Witness the Arctic - Autumn 1998, Volume 6 Number 2

1 con inued on nex page ARCTIC Published by he A c ic Resea ch Conso ium o he Uni ed S a es • 600 Uni e si y A enue • Sui e 1 • Fai banks, AK 99709 Ch onicles o he A c ic Sys em Science Resea ch P og am Au umn 1998, Volume 6 Numbe 2 Team Pionee s All-Win e Resea ch a G eenland Summi by Jack Dibb In ea ly Augus 1997, ou Ame icans wa ched wi h mixed emo ions as he inal ligh o he season le he ice shee a he summi o G eenland wi h he summe c ew. The ou would be he i s people o s ay he win e a Summi . Fo he nex eigh mon hs, NSF unded Phil Aus in, Robe Hawley, Pa ick Smi h, and Sa ah S u ges o es he easibili y o main aining a yea - ound, long- e m p esence a Summi — he highes poin in he A c ic. When he plane e u ned o pick hem up in Ap il 1998, he ou sha ed unp eceden ed obse a ions and a jus i iable sense o p ide in demons a ing ha a small c ew could be sa e, easonably com o able, and highly p oduc i e scien- i ically yea - ound a Summi . In Feb ua y 1998, while he ou we e s ill collec ing da a, p elimina y in o ma- ion abou hei accomplishmen s con- ibu ed o he decision by he Danish Science Commission, he Eu opean Pola Science Boa d, and NSF o p oceed wi h es ablishing he p oposed win e acili y and o comple e he ela ed science plan. Resea ch began a he si e in 1987 wi h su eys o loca e he bes deep d illing si e in he egion. Eu opean and Ame ican esea ch eams eco e ed wo 3-km long ice co es du ing he 1989-93 summe sea- sons om he c es o G eenland whe e he ice shee is nea ly wo miles hick and minimally de o med by he low o he ice owa d sea le el (see Wi ness Sp ing 1997). The co es eco e ed by he G eenland Iceco e P ojec (GRIP) and G eenland Ice Shee P ojec Two (GISP2) p o ide The 32’ x 34’ modula s uc u e known as he G een House was he cen e o ac i i y o ou esea che s s udying ai /snow ela ionships a Summi h ough win e 1997-98. High winds o e whelmed e o s o keep snowd i s a bay. This and any simila s uc u es will be on ele a ed pla o ms in u u e yea - ound campaigns (pho o by Jack Dibb). excep ionally high- esolu ion in o ma ion abou clima e change o e he las 110,000 yea s. These eco ds o accumula ion a es, concen a ions o chemicals, and s able iso opes ha e allowed esea che s o exam- ine de ails, such as he p ecise na u e and iming o apid clima e change e en s, ha ha e impo an implica ions o unde s anding he Ea h’s clima e sys em. Quan i a i e in e p e a ion o he eco ds in he co es, howe e , equi es he de elopmen and e i ica ion o ans e unc ions ela ing he chemical composi- ion o he ice o ha o he a mosphe e. Fo example, complex seasonal a ia ions in snow accumula ion, deposi ional p ocesses, and he combina ion o opo- sphe ic anspo and chemical p ocessing in e ac o de e mine he chemical compo- si ion o snow a Summi . The goal o in e ing ice-co e eco ds o ime se ies o a mosphe ic composi ion and empe a u e leads di ec ly o a se ies o ques ions ha can only be add essed wi h yea - ound sampling. Nea ly all ield expe imen s o de elop such ans e unc ion models in G eenland ha e been es ic ed o he summe season. Yea - ound sampling will imp o e he abili y o sepa a e e ec s o seasonal o in e -annual changes om long- e m signals in he ice-co e eco ds. 2 Fea u e A icle Sa ah S u ges (pic u ed he e changing an ae osol il e in ea ly Feb ua y) and Robe Hawley collec ed samples, ope a ed ins umen s, and made obse a ions o en di e en esea ch eams du ing he s udy (pho o by Jack Dibb). Because o i s ele a ion, la i ude, and esea ch his o y, he Summi si e is ideally sui ed o s udies ha canno be con- duc ed a low-ele a ion si es in he A c ic. In addi ion o wo k on ice-co e in e p e a- ion, da a ga he ed a Summi would uniquely in o m s udies add essing: • oposphe ic chemis y; • adia ion and ene gy balance; • bounda y laye dynamics; • s a osphe ic obse a ions; and • a mosphe ic elec ici y. Summi da a could also con ibu e o: • pola ae onomy and space sciences, and • seismic and geode ic measu emen s. The ollowing epo p o ides only an o e iew o he da a se s ha ha e esul ed om he 1997-98 expe imen and he ques ions o which hey a e being applied. P elimina y analyses o da a we e p e- sen ed in Oc obe 1998 a an NSF/NASA planning mee ing o 1999 ope a ions in G eenland. Mo e comple e compa isons and collabo a i e in e p e a ions we e p esen ed a a special session on he Summi win e -o e campaign a he Decembe 1998 AGU mee ing in San F ancisco. Publica ions ea u ing hese esul s a e expec ed o appea in 1999. P ecipi a ion and Snow Accumula ion The equency and iming o snow all e en s de ines an uppe limi o he em- po al esolu ion wi h which he snowpack can eco d a ia ions in he composi ion o he o e lying ai . High winds deg ade he esolu ion o such eco ds, as d i ing o su ace snow mixes signals om di e - en e en s and pa ially e ases some o hem h ough enhanced sublima ion o he snow c ys als. Un il he win e o 1997-98, ou ine obse a ions o alling and d i ing snow had ne e been made a Summi . P elimina y e iew o he new da a se s demons a e ha : • he e we e no ex ended pe iods wi hou accumula ion du ing he yea o he expe imen , and • he summe and all seasons had g ea e accumula ion han a o he imes. A mosphe ic Gas-Phase Measu emen s The 3200 m ele a ion o Summi p o ides a su ace-based obse a o y wi h access o he a c ic mid- oposphe e. T oposphe ic chemis y in he pola egions is unique because o he ex eme seasonal a ia ion in a ailable ligh , wi h pho ochemis y essen ially shu down h ough he win e nigh . Howe e , anspo o ai masses om sunli egions a lowe la i udes may make impo an con ibu ions o he composi ion o he a c ic win e oposphe e. Gas-phase measu emen s made by he he 1997-98 eam included: • ozone (NOAA-CMDL), • a la ge sui e o non-me hane hyd oca - bons and haloca bons (UCI), and • adon (UH). Ozone and hyd oca bons allow assessmen o he pho ochemical and oxida i e s a e o he oposphe e h ough he yea . Radon is a sensi i e indica o o ai masses o igina ing o e con inen al egions and can indica e anspo ime om hese egions o Summi . Hyd oca bon and haloca bon “signa u es” (cha ac e is ic enhancemen s in g oups o compounds) can be linked o mo e speci ic con inen al egions wi h dominan emission pa e ns om an h opogenic sou ces and also indi- ca e na u al sou ces like oceanic emissions. A mosphe ic Pa icles (Ae osols) Unlike he gases lis ed abo e, many ae osol-associa ed compounds a e inco po a ed in o snow and hen pass in o he glacial ice a chi es wi h li le pos - deposi ional modi ica ion. As a esul , hese compounds ha e been s udied in ice-co e in es iga ions, and iden i ying empo al pa e ns in he abundance and composi ion o a mosphe ic pa icles was a majo ocus o his yea - ound sampling campaign. The Summi da a on he ionic com- pounds in ae osol (Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-, NO3-, SO42-, MSA) a e cha ac- e ized by spikes indica i e o speci ic epi- sodes o anspo (CMU, LGGE). Some o he ae osols (e.g., MSA, NH4+) also show clea seasonal a ia ions. Analyses a e now ocused on ela ing he spikes o simi- la pa e ns in o he anspo ace s and o known e en s such as episodes o i e. Du ing he 1997-98 s udy pe iod he na u al adionuclide ace s 7Be and 210Pb showed no sign o he b oad win e maxi- mum cha ac e is ic o sea-le el si es in he A c ic (UNH). A simila lack o win e peaks also was obse ed du ing he only o he p e ious yea - ound a mosphe ic sampling p og am on he ice shee (1988-1989 a Dye 3, 2.5 km ele a ion on he sou he n dome o he G eenland Ice Shee ), sugges ing ha he A c ic Haze phenomenon does no ex end o he 2-3 km al i ude o he c es o he G eenland Ice Shee . This in e ence is suppo ed by o he ace s measu ed in he wo campaigns. On he o he hand, he adionuclide ace s showed sp ing and all peaks a Dye 3 ha we e no appa en a Summi . Since he peaks a Dye 3 we e a ibu ed o la ge-scale a mosphe ic mo ions (mo e igo ous e ical mixing o oposphe ic ai down o he su ace o he ice shee ), we expec ed simila pa e ns a Summi . I is hoped ha analyses o o he ace s and me eo ological da a will cla i y whe he he di e ences be ween he wo eco ds can be a ibu ed o sys ema ic di e ence be ween he wo si es o anomalous a mo- sphe ic ci cula ion in one o he wo yea s. 3 Back T ajec o y Modeling Win e -o e esea che s applied a model ha es ima es whe e ai masses a i ing a Summi came om (UW-M). These “back ajec o ies” we e calcula ed wice each day h oughou he yea . The pu pose is o use hese me eo ologically based ajec o ies in conjunc ion wi h he a ious chemical ace s o con i m he loca ions o sou ce egions impac ing he ai o e cen al G eenland. In addi ion o examining a ia ions in appa en a mo- sphe ic anspo om one day o he nex , he win e -o e ajec o ies will be s a is i- cally compa ed o a se o ajec o ies p e- iously calcula ed o e e y day o he las 40 yea s in o de o de e mine whe he he s ong El Niño o 1997-98 made his an anomalous yea . Mic ome eo ology and Ene gy Budge The sampling owe a Summi was ins umen ed o con inuous me eo ologi- cal measu emen s using CRREL equip- men . The measu emen s made du ing he win e -o e expe imen include: • wind speed, ai empe a u e, and ela i e humidi y senso s a wo le els; • incoming and e lec ed long-wa e and sho -wa e adia ion; • incoming adia ion in he ed band; and • in a ed snow-su ace empe a u e measu emen s. Because he esea che s checked he ins u- men a ion a leas once each day and emo ed any deposi s o os and ice, he da a se ies om all senso s we e con inu- ous and appea o be o high quali y. Ene gy balance calcula ions a e cu en ly in p og ess (CRREL). A quick look a he aw da a has shown ha empe a u es a Summi we e no ably wa me in mid-win- e han he a e age o he p e ious se en yea s—a lucky b eak o he ou s a membe s, bu also pe haps an indica ion ha his single yea may no be ep esen a- i e o he no m. Su ace Snow Sampling and Analysis Win e -o e s a collec ed daily samples o su ace snow o ai -snow compa isons and examina ion o pos - deposi ional changes in snow composi ion. Concen a ions o hyd ogen pe oxide (H2O2), which is p oduced in sunligh , con i m he e y low win e ime le els The Team The ield eam was ce ainly he mos isible componen o he win- e -o e campaign, bu hei success was made possible by he suppo o a la ge numbe o people. Special hanks a e due o: • Bill Ba be , P ojec Manage • NSF O ice o Pola P og ams ARCSS P og am—Mike Ledbe e , P og am Manage ; • Pola Ice Co ing O ice (PICO) a he Uni e si y o Neb aska-Lincoln; • New Yo k Ai Na ional Gua d; • Jonas Finnbogason and G eenland Ai ; and • Kange lussuaq Ai po Au ho i y. Resea che s a he ollowing ele en ins i u ions a e now p ocessing da a collec ed du ing he 1997-98 win e - o e expe imen : • Ca negie Mellon Uni e si y (CMU) • Cold Regions Resea ch and Enginee ing Labo a o y (CRREL) • INSTAAR s able iso ope labo a o y • Labo a oi e de Glaciologie e Geophysique de l’En i onmen (LGGE) • Na ional Ins i u e o S anda ds and Technology (NIST) • NOAA-CMDL • Uni e si y o A izona (UA) • Uni e si y o Cali o nia a I ine (UCI) • Uni e si y o Heidelbe g (UH) • Uni e si y o New Hampshi e (UNH) • Uni e si y o Wisconsin-Milwaukee (UW-M) Jack Dibb is a Resea ch Associa e P o esso wi h he Clima e Change Resea ch Cen e a he Uni e si y o New Hampshi e. He is he chie scien is o he 1997-98 and 2000-02 yea - ound sampling campaigns a Summi and he ongoing summe ime in es iga ion in o eac i e ni ogen oxides a he same si e. Jack has he dubious dis inc- ion o ha ing “ isi ed” Summi a leas once each yea since 1989. Fo mo e in o ma ion on Summi , see h p://www.hw .a izona.edu/Alpine/ Summi /obse a o y.h ml. in e ed om p e ious pi s udies (UA). The Summi eco d did no , howe e , cap u e he highes concen a ions ypi- cally seen in snow pi s, sugges ing ha his peak occu s be ween mid-Ap il and ea ly- June (when no samples we e collec ed in he p esen s udy) a he han du ing mid- summe when dayligh hou s a e longes and a mosphe ic concen a ions o H2O2 a e expec ed o be highes . Ea ly esul s om he analysis o ca bonaceous pa icles il e ed om snow samples (NIST) indica e clea seasonal pa e ns in hei ola ili y “spec a” as well as s ong concen a ion peaks in sp ing and summe . The sp ing peaks co ela e wi h con inen al dus ace s in su ace snow samples (UNH) and show a ola il- i y pa e n simila o ha o an u ban e e ence ma e ial (NIST). The summe peak co ela es wi h ionic ace s o bio- mass bu ning (UNH) and anspo om he bo eal o es i e zone o Canada (UW-M). Fu he analyses a e unde way o unambiguously iden i y biomass and ossil ca bon sou ces. Snow and Fi n Physical Cha ac e is ics Measu emen s o he oughness o su ace snow show ha he su ace becomes co e ed wi h sas ugi (wind- sculp ed d i s) and dunes ha a e much la ge du ing he win e han du ing any o he season (CRREL). G ea e oughness c ea es la ge p essu e g adien s, g ea e ai low, and accele a ed exchange o ma e ial (e.g., wa e , ai bo ne chemical com- pounds) be ween he snowpack and a mosphe e. Ai low is also con olled, howe e , by he pe meabili y o he medium; i is he e o e possible ha he oughe win e snow su ace is coun e balanced by a educ ion in pe meabili y. Examina ion o p ese ed samples should p o ide insigh in o seasonal changes in pe meabili y. A ema kable logis ical and human endea o , he ini ial Summi win e -o e expe imen collec ed unique da a ha will con ibu e impo an in o ma ion o a numbe o in es iga ions. Fu u e esea ch p og ams a he si e a e expec ed o con inue his same ca e ul in eg a ion o maximize he scien i ic e u n on his in es men . Fea u e A icle 4 a e cloud adia i e eedbacks, mois u e anspo , global ace gas budge s, bio- logical p oduc i i y, e es ial ecosys ems, sea ice, socie al impac s, sea le el ise, and glacie mass balance. O he ac o s may be iden i ied in u u e discussions. The commi ee ecommended ha he ARCSS P og am con ene a wo kshop, including expe s in a ious global models, egional clima e modeling, e es ial ecosys ems, i e uno modeling, land and ma ine paleoen i onmen al s udies, A c ic Ocean ci cula ion and links o global ocean ci cula ion, sea ice, glaciol- ogy, and social sciences. This wo kshop would ocus on he ole o a c ic esh- wa e budge s in global clima e change, o: • e alua e cu en unde s anding o he ela ionships be ween a c ic eshwa e cycles and he global clima e sys em; • highligh unce ain ies and impo an linkages; and • iden i y p io i y esea ch a eas. In eg a ion o Con empo a y and Paleoen i onmen al Te es ial S udies In es iga o s wo king h ough he ARCSS Land-A mosphe e-Ice In e ac ions (LAII) and Paleoclima es om A c ic Lakes and Es ua ies (PALE) p og ams ha e ini ia ed discussions on in eg a ing con empo a y p ocess s udies and paleo- en i onmen al esea ch on e es ial in e ac ions, ocusing on po en ial changes in hese in e ac ions wi h al e ed clima e o cing. LAII b ings p ocess- and model- o ien ed s udies o he discussion; PALE b ings long eco ds o clima e and land co e change and a iabili y, as well as an in e na ional scope. The AC ecom- mended ha he ARCSS P og am sponso a wo kshop o ca alyze collabo a ions and ad ance hese impo an syn heses. These AC ecommenda ions a e unde conside a ion by he ARCSS P og am. Fo mo e in o ma ion, con ac ARCSS P og am Di ec o Mike Ledbe e (703/306-1029; ax 703/306-0648; [email p o ec ed]) o ARCSS Commi ee Chai Jack K use (413/367-2240; ax 413/ 367-0092; [email p o ec ed]) o see he ARCSS web si e (h p://www.ns .go / od/opp/a c ic/sys em.h m) o he ARCUS web si e (h p://www.a cus.o g). ARCSS O e iew ARCSS Educa ional CD-ROM A ailable The ARCSS Da a Coo dina ion Cen e (ADCC) a he Na ional Snow and Ice Da a Cen e (NSIDC) has ecen ly published and eleased In o he A c ic: In o ma ion and Educa ional Ac i i ies o S udying Clima e, an ins uc ional CD- ROM con aining class oom ac i i ies ocusing on clima e s udies. The CD-ROM, c ea ed in coope a ion wi h he G eenland Ice Shee P ojec Two (GISP2) Science Managemen O ice a he Uni e si y o New Hampshi e, includes in o ma ion and da a om GISP2 (see Wi ness Sp ing 1998) as well as da a om o he sou ces. Designed o o e ma e ials and ac i i ies o eache s and s uden s, he unique ea u e o he CD-ROM is access o “ eal” da a collec ed and used by esea ch scien- is s. Using hese da a allows s uden s o simula e he p ocess scien is s ollow when answe ing esea ch ques ions. The CD-ROM also p o ides in o ma ion, g aphics, ac i i ies, and a glossa y o enhance he expe ience o lea ning abou ea h science. Fo mo e in o ma ion, isi he ARCSS Da a web si e (h p://a css.colo ado.edu) and go o he “Educa ion Resou ces” sec ion in he online Da a Ca alog. ARCSS Commi ee Ad ances In eg a ion Following on he 1998 publica ion o he new ARCSS science plan, Towa d P edic ion o he A c ic Sys em, he ARCSS Commi ee (AC) me in Fai banks, Alaska in Oc obe 1998 o explo e implemen a- ion o he plan’s ecommenda ions o in eg a i e esea ch on he a c ic sys em and global en i onmen al change. The commi ee discussed h ee high-p io i y a eas o ad ancing ARCSS in eg a ion: • in eg a ed assessmen o clima e change, • a c ic hyd ologic cycles and eedbacks, • in eg a ion o con empo a y and paleoen i onmen al e es ial s udies. In eg a ed Clima e Change Assessmen To mee ARCSS P og am objec i es, a hie a chy o models is needed o in eg a e global models, egional clima e models, and simula ions o key en i on- men al changes, such as land co e and sea ice. This in eg a ed assessmen would seek o p edic a c ic sys em change, using: • imp o ed p ocess unde s anding, • quan i ica ion o eedbacks, and • spa ial and empo al ex apola ions. A majo challenge o his in eg a ion is a ela i e lack o expe ise ocused on a c ic clima e modeling ques ions, in pa icula a combined capabili y o in e disciplina y sys em modeling o: • un expe imen s on a ious models, • imp o e ep esen a ion o he a c ic sys em in global models, • conduc speci ic modeling s udies using simple models, and • use esul s om global models in egional models. One app oach o wa ded by he AC is an ARCSS-sponso ed, pos -doc o al ellowship p og am o de elop a coho o model-sa y, in e disciplina y sys em scien is s o wo k on hese p oblems in collabo a ion wi h s akeholde g oups and he ARCSS esea ch communi y. A c ic Hyd ologic Cycles and Feedbacks Changes in a c ic eshwa e budge s ha e he po en ial o os e ab up clima e change ou side o he A c ic, hus, p edic ing how changes in eshwa e cycles in he A c ic may change he global clima e sys em is c i ical. Collabo a ion among he ARCSS communi y and global sys ems esea che s will be essen ial o iden i y he le els o change in a c ic esh- wa e budge s likely o e ec global sys ems. Such collabo a ion would: • enable a c ic esea che s o iden i y he esolu ion equi ed o global sys em eedbacks, and • allow global sys ems esea che s o de e mine he mos impo an a c ic sys em p ocesses o ep esen a ion in global sys em models. Linkages be ween a c ic eshwa e budge s and he mohaline ci cula ion a e impo an o his discussion. Also ele an La e-b eaking news: The HARC P og am is now in i ing p oposals! De ails on page 19. 5 The 9 h Annual ITEX Mee ing In 1990, he Man and he Biosphe e No he n Sciences Ne wo k (MAB-NSN) launched he In e na ionalTund a Expe imen (ITEX) o documen plan esponse o inc eased empe a u es (see Wi ness Sp ing 1998). The U.S. con ibu ion o ITEX (USTEX) is included wi hin he ARCSS LAII P og am. A e se en yea s o ieldwo k moni o ing species-le el esponses o empe a u e, ITEX esea che s a e now p epa ing o launch he second phase o esea ch, ocusing on in eg a ion wi h he clima e change communi y. This ocus will be ini ia ed a he 9 h In e na ional ITEX Wo kshop 4-9 Janua y 1999 in Eas Lansing, Michigan. Fo mo e in o ma ion, see he con e ence web page a h p:// www.ce l.msu.edu/ael/i ex/index.h ml o con ac Bob Hollis e (517/432-2399; ax 517/432-2150; [email p o ec ed]). ARCSS P og am Upda es LAII/ATLAS Collec s Baseline Da a o B acke T ansi ions The A c ic T ansi ions in he Land- A mosphe e Sys em (ATLAS) P og am began in Summe 1998 as pa o he NSF A c ic Sys em Science (ARCSS) P og am. ATLAS builds on he wo k o he Land-A mosphe e-Ice In e ac ions (LAII) Flux P og am in he Kupa uk Basin (see Wi ness Sp ing 1998), ocusing on unde s anding how he und a ecosys em migh espond o clima e change. One goal o he p ojec is o p oduce la ge-a ea ex apola ions o ene gy and ace gas luxes, by in eg a ing emo e sensing wi h an unde s anding o basic ecosys em p ocesses and landscape a ia ions. The p ojec b ings oge he ecologis s, biologis s, a mosphe ic physicis s, snow physicis s, and modele s. Fieldwo k will ake place in Alaska on he No h Slope and Sewa d Peninsula, and in Sibe ia. On he No h Slope, con inuous measu emen s a e al eady unde way a Ba ow, A kasuk, and I o uk. A Ba ow and A kasuk, con inuous yea - ound measu emen s o he wea he and CO2 emissions a e being made using owe s. These a e being supplemen ed du ing he g owing season wi h ai bo ne measu emen s om a specially equipped ai c a , and wi h space-bo ne measu e- men s o No malized Di e ence Vege a- ion Index (NDVI), a measu e o plan “g eenness.” Using he owe , ai c a , and sa elli e da a, esea che s will scale-up ace-gas lux measu emen s om he plo o he landscape scale. The I o uk si e is new o many ATLAS in es iga o s, bu is well known o a chae- ologis s as he loca ion o The Mesa, a hun ing lookou used by indigenous people 12,000-10,000 yea s BP. Sha ing logis ics wi h Bu eau o Land Manage- men a chaeologis s, an ATLAS c ew es ablished ou pe manen 100 m2 ege a ion plo s, anging om sh ub und a o d y, non-acidic ussock und a. A each plo , esea che s made de ailed measu emen s o : • plan communi y composi ion; • soil subs a e; • ene gy and ace gas luxes (and compa ed hese o measu emen s a a e e ence plo using a se ies o po able eddy-co ela ion owe s); • biomass; and • sh ub a chi ec u e along ansec s, in p epa a ion o win e snow measu emen s ha will commence in No embe 1998. In 1999, ieldwo k will mo e o he Sewa d Peninsula, which is wa me , we e , and opog aphically mo e di e se han he No h Slope. The Sewa d Penin- sula also di e s in ha i is su ounded by an ocean ha is p incipally ice- ee, while he No h Slope bo de s an ocean ha is o en ice-co e ed. On he Sewa d Peninsula, ieldwo k a Qua z C eek and Council is designed o encompass a ansi ion om und a o o es und a. Compa able se s o ege a- ion, ene gy, and mass lux da a om he Sewa d Peninsula and he No h Slope will b acke he ex emes o a clima ic g adien . Acco dingly, he ege a ion and land-su ace p ocesses desc ibed a he wo si es a e expec ed o be analogs o a clima echange ansi ion. The nex LAII All-Hands Mee ing will ake place 11-13 Ma ch 1999. Fo mo e in o ma ion, con ac Pa icia A. Ande son a he LAII Science Manage- men O ice (907/474-5415; ax 907/474- 6722; [email p o ec ed]; h p://www. laii.ua .edu). Ca he ine Copass (le ), La y Hinzman, and E ika Edwa ds climb he limes one idge a Lisbu ne Hills a midnigh in mid-July. The I o uk ai s ip is isible in he dis ance. The a chaeological esea ch si e known as The Mesa is o he pho o o he le (pho o by And ew Sla e ). 6 Na al Resea ch and he Oceanog aphy Sec ion o he NSF Geosciences Di ec o - a e ha e al eady ag eed o con ibu e und- ing, and se e al o he po en ial suppo e s ha e exp essed in e es . Al hough he exac na u e o he SBI Phase I esea ch canno be desc ibed un il his e iew p ocess is comple e, he goal is o suppo modeling, analysis o exis ing da a, and oppo unis ic ieldwo k ha will p o ide a s ong ounda ion o Phase II expe imen s. Science S ee ing Commi ee The OAII SSC me in S e enson, Washing on in Oc obe 1998. NSF ARCSS P og am Di ec o Mike Ledbe e s a ed ha he inc eased unding le els o FY 1999 (see page 10) should esul in se e al new oppo uni ies, possibly including announcemen s o oppo uni y o a c ic en i onmen al obse a o ies and o au oma ed sampling ins umen s. The SSC e iewed asumma y o po en ial si es o a c ic ma ine en i onmen al obse a o ies. The commi ee sugges ed ha he e we e scien i ically compelling easons o es ablish si es in he Chukchi Sea and he MacKenzie Beau o shel . Concei ably, such si es could ake ad an age o sho eside acili ies in Ba ow, Alaska and Tuk oyuk uk, No hwes Te i o ies, Canada. Jamie Mo ison upda ed he SSC on he de eloping S udy o En i onmen al A c ic Change P og am (see page 7). The SSC hough he scien i ic easons o p oceed- ing wi h his e o (including he ecen changes no ed by SHEBA) a e compelling. The SSC will appoin a wo king g oup o coo dina e a science-planning wo kshop, en a i ely scheduled o ea ly Sp ing 1999. Discussion esul ed in modi ica ion o he in o mal name, S udy o A c ic Change, o S udy o he En i onmen al A c ic Change (SEARCH). The nex OAII All-Hands Mee ing will ake place on 20-22 Oc obe 1999. Fo mo e in o ma ion, see h p://a css- oaii.ccpo.odu.edu/ o con ac Lou Codispo i in No olk, VA (757/683-5770; ax 757/683-5550; [email p o ec ed]) o OAII SSC Chai Jackie G ebmeie in Knox ille, TN (423/974-2592; ax 423/ 974-3067; [email p o ec ed]). ARCSS P og am Upda es OAII Comple es he SHEBA Yea In ea ly Oc obe 1998, esea che s success ully comple ed a ull yea o ieldwo k in esidence on he a c ic pack ice. On 11 Oc obe , he Canadian ice- b eake Des G oseillie s b oke ou o he a c ic ice pack in o which i had been ozen since 2 Oc obe 1997 and b ough he Su ace Hea Budge o he A c ic Ocean (SHEBA) expe imen home. Du ing he cou se o he yea , he ship se ed as a esidence, esea ch s a ion, and hub o he esea ch illage ha sp ead on o he su ounding ice. The s a ion ended he yea 800 km om i s s a ing poin bu had ac ually d i ed much a - he along i s ci cui ous ou e unde he in luence o wind and cu en s. In he las week alone, he ice s a ion d i ed 95 km, unde he in luence o 20-30 kno winds. SHEBA esea che s collec ed oughly 10 billion da a poin s. P elimina y insigh s include he obse a ion ha he anoma- lously hin ice no ed a he beginning o (pho o by Richa d Mo i z, cou esy o Uni e si y o Washing on) he expe imen had, in gene al, become e en hinne by he end o he yea , sug- ges ing ha wa ming o he A c ic Ocean is con inuing. In es iga o s a e s i ing o de e mine whe he his is an oscilla ion, a secula change, o some combina ion o bo h; whe he i ela es o me eo ological phenomena such as he No h A lan ic and A c ic oscilla ions; and, i so, how. Fo in o ma ion, see he SHEBA web si e (h p://sheba.apl.washing on.edu). Wes e n A c ic Shel Basin In e ac ions (SBI) Announcemen o Oppo uni y Fi y-one p oposals submi ed o NSF in June 1998 in esponse o he Wes e n A c ic Shel Basin In e ac ions (SBI) Announcemen o Oppo uni y a e in e iew. The Science Plan o his biologi- cally and biogeochemically o ien ed p o- g am is a ailable om he OAII Science Managemen O ice (SMO) and on he OAII web si e (see below). The O ice o “Finally, we mus conside he ice.... We e i no o he ice, he sea he e would be li le di e en om he sea elsewhe e in he wo ld. We a el and wo k on he ice cons an ly, jus as i i we e solid land, and we end o o ge ha 2 m benea h us is a 4 km oid. Bu his is he pola ice pack, and i is cons an ly in mo ion. Since la e Janua y, he pack has been especially ac i e nea he ship. The science camp was sepa a ed by a lead ha opened 50 m, hen c ushed oge he again o o m a p essu e idge and a keel 10 m deep. The main camp was mo ed no h hal a kilome e and now has o gene a e i s own powe a he han be hooked o he ship.... Some imes we a e awakened by a lu ch as he ice snaps and he ship mo es, o we hea he ice g inding agains he side. No ma e he ime o day o nigh , he b idge immedia ely ills wi h people anxious o see whe e he ac ion is, and whe he hei hu s and ins umen s a e in he wa e o c ushed in he ice.” —Ha old Welch, biological oceanog aphe Depa men o Fishe ies and Oceans, Canada May 1998 quo ed in A c ic Sep embe 1998 7 means o da a syn hesis. Di ec any com- men s on he A las o he Coo dina o , Ma Du all ([email p o ec ed]). Fo mo e in o ma ion, con ac Kim Ma sella a he PALE Science Manage- men O ice in Boulde , CO (303/492- 0246; ax 303/492-6388; pale@spo . colo ado.edu), and see he PALE web si e (h p://www.ngdc.noaa.go /paleo/pale/ index.h ml). PALE A las Se es as Model o Ci cuma c ic Syn heses While indi idual esea che s in he Paleoclima es om A c ic Lakes and Es ua ies (PALE) P og am con inue o wo k on pas clima e econs uc ion wi hin hei own ield a eas, he e is also a gene al mo emen owa d syn hesis p ojec s. These include: • he PALE high- esolu ion esea ch g oup syn hesis o clima e change in he A c ic o e he las 400 yea s (see Wi ness Sp ing 1998); and • se e al p ojec s ha a e pa o di e en ini ia i es wi hin Pas Global Changes (PAGES), a co e p ojec o he In e na ional Geosphe e/Biosphe e P og amme (IGBP). These include Ci cum-A c ic PaleoEn i onmen s (CAPE; see Wi ness Au umn 1997), BIOME (see Wi ness Sp ing 1998), and he PALE Paleoen i onmen al A las (see Wi ness Sp ing 1998). The A las (h p://www.ngdc.noaa.go / paleo/pale/a las/index.h ml) has become a key ool in p o iding a be e unde s and- ing o pas en i onmen al and clima ic spa ial a iabili y. The success o he Be ingian A las pilo p ojec has led CAPE esea che s o adop he a las app oach as a way o u he egional syn hesis e o s elsewhe e in he A c ic. A Sp ing 1999 wo kshop is planned o begin de elop- men o an a las o he No hwes e n No h A lan ic egion (Iceland o he Canadian A chipelago). The A las is unique in ha i combines paleo- and mode n en i onmen al da a. The syn hesis p ocess is ully documen ed so ha he esul ing in e p e ed da a can be aced di ec ly o he p ima y paleo-da a. This, combined wi h he ease o upda ing da a, se s he A las apa om mo e adi ional S udy o he En i onmen al A c ic Change (SEARCH) The inal Repo on he A c ic Change Wo kshop ha ook place in No em- be 1997 was comple ed and dis ibu ed in Augus 1998 by he Pola Science Cen e a he Applied Physics Labo a o y o he Uni e si y o Washing on as an OAII epo . The epo summa izes obse a- ions o ma ked changes in he A c ic since 1990 (see Wi ness Sp ing 1998) and u ges he de elopmen o a p og am o examine hem u he . Obse a ions ha e e ealed ha he A c ic is in he mids o change ex ending om he op o he a mosphe e o below 1,000 m in he ocean. A s eng hening o he a mosphe ic pola o ex has esul ed in lowe su ace p essu e and a consequen weakening and dis o ion o he Beau o Sea Ice Gy e. This weakening has been ap- pa en in d i ing buoy da a; i is also asso- cia ed wi h di e gence o he ice pack. I is now pos ula ed ha he ice di e gence has caused inc eased summe ice mel and he eshening o he Beau o Sea mixed laye , as obse ed du ing he SHEBA ield expe imen (see page 6). The change in a mosphe ic ci cula ion may also accoun o : • he dec eased ice co e on he Sibe ian shel es desc ibed by se e al au ho s; • he ising No h A lan ic Oscilla ion index; and • inc eased ad ec ion o hea and mois- u e in o he G eenland Sea and Ba en s Sea egions. This, in u n, has esul ed in an inc ease in he empe a u e o A lan ic Wa e lowing in o he A c ic Ocean and can explain he wa ming obse ed he e. The epo ecommends a coo dina ed p og am o long- e m obse a ions, modeling, and p ocess s udies o ack and unde s and he change ha is unde way. Jamie Mo ison p esen ed he epo a he Oc obe 1998 mee ing o he ARCSS- Ocean-A mosphe e-Ice In e ac ions (OAII) Science S ee ing Commi ee. The SSC endo sed he e o hus a and is u ging ha he planning e o go o wa d (see page 6). The Repo on he A c ic Change Wo kshop is a ailable a h p://psc.apl. washing on.edu/publica ion/A c ic_ Change/a c ic.pd . Fo mo e in o ma ion, con ac Jamie Mo ison in Sea le, WA (206/543-1394; ax 206/543-3521; [email p o ec ed]). ARCSS P og am Upda es The Paleoen i onmen al A las o Be ingia is designed o syn hesize en i onmen al condi ions om p ima y paleo- en i onmen al da a. This map shows he si es con aining he ossil pollen and bee le da a used in A las econs uc ions. Fo mo e in o ma ion, see he web si e (h p://www.ngdc.noaa.go /paleo/pale/a las/be ingia/index.h ml; map by Ma Du all, Qua e na y Resea ch Cen e , Uni e si y o Washing on). 8 (NPS and he No wegian Ins i u e o Ai Resea ch), ozone/s a osphe ic and clima e esea ch (Al ed Wegene Ins i u e), and space geode ic esea ch (No wegian Map- ping Au ho i y). Mo e han 9,000 use - days we e logged by isi ing scien is s a Ny-Ålesund in 1998. Many o he esea ch ac i i ies, coo dina ed by he Ny-Ålesund Science Manage s Commi ee, con inue yea - ound. A new No wegian esea ch s a ion will be a ailable o use in ea ly 1999. Russia and Poland also ha e esea ch s a ions on S alba d. The NPS ope a es i s own esea ch essel, he R/V Lance, o e he high A c ic. The NPS o e s logis ics se ices o No wegian esea che s and o o eign esea che s wo king unde collabo a i e ag eemen s. The S alba d Science Fo um, es ablished by he Resea ch Council o No way, coo dina es esea ch acili ies, he de elopmen o in as uc u e, and in o - ma ion conce ning esea ch in S alba d. Fo mo e in o ma ion, con ac Jan E ling Haugland, Di ec o o he NPS, o Pe Ky e Reyme , Science Sec e a y o he S alba d Science Fo um (+47/79-02- 26-00; ax +47/79-02-26-04; nps@lby. npola .no o [email p o ec ed]; h p:// www.lby.npola .no). S alba d O e s Ex ensi e Logis ics Capabili ies A c ic Oppo uni ies Du ing an Augus 1998 mee ing in T omsø, No way, ep esen a i es om se e al a c ic coun ies planned es a- blishmen o an A c ic Ope a o s’ Fo um (see page 13) o imp o e coo dina ion o esea ch planning and logis ics. The NSF A c ic P og am is a emp ing o publicize he a ailabili y o in e na ional acili ies and explo ing a angemen s o use o hese acili ies by U.S. scien is s. To help assu e ull access o he A c ic, NSF encou ages esea che s o conside si es, such as hose loca ed in Canada (see Wi - ness Sp ing 1998), G eenland (see Wi ness Sp ing 1997), and S alba d, when plan- ning hei esea ch. Facili ies in S alba d a e desc ibed he e. S alba d is no able as an a c ic esea ch pla o m because i is he wo ld’s no h- e nmos communi y wi h mode n acili ies and in as uc u e. Unde he S alba d T ea y, i is open o scien is s om 42 na ions, including he U.S. In 1998, in es iga o s om mo e han 15 na ions conduc ed esea ch on S alba d. Hal o S alba d’s a ea is p o ec ed as na ional pa k, na u e ese e, plan p o ec ion ese e, o bi d sanc ua y. These ese es and he islands’ mo e han 100-yea his o y o scien i ic ac i i y make S alba d an excellen labo a o y o s udy- ing he en i onmen o he high A c ic. Longyea byen, he main habi a ion (pop. 1,200), o e s esea che s all ans- po a ion, elecommunica ion, and logis ic se ices yea - ound and is he si e o se e al scien i ic ins alla ions. Uni e si y S udies in S alba d (UNIS) is a ounda ion es ablished by he No we- gian go e nmen in coope a ion wi h No way’s ou uni e si ies o o e uni e - si y-le el cou ses and pe o m esea ch ele an o he high A c ic. Field cou ses a e an impo an pa o s udy a UNIS, which is based in Longyea byen. Twen y- h ee ins uc o s o e 35 cou ses in a c ic geology, a c ic geophysics, a c ic biology, and a c ic echnology o s uden s om 16 coun ies. Fo mo e in o ma ion, see h p://au o a.unis.no. One o he wo ld’s no he nmos se - lemen s, Ny-Ålesund is an in e na ional base o esea ch in he na u al sciences Ny-Ålesund is si ua ed on Kongs jo den on no hwes e n Spi sbe gen, he la ges o he S alba d islands. The a ea is ypical o high-a c ic ecosys ems, o e ing a a ie y o a c ic jo d en i onmen s, access o se e al bi d and plan sanc ua ies, and di e se geological sys ems (pho o © Bjø n F an zen). ha has a well-de eloped in as uc u e, including egula comme cial ai se ice and a mode n ha bo . The Ny-Ålesund In e na ional Resea ch and Moni o ing Facili y includes esea ch s a ions o No wegian, Ge man, B i ish, I alian, F ench, and Japanese ins i u ions, as well as he Eu opean Union’s La ge Scale Facili y (LSF). The LSF includes acili ies o a mosphe ic clima e and biological esea ch (No wegian Pola Ins i u e S alba d o NPS), a mosphe ic ai esea ch by Thomas Pyle, Jan E ling Haugland, and Pe Ky e Reyme The S alba d A chipelago c osses 80oN, bu he po s o Longyea byen (✫) and Ny-Ålesund (◆) a e kep clea o ice in he summe by wa m wa e om he No h A lan ic cu en (map by Moun ain High Maps). ♦✫ 9 Resea ch Suppo Needs An a c ic esea ch s a egy o planning, coo dina ed measu emen s, and modeling will imp o e ou p esen le els o unde - s anding, p edic i e skill, and assessmen . Wo kshop pa icipan s concu ed wi h he ecen U.S. A c ic Resea ch Commission/ NSF epo , Logis ics Recommenda ions o an Imp o ed U.S. A c ic Resea ch Capabil- i y (ARCUS 1997; see Wi ness Au umn 1997), and ou lined addi ional ways in which a ne wo k o en i onmen al obse - a o ies could acili a e an obse a ional s a egy o measu e impo an ime and space scales o changes in he A c ic. The ollowing eme ged as p io i ies: Collec long- e m obse a ions wi h emo e sensing, and in eg a e wi h paleo- eco ds. S a egies o p omo e sys ema ic obse a ion and elucida ion o he linkages wi hin he a c ic sys em include: • en i onmen al obse a o ies, • sus ained o -si e obse a ions, • echnology de elopmen and inc eased u ili y o emo e sensing, • in eg a ion o paleo-da a, • yea - ound sa e access, and • communica ions. De elop modeling and p edic i e capabili y. A usion o modeling and obse a ional e o s is equi ed o e ec i ely ocus modeling on c i ical science ques ions, and da a collec ion, whe e possible, should be ele an o he modeling e o . Syn hesize local and academic knowl- edge on A c ic Change. Me hods need o be de eloped o imp o e coope a ion and sha ing o knowledge, in o ma ion, and esea ch da a be ween academic schola s and a c ic esiden s, including indigenous no he n communi ies and local expe s. S a egies o p omo e hese include: • join , locally based mee ings; and • ac i e dissemina ion o da a. In e na ional coope a ion/collabo a- ion. Coope a ion wi h he in e na ional communi y is equi ed o achie e be e global co e age and he needed mix o ins umen a ion and acili ies. The ull epo is a ailable on he ARCUS web si e a h p://www.a cus.o g. Fo mo e in o ma ion, con ac ARCUS. A c ic Oppo uni ies Wo kshop De ails Oppo uni ies in A c ic Resea ch A communi y wo kshop held a he eques o he Na ional Science Founda ion and conduc ed by ARCUS in Sep embe 1998 de eloped ecommen- da ions ega ding needs and oppo uni ies in a c ic esea ch. NSF eques ed com- muni y inpu on a sho ime scale o aid i s planning p ocess and abili y o espond e ec i ely o signi ican budge inc eases in he FY99 Cong essional app op ia ion (see page 10 o mo e in o ma ion on he budge and page 11 o opening ema ks by he Di ec o o NSF). Twen y-eigh scien is s, ep esen ing a wide spec um o a c ic esea ch in e - es s, iden i ied cu en oppo uni ies in a c ic esea ch and challenges in a c ic esea ch suppo needs. These issues a e ou lined in Oppo uni ies in A c ic Resea ch, which was e iewed in d a o m by he wo kshop pa icipan s and he co e o ganizing g oup and has been o wa ded o NSF. The epo , which a emp s o balance pe spec i es p o ided by he physical, biological, and social science communi ies, s esses he need o in eg a ed esea ch app oaches o s udy change in he A c ic and o imp o e ou unde s anding o he links be ween physical and biological phenomena and socioeconomic changes. The in oduc ion, scien i ic oppo uni ies, and ecommen- da ions o esea ch suppo and logis ics in as uc u e a e summa ized he e. Ongoing communi y discussion on hese issues will con inue o be e y impo an . In oduc ion Fo he las ew decades, he scien i ic communi y has exp essed conce n abou he ulne abili y o he A c ic and i s esiden s o en i onmen al, social, and economic changes. Resea ch esul s show ha a c ic clima e and ecosys ems a e indeed changing subs an ially, impac ing people li ing in and ou side he A c ic. Conce n abou physical and biological change is heigh ened by new e idence ha con aminan s a e accumula ing in a c ic ecosys ems and ha he uppe a mosphe e is unde going changes as well. Many o he p ocesses egula ing a c ic physical and biological sys ems a e no well unde s ood, o e ing nume ous oppo uni ies o ad ancing basic knowledge. Ice, snow, glacie s, und a, pe ma os , bo eal o es s, and pea lands a e sensi i e in eg a o s and indica o s o change; in es iga ing hese can also p o ide undamen al in o ma ion abou he in e - ac ions and p ocesses ha egula e hem. The pola egion is also unique in i s di ec elec odynamic coupling o space en i on- men s h ough he geomagne ic ield. Rapid changes also a e aking place in he poli ical and economic sys ems o a c ic socie ies. These p ocesses a e mo e appa en and less a ec ed by ex aneous in luences in he A c ic han hey a e in many o he a eas o he wo ld. The ways in which hese changes ake place and he a ia ions in he p ocesses and ou comes a e poo ly unde s ood. Recen a c ic changes—clima ic, con aminan , UV, biological, social, economic, poli ical—add u gency o he need o scien i ic unde s anding ha will pe mi meaning ul p edic ion, adap a ion o, and mi iga ion o hese changes. Key ques ions include he ollowing: • How a e apid social, poli ical, economic, and en i onmen al changes occu ing in he A c ic a ec ing he people he e? How ha e simila changes a ec ed a c ic esiden s in he pas ? • How close is he A c ic Ocean o a ansi ion o an al e na e s a e? Is na u al a iabili y, when supe imposed on any g eenhouse- ela ed ends, su icien o make an ice- ee A c ic likely in he nex 100 yea s? • A e he obse ed ends o wa ming going o con inue, o a e hey he esul o a mul i-decadal cycle? How ha e hese changes a ied a ound he A c ic? • A e ecen la ge popula ion changes o some a c ic animal species linked o changes in clima e, ice condi ions, landscape co e , o human esou ce use? • How will dis ibu ions o a c ic ege a ion and pe ma os change o e he nex decades o cen u ies? • Wha a e he o igin and e ec s (a he su ace) o ecen a c ic uppe - and lowe -a mosphe e changes (e.g., he inc ease o pola s a osphe ic clouds and A c ic Haze, he dec ease o s a osphe ic ozone)? 16 F os i e o S udy E ec s o Fi e in Pe ma os Regions Science News Bo eal o es s accoun o abou 33% o he ca bon seques e ed in e es ial ecosys ems. I global wa ming inc eases he equency o se e i y o i e, o a es o decomposi ion o o ganic ma e , bo eal o es s could shi om se ing as a ca bon sink o ac ing as a ne sou ce o ca bon. F os i e is a esea ch p ojec ha will conduc a p esc ibed i e du ing he summe o 1999 o 2000 on mo e han 2,000 ac es o he Long Te m Ecological Resea ch si e no h o Fai banks, Alaska. Resea ch on his p esc ibed i e is designed o help o unde s and: • he causes and consequences o i e egimes, • he ole o i e in he Alaskan egional sys em, and • he eedbacks om bo eal i e o global clima e. Global wa ming may inc ease o dec ease he ex en o bo eal o es s, depending on whe he o es s expand in o und a mo e o less apidly han wild i e and logging esul in de o es a ion. Cu - en global models o ege a ion change do no conside how he a e o dis u bance by i e and logging migh change o e ime. Much o he a ea cu en ly co e ed by bo eal o es could change o a di e en biome, howe e , and he species composi- ion may change in much o he emain- de . Changes in he dis ibu ion o unc- ion o bo eal o es s could al e egional ene gy budge s enough o ei he ampli y o nulli y he expec ed apid clima ic wa ming in he A c ic and sub-A c ic. Fo es i es ha e an immedia e e ec on he su ace ene gy and wa e budge by d as ically changing: • su ace albedo, • su ace oughness, • in il a ion a es, and • mois u e abso p ion capaci y in o ganic soils. In pe ma os egions, hese e ec s con ibu e o long- e m (20-50 yea s) cumula i e impac s. The in ensi y o a bu n, o ins ance, may de e mine imme- dia e impac s as well as long- e m dis u - bance. Whe e ees a e emo ed, e apo a- ion o wa e om ee lea es dec eases o ceases, soil mois u e inc eases ma kedly, and he soil emains qui e we h oughou he yea . Whe e he o ganic laye , wi h i s insula ing quali ies, is emo ed, pe ma os begins o haw nea he su ace and o wa m a g ea e dep hs. Wi hin a ew yea s, pe ma os may gi e way o a pe - manen ly hawed laye in he soil (a alik), allowing soils o d ain in e nally h ough- ou he yea and become qui e d y. Plan s and animals using such si es mus con inu- ously adap o he changing empe a u e and mois u e egimes o he soil. These and many o he p ocesses (see box) will be he subjec o F os i e esea ch. Plan succession and e ec s o a i e on pe ma os o e ime. A e he insula ing quali y o he o ganic laye is emo ed, pe ma os begins o haw nea he su ace and wa m o g ea e dep hs. Wi hin a ew yea s, i may haw o he poin whe e i can no longe comple ely e eeze e e y win e , c ea ing a pe manen ly hawed laye in he soil called a " alik." A e o ma ion o a alik, soils may be able o d ain in e nally h oughou he yea and may become qui e d y. The local plan s and animals con inuously adap o he changing soil he mal and mois u e egimes (illus a ion by Sue Mi chell). Resea ch Associa ed wi h F os i e Suppo o his wo k is p o ided by: • NSF Di ision o En i onmen al Biology unde he Te es ial Ecosys ems P o- g am, • USDA Fo es Se ice Resea ch, and • Japanese New Ene gy and Indus ial Technology De elopmen O ganiza ion. Fo mo e in o ma ion, con ac F. S ua Chapin ([email p o ec ed]), o La y Hinzman ([email p o ec ed]); o see he USDA Fo es Se ice, Paci ic No hwes Resea ch S a ion web si e (h p://www. sl.o s .edu/home/us s/gepp/ alaska/ s i e.h m). • Vege a ion Dynamics & Succession • Landscape Scale Biomass Mapping & Modeling • Ecological Modeling • Remo e Sensing o Te es ial Ecosys em P ocesses • Radia i e T ans e in Vege a ion • Ecosys em Modeling & Analysis • E ec s o Fi e on Rep oduc i e Ecology & Biology o Black Sp uce • Hyd ologic P ocess S udies & Modeling • Aqua ic Ecology • E osion & Sedimen a ion in S eams • P ima y P oduc i i y in S eams • G oundwa e Chemis y & Hyd ology • P edic ion o Fu u e Clima e & Fi e Regimes • Response o Small Mammals o Fi e Dis u bance • Fi e Sa e y • Public Opinion Response o Fi e & Fi e Con ol • In luence o Fuel & Wea he on Fi e Beha io • Long-Te m His o y o Fi e E ec s in Bo eal Ca chmen s (Qua e na y Plan Ecology) • De ec ion o Fi e Se e i y in Alaska Using Remo e Sensing Da a • LIDAR P o iling o Smoke Plume • Fo es y P ac ices & Sys em Response • Ni ogen T ans o ma ion & T anspo • Consequences o Wild i e on Below-G ound Ca bon Balance • Ca bon S o age in Soils • Soil Enzymes • 14C Deep Soil Respi a ion • Ca bon Budge o Taiga • Myco hizal Fungi Be o e & A e he Bu n • Pe ma os Response, The mal Condi ion o Ac i e Laye • The moka s Fo ma ion • Geophysical Sounding o Pe ma os Dis ibu ion • Me hane Emission om Soil & Pe ma os • A mosphe ic CO2 Dynamics • Iso opic Chemis y • LIDAR Ae osol Physics • Ae ial Measu emen s o Ca bon Flux & Su ace E ec s o Fi e on Su ace Ene gy Balance 17 scena ios. To expand his planning p ocess o he yea s 2002 and beyond, he AICC will hold annual a c ic essel long- e m planning wo kshops in San F ancisco one day be o e he AGU Fall Mee ing, begin- ning in Decembe 1999. Announcemen s o hese mee ings will be widely ci cula ed. The AICC u ges ha all p oposals equi ing U.S. a c ic iceb eake suppo du ing 2001 be submi ed o he app op i- a e agencies no la e han Feb ua y 2000, accompanied by a UNOLS Ship-Time Reques Fo m (see below). Ship suppo cos s need no be included in he submi - ed science budge o p oposals o NSF equi ing U.S. Coas Gua d iceb eake suppo o a c ic esea ch, i an NSF Fo m 831 (o o he logis ics o m app o ed by he NSF O ice o Pola P og ams) is a ached ha clea ly indica es ship- ime equi emen s. The AICC mee s nex in Ma ch 1999 in A ondale, Louisiana. Fo mo e in o - ma ion, con ac AICC Chai Jim Swi in La Jolla, CA (619/534-3387; ax 619/534- 7383; [email p o ec ed]) o he UNOLS O ice ([email p o ec ed]); a ship- ime eques o m is a ailable a h p://gso.u i.edu/unols/unols.h ml). eques s submi ed by 4 Janua y 1999 o sui abili y, including geog aphic egion, seasonali y, numbe o be hs, compa ibil- i y o scien i ic p og ams and pe sonnel esponsibili ies, USCG equipmen eques s, and labo a o y equi emen s. This ad iso y p ocess is independen o p oposals o unding, o accep ance by he Coas Gua d o any p oposed SOO science pa icipa ion. The new a c ic esea ch essel, USCGC Healy, is expec ed o be a ailable beginning Janua y 2001 o 180 o mo e days o a c ic ma ine science suppo du - ing ha yea . Ad ance assessmen o scien- i ic in e es in use o Healy du ing 2001 indica es a likelihood o wo k in he eas - e n A c ic, including he Nansen-Gakkel Ridge, du ing mid-la e summe 2001. Addi ional ma ine science p og ams in he wes e n o eas e n A c ic om Healy a e also logis ically easible ea lie in he yea . The AICC in i es he communi y o pa icipa e in he long- ange p ocess o ad ising on science use o Healy, o p o ide a empo al and egional pale e o science missions, op ions, and equi e- men s om which he Coas Gua d and agencies can d aw science and unding s udies o illus a e he obus ness o he his o ical da a (e.g., co a iance o ice edge wi h o he geophysical a iables). • The Da a Managemen g oup ocused on issues o da a o ma , me ada a, da a a chi es, and in e na ional coope a ion. Many o hei ecommenda ions we e ca ied o he mee ing on sea-ice cha s sponso ed by he Commission on Ma ine Me eo ology held in Augus 1998 in Boulde , Colo ado. • The Science/Ope a ions g oup ou lined he pa ne ship be ween he esea ch and ope a ions communi ies necessa y o he e ec i e p epa a ion and use o ice-cha in o ma ion. Fo mo e in o ma ion, con ac To dis Villinge a he ACSYS P ojec O ice in T omsø, No way ([email p o ec ed]). Science News 400 Yea s o A c ic Sea-Ice Cha s a e Valuable Resou ce Old ship logs and li e a u e su eys documen ing sea-ice his o y om as a back as he 16 h cen u y eside a he No wegian Pola Ins i u e (NPI). O o S e d up collec ed he ship logs in 1922, and To gny Vinje o NPI ga he ed he li - e a u e su eys om lib a ies all o e he wo ld mo e ecen ly. NPI has ecen ly con e ed he masses o in o ma ion in he collec ion o digi al o m, making i mo e a ailable o he scien i ic communi y s udying clima e. The A c ic Clima e Sys em S udy (ACSYS) P og am con ened he Wo k- shop o Sea Ice Cha s o he A c ic— Scien i ic Achie emen s om he i s 400 Yea s in Augus 1998 in Sea le, Washing- on. Pa icipan s ag eed ha ice-cha in o ma ion is he basis o he long- e m obse a ional unde s anding o ice s a e and ice ex en . In o ma ion ha can be de i ed om ice cha s o he his o ical e a (1200-1930) is limi ed o ice ex en , while ice cha s o he mode n e a (1930- p esen ) gene ally p o ide in o ma ion abou he ice pack in e io as well. Se e al wo kshop epo s illus a ed he quan i y and quali y o he ice-cha in o ma ion and sugges ed ha he da a a e adequa e o suppo scien i ic in es iga ions o he his o ical e a (e.g., he His o ical Ice Cha A chi e P ojec ) and om he mode n e a (e.g., Global Digi al Sea Ice Da a Bank). Wo kshop pa icipan s di ided in o h ee wo king g oups: • The His o ical Da a Wo king G oup wo ked on he use o ea ly ice-edge da a. P ima y ecommenda ions included UNOLS A c ic Iceb eake Coo dina ing Commi ee Uni ed S a es Coas Gua d iceb eake s ha e long been made a ailable o se e as esea ch pla o ms o scien is s. To enhance he e ec i e use o hese pla o ms, he Uni e si y-Na ional Oceanog aphic Labo a o y Sys em (UNOLS) es ablished he A c ic Ice- b eake Coo dina ing Commi ee (AICC; see Wi ness Sp ing 1997) o help he Coas Gua d and scien is s conduc and coo di- na e hei espec i e missions in he A c ic. The mos ecen AICC mee ing was 18-20 No embe 1998 a NSF in A ling on, VA. The Coas Gua d now accep s ship- ime eques s o a c ic ma ine science suppo on USCGC Pola S a o Pola Sea, gene ally o sp ing o summe ope a ions. The Coas Gua d ecen ly in o med he AICC ha a limi ed numbe (10-20) o be hs may be a ailable o scien is s on a wes e n A c ic Science-O - Oppo uni y (SOO) c uise on Pola S a du ing mid-summe 1999, should no unded missions—which ha e highe p io i y—ma e ialize. The AICC has called o submission o Iceb eake Science-o -Oppo uni y Reques o ms, a ailable h ough he UNOLS web si e (see hi d column). The AICC will assess 18 Po en ial Impac s o Clima e Change on Alaska • Majo changes in ishe ies ca ches in ecen yea s, due o bo h longe e m clima e change and El Niño condi ions (+ and -). • Accele a ed pe ma os hawing, leading o cos ly inc eases in oad damage and oad main enance (-). • Majo landscape changes om o - es o bogs, and in g asslands and we land ecosys ems, due o pe ma- os hawing, a ec ing land use (-). • Inc eased o es i e equency and insec ou b eaks wi h educed economic o es yields (-). • A leng hening o he g owing season o ag icul u e and o es y by up o 20%, p oducing highe yields (+). • Inc eased coas al e osion and inun- da ion, due o less sea ice in he Be ing Sea and mo e se e e s o m su ges, h ea ening s uc u es (-). • Impac s on Na i e subsis ence li es yles as snow and sea ice changes a ec land and ma ine animals used in hun ing/ ishing (-). om Welle , G., and P.A. Ande son (eds.), 1998. Implica ions o Global Change in Alaska and he Be ing Sea Region. P oceedings o a Wo kshop a he Uni e si y o Alaska Fai banks on 3-6 June 1997. Cen e o Global Change and A c ic Sys em Resea ch, Uni e si y o Alaska Fai banks, 155 pp. Regional Change Su eys Cul i a e New Pa icipan s and commi ed o aking ac ion: • b ing s akeholde s in o e e y s age o he p ocess; • inco po a e s akeholde s in o he ins i u ional machine y (s ee ing and ad iso y commi ees, e iew panels); • go o he s akeholde s’ places o wo k, mee ings, and boa d ooms— a he han elying solely upon wo kshops and own mee ings o b ing hem oge he . To elici indigenous pe spec i es, Na i e lands ac oss he coun y we e ea ed as one o he 20 egions. Alaska Yup’ik Caleb Pungowiyi opened he Oc o- be 1998 wo kshop in Albuque que, New Mexico, ci ing obse ed impac s on indig- enous peoples and subsis ence li es yles in he A c ic. The 175 pa icipan s om all egions o he U.S., including Hawaii and Alaska, began a comp ehensi e assess- men documen ing change and po en ial impac s o clima e a iabili y and change on Na i e people and Na i e homelands. The Alaska Regional Assessmen (Be ing Sea Impac S udy, see Wi ness Au umn 1997) was ini ia ed wi h a scoping wo kshop in June 1997 and has, hus a , been mos success ul in In ea ly 1997, he U.S. Global Change Resea ch P og am and he O ice o Science and Technology Policy ini ia ed a se ies o egional clima e change wo k- shops h oughou he coun y (see Wi - ness Au umn 1997). By ea ly 1998, his ini ia i e had g own in o a comp ehensi e U.S. Na ional Assessmen on he Po en ial Consequences o Clima e Va iabili y and Change. A numbe o ede al agencies a e collabo a ing o sponso he wo kshops and compile esul s, including: • Depa men o Ag icul u e, • Depa men o Ene gy, • Depa men o he In e io , • En i onmen al P o ec ion Agency, • Na ional Ae onau ics and Space Adminis a ion, • Na ional Ins i u e o En i onmen al and Heal h Sciences, • Na ional Oceanic and A mosphe ic Adminis a ion, and • Na ional Science Founda ion. The na ional assessmen is being conduc ed h ough 20 egional wo kshops and i e con e ences on sec o s o c oss- cu ing conce n. The sec o s selec ed o analy ical ea men a a na ional scale a e ag icul u e, coas al a eas and ma ine esou ces, o es s, human heal h, and wa e esou ces. The Na ional Assessmen in ends o: • publish 20 egional epo s, i e sec o epo s, and an o e all syn hesis in ea ly 2000; and • launch a long- e m p ocess o engage ne wo ks h oughou he coun y in analysis, assessmen , and epo ing on 1) he consequences o global change and 2) associa ed coping s a egies. The assessmen is also no able in i s emphasis on s akeholde s—use s o in o - ma ion (e.g., na u al esou ce manage s, a me s, anche s, wa e manage s, decision make s, elec ed o icials) and o he s who will be a ec ed by u u e clima e changes o who a e posi ioned o de elop esponse s a egies. The 20 egional con e ences, com- ple ed in Oc obe 1998, ha e de eloped ecommenda ions on engaging s ake- holde s o imp o e he ele ance o he in o ma ion gene a ed and o c ea e communi ies o people who a e in o med Science News “The...wo kshop was a wonde ul oppo uni y o he Na i e communi y and scien is s o sha e echnology and spi i ual philosophy as i ela es o clima e and i s impac on he Ea h and he people. O e 30 ibal elde s sha ed he ancien wisdom and knowledge... ega ding he ela ionship be ween humans and he o ces o na u e. The Na i e Peoples Wo kshop was he beginning o a e y impo an dialogue ha mus be sha ed and con inued as he wo k con inues owa d c ea ing a wo ld ha is sus ainable... en i onmen ally, economically, and socially. The c oss- alida ion o science and he adi ional spi i ual knowledge o he Na i e People o he Ame icas is he ul illmen o a p ophecy ha all li e is cyclical. This his o ic ga he ing is he beginning o he closing o ha ci cle o wisdom—science and spi i uali y." —Ve na Telle , Wo kshop P ojec Di ec o summa izing ecen changes in clima e and hei e ec s on he physical en i on- men , including snow and ice ea u es. Quan i a i e syn hesis o he impac s on ecosys ems and bio a has p o en mo e di icul . An Oc obe 1998 ollow-on wo kshop con ened in Fai banks, Alaska sough o s eng hen unde s anding o global change impac s on economic ac i i ies including ishe ies, o es y, anspo a ion, and subsis ence (see box). Fo mo e in o ma ion, con ac Melissa Taylo in Washing on, DC (202/314- 2239; ax 202/488-8681; m aylo @usgc p. go ; h p://www.nacc.usgc p.go ). 19 Plan will be he s a ing poin o di ec - ing esea ch ac i i ies o be conduc ed in he No h Paci ic and Be ing Sea. In Oc obe 1998, key ep esen a i es o NOAA, DOI, and ADF&G p esen ed a whi e pape en i led “The Be ing Sea Ecosys em—A Call o Ac ion” a he Lowell Wake ield Fishe ies Symposium on Ecosys em Conside a ions in Fishe ies Managemen . This pape se es wo impo an pu poses: • i highligh s he impo ance o he Be ing Sea as a na ional esou ce; and • i encou ages an in e agency app oach o esea ch and managemen in he Be ing Sea. In esponse o indica ions o unusual condi ions in he Be ing Sea du ing he summe s o 1997 and 1998, Fishe ies- Oceanog aphy Coo dina ed In es iga ions (FOCI) di ec o s con ened a wo kshop in No embe 1998. The wo kshop’s objec- i es included sha ing in o ma ion, gene - a ing hypo heses, and ou lining u u e esea ch needs o add ess and unde s and changing condi ions and hei e ec s on he managemen o ma ine esou ces in he Be ing Sea. The d a epo om his wo kshop, which endo ses The Be ing Sea Ecosys em Resea ch Plan, is a ailable a h p://www.pmel.noaa. go / oci/ bs_98wo kshop/. The Be ing Sea Ecosys em Biophysical Me ada abase (see Wi ness Au umn 1997) is designed o assis scien is s, manage s, s uden s, ishe men, and he gene al pub- lic o in es iga e and unde s and he com- plex ecosys em o he Be ing Sea. The me ada abase (h p://www.pmel. noaa.go /be ing/mdb/) now con ains nea ly 1,000 sepa a e eco ds. The O ganizing Commi ee o Be ing Sea Ecosys em Resea ch has ecen ly ecommended ha he me ada abase and he Be ing Sea and No h Paci ic Ocean web si e ha hos s i se e as he hub o which all ela ed esea ch p ojec s a e linked and he locus o in e agency coo dina ion o esea ch. Fo mo e in o ma ion, con ac Pa Li ings on a he Alaska Fishe ies Science Cen e in Sea le, WA (206/526-4242; ax -6723; [email p o ec ed]). HARC P og am In i es P oposals The Human Dimensions o he A c ic Sys em (HARC), he mos ecen addi ion o he Na ional Science Founda ion (NSF) A c ic Sys em Science (ARCSS) P og am, is designed o build on he con empo- a y and paleoen i onmen al compo- nen s o ARCSS o in eg a e physical, ecosys em, and clima e esea ch wi h a b oad ange o social sciences. The majo goal o he HARC p og am will be o unde s and human in e ac ions wi h physical and biological en i on- men al change in he A c ic, a scales anging om local o global. HARC esea ch will ocus on impac s on human ac i i ies ha may be expec ed in esponse o global change, by • illumina ing he p esen and u u e ole o humans in he a c ic sys em; • ocusing on he de elopmen o p edic i e capabili ies; and • building upon he exis ing body o ARCSS esea ch. In addi ion, HARC esea ch should seek o in eg a e me hods and p in- ciples om he na u al and social sciences; in e p e scien i ic esul s on empo al and spa ial scales ele an o policy decisions; inco po a e adi ional knowledge; in ol e indigenous peoples; and in e ac wi h and complemen he ac i i ies o o he a c ic and U.S. Global Change Resea ch P og am p ojec s. P oposals a e due Ap il 30, 1999. Fo a copy o he p og am announce- men (NSF 99-61), see he NSF A c ic Sciences web si e a h p://www.ns . go /od/opp/a c ic/. Fo backg ound in o ma ion on he HARC ini ia i e, see People and he A c ic: A P ospec us o Resea ch on he Human Dimensions o he A c ic Sys em, a h p:// www.a cus.o g/HARC/ o by eques om ARCUS. Ques ions can be di ec ed o D . Michael Ledbe e o D . Fae Ko smo a he O ice o Pola P og ams (703/306-1029; ax 703/ 306-0648; [email p o ec ed] o [email p o ec ed]). Rep esen a i es om ede al and s a e agencies engaged in esea ch in he Be ing Sea ha e made u he p og ess in hei coope a i e e o s o coo dina e esea ch and planning (see Wi ness Sp ing 1998). Since June 1998, he Na ional Oceanic and A mosphe ic Adminis a ion (NOAA), Depa men o he In e io (DOI), and he Alaska Depa men o Fish and Game (ADF&G) ha e p oduced esul s on h ee majo p ojec s ela ed o wo k in he egion. In Sep embe 1998, The Be ing Sea Ecosys em Resea ch Plan was upda ed o include he iewpoin s o uni e si y esea che s, conse a ion o ganiza ions, Na i e g oups, ishing indus y membe s, and o he cons i uen s. The plan ou lines he mos p essing needs o u he esea ch in ishe y managemen and he ma ine ecosys em. Unde s anding he complex biophysical sys em in e ac ions, including di ec and indi ec e ec s o ishe y emo als, ha s uc u e he Be ing Sea ecosys em is c i ical o de e mining and moni o ing di e si y and p oduc ion. The plan p oposes a pai o hypo heses ha span cu en managemen and science issues: • na u al a iabili y in he physical en i onmen causes shi s in ophic s uc u e and changes in he o e all p oduc i i y o he Be ing Sea; and • human impac s lead o en i onmen al deg ada ion, including inc eased le els o con aminan s, loss o habi a s, and inc eased mo ali y on ce ain species in he ecosys em ha may igge changes in species composi ion and abundance. The plan is a ailable a NOAA’s Be ing Sea and No h Paci ic Ocean web si e (h p://www.pmel.noaa.go /be ing/) by linking o “In e agency In o ma ion Exchange.” The U.S. Cong ess ecen ly app o ed an app op ia ion o FY 1999 o $6.6 mil- lion o he Uni e si y o Alaska o con- duc o No h Paci ic Ocean ma ine esea ch ac i i ies ei he di ec ly o h ough subg an s. The wo k will be guided by a plan app o ed by he Depa - men o Comme ce, DOI, and S a e o Alaska. The Be ing Sea Ecosys em Resea ch Agencies Shape Be ing Sea Resea ch Science News 20 conside he implica ions o hei own knowledge o en i onmen al changes and scien i ic in o ma ion. The pu pose o he syn hesis mee ing is o enable scien is s and communi ies o iden i y common and di e gen unde s andings o en i onmen- al change and he ole o adionuclides and o he con aminan s. In yea s wo and h ee, a communi y g an p og am will suppo Alaska Na i e g ass oo s ac ion p ojec s o add ess communi y conce ns abou adionuclides. The i s egional mee ing o no h- wes e n Alaska was held in Nome in Sep embe /Oc obe 1998. Na i e elde s, hun e s, ga he e s, scien is s, and esou ce manage s me o discuss and map obse a- ions o changes in hei en i onmen and documen o he issues o conce n o hei communi ies. Thei conce ns include: • abno mali ies in ish popula ions in ela ion o known haza dous si es; • inc easing numbe s o bea s and bea e s and he e ec hey a e ha ing on human heal h, ish popula ions, and s eam and e es ial habi a s; • highe cance a es in pa icula communi ies su ounding known nea by haza dous si es; • inc ease in Alzheime ’s disease; • die-o o seabi ds and wa e owl, abno mali ies, ewe and mo e agile eggs, change in mig a ion pa e ns; • changes in wea he , ice, and cu en s including we e and windie condi- ions, changing equency and in ensi y o s o ms, yea s o di y ice, and dec ease in ice hickness; • plan s ha as e di e en , healing powe a ec ed, new loca ions o be ies, ea ly/la e be y p oduc ion, plan s no exis ing anymo e; • con aminan s om Russian nuclea powe plan s, dumping o was e; and • need o es ing o con aminan s—key species and people; local aining o collec ion, es ing, moni o ing s a ions. A summa y epo o he Nome mee ing is cu en ly being compiled. Fo mo e in o ma ion, con ac ANSC Execu i e Di ec o Pa icia Coch an (907/786-7704; ax 907/786-7739; anpac1@ uaa.alaska.edu). Science News T adi ional Knowledge is Focus o Radionuclides P ojec “The mos impo an conce n is ou wo ld we li e in.... Things such as es ing bombs is a wound ha will ne e heal—a wo ld ha will ne e g ow plan s again. This wo ld ha we li e in mus be p o ec ed. Whe e will ou child en, g andchild en, and g ea g andchild en li e i his wo ld is uined?” —He man Toolie Sa oonga, Alaska, Oc obe 1998 The Alaska Na i e Science Commis- sion (ANSC) and he Ins i u e o Social and Economic Resea ch (ISER) a he Uni e si y o Alaska Ancho age ha e ecei ed a h ee-yea g an om he En i onmen al P o ec ion Agency, O ice o Radia ion and Indoo Ai o a Radionuclides and T adi ional Knowledge p ojec . This p ojec ollows ISER/ ANSC’s wo-yea s udy o Con aminan s and Na i e Food. Alaska Na i es ha e many conce ns abou adionuclides and o he ypes o con amina ion. They a e cons an ly eminded abou he close p oximi y o he o me So ie Union and he po en ial o ans-bounda y mig a ion o adionuclides om his a ea. Du ing he e a o a mo- sphe ic es ing o nuclea weapons, subsis ence consume s o ca ibou we e, pe haps, he mos exposed indi iduals in he wes e n hemisphe e; he mos impo an ecological pa hway o adio- nuclides in he A c ic is he lichen- eindee /ca ibou-human ood chain. A e Che nobyl, he 137Cesium in lichen peaked in 1986-87 a le els ha a e com- pa able o he peak in allou om nuclea weapons es s. While cu en da a om Canada sugges s ha adionuclide con- amina ion in he lichen-ca ibou-human ood chain is no a p oblem in he Cana- dian no h, we do no ha e co esponding i s -hand in o ma ion o Alaska. Many Alaska Na i e communi ies belie e ha hey li e in he shadow o nuclea adia ion om mili a y p ac ices om he o me So ie Union, P ojec Cha io , Amchi ka, and om mo e han 640 mili a y si es in Alaska. In addi ion, communi ies epo obse a ions o changes o abno mali ies in wildli e including lesions in ish and ca ibou li e s; hai less seals he colo o Eskimo ea; and umo s and so es in bi ds, ish, ma ine and land mammals. Fu he mo e, i ually e e y communi y speaks o a deeply held conce n o e he diminished heal h o i s membe s. The i s yea o he Radionuclides and T adi ional Knowledge p ojec is designed o use adi ional p ac ices and p o ocols o ga he adi ional knowledge abou adionuclide conce ns ac oss i e majo egions o Alaska. Regional mee ings will documen i s -hand obse a ions o changes in he en i onmen , issues, conce ns, unde s andings, and ques ions. Yea wo is dedica ed o a second se ies o egional mee ings and a syn hesis mee ing. The pu pose o he egional mee ings is o enable communi ies o Roseanne Waghiyi, Faye Ong owas uk, My le Johnson, Hannah Mille , I ene Me chan , and Ellen Richa d discuss women’s issues and conce ns a he No hwes Alaska Regional Mee ing on T adi ional Knowledge and Radionuclides (pho o by Amy C a e ). 21 Science Educa ion P og am Engages A c ic Residen s Educa ion News A each o he h ee loca ions whe e he Depa men o Ene gy ope a es A mosphe ic Radia ion Measu emen (ARM) acili ies, ede al unding also suppo s science educa ion p ojec s wi hin he communi y. On Alaska’s No h Slope, he ARM Science Educa ion and T aining (ASET) P og am awa ds small con ac s (up o $2,000) unde wo p og ams o: • communi y membe s, and • school eache s. Ilisag ik College has coo dina ed he implemen a ion o wo communi y-based science p ojec s. In Sep embe 1998, esiden s a gaze s inaugu a ed a scale- model sola sys em in Ba ow, wi h digni- a ies and schoolchild en in a endance. En husias ic plane hoppe s om Ipalook Elemen a y School jou neyed om plane o plane . By he ime hey eached Sa u n, i was ime o mos o he space a ele s o e u n o class. Only an in epid g oup o 12 who had special pe mission om hei cap ains (pa en s) comple ed he 3.6 billion mile (4,248 ee ) jou ney o Plu o and back. The second communi y g an unded h ee esiden s o in es iga e he epo ed p esence o sca e ed s ands and lone specimens o dwa , cone-bea ing coni e ees along he Chipp/Ikpikpuk Ri e d ainage. The in es iga o s held a communi y ou each mee ing o ga he i s -hand knowledge and in o ma ion om esiden s o Ba ow who had hun - ing camps in he a ge ed a ea. They hen explo ed pa s o he No h Slope and isi ed se e al Iñupia ishing camps. They ound no e idence o li ing sp uce ees; howe e , one ee ha had been called o hei a en ion, an alde (Alnus c ispa) on he Chipp Ri e , was conside ably no h o he published ange o ha species. A ano he loca ion, in an a ea ha had ob iously been ecen ly looded by sp ing snowmel , he eam collec ed a d i wood sample. I p o ed o be a small sp uce ee, abou ou ee all, ha had g own app oxima ely 30,900 yea s ago— du ing he middle o he las Ice Age. The 102 ings in he basal unk, which is only 6.5 cm in diame e , co obo a e ha he ee g ew in a cold clima e. The h ee esiden s in end o con inue hei explo a ion o ancien lo a o he No h Slope wi h he suppo o o he unding sou ces. They a i m ha he ASET P og am has p o ided an oppo u- ni y o make a las ing con ibu ion o he scien i ic knowledge o he egion. Unde he p og am which unds each- e s, coo dina ed by ARCUS, he No h Slope Bo ough School Dis ic has ini i- a ed Science Nigh s, in which a eam o kinde ga en eache s a Ipalook Elemen- a y will b ing oge he amily membe s and s uden s o explo e hemes such as: • wa e , ice, snow, and colo s; • magne s, simple machines, physics, and chemis y; and • changes in plan s, eggs, and insec s. In ano he school p ojec , second g ade s uden s a Ipalook Elemen a y will collec wa e samples, and small plan and animal specimens, a a ious aqua ic si es and om he Chukchi Sea/A c ic Ocean o add o an exis ing aqua ium a he school. In Poin Hope, Science in a Bag will eam kinde ga ne s wi h ou h g ade s o conduc simple expe imen s ela ing o hei immedia e en i onmen . S uden s will also in e iew an Elde abou adi ional knowledge ha ela es o he wes e n science. Fo mo e in o ma ion, con ac F ank Willingham in Ba ow, AK (907/852- 9176; ax 907/852-2729; willingham@ co.no h-slope.ak.us) and Alison Ca e a ARCUS. Space a ele s om Ipalook Elemen a y School in Ba ow, Alaska eached Plu o (on Okpik S ee be ween Momegana and Kiogak) o he i s ime on 2 Sep embe 1998 (pho o by C aig Geo ge). Ba ow esiden s di ec ed in es iga o s o a seed-bea ing alde (Alnus c ispa) on he Chipp Ri e , conside ably no h o he published ange o his species (pho o by F ank Willingham). 22 in he class oom, on ield ips, and in hei wo kplace. S uden s lea n how echnology can be used in meaning ul ways. Fo example: • elemen a y-school s uden s compile da a in sp eadshee s; • middle-school s uden s use p obe wa e o measu ing pH and empe a u e; and • high-school s uden s de e mine con idence in e als in popula ion dynamics s udies. Pa ne s in Science has ocused on de eloping a lexible ye e ec i e model o suppo ing eache s by p o iding aining in: • echnology, • collabo a ions, • science p ocesses, and • assessmen in and ou side he class oom. Teache s con inue o wo k on new ways o measu e wha s uden s a e lea ning om hei inno a i e eaching s a egies. While eache s gain a be e unde s anding o science and ma h, scien is s a e lea ning how o enhance hei abili y o each he communi y and sha e hei knowledge. Since Pa ne s in Science was i s unded in 1995, he p ojec has g own o include 11 home-schooled s uden s in Fai banks, 23 class ooms in 12 Fai banks schools, and s uden s in i e emo e illages in in e io Alaska. Mo e han 50 science, enginee ing, and ma h p o ession- als ha e olun ee ed hei ime o wo k wi h s uden s. I is expec ed ha by he end o he p ojec in he yea 2000, mos schools in Fai banks and Idi a od a eas will pa icipa e in Pa ne s in Science. Pa ne s in Science eache s and s uden s ha e also pa icipa ed in Global Lea ning and Obse a ions o Bene i he En i onmen (GLOBE)—a wo ldwide science and educa ion p og am, pa ially unded by NSF and NOAA, ha coo di- na es s uden s, eache s, and scien is s o s udy and unde s and he global en i on- men (see Wi ness Au umn 1997). Fo mo e in o ma ion, con ac Ma ha Kopplin in Fai banks, AK (907/452-2000 ex . 338; ax 907/451-6160; mkopplin@ no hs a .k12.ak.us), o isi he Pa ne s in Science web si e (h p://www.no hs a . k12.ak.us/NSFPIS/ sm.h ml). Educa ion News Pa ne s in Science is an NSF- unded p ojec b inging communi ies and schools oge he o each science and ma h o s uden s in he Fai banks No h S a Bo ough and Idi a od A ea school dis ic s o Alaska. The objec i es o he g an a e h ee old: • T ain K-12 eache s o each p ocess- based ma h and science skills using hands-on me hods aligned wi h s a e and na ionally se s anda ds o educa- ion—s uden s lea n o cons uc hei own knowledge based on hei expe i- ences. They lea n how o p edic , hypo hesize, obse e, ques ion, and in e , as well as how o design expe i- men s, con ol a iables, collec and analyze da a, and d aw conclusions. • Teach s uden s how o use echnology as a esea ch, in es iga i e, and commu- nica ion ool o suppo he cu icu- lum—s uden s lea n how o p oduce mul imedia p esen a ions, c ea e web pages, and communica e using e-mail. They also lea n da a-managemen and compu a ion echniques. • Con ey he ele ance o ma h and science in he eal wo ld—class ooms a e pa ne ed wi h science, enginee ing, and ma h p o essionals in he uni e si y communi y, p i a e business, and go e nmen agencies. Toge he , hey collabo a e on w i ing uni plans ha in eg a e he science pa ne ’s expe ise in o he exis ing cu iculum. These men o s hen in e ac wi h s uden s K-12 Teache s Collabo a e wi h Communi y Men o s Na i e Educa o s Adop and Endo se Cul u al S anda ds A he Alaska Na i e Educa o s’ Con e ence in Feb ua y 1998, he Assembly o Alaska Na i e Educa o s adop ed and endo sed he Alaska S anda ds o Cul u ally Responsi e Schools. In June 1998, he Alaska S a e Boa d o Educa ion adop ed and endo sed he same s anda ds. The Na i e educa o s who de eloped he s anda ds in ended ha all o ms o knowledge, ways o knowing, and wo ld iews be ecognized as equally alid, adap able, and complemen a y o one ano he in mu ually bene icial ways. Each communi y can adap he s anda ds o i local needs. Fi e a eas a e add essed: • Cul u al S anda ds o S uden s, • Cul u al S anda ds o Educa o s, • Cul u al S anda ds o Cu iculum, • Cul u al S anda ds o Schools, and • Cul u al S anda ds o Communi ies. The Cul u al S anda ds complemen he Con en S anda ds o he Alaska Depa men o Educa ion. The Cul u al S anda ds along wi h cu iculum esou ces o implemen he kind o lea ning expe iences hey call o , may be ound h ough he Alaska Na i e Knowledge Ne wo k (ANKN) web si e (h p://www.ankn.ua .edu). Fo mo e in o ma ion, con ac Sean Topkok in Fai banks, AK (907/474-5897; ax 907/474-5615; [email p o ec ed] o [email p o ec ed]). 23 Publica ions Fu u e Di ec ions o he Na ional Science Founda ion’s A c ic Na u al Sciences P og am. 1998. Pola Resea ch Boa d,Washing on, DC. 70 pp. $15.00 (800/624-6242; o de online a h p://www.nap.edu; iew online a h p://www2.nas.edu/p b/; Na ional Academy P ess, 2101 Cons i u ion A enue NW, Lockbox 285, Washing on, DC 20055). A c ic Paleo-Ri e Discha ge (APARD)—A New Resea ch P og amme o he A c ic Ocean Science Boa d. Ruedige S ein, edi o . 1998. Be ich e zu Pola o schung/Repo s on Pola Resea ch, Vol. 279, 128 pp. Ruedige S ein, Chai o he APARD Co e G oup (+49/471-4831-576; ax +49/471-4831-580; [email p o ec ed]; h p:// www.awi-b eme ha en.de/GEO/A c ic/index.h ml). Global En i onmen al Change—Resea ch Pa hways o he Nex Decade. 1998. Commi ee on Global Change Resea ch, Boa d on Sus ainable De elopmen , Policy Di ision. Na ional Academy P ess, Washing on, DC. 69 pp. (800/624-6242 o 202/334-3313; h p://www.nap.edu). Sus ainable De elopmen in he A c ic: Lessons Lea ned and he Way Ahead. P oceedings o he Ci cumpola Sus ainable De elopmen Con e ence, held in Whi eho se, Yukon Te i o y 12-14 May 1998, published as a special issue o The No he n Re iew (867/668-8773; ax 867/668-8828; [email p o ec ed]; h p://www. yukoncollege.yk.ca/ e iew/). Answe s om he Ice Edge: The consequences o clima e change on li e in he Be ing and Chukchi seas. Ma gie Ann Gibson and Sallie B. Schullinge , edi o s. 1998. A c ic Ne - wo k and G eenpeace USA. 32 pp. (907/277-8234; ax 907/272-6519; h p:// www.g eenpeace.o g/~clima e/a c ic/ epo s). wi .ness (wi nis) n. 1.a. One who has hea d o seen some hing. b. One who u nishes e idence. 2. Any hing ha se es as e idence; a sign. 3. An a es a ion o a ac , s a emen , o e en . — . . 1. To be p esen a o ha e pe sonal knowledge o . 2. To p o ide o se e as e idence o . 3. To es i y o; bea wi ness. —in . To u nish o se e as e idence; es i y. [Middle English wi nes(se), Old English wi nes, wi ness, knowledge, om wi , knowledge, wi .] Check he ARCUS Web si e Calenda (h p://www.a cus.o g) o mo e... Publica ions Calenda Feb ua y 10-14, 1999 The Human Role in Reindee /Ca ibou Sys ems: Coping wi h Th ea s o En i onmen al Secu i y in No he n Landscapes. Ro aniemi, Finland. Con ac Debo ah Robinson a Da mou h College (603/646-1897; ax 603/646-1279; [email p o ec ed]; h p://www.da mou h.edu/~a c ic/con /index.h ml). Ma ch 7-12, 1999 Go don Resea ch Con e ence on Pola Ma ine Science: Con ols and Signi icance o Ca bon Fluxes in Pola Seas. Ven u a, Cali o nia. Con ac Louis Legend e a he Uni e si é La al in Quebec, Canada (418/656-2339; ax 418/656- 5788; [email p o ec ed]; h p://www.g c.u i.edu/). Ap il 19-23, 1999 Eu opean Geophysical Socie y: Session on Land Su ace Physical and Biological P ocesses in he A c ic. Den Haag, he Ne he lands. Con ac Colin Lloyd a he Ins i u e o Hyd ology in Walling o d, UK (+44/1491-692-330; ax +44/1491-692- 424; [email p o ec ed]; h p://www.cope nicus.o g/EGS/EGS.h ml). Ap il 20-23, 1999 In e na ional Con e ence on Moni o ing o he C yosphe e. Pushchino, Moscow egion, Russia. Con ac Consolida ed Scien i ic Council on Ea h C yology, Russian Academy o Sciences (+7/095-124-5422; ax: +7/095-135-6582; [email p o ec ed]). Ap il 25-30, 1999 A c ic Science Summi Week. T omsø, No way. Con ac Odd Rogne a he In e na ional A c ic Science Commi ee (IASC) Sec e a ia in Oslo, No way (+47/22-57-37-37; ax +47/22-57-37-40; [email p o ec ed]; h p://www.iasc.no). May 14-16, 1999 Visions o he No h, Voices o he No h. Space o D eams, Visions, and Plans: The No h, Pas , P esen , and Fu u e. Temagami, On a io, Canada. Con ac Jodi Su he land a Nipissing Uni e si y in On a io (705/474-3461 ex . 4558; [email p o ec ed]). May 31-June 4, 1999 Ame ican Geophysical Union (AGU) Sp ing Mee ing. Bos on, Massachuse s. Con ac AGU in Washing on, DC (800/966-2481; ax 202/328-0566; [email p o ec ed]; h p://ea h.agu.o g/mee ings). ARCUS 600 Uni e si y A enue, Sui e 1 Fai banks, Alaska 99709 USA Phone: 907/474-1600 Fax: 907/474-1604 [email p o ec ed] h p://www.a cus.o g Execu i e Di ec o Wendy K. Wa nick ARCUS is a nonp o i o ganiza ion consis ing o ins i u ions o ganized and ope a ed o educa ional, p o essional, o scien i ic pu poses. ARCUS was es ablished by i s membe ins i u ions in 1988 wi h he p ima y mission o s eng hening A c ic esea ch o mee na ional needs. ARCUS ac i i ies a e unded h ough a coope a i e ag eemen wi h NSF; by DOE, AFN; and by membe ship dues. Wi ness he A c ic is published biannually by ARCUS. Any opinions, indings, conclusions, o ecommenda ions exp essed in his publica ion do no necessa ily e lec he iews o NSF. Submi ideas o he Sp ing 1999 newsle e by 1 Ma ch 1999. Con ibu o s: K. Ahgeak, P.A. Ande son, T. Be g, G. B ass, J. B igham-G e e, A. Ca e , P.Coch an, L. Codispo i, R. Colwell, A. C a e , P. C onenwe , M. C oss, J. Dibb, M. Du all, C. El ing, K. E b, C. Geo ge, J. G ebmeie , J. Haugland, L. Hinzman, R. Hollis e , K. Koizumi, M. Kopplin, J.K use, M. Ledbe e , P. Li ings on, A. Macklin, K. Ma sella, T.McGo e n, S. Mi chell, J. Mo ison, T.Pyle, P. Reyme , M. Re elle, O. Rogne, L. Sima ski, A. Sla e , R.S ein, M. S u m, J. Swi , M. Taylo , V. Telle , H. Toolie, S.Topkok, T. Villinge , P. Webbe , G. Welle , H. Welch, P. Wes , F. Willingham, O. Young. Managing Edi o : Wendy Wa nick Edi o /Designe : Ma y Peale P oduc ion Edi o : Alison Yo k Copy Edi o : Diane Wallace 24 A c ic Resea ch Conso ium o he Uni ed S a es 600 Uni e si y A enue, Sui e 1 Fai banks, AK 99709 USA INSIDE Fea u e 1 ARCSS P og am Upda es 4 A c ic Oppo uni ies 8 Capi ol Upda es 10 NSF News 11 U.S. A c ic Resea ch Commission12 Pola Resea ch Boa d 12 In e na ional News 13 Science News 16 Educa ion News 21 Calenda & Publica ions 23 O ice las yea , has an ou s anding wo- decade-long esea ch ca ee in academia. This, along wi h he sa y gained di ec ing p og ams in NSF’s Di ec o a e o Geo- sciences, enable he o play a key ole as we espond o ou new oppo uni ies. I’m su e I speak o all o us a NSF in saying we a e deligh ed o be pa o he e o s o ad ance ou knowledge o he A c ic. We look o wa d o wo king wi h he a c ic communi y— esea che s and esiden s—as we ackle hese challenges oge he . The bes is ye o come! Non-P o i O g. U.S. Pos age PAID Pe mi No. 99 Fai banks, AK A No e om he Di ec o o he NSF O ice o Pola P og ams P in ed on Recycled Pape These a e exci ing imes o a c ic science. This was abundan ly clea du ing he a c ic science sessions a he ecen Ame ican Geophysical Union (AGU) mee ing. We saw signi ican new da a om bo h collabo a i e and indi- idual in es iga o expe imen s, lea ned abou inc easingly comp ehensi e models o la ge-scale a c ic physical phenomena, and enjoyed seeing he in e play be ween expe imen and heo y spa k he de el- opmen o new unde s andings. My colleagues in he NSF O ice o Pola P og ams (OPP) ake p ide in he accomplishmen s o he a c ic esea ch communi y and he ole we ha e played in helping o make hem possible. Ou sense ha he communi y is on he leading edge o impo an new science de i es pa ly om he ac ha da a poin ing o impo an new phenomena in—and in e dependencies among— he physical, biological, and social sciences a e now becoming a ailable om a wide a ie y o pla o ms, ins umen s, and p ojec s. The i ali y and en husiasm o he a c ic esea ch communi y, so e i- den a he AGU sessions, will ine i ably push hese scien i ic on ie s o wa d. Inc eases in NSF’s 1999 A c ic Science budge will allow explo a ion o o e on p oblems, p e iously inaccessible because hey equi ed ex ensi e logis ics suppo . Logis ics in ol es no only esea ch pla o ms and ins umen s, bu he means o link esea che s wi h A c ic communi ies. Las yea NSF eques ed a doubling o unding o a c ic logis ics, and he Cong ess, clea ly ecognizing he impo ance o he A c ic, mo e han doubled he eques ed inc ease. The oppo uni ies a o ded by hese de elopmen s also p esen challenges o NSF and o he communi y. Toge he , we need o s ike balances be ween sup- po o esea che s and esea ch pla o ms and be ween suppo o indi idual in es- iga o s and la ge g oups. We mus in es ou logis ics unds o gain he g ea es scien i ic e u n o e he long e m while aking ad an age o a ising oppo uni ies. Mos impo an ly, we mus wo k oge he o assu e a con inuing low o new alen in o ou en e p ise. I was ob ious a he AGU mee ing ha he a c ic science com- muni y has been success ul a his, and I will s ongly encou age NSF’s con ibu- ion o hose e o s. I belie e ou excellen eam in OPP will mee hese challenges success ully. D . Tom Pyle, a geologis and oceanog a- phe who heads ou A c ic Sciences Sec ion, came o NSF h ee yea s ago wi h ex ensi e expe ience as a sea-going esea che and as a manage o la ge, com- plex scien i ic and logis ics p og ams. His expe ience and abili y will be in aluable in cha ing ou cou se h ough his ime o g ow h in a c ic science. D . Ma yellen Came on, who joined OPP as Execu i e Physicis Ka l A. E b became he Di ec o o NSF’s O ice o Pola P og ams in No embe 1998. E b has se ed as Senio Science Ad iso a NSF since 1993.