea Rou e NORWAY ➘ Sea o Okh osk A c ic Policy News No he n Sea Rou e D aws In e na ional In ol emen by Lawson B igham The coas al seas and i e s o he Rus- sian A c ic cons i u e a as a c ic ma ine anspo a ion sys em. The USSR de o ed a huge capi al in es men o he No he n Sea Rou e (NSR) and de eloped a la ge pola lee including nuclea - powe ed iceb eake s. Since he la e 1970s, yea - ound na iga ion ac oss he Ba en s and Ka a seas o he Yenisey Ri e has sup- po ed he indus ial complex a No il’sk. Recen yea s ha e wi nessed a dec ease in ma ine a ic along he NSR. Today, Russia is challenged o ully open he ou e and all a c ic po s, and o de elop he NSR as an economically iable in e na- ional wa e way. In e na ional in e es in gaining access o he Russian A c ic ia he NSR appea s o be s ong. In e na ional No he n Sea Rou e P og amme The In e na ional No he n Sea Rou e P og amme (INSROP) is a majo a c ic ini ia i e designed o build a knowledge base abou he NSR. Concei ed in he la e 1980s in esponse o Mikhail Go bache ’s Oc obe 1987 Mu mansk speech on in e - na ional and a c ic a ai s, his mul idisci- plina y esea ch aims o os e in o med decisions ega ding use o he NSR. Public and p i a e sponso s in Japan, No way and Russia a e ep esen ed by a esea ch commi ee composed o he Ship and Ocean Founda ion (Tokyo, Japan), he F id jo Nansen Ins i u e (Lysake , No - way) and he Cen al Ma ine Resea ch and Design Ins i u e (S . Pe e sbu g, Russia). Since 1993, INSROP-sponso ed esea ch has p oduced mo e han 110 echnical epo s wi hin ou subp og ams: • Na u al Condi ions and Ice Na iga ion; • En i onmen al Fac o s; • T ade and Comme cial Shipping; and • Poli ical, Legal and S a egic Fac o s. Wi hin his amewo k, esea ch has been conduc ed on such di e se and signi ican opics as: • an NSR en i onmen al a las; • in e na ional legal issues ela ed o he Russian A c ic s ai s; • economic de elopmen h oughou he en i e Russian No h; • ma ine insu ance and liabili y issues o ships plying he NSR; • he NSR and egional a c ic economies; • en i onmen al esponse; • a c ic po de elopmen ; • iceb eaking ca go ship design; and • impac s on indigenous peoples along he NSR. An In e na ional E alua ion Commi - ee ha e iewed INSROP du ing Janu- a y-May 1996 ecommended ha he p ojec mo e o a wo-yea Phase II o in eg a e and syn hesize da a ga he ed in he ou subp og ams. I is hoped ha INSROP wo kshops will add ess se e al complex, mul idisciplina y issues acing NSR shipping. Ha moniza ion o Pola Shipping Rules An in e na ional p ojec ela ed o he NSR and all a c ic shipping is an ongoing e o , led by Canada, o ha monize he a ious ules and s anda ds o ships na iga ing in pola wa e s. The objec i e is o p o ide he In e na ional Ma i ime O ganiza ion (IMO) a he end o he cen- u y wi h a d a se o in e na ional ules o codes ( echnical ules o shipbuilding as well as na iga ional s anda ds o ope a- ions) o use by all non-na al ships ope - a ing in A c ic and An a c ic wa e s. Since 1993, mee ings ha e included go e nmen o icials and ep esen a i es o he ship- classi ica ion socie ies om Aus alia, Canada, Denma k, Finland, F ance, Ge many, Iceland, Japan, No way, Russia, Sweden, he Uni ed Kingdom and he Uni ed S a es. Russia has been ep esen ed by he Head o he NSR Adminis a ion wi hin he Minis y o T anspo ; se e al Russian echnical ins i u es ha e also been in ol ed. Key goals o he ha moniza ion p ocess a e o: • imp o e ma ine sa e y, and • enhance en i onmen al p o ec ion in all egions o pola shipping. Fu u e Issues Se e al complex and in e es ing issues a ise when conside ing he u u e o he NSR: • How will ade be ween Eu ope and wes e n Sibe ia de elop ia he NSR? • Wha will be he Eu opean Union’s ole and in e es s in he NSR’s de elopmen ? • How migh he signi ican sus ainable de elopmen and en i onmen al secu i y issues ha ela e o he NSR be add essed by he A c ic En i onmen al P o ec ion S a egy and A c ic Council (see page 9)? • How migh global en i onmen al change (especially any dec ease in ex en o seasonal sea ice) impac he u u e o he NSR as an in e na ional wa e way? • Wha a e he in e es s and oles (i any) o he Uni ed S a es in de elopmen o he NSR and Russia’s ma i ime A c ic? Du ing 1996-97, Lawson B igham holds he O ice o Na al Resea ch A c ic Chai a he Na al Pos g adua e School. As a U.S. Coas Gua d cap ain, he commanded he iceb eake Pola Sea 1993-95 and c ossed he A c ic Ocean du ing he 1994 A c ic Ocean Sec ion expedi ion. He ecen ly chai ed he In e na ional E alua ion Commi ee o INSROP. 9 A c ic Policy News AEPS, Indigenous Delega es P epa e o A c ic Council In Sep embe 1998, he A c ic Council is scheduled o begin unc ioning as a ci cumpola policy o um o he eigh A c ic na ions and h ee g oups ep esen - ing indigenous communi ies in hose coun ies (see Wi ness, Au umn 1996). The A c ic Council will, in essence, ake o e he wo k conduc ed by he A c ic En i onmen al P o ec ion S a egy (AEPS) since 1991 (see Wi ness, Summe 1993). Senio A c ic A ai s O icials (SAAOs) om he eigh a c ic na ions conduc he wo k o he AEPS unde he di ec ion o AEPS Minis e s. The SAAOs and ep e- sen a i es o he h ee indigenous g oups ha will pa icipa e in he A c ic Council me in Kau oksino, No way in Ma ch 1997 o con inue p epa a ions o he ansi ion om AEPS o he Council. Discussions ocused on: • p epa a ion o he inal AEPS Minis e ial Mee ing o be held in Al a, No way on 12-13 June 1997; • de elopmen o “Rules o P ocedu e” o he A c ic Council; and • de elopmen o “Te ms o Re e ence o Sus ainable De elopmen ” o he A c ic Council. The ollowing discussion ou lines highligh s o he mee ing. The Wo k o AEPS Th ee AEPS wo king g oups— Conse a ion o A c ic Flo a and Fauna (CAFF); P o ec ion o he A c ic Ma ine En i onmen (PAME); and Eme gency P e en ion, P epa edness, and Response (EPPR)—submi ed p og ess epo s o he SAAOs. The ou h wo king g oup, he A c ic Moni o ing and Assessmen P og am (AMAP), dis ibu ed a e ised d a o he S a e o he A c ic En i onmen Repo , which is due o be eleased a he AMAP and AEPS mee ings in June 1997 (see Calenda , page 15). The epo will be a ailable in he Uni ed S a es by July 1997. The AMAP epo ’s de ailed scien i ic discussions add ess he ollowing opics: • Pola Ecology, Con aminan Pa hways, Pe sis en O ganic Pollu an s, Hea y Me als, Radioac i i y, Hyd oca bons, Acidi ica ion and A c ic Haze; • Clima e Change, Ozone Deple ion and Ul a iole Radia ion; and • Human Heal h Impac s. Publica ion o he epo b ings o a close Phase 1 o AMAP’s wo k. P oposals o Phase 2 will be add essed a an Ap il 1997 AMAP mee ing in S ockholm, Sweden. This is likely o include: • illing o da a gaps e ealed in he compila ion o he AMAP epo , and • con inued moni o ing and clean-up o con aminan s in a eas o signi ican con- ce n iden i ied in A c ic Pollu ion Issues. A e he June 1997 AEPS mee ing, Da id S one o Canada will elinquish he Chai - manship o AMAP o La s-E ic Lijelund o Sweden. Filip Facius o Denma k will become he AMAP Vice-Chai . Acc edi a ion o Obse e s Enabling language o he A c ic Council p o ides o acc edi ed obse e s o con ibu e o he wo k o he Council. Iceland con inued o objec o he Wo ld Wildli e Fund’s (WWF) applica ion o obse e s a us a he June 1997 Minis e- ial Mee ing; WWF is a emp ing o esol e he issue. No way and Canada ejec ed he In e na ional Fund o Animal Wel a e’s (IFAW) applica ion o obse e s a us. Applica ions by o he g oups o acc edi a ion a e being conside ed acco ding o cu en AEPS p ocedu es. June 1997 Decla a ion on he AEPS and Senio O icials Repo o Minis e s SAAOs ejec ed d a s o he AEPS Decla a ion p epa ed by No way o he June 1997 Minis e ial Mee ing. Ins ead, he o icials adop ed a mo e concise app oach highligh ing na ional and common p io i ies o ac ion, and coop- e a i e ac i i ies o add ess hese p io i ies, based on he achie emen s o he AEPS wo king g oups and o he conce ns. SAAOs will assign speci ic asks o he ou wo king g oups a a la e da e. The AEPS Decla a ion is expec ed o add ess he ollowing opics: • A c ic Council p ocess and p og ams (U.S. lead); • Finances (No way); • Guidelines o he Conduc o Resea ch in he A c ic (U.S.); • Ba en s Council/A c ic Council Coope a ion (Iceland); • En i onmen al Impac Assessmen Guidelines (Finland); and • Was e Managemen P ojec (Denma k/G eenland). A c ic Council Rules o P ocedu e SAAOs ejec ed he p oposed d a o A c ic Council “Rules o P ocedu e” as oo es ic i e. Rep esen a i es o he indigenous g oups and Denma k d a ed a new e sion ha was accep ed as a basis o u he wo k. SAAOs aim o comple e he “Rules o P ocedu e” a he Sep embe 1997 mee ing in Kuujjauq, Canada. A c ic Council Te ms o Re e ence o Sus ainable De elopmen SAAOs ag eed ha language desc ibing b oad p og am a eas ha may be he ocus o speci ic coope a i e ac i i ies o he A c ic Council will: • adhe e o e ms used in A c ic Council decla a ion, including e e ences o sus ainable de elopmen (“economic and social de elopmen , imp o ed heal h condi ions and cul u al well- being”) and en i onmen al p o ec ion (“heal h o a c ic ecosys ems, main e- nance o biodi e si y in he a c ic egion, and conse a ion and sus ainable use o na u al esou ces”); • inco po a e U.S. ex om Oc obe 1996; and • a i m he need o examine en i onmen al e ec s (No way). The AEPS Sec e a ia will p epa e and ci cula e a new d a be o e he Sep embe 1997 SAAO mee ing. SAAOs will mee again in Janua y and Ap il 1998 be o e he i s o icial A c ic Council Minis e ial Mee ing in Sep embe 1998. Fo mo e in o ma ion, con ac Pola A ai s Chie Robe Senseney a he U.S. S a e Depa men in Washing on, DC (202/647-4972; ax 202/647-1106). 16 In e na ional Ac i i ies P edic ing he esponse o a c ic ege a- ion o summe wa ming equi es a combina ion o modeling, moni o ing and expe imen a ion. The In e na ional Tun- d a Expe imen (ITEX) is a coo dina ed, ci cuma c ic-alpine expe imen on he esponses o selec ed species o a 2-5˚C summe wa ming (see Wi ness, Au umn 1996). In o de o s anda dize esul s, ITEX esea che s ollow a o mal, pub- lished se o p o ocols o expe imen al design and measu emen s o plan g ow h, ep oduc ion and phenology. App oxi- ma ely 26 ITEX ins alla ions ha e been in place h oughou he A c ic and empe a e alpine o a pe iod o one o ou yea s. A majo challenge o ITEX in es iga- o s has been o conduc meaning ul syn- he ic analysis on combined da a se s. The NSF- unded Na ional Cen e o Ecologi- cal Analysis and Syn hesis (NCEAS) a he Uni e si y o Cali o nia San a Ba ba a unded p epa a ion, pa icipa ion and ollow-up o a Decembe 1996 mee ing o his pu pose. NCEAS is dedica ed o suppo ing ecological syn hesis ha may be di icul o accomplish h ough adi ional means. The mee ing b ough oge he 30 ITEX in es iga o s and expe s on spa ial and me a-analysis. The goals we e o de e mine whe he he e was a esponse o ITEX species o he expe imen al wa m- ing, and how he esponse o lack he eo a ied wi hin and among species, g ow h o ms and clima e. Ini ial esul s e eal pa e ns ha may signi ican ly al e exis ing unde s anding o plan esponses o wa ming: • High-a c ic si es, o which he expe imen ep esen s he g ea es p opo ional inc ease in empe a u e, showed li le o no esponse o wa ming, whe eas low-a c ic and alpine si es showed a signi ican esponse beyond he i s yea (see igu e). The lack o esponse in high-a c ic si es may be due o a lack o a ailable nu ien s. • Rep oduc i e e o and success showed li le o no esponse o wa ming. While phenology shi ed o ea lie lea and lowe bud bu s in all sys ems, end-o - season phenology emained unchanged. While hese esul s mus be conside ed as p elimina y— hey a e unpublished and analysis is ongoing— hey demons a e he ype o esul ha will be a ailable. The g oup is con inuing analysis o he mee ing da a and is using esul s o make ecommenda ions abou u u e needs and di ec ions o he ITEX ne wo k. Fo mo e in o ma ion, con ac Ma ilyn Walke in Boulde , CO (303/492-5276; ax 303/492-6388; mwalke @ aimy . colo ado.edu). ITEX In es iga o s Mee To Coope a i ely Analyze Da a E ec o expe imen al wa ming on ege a i e g ow h in high-a c ic, low-a c ic and alpine si es. E ec size is measu ed by “Hedges D”, a quan i ica ion o he di e ence be ween expe imen al and con ol means. Con idence in e als ha o e lap he 0 line indica e a non-signi ican e ec . A ule o humb o in e p e ing he me ic is ha a D o 0.2 is a small e ec , 0.5 is a mode a e e ec , and 0.8 is a la ge e ec ( igu e by Ma ilyn Walke ). IASC Funding Repo A ailable In 1995, he In e na ional A c ic Science Commi ee (IASC) appoin ed an in e na ional g oup o unding specialis s o su ey in e na ional unding oppo uni ies and sou ces a ailable o a c ic scien is s. The g oup was chai ed by Pa ick Webbe (Michigan S a e Uni e si y). The epo is in ended o scien is s in ol ed in IASC p ojec s; i can also be used as a p elimina y guide o o he scien is s o g oups seeking in e na ional unding. The epo is a ailable ee o cha ge om he IASC Sec e a ia in Oslo, No way (+47-2295 9600 o 9602; ax +47-2295 9601; h p://www.npola .no/iasc). Vege a i e G ow h High A c ic T ea men Yea E ec Size -2 -1 0 1 2 1234 Vege a i e G ow h Low A c ic T ea men Yea E ec Size -2 -1 0 1 2 1234 E ec Size Vege a i e G ow h Alpine T ea men Yea -2 -1 0 1 2 123 17 The Muskox is he la ges land mammal species in he High A c ic and is indigenous o he Zackenbe g egion and he es o No heas G eenland. The Zackenbe g s udy a ea holds abundan numbe s o his in e es ing he bi o e (pho o by Henning Thing). New Ecological Resea ch S a ion Inc eases A c ic Access G eenland’s Ice Shee is he la ges in he No he n Hemisphe e and second in he wo ld only o ha o An a c ica. Fo his and ela ed easons, a c ic and suba c ic G eenland a e excep ional egions o scien i ic esea ch. On 15 Augus 1997, he Danish Pola Cen e (DPC) will o icially open he Zackenbe g A c ic Field S a ion on he coas o no heas G eenland (74°28'N 20°33'W). Ope a ion o he s a ion akes place wi hin he amewo k o Zackenbe g Ecological Resea ch Ope a ions (ZERO), encompassing issues dealing wi h ecosys- em science, moni o ing and logis ics in high-a c ic G eenland. Zackenbe g o e s: • he highes lo a, auna and landscape di e si y in he Eu opean High A c ic; • en i e high-a c ic d ainage moni o ing; • ully in eg a ed, long- e m bio ic and abio ic ecosys em moni o ing including 50-yea eco ds; • p oximi y o he G eenland Sea, a densi y-d i en wa e pump, c ucial o global hea lux; • a shallow es ua y o egional impo ance o sho ebi ds; • comp ehensi e ecosys em da abase; • hema ic, digi al 3D e ain model o he s udy a ea; • easy access o paleoen i onmen al a chi es; and • logis ics managemen . Mel wa e plains, b aided s eams (sandu s) and e minal mo aine sys ems domina e he s udy a ea. Adjacen jo ds a e ice-co e ed Oc obe -July. The cu en ma gin o he G eenland Ice Cap is si ua ed 60 km wes ; only a ew small, local glacie s exis wi hin he s udy a ea. Pe ma os is con inuous. The younges (lowes ) po ions o he landscape we e deglacia ed 10,000 yea s ago. Adjacen moun ains we e wea he ed as e chplains in a opical clima e. Zackenbe g is owned and ope a ed by he Danish Pola Cen e , an ins i u ion unde he Danish Minis y o Resea ch and In o ma ion Technology. The Danish Commission o Scien i ic Resea ch in G eenland conside s applica ions o U.S. esea ch p ojec s annually. The new acili y complemen s h ee o he majo esea ch s a ions—Kange lussuaq In e na ional Science Suppo (KISS) acili y, A c ic S a ion and Se milik S a ion. KISS is a yea - ound acili y loca ed jus no h o he A c ic Ci cle on G een- land’s sou hwes coas . The si e has a long his o y as an impo an base o geophysical and glaciological esea ch, bu only limi ed li e- sciences esea ch hus a . O he e es ial a c ic esea ch acili ies a ailable o U.S. and in e na ional scien is s include Toolik Field S a ion a Toolik Lake in Alaska, 150 km no h o he A c ic Ci cle (68°38'N, 149°38'W). This loca ion a o ds access o h ee majo physiog aphic p o inces including he B ooks Range, A c ic Foo hills and A c ic Coas al Plain (see h p:// zo ba.ua adm.alaska.edu/iab/ oolik.h ml). Abisko Scien i ic Resea ch S a ion in Sweden lies 200 km no h o he A c ic Ci cle (68°21'N, 18°49'E), on he sou h o Lake To ne äsk. He e, 60% o he 3,300-km2 ca ch- men a ea is below eeline (see h p://www.ki una.se/~ma in ). Fo mo e in o ma ion on esea ch s a ions in G eenland, see he DPC Web si e (h p:// www.dpc.dk/Si es/). In e na ional Ac i i ies A esea che secu es a op-down iew o he Zackenbe g alley, he co e s udy a ea o ZERO. The s a ion and he unways a e isible jus abo e he ock c e asse (pho o cou esy o DPC, Henning Thing). Fo in o ma ion on logis ics, con ac Hen ik Lassen a he DPC in Copenhagen, Denma k (+45-3288 0133; ax +45-3288 0101; [email p o ec ed]). Fo in- o ma ion ega ding scien i ic issues, con- ac Henning Thing (+45-3288 0120; ax +45-3288 0101; [email p o ec ed]). The au oma ed clima e s a ion in mid-June in Zackenbe g co e s udy a ea. This s a ion measu es a o al o 13 clima e pa ame e s a di e en le els (i.e., om 1.55 m below su ace o 7 m abo e) (pho o by Ole Humlum). 18 • he cha ac e o he a c ic ma gin pla eaus (Chukchi, Ye mak and Mo is Jesup Rise)? In Augus 1996, NAD had conduc ed scien i ic d illing on Lomonoso Ridge om he Swedish iceb eake Oden. The e o was sponso ed by he Royal Swedish Academy o Sciences. Al hough h ee a emp s o d ill we e e en ually abo ed, he hi d demons a ed he me hod’s p omise o u u e d illing. The bo om-hole assembly and ise eached he sea loo in 963 m o wa e , and d ill- s ing deploymen began. A 250 m wa e dep h, an obs uc ion in he ise blocked he d ill s ing and ended he a emp . Wi h his expe ience in mind, pa ici- pan s a he Oc obe 1996 wo kshop discussed he echnology and a ailable comme cial pla o ms sui able o he A c ic and adap able o scien i ic d illing. Because o he challenges o d illing in he A c ic, he p ima y NAD d illing s a egy is o ocus i s on opog aphic highs and con inen al shel es. Ca e ully selec ed shel si es will pe mi key in e als o be a ge ed o high- esolu ion s udies o ecen sedimen a y sequences. To s udy he long- e m paleoceano- g aphy o he cen al A c ic, a Gian Pis on Co e p og am is ecommended, o be ollowed by a d illing p og am. To ex end paleo eco ds and each base- men ocks, an o se d illing s a egy would hen be adop ed. The eas e n Lap e Sea i sys em has been p oposed as he nex scien i ic a ge . The mos de ailed seismic s a ig aphic da a a e a ailable, and he comple e uppe Pliocene and Qua e na y sequence appea s o be no mo e han se e al hund ed me e s hick. Lap e Sea d ill si es will be selec ed in 1997; addi ional su eys will be con- duc ed in 1998 o p epa e he selec ed si es o planned d illing in 1999. The NAD Implemen a ion Plan will be a ailable in May 1997 on he Join Ocean- og aphic Ins i u ions, Inc. (JOI) Web si e (h p://www.joi-odp.o g) and om he NAD Sec e a ia a JOI in Washing on, DC (202/232-3900; ax 202/232-8203; [email p o ec ed]). In e na ional Ac i i ies Nansen D illing Implemen a ion Plan Being De eloped Ob aining long co es om he A c ic Ocean equi es scien i ic eamwo k as well as mul ina ional unding and sup- po . The in e na ional Ocean D illing P og am (ODP) cu en ly samples all he wo ld’s oceans excep he A c ic. The ODP has d illed as a no h as 80°N in F am S ai ; he A c ic Ocean p ope emains o be explo ed. Signi ican scien i ic oppo uni ies in he A c ic Ocean led o he o ma ion o he Nansen A c ic D illing P og am (NAD) in 1989 and p epa a ion o a NAD Science Plan in 1992 (see Wi ness, Sp ing 1995). To achie e NAD’s scien i ic goals and o de elop a s epwise plan o scien- i ic d illing in he A c ic Ocean, a wo kshop was held in S . Pe e sbu g, Russia in Oc obe 1996. The wo kshop was hos ed by Russia’s A c ic and An a c- ic Resea ch Ins i u e, and pa ially sup- po ed by NSF. A NAD Implemen a ion Plan is now being de eloped, on he basis o wo kshop discussions among he 68 pa icipan s om Canada, Finland, Ge many, G ea B i ain, No way, Sweden, Russia and he Uni ed S a es. The wo kshop upda ed and se new p io i ies o NAD goals. Scien i ic hemes ocused on h ee p ima y ques ions: • Wha is he ole o he A c ic in global change in ega d o: •onse and a iabili y o pe ennial sea-ice co e and impac on ocean ci cula ion? •in e ac ion o land/ocean hyd ologic cycles, including eshwa e inpu o he A c ic Ocean? •pe ma os /gas hyd a e dynamics? • Wha is he ole o A c ic ec onic ga eways in global change in ega d o: •p e-Miocene biogeog aphy and ci cula ion o he A c ic Ocean, especially he ole o he Paci ic Ga eway? • he impac o he opening o F am S ai on wo ld clima e change? • he e ec o he ga eways on he e olu ion and mig a ion o no he n hemisphe e bio a? • Wha a e he na u e and e olu ion o he majo s uc u al ea u es o he A c ic Ocean basin in ega d o: • he i ing p ocess ha c ea ed he Lomonoso Ridge? •a possible la ge igneous p o ince o C e aceous age, including he Alpha Ridge and Maka o Basin? A c ic Communi y Loses Ned Os enso Ned A. Os enso, geophysicis and science and esea ch adminis a o wi h he Na ional Oceanic and A mosphe ic Adminis a ion (NOAA), died o ca diac a es on 11 Ap il 1997 in Washing on, DC a he age o 66. His dea h is el as a g ea loss o many who had he pleasu e o wo king wi h him—and o he a c ic scien i ic communi y as a whole. In 1996, Os enso became a Fellow o he Ame ican Geophysical Union (AGU). He was simul aneously awa ded AGU’s Wal e E. Smi h medal o “ex ao dina y se ice o geophysics,” in pa o his signi ican ole in he de elopmen o go e n- men science policies. Os enso joined NOAA in 1977 and se ed as i s chie scien is and as assis an adminis a o be o e he e i ed in 1996. Os enso came o NOAA om he O ice o Na al Resea ch whe e he had se ed as depu y di ec o and senio oceanog aphe . He was an assis an p esiden ial ad iso in he Whi e House O ice o Science and Technology in 1969-70. Os enso ook pa in esea ch in he A c ic, A ica, Eu ope and No h Ame ica, and au ho ed mo e han 50 echnical publica- ions. He se ed on he acul y o he Uni e si y o Wisconsin and as a geophysicis wi h an In e na ional Geophysical Yea expedi ion o An a c ica in 1957-58. A moun ain in An a c ica and a seamoun in he A c ic a e named in his hono . 19 The 1994 A c ic Ocean Sec ion—The Fi s Majo Scien i ic C ossing o he A c ic Ocean. 1996. Wal e Tucke and Da id Kane (eds.). 1996. U.S. A my Cold Regions Resea ch and Enginee ing Labo a o y, Special Repo 96-23. Hano e , NH. 116 p. Modeling he A c ic Sys em: A Wo kshop Repo on he S a e o Modeling in he A c ic Sys em Science P og am. 1997. ARCUS, Fai banks, AK. 141 p. Nuclea Flashback: The Re u n o Amchi ka. 1996. Pam Mille . Repo o he G eenpeace scien i ic expedi ion o Amchi ka Island, Alaska, si e o he la ges unde - g ound nuclea es in his o y. Washing on, DC. 35 p. on-line only (800/326-0959; h p://www.g eenpeace.o g/~usa) T adi ional Ecological Knowledge o Beluga Whales: An Indigenous Knowledge Pilo P ojec in he Chukchi and No he n Be ing Seas. 1996. Hen y P. Hun ing on and Nikolai I. Mym in, (eds.). Inui Ci cumpola Con e ence, Ancho age, AK. 88 p. Calenda Publica ions ARCUS 600 Uni e si y A enue, Sui e 1 Fai banks, Alaska 99709 USA Phone: 907/474-1600 Fax: 907/474-1604 [email p o ec ed] h p://a cus.pola ne .com Execu i e O ice Wendy K. Wa nick ARCUS is a nonp o i o ganiza ion consis ing o ins i u ions o ganized and␣ ope a ed o educa ional, p o essional, o scien i ic pu poses. ARCUS was es ablished by i s membe ins i u ions in 1988 wi h he p ima y mission o s eng hening a c ic esea ch o mee na ional needs. ARCUS ac i i ies a e unded h ough a␣ coope a i e ag eemen wi h NSF, by DOE, USARC, and membe dues. Wi ness he A c ic is published biannually by ARCUS. Any opinions, indings, conclusions, o ecommen- da ions exp essed in his publica ion do no necessa ily e lec he iews o NSF. Submi ideas o he Au umn 1997␣ newsle e by 1 Augus 1997. Con ibu o s: P.A. Ande son, P.M. Ande son, J. Ba ke , J. Bash, G. B ass, L. B igham, A. Ca e , L. Codispo i, M.␣ C oss, C. El ing, M. England, M. Fayen, N.␣ Flande s, S. Fo man, J. G ebmeie , L. Hadden, O. Humlum, H. Hun ing on, A. Johnson, L. Johnson, V. Kea ing, T.␣ McGo e n, D.␣ Meese, J.␣ Moo e, C. Sey i , R.␣ Senseney, D.␣ Siegel- Causey, J. Swi , H. Thing, M. Twickle , J. Walke , M.␣ Walke and G. Welle . Managing Edi o : Wendy Wa nick Edi o /Designe : Ma y Peale Technical Suppo : K is jan B egendahl wi .ness (wi nis) n. 1.a. One who has hea d o seen some hing. b. One who u nishes e idence. 2. Any hing ha se es as e idence; a sign. 3. An a es a ion o a ac , s a emen , o e en . —- . . 1. To be p esen a o ha e pe sonal knowledge o . 2. To p o ide o se e as e idence o . 3. To es i y o; bea wi ness. —-in . To u nish o se e as e idence; es i y. [Middle English wi nes(se), Old English wi nes, wi ness, knowledge, om wi , knowledge, wi .] May 1-4, 1997 Secu ing No he n Fu u es—De eloping Resea ch Pa ne ships. Edmon- on, Albe a, Canada. Canadian Ci cumpola Ins i u e, Uni e si y o Albe a. Con ac he Canadian Ci cumpola Ins i u e Sec e a ia (403/492-4512; ax 403/492-1153; [email p o ec ed]). May 27-30, 1997 The Ame ican Geophysical Union Sp ing Mee ing, Bal imo e, Ma yland. Con ac AGU Mee ings Depa men (202/462-6900 o 800/966-2481; ax 202/328-0566; [email p o ec ed]; h p://www.agu.o g). May 31-June 2, 1997 ARCUS Annual Mee ing and A c ic Fo um. Washing on, DC. Con ac ARCUS. June 1-5, 1997 A c ic Moni o ing and Assessmen P og amme (AMAP) In e na ional Symposium on En i onmen al Pollu ion o he A c ic and he Thi d In e na ional Con e ence on En i onmen al Radioac i i y in he A c ic. T omsø, No way. Con ac AMAP in Oslo, No way (+47-2257 3400; ax +47-2267 6706; la s-o o. eie sen@ s ospos .md.dep. elmax.no; h p://www.g ida.no/amap) o he No wegian Radia ion P o ec ion Au ho i y in Øs e ås, No way (+47-6716 2564; ax +47-6714 5444). June 3-6, 1997 Wo kshop on he Impac s o Global Change in he Wes e n A c ic/ Be ing Sea Region. Fai banks, AK. Con ac Gun e Welle , Cen e o Global Change– A c ic Sys em Resea ch, Uni e si y o Alaska Fai banks (907/474-7371; ax 907/474-7290; [email p o ec ed]). June 12-13, 1997 A c ic En i onmen al P o ec ion S a egy Fou h Minis e ial Mee ing. Al a, No way. Con ac Gunnbjø g Nå ik a he AEPS Sec e a ia in Oslo, No way (+47-2224 5974 o 5981; ax +47-2224 2755). June 24-28, 1997 In e na ional Con e ence o he Ba en ’s Sea Region—Pomo Land in a Con ex o he Ba en s Region: Ecology, Economics, Cul u e. A changel, Russia. Con ac Con e ence Coo dina o Alexand e Da ydo a he Ins i u e o Ecological P oblems o he No h Russian Academy o Sciences U al Di ision (phone/ ax +7-8182 490020; home +7-81872 433124). Augus 4-8, 1997 Science in he Communi y: Na al A c ic Resea ch Labo a o y’s 50 h Anni e sa y Celeb a ion. Ba ow, AK. Con ac Glenn Sheehan, Execu i e Di ec o o he Ba ow A c ic Science Conso ium (907/852-4881 o 888/627-5724; ax 907/852- 8213; [email p o ec ed]). Augus 18-22, 1997 11 h No he n Resea ch Basins Symposium and Wo kshop. P udhoe Bay o Fai banks, AK. Con ac Douglas Kane, Uni e si y o Alaska Fai banks (907/474-7808; ax 907/474-7979; [email p o ec ed]). Augus 28-Sep embe 3, 1997 Fou h In e na ional Con e ence on Geomo phology and In e na ional Pe ma os Associa ion Execu i e Commi ee Mee ing. Bologna, I aly. Con ac M. Panizza a he Uni e si y Degli S udi di Moden in Modena, I aly (+059-23 0394; ax +059-21 8326). Check he ARCUS Web si e Calenda (h p://a cus.pola ne .com) o mo e... 20 Educa ion is an in es men ha can yield excep ional e u ns, bu hose e u ns may come 15-20 yea s in he u u e. Wha in es men should we make now o ensu e ha people in 2017 can build on he esea ch we do oday? In ou apidly changing wo ld, a gene a ion is a ela i ely long ime-scale. S ill, such o esigh is key o sus ainabili y. A No e om he P esiden Non-P o i O g. U.S. Pos age PAID Pe mi No. 99 Fai banks, AK P in ed on Recycled Pape A c ic Resea ch Conso ium o he Uni ed S a es 600 Uni e si y A enue, Sui e 1 Fai banks, AK 99709 USA A ou ecen Science Educa ion Wo kshop, Osca Kawagley old abou his new lap op compu e . “The hing was ou o da e as soon as I opened he co e .” He was also alking abou educa ing child en in a wo ld o apidly changing science and echnology. Educa ion is abou ou hopes o he u u e. Science educa ion p esen s emen- dous challenges, howe e . Science, by he e y na u e o i s en e p ise, cons an ly seeks changes in i s own concep ions o he wo ld. Science educa ion is no jus impa ing a body o knowledge bu also he ools o expand and ques ion he in o ma ion and he way o lea ning i sel . Fo many easons, he U.S. a c ic esea ch communi y wan s o become mo e in ol ed in science educa ion a all le els. While he pola egions may be pe cei ed as emo e and un ela ed o he li es o mos Ame icans, we a e g owing o unde s and hei impo ance o he whole Ea h sys em. We can plan he seed o his unde s anding in o he s e y ea ly in hei li es. One e ec i e way o each child en is o each hei eache s. Pe e Ama i, a eache om Massachuse s, lobbied o accompany his s uden o An a c ica by poin ing ou o NSF ha he s uden would e u n o one mo e yea o high school, bu he would each o ano he 15yea s. His in luence would endu e. We canno each he body o knowl- edge ha will be a ailable in 20 yea s, bu we can each people how o ques ion and comp ehend. When eache s know how o do esea ch, hey can each he child en. Resea che s, in u n, can lea n much om eache s abou he a o impa ing knowledge. NSF is de eloping a p og am o he A c ic ha will in ol e eache s and s uden s in esea ch. Such a p og am will each a ew eache s, esea che s, s uden s and pa en s. We need o he ways in which o in ol e eache s and s uden s in he e olu ion o a c ic science. As a esea ch communi y, we ha e ano he mo i e. We wan o con inue a ac ing he bes and b igh es in o a c ic esea ch. The ecen ARCUS Awa ds o Resea ch Excellence (see page 14) a e jus he beginning o wha we can do o ecog- nize and encou age young esea che s. Inside Fea u e 1 ARCSS P og am Upda es 3 A c ic Policy News 8 U.S. A c ic Resea ch Commission10 Pola Resea ch Boa d 10 Science News 11 Science Educa ion News 14 In e na ional Ac i i ies 15 Calenda & Publica ions 19 ARCTIC Published by he A c ic Resea ch Conso ium o he Uni ed S a es • 600 Uni e si y A enue • Sui e 1 • Fai banks, AK 99709 A c ic Resea ch Conso ium o he Uni ed S a es Membe Ins i u ion Sp ing 1997 The U.S. A my Cold Regions Resea ch and Enginee ing Labo a o y (CRREL), loca ed in Hano e , New Hampshi e and Fai banks, Alaska, is an in e na ionally enowned cen e o cold egions science and enginee ing. CRREL’s single ocus as a cold egions esea ch and de elopmen (R&D) o ganiza ion is o p o ide expe ise o he Depa men o De ense, o he ede al, s a e and local agencies, and he p i a e sec o . This s a egy esul s in an in e na ionally ecognized cen e o expe ise wi h unique s a e-o - he-a acili ies and a cos -e ec i e capabili y. Many o he p ojec s desc ibed below a e ei he ully o pa ially unded by ou side agencies. CRREL has ea ned an in e na ional epu a ion o excellence ha is sus ained by i s excep ional echnical and suppo s a s and by emphasis on a balance o heo e ical, expe imen al, labo a o y and ield wo k. The hallma k o i s expe ience and expe ise is he di ec in e ac ion o i s esea ch s a wi h he en i onmen in he A c ic, An a c ica, Alaska and he o he no he n s a es, no he n Eu ope and Ko ea. Ice Co ing CRREL esea che s ha e been in ol ed in deep ice co ing since he 1950s in G eenland. This expanded o An a c ica in 1957 and has con inued mos ecen ly wi h he G eenland Ice Shee P ojec (GISP2) co e unded by NSF. In he ea lie co es, A c ic Resea ch a he Cold Regions Resea ch and Enginee ing Labo a o y (CRREL) CRREL was in ol ed in d ill de elopmen (elec omechanical d ill), logis ics and science. CRREL esea che s also ini ia ed comp ehensi e ice-co e analysis, as i is known oday. Wi h he GISP2 co e, esea che s ha e been in ol ed p ima ily wi h physical p ope ies and age da ing o he co e. P ope ies s udies include ice densi y, ul asonic eloci y, ai bubbles, gas con en , ab ics and ice s uc u e/de o ma ion. Resea che s om CRREL led de elopmen o he dep h–age scale o he co e. A com- bina ion o se e al annual pa ame e s, including isible s a ig aphy, elec ical conduc i i y, lase ligh sca e ing o dus , oxygen iso opes and chemis y, and non- con inuous pa ame e s including olcanic signals, we e used o he dep h–age scale. This is he longes , mos con inuously da ed eco d using so many pa ame e s. Fo mo e in o ma ion on he GISP2 co e, see he ea u e a icle in his issue o Wi ness he A c ic.(con inued) CRREL main ains acili ies in Hano e , New Hampshi e (abo e) and Fai banks, Alaska. Resea che s conduc ield wo k in he A c ic, An a c ica, Alaska and o he no he n s a es, no he n Eu ope and Ko ea (pho o cou esy o CRREL). Sea Ice CRREL esea che s ha e been in ol ed in e e y majo a c ic sea-ice ini ia i e, om he A c ic Ice Dynamics Join Expe imen (AIDJEX) o he newly planned Su ace Hea Budge o he A c ic Ocean (SHEBA) p ojec (see Wi ness, Au umn 1996). Cha - ac e izing ice p ope ies and p ocesses con- ibu es o unde s anding he in e ac ion o ice wi h he ocean and a mosphe e. CRREL’s pa icipa ion in ecen majo p og ams includes he O ice o Na al Resea ch Sea Ice Mechanics Ini ia i e (SIMI), Elec omagne ic P ope ies o Sea Ice (EMPOSI), and he 1994 U.S./ Canada A c ic Ocean Sec ion (AOS-94) (see Wi ness, Au umn 1995). Du ing SIMI, CRREL esea che s, in collabo a ion wi h he Na ional Oceano- g aphic and A mosphe ic Adminis a ion Paci ic Ma ine En i onmen al Labo a o y, measu ed in-si u ice s ess o e a six-mon h pe iod a selec ed edge and cen e si es on a mul iyea loe. Concu en measu emen s o s ess and de o ma ion we e made o p o ide a di ec ( a he han implici ) e alua ion o ice-dynamics models and o imp o e hose models. The s ess eco ds clea ly indica e ha : • ice s esses a e caused by changes in ai empe a u e as well as ice mo ion, and • hese componen s can be iden i ied and sepa a ed. The goals o his p ojec a e o: • unde s and he ole o snow co e in go e ning win e hea and mass exchange be ween he g ound and a mosphe e, and • de elop he abili y o p edic snow dis ibu ion om landscape ea u es and me eo ology. Measu emen s o he snow co e ha e been made du ing i e o e -snow a e ses in he Kupa uk Basin o no he n Alaska. Measu emen s o snow dep h, densi y and snow wa e equi alen ha e been made a o e 100 s a ions, and a sled-moun ed FM-CW ada has been used o measu e an addi ional 250,000 snow dep hs. The esul s a e being used o de elop empi ical ela ionships desc ibing how he snow co e is ela ed o he egional clima e, opog aphy, landscape and ege a ion. Using hese ela ionships, p elimina y end-o -win e snow- EMPOSI was a mul idisciplina y, mul i-ins i u ion e o aimed a ela ing he elec o- magne ic p ope ies o ice o i s physical s a e and s uc u e. CRREL’s con ibu- ions included: • hos ing he labo a- o y po ion o he e o , • p o iding quali- a i e and quan i- a i e cha ac e - iza ion o physical p ope ies o he ice, • de e mining dielec ic cons an s o he ice, and • measu ing op ical p ope ies o he ice. An impo an pa o he p ope ies documen a ion included s a is ical cha ac e iza ion o b ine and ai pocke s in he ice. Resea che s in es iga ed he op ical p ope ies o sea ice om he ul a iole o he nea in a ed (280-1000 nm) by making spec al measu emen s o albedo, bi-di ec ional e lec ance, e lec ed ligh pola iza ion and ansmi ance. dis ibu ion maps o he Kupa uk Basin ha e been p epa ed. A physically based snow-dis ibu ion model ha equi es p ecipi a ion and wind da a has been de eloped in collabo a ion wi h Glen Lis on o Colo ado S a e Uni e si y. The model can e ol e and dis ibu e a snow co e o e he landscape, allowing o wind anspo and sublima- ion. A ela ional model, de eloped om obse ed pa e ns o snow deposi ion and opog aphic ea u es, has also been de el- oped o es ima e snow dis ibu ion whe e me eo ological da a a e spa se. Ex ensi e measu emen s o snow he mal conduc i i y and snow/g ound in e ace empe a u es a e being used o in es iga e he ole o snow co e in con olling win e hea losses om he g ound and snow-co e ed ege a ion. A close posi i e ela ionship be ween snow 2 Cold Regions Resea ch and Enginee ing Labo a o y (CRREL): Membe Ins i u ion he mal esis ance and he local amoun o sh ubs has been obse ed. A eal Dis ibu ion o Snow P ope ies in he A c ic Scien i ic Disciplines • Snow, ice and ozen g ound • Pola ope a ions/logis ics • Non-des uc i e subsu ace geophysical explo a ion • Facili y design, cons uc ion and main enance • Win e mobili y • Deep ice co ing/clima e change • En i onmen quali y • Sea-ice geophysics • Ri e -ice managemen • Low- empe a u e ins umen a ion On AOS-94, esea che s cha ac e ized ice and snow p ope ies ac oss he A c ic Ocean, measu ed he albedo o a a ie y o ice su aces, and documen ed mel pond and loe size dis ibu ion using p ecise ae ial pho og aphy. Chemical p ope ies o he ice we e also cha ac e ized; measu e- men s included majo ions and nu ien s. Addi ionally, in es iga ions o ice-bo ne sedimen we e ca ied ou o de e mine p ocesses o inco po a ion, likely sou ce a eas and le els o adionuclide con amina ion. CRREL esea che measu es he albedo o he sea-ice co e o Ba ow, Alaska du ing he O ice o Na al Resea ch Elec omagne ic P ope ies o Sea Ice (EMPOSI) ield p og am. The objec i e is o moni o spa ial and empo al a iabili y in he e lec ed, abso bed and ansmi ed ligh as a unc ion o ice condi ions including ice ha is snow-co e ed, ba e, sedimen -laden, bio-laden, mel ing and/o ponded. Snow–A mosphe e Exchange P ocesses In pola egions, gaseous chemical species ound in he a mosphe e become inco po a ed in o he snow and i n; decades o snow accumula ion compac he i n in o glacial ice. Ice co es om pola egions p o ide a eco d o changes in concen a- ions o chemical species o e ime scales anging om seasonal o decadal. The p ocess o ai - o-snow ans e can il e , and po en ially dis o , a mosphe ic signals be o e hey can be p ese ed in he glacial eco d. CRREL esea che s a e examining he physical p ocesses ha a ec he manne in which hea , apo and chemical species in ai a e inco po a ed in o snow and pola i n. These p ocesses con ol he a e a which eac i e and non- eac i e chemical species in he a mosphe e become inco po- a ed in o he snow, i n and pola ice and, hus, a ec in e p e a ion o he pola ice-co e da a. The objec i es o he esea ch a e o: • de ine he magni ude and ex en o hese ans e p ocesses, and • de elop a p ocess-le el unde s anding and modeling capabili y o he snow and i n. Findings o da e show ha he i n a Summi , G eenland is e y pe meable and ha laye ing is impo an in con olling di usion and ad ec ion wi hin he i n. Signi ican subsu ace ai mo emen in he i n is likely o occu unde condi ions o sus ained winds, and la ge la e al low can occu in bu ied hoa laye s. Acous ic Ai c a De ec ion O e Pola Snow The objec i es o his esea ch we e o: • measu e acous ic ai c a signa u es on he G eenland Ice Cap, and • conduc basic acous ic measu emen s o pa ame e s needed o model his en i onmen . Field s udies du ing his p og am ob ained ac ual signa u e measu emen s on a mili a y ai c a as well as basic scien i ic in o ma ion cha ac e izing acous ic p opaga ion, so ha he e ec o his en i- onmen could be assessed. The p ojec p o ided in o ma ion needed o assess he easibili y o acous ic de ec ion o ai c a , c uise missiles o g ound ehicles by una ended g ound senso s in a eas wi h a pe manen pola snow co e . 3 A c ic Resea ch Conso ium o he Uni ed S a es Measu emen s o sound le els and spec al signa u es o LC-130 He cules ixed-wing ai c a we e ob ained du ing no mal ope a ional lybys, akeo s and landings a Dye 2 in he cen e o he G eenland Ice Cap. Measu emen s we e also made o con olled acous ic pulses p opaga ing ho izon ally o e he snow su ace. Ai c a eco dings we e ob ained unde bo h calm and high-wind condi- ions. High winds signi ican ly dec eased he ai c a de ec ion ange, especially a low equencies. Con olled pulse expe imen s showed ha su ace condi ions in hese a eas can change qui e apidly. The expe imen s p o ided in o ma ion ha will be used o cons uc an accu a e p opaga ion model. This in o ma ion can be used in he design o new su eillance senso s and es ima ion o senso pe o mance in pola egions. G ound-Pene a ing Rada and No he n Hyd ology G ound-pene a ing ada (GPR) has been used o ind use ul wa e supplies on a c ic loodplains in win e and impo an aqui e s benea h pe ma os in cen al Alaska yea ound. Mos a c ic i e channels eeze comple ely by la e win e . Those ha don’ eeze usually ha e ice blis e s, caused by p essu e om he con ined wa e below he channel. Unde all channels, haw egimes con aining wa e unde p essu e occu wi hin he ozen allu ium. Bo om and sub-bo om wa e has been p o iled wi h high- esolu ion GPR ope a ing a 500 MHz and has been e i ied by d illing. Exca a ions in o he blis e s ha e ound hund eds o housands o gallons o wa e . Some haw egimes emain un il mid-Ap il and, he e o e, p obably ne e eeze comple ely. The egimes appea o be pa ially ozen bu pe meable, and hey can p oduce limi ed low o hou s. In cen al Alaska, wi hin he b oad Tanana Valley loodplain, pe ma os is dis ibu ed discon inuously. A Fo Wainw igh , deep aqui e s, which can de elop whe e pe ma os does no ex end in o bed ock, anspo wa e wes wa d owa d Fai banks. Acciden al spills and pipeline leaks can con amina e hese aqui e s by passing be ween zones o pe - ma os . CRREL esea che s ha e used GPR o map sub-pe ma os g oundwa e and ozen bed ock and o si e moni o ing wells. In many cases, he g oundwa e appea s o be e oding he pe ma os . GPR has been used o de ine he op o he pe ma os , g oundwa e wi hin pe ennial haw abo e pe ma os , and in ape ma os zones wi h high pe cen - ages o ice o o ganics. GPR a equencies abo e 100 MHz bes de ines he nea - su ace ea u es, while GPR nea 50 MHz de ines he deepe ea u es. A Win e Conc e ing B eak h ough Un il ecen ly, he e ha e been no po - land cemen conc e e mix u es ha could eliably gain s eng h and esis os dam- age when placed in below- eezing wea he . F esh conc e e had o be kep wa m by co e ing i wi h insula ion o enclosing i wi hin a hea ed shel e . The U.S. conc e e indus y spends an es ima ed $800 million e e y yea o comba he cold. By adding chemicals ha dep ess he eezing poin o wa e and accele a e he hyd a ion a e o cemen , i is possible o conc e e wi h an in e nal empe a u e below 0°C o gain s eng h a he same a e as addi i e- ee conc e e ha is kep wa m. The challenge was o ind an e ec i e combina ion o chemicals ha would no ha m he conc e e. Two p o o ype o mula ions we e de eloped by W.R. G ace and Mas e Builde s, espec i ely. Each p o o ype is capable o p o ec ing conc e e down o -5°C, while allowing he cold conc e e o gain s eng h as i i we e somewhe e be ween 5° and 10°C. Addi ionally, he chemicals: • did no co ode s eel, • did no eac wi h siliceous agg ega e, • did no a ec conc e e wo kabili y, and • did no educe conc e e du abili y. Bo h p o o ype admix u es pe o med well in es s a he Soo Locks in no he n Michigan du ing he win e . Conc e ing wi h hese new admix u es cos one- hi d less han conc e ing using con en ional p ac ice. Sou ces o CRREL esea ch dolla s o FY96: CRREL ecei es app oxima ely one- hi d o i s esea ch budge di ec ly om he A my. The es comes om indi idual eimbu sable p og ams based on w i en p oposals. Mos o he eimbu sable money comes om Depa men o De ense (DoD) o ganiza ions and o he ede al agencies (e.g., NSF, NOAA, NASA, FAA, FHA). Ilisag ik College Recen ly, o icials om CRREL a eled o Ba ow, Alaska, aking he ini ial s eps o en e in o an educa ional pa ne ship wi h Ilisag ik College (see Wi ness, Au umn 1996). The mission o Ilisag ik College is o p o ide pos -seconda y academic, oca- ional and echnical educa ion o esiden s o he No h Slope Bo ough, p epa ing hem o employmen and assis ing hem o li e wi h digni y and economic indepen- dence while pe pe ua ing and s eng hen- ing Inupiaq language, cul u e, alues and adi ions. (Ilisag ik ansla es in Inupiaq as “a place o lea n.”) Ilisag ik College is loca ed on he No h Slope o Alaska. This egion, includ- ing he Be ing, Beau o and Chukchi seas a e among he a eas in which CRREL esea che s ha e been wo king o many yea s in es iga ing he physical, chemical and mechanical p ope ies o snow and sea ice. S uden s will ha e he oppo uni y o wo k and gain academic c edi s by illing a ied oles in eal-li e p ojec s. O he bene i s o he college include equipmen use and he possibili y o acul y and s u- den s o wo k on-si e a he Hano e and Fai banks acili ies; he labo a o y s a will be a ailable o ac as men o s as well as assis in eaching and cou se de elopmen . CRREL will bene i by ha ing a wo k o ce on he No h Slope. Gi en he p esen impac s o downsizing, hese and o he wo king ela ionships wi h academia a e seen as aluable asse s o CRREL. Cold Regions Resea ch and Enginee ing Labo a o y (CRREL): Membe Ins i u ion The Cold Regions Cen e o Expe ise The Cold Regions Cen e o Expe ise (CRCX), an o ganiza ional elemen o he U.S. A my Co ps o Enginee s, is a join en u e be ween he Co ps’ Alaska Dis ic ope a ions in Ancho age, Alaska and CRREL in Hano e , New Hampshi e. Es ablished in 1996, he CRCX e ec- i ely in eg a es he unique R&D expe ise a CRREL and he p ac ical echnical knowledge and expe ience o he Alaska Dis ic o accomplish applied esea ch, enginee ing, cons uc ion and ope a ions in cold egions o he wo ld. This pa ne - ship is based on a eam app oach wi h ee and open exchange o in o ma ion and echnology, and an emphasis on echnical excellence and cus ome o ien a ion. The CRCX main ains s a e-o - he-a acili ies and echnical expe ise o de el- oping esea ch and enginee ing knowledge and o managing he design and cons uc- ion o p ojec s ha a e a ec ed by he special demands o he cold egions. NUWC’s O -Si e O ice In 1994, he Na al Unde sea Wa a e Cen e (NUWC) in Newpo , Rhode Island and CRREL join ly es ablished a Na al Liaison Scien is Posi ion a CRREL. The pu pose is o: • sus ain esea ch and de elopmen capabili ies associa ed wi h a c ic- ela ed issues ha a e o in e es o bo h CRREL and NUWC, and • os e echnical exchange be ween wo signi ican R&D o ganiza ions. Since he es ablishmen o his o ice, he wo agencies ha e wo ked join ly on se en unique esea ch e o s, including opics such as: • a desalina ion p ocess ha occu s benea h he An a c ic ice shel es, • he we ing p ocess associa ed wi h geo ex iles, and • a mosphe ic icing o communica ions an ennas. In addi ion, an exchange echnical lec u e se ies enables scien is s om each o ganiza ion o isi and lec u e a he hos agency. The in en o hese combined e o s is o complemen and enhance indi idual capabili ies o cu en esea ch and o a ac u u e esea ch p ojec s. Unique Facili ies • Ice Enginee ing · ice ank · lume · hyd aulic model basin • F os E ec s Resea ch Facili y · 12 es cells · 8 os cycles pe yea · 24 cold labo a o ies (-35°F) • Class 100 Clean Rooms • Sleepe s Ri e Wa e shed • Sea-Ice Ponds • Remo e Sensing/GIS Cen e • Geophysical Resea ch Facili y • Pe ma os Resea ch Si e • Resea ch Pe ma os Tunnel • Cold Regions Science and Technol- ogy In o ma ion Analysis Cen e Fo mo e in o ma ion, isi he CRREL Home Page on he In e ne a : <h p://www.c el.usace.a my.mil> o con ac Vicki Kea ing, CRREL, 72 Lyme Road, Hano e , NH 03755-1290 Phone: 603/646-4259 • Fax: 603/646-4644 [email p o ec ed].mil Pa ne ship in Educa ion • Women in Science and Enginee ing In e nships • Disabili y Awa eness • High School App en iceship P og am • Junio Sola Sp in • Ilisag ik College DoD Reimbu sable (39%) Fede al Reimbu sable (11%) Non-Fede al Reimbu sable (2%) A my Di ec (36%) A my Reimbu sable (12%) ARCSS Add esses Sp ing 1997 ARCUS — Phone 907/474-1600 • Fax 907/474-1604 • E-mail [email p o ec ed] • In e ne h p://a cus.pola ne .com Jack K use, Chai p o em Ins i u e o Social and Economic Resea ch Uni e si y o Alaska Ancho age 3211 P o idence D i e Ancho age, AK 99508 Phone: 907/786-7743 • Fax: 907/786-7739 E-mail: [email p o ec ed] GISP2 Rep esen a i es Deb a Meese, ARCSS PI Cold Regions Resea ch and Enginee ing Labo a o y Hano e , NH 03755-1290 Phone: 603/646-4594 • Fax: 603/646-4644 E-mail: [email p o ec ed] Lloyd D. Keigwin, Non-ARCSS Resea che McLean Labo a o y, M/S 8 Woods Hole Oceanog aphic Ins i u ion 360 Woods Hole Road Woods Hole, MA 02543 Phone: 508/289-2784 • Fax: 508/457-2183 E-mail: [email p o ec ed] PALE Rep esen a i es Pa icia M. Ande son, ARCSS PI Qua e na y Resea ch Cen e Uni e si y o Washing on Sea le, WA 98195-1360 Phone: 206/543-0569 • Fax: 206/543-3836 E-mail: [email p o ec ed] Da ell S. Kau man, Non-ARCSS Resea che Depa men o Geology U ah S a e Uni e si y Logan, UT 84322-4505 Phone: 801/797-2813 •␣ Fax: 801/797-1588 E-mail: [email p o ec ed] OAII Rep esen a i es Knu Aagaa d, ARCSS PI Pola Science Cen e – APL Uni e si y o Washing on Sea le, WA 98105-6698 Phone: 206/543-8942 • Fax: 206/543-3521 E-mail: [email p o ec ed] John Wea he ly, Non-ARCSS Resea che Clima e and Global Dynamics Di ision Na ional Co po a ion o A mosphe ic Resea ch PO Box 3000 Boulde , CO 80307-3000 Phone: 303/497-1706 • Fax: 303/497-1348 E-mail: [email p o ec ed] James P. Ba y, Al e na e Mon e ey Bay Aqua ium Resea ch Ins i u e Moss Landing, CA 95039 PO Box 628 Phone: 408/775-1726 • Fax: 408/775-1620 E-mail: [email p o ec ed] LAII Rep esen a i es John E. Hobbie, ARCSS PI The Ecosys ems Cen e Ma ine Biological Labo a o y 167 Wa e S ee Woods Hole, MA 02543 Phone: 508/548-6704 • Fax: 508/457-1548 E-mail: [email p o ec ed] Da id R. Klein, Non-ARCSS Resea che Alaska Coope a i e Fish and Wildli e Resea ch Uni Uni e si y o Alaska Fai banks PO Box 757020 Fai banks, AK 99775-7020 Phone: 907/474-6674 • Fax: 907/474-6967 E-mail: [email p o ec ed] Pa ick J. Webbe , Al e na e Depa men o Bo any and Plan Pa hology Michigan S a e Uni e si y 100 No h Kedzie Hall Eas Lansing, MI 48824-1031 Phone: 517/355-1284 • Fax: 517/432-2150 E-mail: [email p o ec ed] HARC Rep esen a i es Susan A. Kaplan, ARCSS PI Pea y-MacMillan A c ic Museum Bowdoin College B unswick, ME 04011 Phone: 207/725-3289 • Fax: 207/725-3499 E-mail: [email p o ec ed] Leslie King, Non-ARCSS Resea che En i onmen al S udies Uni e si y o No he n B i ish Columbia 3333 Uni e si y Way P ince Geo ge, BC V2N 4Z9 Canada Phone: 250/960-5836 • Fax: 250/960-5539 E-mail: [email p o ec ed] Thomas McGo e n, Al e na e Depa men o An h opology Bioa chaeological Labo a o y Hun e College, CUNY 695 Pa k A e New Yo k, NY 10021 Phone: 212/772-5410 • Fax: 212/772-5423 E-mail: [email p o ec ed] Modeling Wo king G oup Rep esen a i es F. S ua (Te y) Chapin, Co-chai Depa men o In eg a i e Biology Uni e si y o Cali o nia Valley Li e Science Bldg Be keley, CA 94720 Phone: 510/642-1003 • Fax: 510/643-6264 E-mail: [email p o ec ed] Amanda Lynch, Co-chai Coope a i e Ins i u e o Resea ch in En i onmen al Sciences Uni e si y o Colo ado Campus Box 216 Boulde , CO 80309-0216 Phone: 303/492-5847 • Fax: 303/492-1149 E-mail: [email p o ec ed] Da a Managemen Wo king G oup Rep esen a i e Da id L. McGinnis, Chai Coope a i e Ins i u e o Resea ch in␣ En i onmen al Sciences Na ional Snow and Ice Da a Cen e Uni e si y o Colo ado Campus Box 449 Boulde , CO 80309-0449 Phone: 303/492-1160 • Fax: 303/492-2468 E-mail: [email p o ec ed] ARCUS Boa d Liaison Nicholas E. Flande s, P esiden Ins i u e o A c ic S udies Da mou h College 6182 S eele Hall Hano e , NH 03755-3577 Phone: 603/646-1278 • Fax: 603/646-1279 E-mail: [email p o ec ed] ARCSS Commi ee ARCUS Add esses Sp ing 1997 Published by he A c ic Resea ch Conso ium o he Uni ed S a es • 600 Uni e si y A enue • Sui e 1 • Fai banks, AK 99709 Pe e Schlosse , Co-chai Lamon -Dohe y Ea h Obse a o y Columbia Uni e si y PO Box 1000, R 9 W Palisades, NY 10964-8000 Phone: 914/365-8707 • Fax: 914/365-8155 E-mail: [email p o ec ed] Wal e Tucke III, Co-chai Cold Regions Resea ch and Enginee ing␣ Labo a o y 72 Lyme Rd Hano e , NH 03755-1290 Phone: 603/646-4268 • Fax: 603/646-4644 E-mail: [email p o ec ed] Richa d B. Alley Ea h Sys em Science Cen e Pennsyl ania S a e Uni e si y 306 Deike Bldg Uni e si y Pa k, PA 16802 Phone: 814/863-1700 • Fax: 814/865-3191 E-mail: [email p o ec ed] Randy Bo ys A mosphe ic Sciences Cen e Dese Resea ch Ins i u e PO Box 60220 Reno, NV 89506 Phone: 702/677-3122 • Fax: 702/677-3157 E-mail: [email p o ec ed] Julie B igham-G e e Depa men o Geosciences Uni e si y o Massachuse s Campus Box 35820 Amhe s , MA 01003-5820 Phone: 413/545-4840 • Fax: 413/545-1200 E-mail: [email p o ec ed] Ted DeLaca O ice o A c ic Resea ch Uni e si y o Alaska Fai banks Box 757560 Fai banks, AK 99775-7560 Phone: 907/474-7314 • Fax: 907/474-7225 E-mail: [email p o ec ed] Nicholas E. Flande s Ins i u e o A c ic S udies Da mou h College 6182 S eele Hall Hano e , NH 03755-3577 Phone: 603/646-1278 • Fax: 603/646-1279 E-mail: [email p o ec ed] Richa d Glenn Depa men o Ene gy Managemen No h Slope Bo ough Ba ow, AK 99723 Phone: 907/852-0395 • Fax: 907/852-8971 E-mail: [email p o ec ed] John E. Hobbie The Ecosys ems Cen e Ma ine Biological Labo a o y 167 Wa e S Woods Hole, MA 02543 Phone: 508/548-6704 • Fax: 508/457-1548 E-mail: [email p o ec ed] Ka l C. Kui inen Snow and Ice Resea ch G oup Uni e si y o Neb aska – Lincoln 2255 W S , S e 101 Lincoln, NE 68583-0850 Phone: 402/472-9833 • Fax: 402/472-9832 E-mail: [email p o ec ed] ARCUS Logis ics Wo king G oup In e na ional A ilia es Associa ion o Canadian Uni e si ies o No he n S udies (ACUNS) h p://www.geog.mcgill.ca:80/no he n/ acunhome.h ml Jill Oakes Depa men o Na i e S udies Uni e si y o Mani oba Fle che A gue Bldg, Rm 539 Winnipeg, MB R3T 5V5 Canada Phone: 204/474-9899 • Fax 204/261-0333 E-mail: [email p o ec ed] Gilles Gau hie Depa emen de biologie Uni e si é La al Ci e Uni e si ai e Quebec, QC G1K 7P4 Canada Phone: 418/656-5507 • Fax: 418/656-2043 E-mail: [email p o ec ed] GEOMAR Resea ch Cen e o Ma ine Geosciences h p://www.geoma .de Jo n Thiede Resea ch Cen e o Ma ine Geosciences GEOMAR Wischho s asse 1-3 Kiel, D-24148 Ge many Phone: + 49 431/600-2215 Fax: + 49 431/600-2925 Heidi Kassens add ess same as abo e Phone: + 49 431/600-2850 Fax: + 49 431/600-2941 E-mail: [email p o ec ed] ARCUS Membe Ins i u ions, Rep esen a i es, and Al e na es ( con inued ) Jamie Mo ison Pola Science Cen e Applied Physics Labo a o y Uni e si y o Washing on Sea le, WA 98105-6698 Phone: 206/543-1394 • Fax: 206/543-3521 E-mail: [email p o ec ed] Glenn Sheehan Ba ow A c ic Science Conso ium PO Box 955 Ba ow, AK 99723 Phone: 907/852-4881 • Fax: 907/852-4882 E-mail: [email p o ec ed] Iman s J. Vi snieks O ice o Pola P og ams Na ional Science Founda ion 4201 Wilson Bl d, Rm 755 A ling on, VA 22230 Phone: 703/306-1029 • Fax: 703/306-0139 E-mail: [email p o ec ed] Ex-o icio: Ga e B ass U.S. A c ic Resea ch Commission The Ellipse Building 4350 N Fai ax D , S e 630 A ling on, VA 22203 Phone: 800/au o ab • Fax: 703/525-0114 E-mail: [email p o ec ed] Tom Pyle O ice o Pola P og ams Na ional Science Founda ion 4201 Wilson Bl d, Rm 740 A ling on, VA 22230 Phone: 703/306-1030 • Fax: 703/306-0139 E-mail: [email p o ec ed] McGill Uni e si y h p://www.mcgill.ca Ma ianne S enbaek Cen e o No he n S udies and Resea ch McGill Uni e si y 805 She b ooke S W Mon eal, PQ H3A 2K6 Canada Phone: 514/398-6052 •␣ Fax: 514/398-8364 E-mail: [email p o ec ed] Uni e si y o No he n B i ish Columbia h p://www.unbc.edu Gail A. Fondahl NRES/Geog aphy Uni e si y o No he n B i ish Columbia 3333 Uni e si y Way P ince Geo ge, BC V2N 4Z9 Canada Phone: 250/960-5856 • Fax: 250/960-5539 E-mail: [email p o ec ed]