ERGA-BGE genome of Stigmatoteuthis arcturiRobson, 1948: the jewelled squid

DATA NOTE ERGA-BGE genome of Stigmatoteuthis arcturi Robson, 1948: the jewelled squid [version 1; peer review: 2 approved] Fernando Ángel Fernández-Álvarez 1,2, Ainhoa Bernal-Bajo3, Nuria Escudero4, María Conejero5, Ana Riesgo5, Rosa Fernández4, Rita Monteiro 6, Astrid Böhne 6, Laura Aguilera 7,8, Marta Gut7,8, Tyler S Alioto 7,8, Francisco Câmara Ferreira7,8, Fernando Cruz 7,8, Jèssica Gómez-Garrido 7,8, Leanne Haggerty 9, Fergal Martin9, Tom Brown 10,11 1Institut de Ciencies del Mar (ICM-CSIC), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain 2Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Gijón (IEO, CSIC), Av. del Príncipe de Asturias, 70 Bis, Gijón, 33212, Spain 3Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC), Palma, Spain 4Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (UPF-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain 5Museo Nacional de Ciencias NaturalesCSIC, Madrid, Spain 6Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change - Museum Koenig Bonn, Bonn, Germany 7Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG), Barcelona, Spain 8Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain 9European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK 10Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany 11Berlin Center for Genomics in Biodiversity Research (BeGenDiv), Berlin, Germany First published: 04 Sep 2025, 5:270 https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.20439.1 Latest published: 04 Sep 2025, 5:270 https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.20439.1 v1 Abstract The Stigmatoteuthis arcturi reference genome offers a valuable resource for understanding the evolutionary patterns of oceanic squids, who perform important ecological roles as both predators and prey in mesopelagic and deep-sea environments, while their genomes remain understudied. The entirety of the genome sequence was assembled into 46 contiguous chromosomal pseudomolecules. This chromosome-level assembly encompasses 3.25 Gb, composed of 1,268 contigs and 497 scaffolds, with contig and scaffold N50 values of 11.0 Mb and 74.6 Mb, respectively. Keywords Stigmatoteuthis arcturi, genome assembly, European Reference Genome Atlas, Biodiversity Genomics Europe, Earth Biogenome Project, jewelled squid Open Peer Review Approval Status 1 2 version 1 04 Sep 2025 view view Masa-Aki Yoshida , Shimane University, Shiman, Japan 1. José M Martín-Durán , Queen Mary University of London, London, UK 2. Any reports and responses or comments on the article can be found at the end of the article. Open Research Europe  Page 1 of 9 Open Research Europe 2025, 5:270 Last updated: 27 SEP 2025 Corresponding author: Tom Brown ([email protected]) Author roles: Fernández-Álvarez FÁ: Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing; Bernal-Bajo A: Investigation, Resources, Writing – Review & Editing; Escudero N: Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing; Conejero M: Investigation, Resources, Writing – Review & Editing; Riesgo A: Investigation, Resources, Writing – Review & Editing; Fernández R: Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing; Monteiro R: Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing; Böhne A: Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing; Aguilera L: Investigation, Writing – Review & Editing; Gut M: Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing; Alioto TS: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing; Câmara Ferreira F: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Writing – Review & Editing; Cruz F: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Writing – Review & Editing; Gómez-Garrido J: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Writing – Review & Editing; Haggerty L: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Writing – Review & Editing; Martin F: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing; Brown T: Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 101059492 (Biodiversity Genomics Europe [BGE]). This project received funding from Horizon Europe under the Biodiversity, Circular Economy and Environment (REA.B.3); co-funded by the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) under contract numbers 22.00173 and 24.00054; and by the UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) under the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy’s Horizon Europe Guarantee Scheme. Funding was provided by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (OCTOSET, Ref. RTI2018-097908-B-I00; ECOPHYN, Ref. PID2021-126824NB-C32; MCIU/AEI/FEDER, EU), and the Spanish government through the “Severo Ochoa Center of Excellence” accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S). F.Á.F.-Á. was supported by a Beatriu de Pinós fellowship from Secretaria d Universitats i Recerca del Departament de Recerca i Universitats of the Generalitat de Catalunya (Ref. BP 2021 00035) and a Ramón y Cajal fellowship (Ref. RYC2023-043494-I) funded by MCIN/AEI /10.13039/501100011033 and FSE+. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Copyright: © 2025 Fernández-Álvarez FÁ et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite this article: Fernández-Álvarez FÁ, Bernal-Bajo A, Escudero N et al. ERGA-BGE genome of Stigmatoteuthis arcturi Robson, 1948: the jewelled squid [version 1; peer review: 2 approved] Open Research Europe 2025, 5:270 https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.20439.1 First published: 04 Sep 2025, 5:270 https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.20439.1 This article is included in the Horizon Europe gateway. This article is included in the Genome Reports from the Biodiversity Genomics Europe Project collection. Open Research Europe  Page 2 of 9 Open Research Europe 2025, 5:270 Last updated: 27 SEP 2025 Introduction Stigmatoteuthis arcturi Robson, 1948 belongs to the family Histioteuthidae Verrill, 1880–1881, known as the jewelled squids, which are one of the most important components of the diet of endangered megafauna, such as sperm whales (Clarke, 2006). Jewelled squids are characterised by a unique morphology with a number of photophores on their skin to break its shadow and deceive predators from deeper waters. They also possess high levels of asymmetry in their bodies, peaking in a large difference in size, morphology and pigmentation of their eyes, themselves specialised to different tasks (Thomas et al., 2017). While the larger left eye looks at the dim light coming from the surface to spot their megafaunal predators, the smaller right eye looks towards the bottom looking for bioluminescence of their micronekton prey. S. arcturi is one of the three allopatric species of the genus Stigmatoteuthis Pfeffer, 1900, which are characterised by duplicated terminal parts of the male reproductive system and with subtle morphological differences among them, which can only be recognised in mature males (Young & Vecchione, 2016). It distributes in tropical and subtropical Atlantic offshore mesopelagic waters and as with any other cephalopod, S. arcturi is fast growing, fueled by a very intense predatory activity. Jewelled squids are paratenic hosts of parasitic ascarid helminths, such as Anysakis Dujardin, 1845 and other nematodes (Palomba et al., 2021). They transfer these parasites to higher trophic level hosts, such as commercially important swordfishes and endangered toothed whales, where these parasites finish their life cycles. Jewelled squids are the largest component of sperm whales diets in many areas (Clarke, 2006) and an important prey item for many other megafaunal species, such as dolphins, sharks and swordfishes. Thus, they represent an important energy and biomass link among lower and upper trophic levels in pelagic oceanic food webs. Jewelled squids have an unsettled position in the phylogeny of oceanic squids (Fernández-Álvarez et al., 2022). The genome of S. arcturi is a valuable tool to solve the phylogenetic position of jewelled squids within oceanic squids. The generation of this reference resource was coordinated by the European Reference Genome Atlas (ERGA) initiative’s Biodiversity Genomics Europe (BGE) project, supporting ERGA’s aims of promoting transnational cooperation to promote advances in the application of genomics technologies to protect and restore biodiversity (Mazzoni et al., 2023). Materials & methods ERGA’s sequencing strategy includes Oxford Nanopore Technology (ONT) and/or Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) for long-read sequencing, along with Hi-C sequencing for chromosomal architecture, Illumina Paired-End (PE) for polishing (i.e. recommended for ONT-only assemblies), and RNA sequencing for transcriptomic profiling, to facilitate genome assembly and annotation. Sample and sampling information Ainhoa Bernal-Bajo sampled one specimen of Stigmatoteuthis arcturi, which was identified based on morphology by Fernando Ángel Fernández-Álvarez, from international Atlantic waters near Azores and the Canary Islands on 28th February 2023. As sampling was performed in international waters, no permit is required. As the squid is not considered an experimental animal according to the Spanish directive RD 53/2013, there is no need for an approval by an ethical committee. Sampling was performed using a Mesopelagos net. The specimen was euthanized by freezing at -80 °C. Until DNA and RNA extractions, samples were preserved at -80 °C. Vouchering information Physical reference material for the here sequenced specimen has been deposited in the National Museum of Natural History of Madrid (MNCN-CSIC) https://www.mncn.csic.es/es/ colecciones under the accession number MNCN 15.06/521. Frozen reference tissue material of skin is available from the same individual at the Biobank National Museum of Natural History of Madrid (MNCN-CSIC) https://www.mncn.csic.es/es/ colecciones under the ID MNCN-ADN-151723. An electronic voucher image of the sequenced individual is available from ERGA’s EBI BioImageArchive dataset https:// www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/bioimages/studies/S-BIAD1012? query=ERGA under accession IDs SAMEA114541340_1.jpg, SAMEA114541340_2.jpg, and SAMEA114541340_3.jpg. Genetic information The estimated genome size, based on ancestral taxa, is 3.2 Gb. This is a diploid genome with a haploid number of 46 chromosomes (2n=92). All information for this species was retrieved from Genomes on a Tree (Challis et al., 2023). DNA/RNA processing DNA was extracted from arm tissue using the Blood & Cell Culture DNA Midi Kit (Qiagen) following the manufacturer’s instructions. DNA quantification was performed using a Qubit dsDNA BR Assay Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific), and DNA integrity was assessed using a Genomic DNA 165 Kb Kit (Agilent) on the Femto Pulse system (Agilent). The DNA was stored at +4°C until used. RNA was extracted using an RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. RNA was extracted from four different specimen parts: muscle, skin, arm tissue and tentacle stalk. RNA quantification was performed using Page 3 of 9 Open Research Europe 2025, 5:270 Last updated: 27 SEP 2025 the Qubit RNA BR kit and RNA integrity was assessed using a Bioanalyzer 2100 system (Agilent) RNA 6000 Nano Kit (Agilent). RNA was equimolarly pooled for the library preparation and stored at -80°C until used. Library preparation and sequencing For long-read whole genome sequencing, a library was prepared using the SQK-LSK114 Kit (Oxford Nanopore Technologies, ONT) and was sequenced on a PromethION 24 A Series instrument (ONT). A short-read whole genome sequencing library was prepared using the KAPA Hyper Prep Kit (Roche). A Hi-C library was prepared from arm tissue using the Dovetail Omni-C kit (Cantata Bio), followed by the KAPA Hyper Prep kit for Illumina sequencing (Roche). The RNA library from the pooled sample was prepared using the KAPA mRNA Hyper prep kit for Illumina sequencing (Roche). The short-read sequencing libraries were processed on a NovaSeq 6000 instrument (Illumina). In total, 180.5 Gb Oxford Nanopore, 203.5 Gb Illumina WGS shotgun, and 195.3 Gb HiC data were sequenced to generate the assembly. Genome assembly methods The genome was assembled using the CNAG CLAWS pipeline (Gomez-Garrido, 2024). Briefly, reads were preprocessed for quality and length using Trim Galore v0.6.7 and Filtlong v0.2.1, and initial contigs were assembled using NextDenovo v2.5.0, followed by polishing of the assembled contigs using HyPo v1.0.3, removal of retained haplotigs using purge-dups v1.2.6 and scaffolding with YaHS v1.2a. Finally, assembled scaffolds were curated via manual inspection using Pretext v0.2.5 with the Rapid Curation Toolkit (https://gitlab.com/wtsi-grit/rapid-curation) to remove any false joins and incorporate any sequences not automatically scaffolded into their respective locations in the chromosomal pseudomolecules (or super-scaffolds). Summary analysis of the released assembly was performed using the ERGA-BGE Genome Report ASM Galaxy workflow (https://doi.org/10.48546/ workflowhub.workflow.1103.2). Genome annotation methods A gene set was generated using the Ensembl Gene Annotation system (Aken et al., 2016), primarily by aligning publicly available short-read RNA-seq data from BioSample: SAMEA117648700 to the genome. Gaps in the annotation were filled via protein-to-genome alignments of a select set of clade-specific proteins from UniProt (“UniProt: A Worldwide Hub of Protein Knowledge,” 2019), which had experimental evidence at the protein or transcript level. At each locus, data were aggregated and consolidated, prioritising models derived from RNA-seq data, resulting in a final set of gene models and associated non-redundant transcript sets. To distinguish true isoforms from fragments, the likelihood of each open reading frame (ORF) was evaluated against known metazoan proteins. Low-quality transcript models, such as those showing evidence of fragmented ORFs, were removed. In cases where RNA-seq data were fragmented or absent, homology data were prioritised, favouring longer transcripts with strong intron support from short-read data. The resulting gene models were classified into two categories: protein-coding, and long non-coding. Models that did not overlap protein-coding genes, and were constructed from transcriptomic data were considered potential lncRNAs. Potential lncRNAs were further filtered to remove single-exon loci due to their unreliability. Putative miRNAs were predicted by performing a BLAST search of miRBase (Kozomara et al., 2019) against the genome, followed by RNAfold analysis (Gruber et al., 2008). Other small non-coding loci were identified by scanning the genome with Rfam (Kalvari et al., 2018) and passing the results through Infernal (Nawrocki & Eddy, 2013). Summary analysis of the released annotation was performed using the ERGA-BGE Genome Report ANNOT Galaxy workflow (https://doi.org/10.48546/workflowhub.workflow.1096.1), incorporating tools such as AGAT v1.2, OMArk v0.3 and BUSCO (v5.5.0). Results Genome assembly The genome assembly has a total length of 3,249,387,216 bp in 497 scaffolds (Figure 1 & Figure 2), with a GC content of 34.92%. The assembly has a contig N50 of 10,980,000 bp and L50 of 88 and a scaffold N50 of 74,550,748 bp and L50 of 19. The assembly has a total of 771 gaps, totaling 154.2 kb in cumulative size. The single-copy gene content analysis using the Metazoa database with BUSCO (Manni et al., 2021) resulted in 94.8% completeness (94.0% single and 0.8% duplicated). 80.5% of reads k-mers were present in the assembly and the assembly has a base accuracy Quality Value (QV) of 35.4 as calculated by Merqury (Rhie et al., 2020). Genome annotation The genome annotation consists of 12,987 protein-coding genes with an associated 21,447 transcripts, in addition to 3,561 non-coding genes (Table 1). Using the longest isoform per transcript, the single-copy gene content analysis using the Metazoa_odb10 database with BUSCO resulted in 93.8% completeness. Using the OMAmer Myomorpha database for OMArk (Nevers et al., 2025) resulted in 93.31% completeness and 74.74% consistency (Table 2). Page 4 of 9 Open Research Europe 2025, 5:270 Last updated: 27 SEP 2025 Figure 1. Snail plot summary of assembly statistics. The main plot is divided into 1,000 size-ordered bins around the circumference, with each bin representing 0.1% of the 3,249,387,216 bp assembly including the mitochondrial genome. The distribution of sequence lengths is shown in dark grey, with the plot radius scaled to the longest sequence present in the assembly (99,556,817 bp, shown in red). Orange and pale-orange arcs show the scaffold N50 and N90 sequence lengths (74,550,748 and 46,349,533 bp), respectively. The pale grey spiral shows the cumulative sequence count on a log-scale, with white scale lines showing successive orders of magnitude. The blue and pale-blue area around the outside of the plot shows the distribution of GC, AT, and N percentages in the same bins as the inner plot. A summary of complete, fragmented, duplicated, and missing BUSCO genes found in the assembled genome from the Metazoa database (odb10) is shown in the top right. Figure 2. Hi-C contact map showing spatial interactions between regions of the genome. The diagonal corresponds to intrachromosomal contacts, depicting chromosome boundaries. The frequency of contacts is shown on a logarithmic heatmap scale. Hi-C matrix bins were merged into a 25 kb bin size for plotting. Names of alternate chromosomes have been labelled on xand y-axes for visualisation purposes. Page 5 of 9 Open Research Europe 2025, 5:270 Last updated: 27 SEP 2025 Data availability S. arcturi and the related genomic study were assigned to Tree of Life ID (ToLID) ‘xcStiArct1’ and all sample, sequence, and assembly information are available under the umbrella BioProject PRJEB81320. The sample information is available at the following BioSample accessions: SAMEA114541340, SAMEA114541342, SAMEA114541343, and SAMEA114541354. The genome assembly is accessible from ENA under accession number GCA_964276865.1. Sequencing data produced as part of this project are available from ENA at the following accessions: ERX13202607, ERX13202608, ERX13202609 and ERX13202610. Documentation related to the genome assembly and curation can be found in the ERGA Assembly Report (EAR) document available at https://github.com/ERGAconsortium/EARs/tree/main/Assembly_Reports/Stigmatoteuthis_arcturi/xcStiArct1. Further details and data about the project are hosted on the ERGA portal at https://portal.erga-biodiversity. eu/data_portal/2053936. Author contributions AB-B collected the samples, FÁF-Á identified the species, FÁF-Á sampled and preserved biological material and provided metadata, MC and AR provided material and information for vouchering and barcoding, AsB provided sampling and metadata support and management, RM, NE, RF, and AsB provided support in sampling, shipping of biological material, metadata collection, and management, LA and MG extracted DNA, prepared libraries, and performed sequencing, FCF, FC and JGG performed genome assembly and curation under the supervision of TSA, LH, and FM performed genome annotation, TB generated the analysis and report. All authors contributed to the writing, review, and editing of this genome note and read and approved the final version. Acknowledgements The specimen was captured during the oceanic research cruise DESAFIO (Ref. PID2020-118118RB-I00). We would like to acknowledge the assembly reviewer, Adama Ndar, from Genoscope. The authors acknowledge the support of the Freiburg Galaxy Team: Saim Momin and Björn Grüning, Bioinformatics, University of Freiburg (Germany), funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research BMBF grant 031 A538A de.NBI-RBC and the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts Baden-Württemberg (MWK) within the framework of LIBIS/de.NBI Freiburg. Table 1. Statistics from assembled gene models. No. genes No. transcripts Mean gene length (bp) No. singleexon genes Mean exons per transcript mRNA 12,987 21,447 42,913 519 9.0 snoRNA 219 219 170 219 1 lncRNA 1,300 1,405 13,735 438 2.0 snRNA 837 837 133 837 1 rRNA 1,545 1,545 229 1,545 1 scRNA 5 5 131 5 1 tRNA 12,259 12,259 77 12,259 1 Table 2. Annotation completeness and consistency scores calculated by BUSCO run in protein mode (metazoa_odb10) and OMArk (Lophotrochozoa). Complete Singular Duplicated Fragmented Missing BUSCO 895 (93.8%) 887 (93.0%) 8 (0.8%) 21 (2.2%) 38 (4.0%) OMArk 2,009 (93.31%) 1,890 (87.78%) 119 (5.53%) - 144 (6.69%) Consistent Inconsistent Contaminants Unknown OMArk 9,706 (74.74%) 1,163 (8.96%) 0 (0.0%) 2,118 (16.31%) Page 6 of 9 Open Research Europe 2025, 5:270 Last updated: 27 SEP 2025 References Aken BL, Ayling S, Barrell D, et al.: The Ensembl gene annotation system. Database (Oxford). 2016; 2016: baw093. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Challis R, Kumar S, Sotero-Caio C, et al.: Genomes on a Tree (GoaT): a versatile, scalable search engine for genomic and sequencing project metadata across the eukaryotic Tree of Life [version 1; peer review: 2 approved]. Wellcome Open Res. 2023; 8: 24. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Clarke M: Oceanic cephalopod distribution and species diversity in the eastern north Atlantic. Arquipelago. 2006; 23A: 27–46. 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PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Palomba M, Mattiucci S, Crocetta F, et al.: Insights into the role of deep-sea squids of the genus Histioteuthis (Histioteuthidae) in the life cycle of ascaridoid parasites in the Central Mediterranean Sea waters. Sci Rep. 2021; 11(1): 7135. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Rhie A, Walenz BP, Koren S, et al.: Merqury: reference-free quality, completeness, and phasing assessment for genome assemblies. Genome Biol. 2020; 21(1): 245. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Thomas KN, Robison BH, Johnsen S: Two eyes for two purposes: in situ evidence for asymmetric vision in the cockeyed squids Histioteuthis heteropsis and Stigmatoteuthis dofleini. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2017; 372(1717): 20160069. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text UniProt Consortium: UniProt: a worldwide hub of protein knowledge. Nucleic Acids Res. 2019; 47(D1): D506–D515. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Young RE, Vecchione M: Stigmatoteuthis arcturi Robson, 1948. Version 27 February 2016 (under construction) in The Tree of Life Web Project, http:// tolweb.org/, 2016. Reference Source Page 7 of 9 Open Research Europe 2025, 5:270 Last updated: 27 SEP 2025 Open Peer Review Current Peer Review Status: Version 1 Reviewer Report27 September 2025 https://doi.org/10.21956/openreseurope.22118.r60078 © 2025 Martín-Durán J. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. José M Martín-Durán Queen Mary University of London, London, England, UK This genome note reports the genome assembly and annotation of the jewelled squid Stigmatoteuthis arcturi. This is an important dataset and resource for the study of oceanic cephalopods that will benefit multiple research fields, from phylogenomics and evolutionary biology to ecology. Strengths: This is a gold-standard, high-quality resource. The genome assembly comes with an annotation, which will allow immediate re-use of the data; Weaknesses: none. Is the rationale for creating the dataset(s) clearly described? Yes Are the protocols appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and materials provided to allow replication by others? Yes Are the datasets clearly presented in a useable and accessible format? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Evo-Devo, comparative genomics and epigenomics I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. Reviewer Report16 September 2025 Open Research Europe  Page 8 of 9 Open Research Europe 2025, 5:270 Last updated: 27 SEP 2025 https://doi.org/10.21956/openreseurope.22118.r60081 © 2025 Yoshida M. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Masa-Aki Yoshida Shimane University, Shiman, Japan Overall, the study is well documented and appears publishable; however, for the benefit of future related research, the following minor point should be addressed. As the authors themselves note, genomic analysis of pelagic squid remains limited and incomplete. Simply estimating genome size by comparison with other species is not acceptable. Although the assembled size appears consistent, both genome size and chromosome number should be independently validated using alternative methods. Is the rationale for creating the dataset(s) clearly described? Yes Are the protocols appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and materials provided to allow replication by others? Yes Are the datasets clearly presented in a useable and accessible format? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Bioinformatics, Genomics I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. Open Research Europe  Page 9 of 9 Open Research Europe 2025, 5:270 Last updated: 27 SEP 2025