Supplementary material 1 from: Rubenstein JM, Hulme PE, Buddenhagen CE, Rolston MP, Hampton JG (2025) Biosecurity risks from weeds in crop seed lots imported into Canada: prevalence, trends, and herbicide resistance. NeoBiota 103: 1-30. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.103.163919

SUPPORTING INFORMATION Table S1. Alphabetical list of contaminant plant species reported by the CFIA in seed lots imported into Canada from the USA between 2007 and 2019. ‘HR’ indicates whether the species has previously been reported as an herbicide-resistant weed in Canada or USA. Reported Contaminant Species Synonym General Weed CFIA Noxious Weed Class Origin Status in Canada Historically reported as HR weed in Canada Historically reported as HR weed in USA Agastache foeniculum Y 6 Native N N Agropyron cristatum Agropyron desertorum N 6 Introduced N N Agrostis canina N 6 Introduced N N Agrostis capillaris N 6 Introduced N N Agrostis scabra Y 6 Native N N Agrostis stolonifera N 6 Introduced N N Aira caryophyllea Y 6 Introduced N N Alchemilla xanthochlora Y 6 Introduced N N Allium vineale Y 6 Introduced N N Alopecurus aequalis Y 6 Native N N Alopecurus arundinaceus N 6 Introduced N N Alopecurus geniculatus Y 6 Introduced N N Alopecurus pratensis N 6 Introduced N N Amaranthus retroflexus Y 6 Introduced Y Y Ambrosia artemisiifolia Y 3 Native Y Y Amsinckia intermedia Y 6 Introduced N N Andropogon gerardi Y 6 Native N N Anthemis arvensis Y 6 Introduced N N Anthemis cotula Y 3 Introduced N Y Anthoxanthum odoratum Y 6 Introduced N N Anthriscus caucalis Y 6 Introduced N N Anthriscus cerefolium N 6 Introduced N N Apera spica-venti Y 6 Introduced N N Aristolochia littoralis Aristolochia elegans Y 6 Absent N N Astragalus cicer N 6 Introduced N N Atocion armeria Silene armeria Y 6 Introduced N N Avena fatua Y 3 Introduced Y Y Avena sativa N 6 Introduced N N Axyris amaranthoides Y 6 Introduced N N Bassia scoparia Kochia scoparia Y 6 Introduced Y Y Beckmannia syzigachne Y 6 Native N N Bouteloua curtipendula Y 6 Native N N Brassica napus N 6 introduced N N Brassica rapa N 6 introduced Y N Bromus catharticus Y 6 Absent N N Reported Contaminant Species Synonym General Weed CFIA Noxious Weed Class Origin Status in Canada Historically reported as HR weed in Canada Historically reported as HR weed in USA Bromus commutatus Y 6 introduced N N Bromus diandrus Y 6 Introduced N N Bromus hordeaceus Y 6 Introduced N N Bromus inermis N 6 Introduced N N Bromus japonicus Y 3 Introduced N Y Bromus riparius N 6 Introduced N N Bromus secalinus Y 3 Introduced N Y Bromus sitchensis Bromus carinatus N 6 Native N N Bromus sterilis Y 6 Introduced N N Bromus tectorum N 3 Introduced Y Y Camelina sativa N 6 Introduced N N Campeiostachys dahurica Elymus dahuricus N 6 Absent N N Cannabis sativa N 6 Introduced N N Capsella bursa-pastoris Y 6 Introduced Y Y Centaurea cyanus Y 6 Introduced N N Cerastium fontanum Y 4 or 5 Introduced N N Chamaenerion angustifolium Chamerion angustifolium Y 6 Native N N Chenopodium album Y 6 Introduced Y Y Cichorium intybus N 6 Introduced N N Cirsium arvense Y 2 Introduced N N Cirsium vulgare Y 6 Introduced N N Conium maculatum Y 2 Introduced N N Convolvulus arvensis Y 2 Introduced N N Coreopsis grandiflora Y 6 Introduced N N Coreopsis tinctoria Y 6 Native N N Crepis tectorum Y 6 Introduced Y N Cucumis melo N 6 Introduced N N Cuscuta campestris Y 1 Native N N Cyclachaena xanthiifolia Y 6 Native N N Cynosurus cristatus N 6 Introduced N N Cyperus esculentus Y 6 Native N Y Dactylis glomerata N 6 Introduced N N Dalea purpurea N 6 Native N N Daucus carota N 6 Introduced Y Y Deschampsia cespitosa Y 6 Native N N Descurainia sophia Y 6 Introduced N Y Dianthus barbatus Y 6 Introduced N N Digitalis purpurea Y 6 Introduced N N Dracocephalum parviflorum Y 6 Native N N Echinacea purpurea Y 6 Introduced N N Echinochloa crus-galli Y 6 Introduced Y Y Reported Contaminant Species Synonym General Weed CFIA Noxious Weed Class Origin Status in Canada Historically reported as HR weed in Canada Historically reported as HR weed in USA Echinochloa frumentacea N 6 Introduced N N Eleocharis acicularis Y 6 Native N N Elymus canadensis N 6 Native N N Elymus elymoides Y 6 Native N N Elymus lanceolatus N 6 Native N N Elymus repens Elytrigia repens Y 2 Introduced N N Elymus trachycaulus N 6 Native N N Eragrostis tef N 6 Absent N N Eriocoma hymenoides Achnatherum hymenoides N 6 Native N N Erodium cicutarium Y 6 Introduced N N Erucastrum gallicum Y 3 Introduced N N Eschscholzia californica Y 6 Introduced N N Euphorbia aleppica Y 6 Absent N N Euphorbia davidii Y 6 Introduced N N Fagopyrum tataricum N 6 Introduced N N Fallopia convolvulus Y 6 Introduced N N Festuca idahoensis N 6 Native N N Festuca rubra N 6 Native N N Gaillardia megapotamica Y 6 Absent N N Galium aparine Y 3 Native N N Galium boreale Y 6 Native N N Galium parisiense Y 6 Absent N N Galium spurium Y 3 Introduced Y N Galium tricornutum Y 6 Introduced N N Geranium dissectum Y 6 Introduced N N Geranium maculatum Y 6 Native N N Geranium molle Y 6 Introduced N N Glycine max N 6 Introduced N N Gypsophila paniculata Y 6 Introduced N N Gypsophila vaccaria Vaccaria hispanica Y 3 Introduced Y N Helianthus annuus N 6 Introduced N Y Helictochloa hookeri Y 6 Native N N Helminthotheca echioides Picris echioides Y 6 Introduced N N Holcus lanatus Y 6 Introduced N N Holcus mollis Y 6 Introduced N N Hordeum jubatum Y 6 Native N N Hordeum vulgare N 6 Introduced N N Hypericum perforatum Y 6 Introduced N N Hypochaeris radicata Y 6 Introduced N N Indigofera hirsuta Y 6 Absent N N Reported Contaminant Species Synonym General Weed CFIA Noxious Weed Class Origin Status in Canada Historically reported as HR weed in Canada Historically reported as HR weed in USA Jacobaea vulgaris Senecio jacobaea Y 2 Introduced N N Kali tragus Salsola tragus Y 6 Introduced Y Y Kickxia elatine Y 6 Introduced N N Lactuca sativa N 6 Introduced N N Lactuca serriola Y 6 Introduced N Y Lamium amplexicaule Y 6 Introduced N Y Lappula squarrosa Y 6 Introduced N N Lapsana communis Y 6 Introduced N N Leontodon saxatilis Y 6 Introduced N N Lepidium campestre Y 3 Introduced N N Lepidium densiflorum Y 6 Native N N Lepidium draba Y 2 Introduced N N Linum grandiflorum Y 6 Absent N N Linum usitatissimum N 6 Introduced N N Lobularia maritima Y 6 Introduced N N Lolium arundinaceum Festuca arundinacea N 6 Introduced N N Lolium multiflorum N 6 Introduced Y Y Lolium perenne N 6 Introduced N Y Lolium pratense Festuca pratensis N 6 Introduced N N Lomatium dissectum Y 6 Native N N Lomatium macrocarpum Y 6 Native N N Lotus corniculatus N 6 Introduced N N Lotus uliginosus Y 6 Introduced N N Lycopus americanus Y 6 Native N N Lycopus virginicus Y 6 Native N N Lysimachia arvensis Anagallis arvensis Y 6 Introduced N N Lysimachia ciliata Y 6 Native N N Lythrum hyssopifolia Y 6 Introduced N N Lythrum portula Y 6 Introduced N N Malva neglecta Y 6 Introduced N N Malva pusilla Y 6 Introduced N N Matricaria discoidea Y 6 Native N N Medicago lupulina N 6 Introduced N N Medicago sativa N 6 Introduced N N Melilotus albus N 6 Introduced N N Mercurialis annua Y 6 Introduced N N Mutarda arvensis Sinapis arvensis Y 3 Introduced Y Y Nassella viridula N 6 Native N N Oenothera biennis Y 6 Native N N Origanum vulgare N 6 Introduced N N Reported Contaminant Species Synonym General Weed CFIA Noxious Weed Class Origin Status in Canada Historically reported as HR weed in Canada Historically reported as HR weed in USA Panicum capillare Y 4 or 5 Native Y N Panicum miliaceum N 4 or 5 Introduced N N Panicum virgatum N 4 or 5 Native N N Papaver rhoeas Y 6 Introduced N N Pascopyrum smithii N 6 Native N N Paspalum conjugatum Y 6 Absent N N Pastinaca sativa N 6 Introduced N N Persicaria lapathifolia Y 6 Native N N Persicaria maculosa Y 6 Introduced N N Petroselinum crispum N 6 Introduced N N Phalaris arundinacea N 6 Native N N Phalaris canariensis N 6 Introduced N N Phaseolus vulgaris N 6 Absent N N Phleum pratense N 6 Introduced N N Phytolacca americana Y 6 Native N N Pisum sativum N 6 Introduced N N Plagiobothrys scouleri Y 6 Native N N Plantago lanceolata Y 3 Introduced N Y Plantago major Y 6 Introduced N N Plantago rugelii Y 6 Native N N Plantago virginica Y 6 Introduced N N Poa annua N 6 Introduced N Y Poa bulbosa Y 6 Introduced N N Poa compressa N 6 Introduced N N Poa palustris N 6 Native N N Poa pratensis N 6 Native N N Poa secunda Y 6 Native N N Poa trivialis N 6 Introduced N N Polanisia dodecandra Y 6 Native N N Polygonum aviculare Y 6 Native N N Polygonum plebeium Y 6 Absent N N Prunus virginiana Y 6 Native N N Psathyrostachys juncea N 6 Introduced N N Pseudoroegneria spicata N 6 Native N N Puccinellia distans N 6 Introduced N N Raphanus raphanistrum Y 2 Introduced N N Raphanus sativus N 6 Introduced N N Ratibida columnifera Y 6 Native N N Rorippa curvisiliqua Y 6 Native N N Rudbeckia hirta N 6 Native N N Rumex acetosella Y 6 Introduced Y N Rumex maritimus Y 6 Native N N Reported Contaminant Species Synonym General Weed CFIA Noxious Weed Class Origin Status in Canada Historically reported as HR weed in Canada Historically reported as HR weed in USA Salvia reflexa Y 6 Introduced N N Schizachyrium scoparium N 6 Native N N Secale cereale N 6 Introduced N Y Securigera varia N 6 Introduced N N Senecio vulgaris Y 6 Introduced Y Y Setaria faberi Y 2 Introduced Y Y Setaria italica N 6 Introduced N N Setaria pumila Y 6 Introduced Y Y Setaria viridis Y 6 Introduced Y Y Sida spinosa Y 6 Introduced N Y Silene conoidea Y 6 Introduced N N Silene dioica Y 6 Introduced N N Silene gallica Y 6 Introduced N N Silene latifolia Y 3 Introduced N N Silene noctiflora Y 3 Introduced N N Sinapis alba N 6 Introduced N N Sisymbrium altissimum Y 6 Introduced N N Solanum lycopersicum Lycopersicon esculentum N 6 Introduced N N Solanum nigrum Y 6 Introduced N N Solanum rostratum Y 6 Introduced N N Solanum triflorum Y 6 Native N N Sonchus asper Y 6 Introduced Y Y Sonchus oleraceus Y 6 Introduced N N Sorghastrum nutans N 6 Native N N Sorghum bicolor N 6 Introduced N Y Sorghum halepense Y 2 Introduced N Y Sorghum × drummondii N 6 Introduced N N Spergula arvensis Y 6 Introduced N N Stellaria media Y 4 or 5 Introduced Y Y Taraxacum officinale N 6 Introduced N N Thinopyrum intermedium Elytrigia intermedia N 6 Introduced N N Thinopyrum obtusiflorum Elytrigia elongata N 6 Introduced N N Thlaspi arvense Y 3 Introduced Y N Torilis nodosa Y 6 Absent N N Tragopogon dubius Y 6 Introduced N N Trifolium arvense Y 6 Introduced N N Trifolium aureum N 6 Introduced N N Trifolium campestre N 6 Introduced N N Trifolium dubium N 6 Introduced N N Trifolium fragiferum N 6 Introduced N N Trifolium hirtum Y 6 Absent N N Reported Contaminant Species Synonym General Weed CFIA Noxious Weed Class Origin Status in Canada Historically reported as HR weed in Canada Historically reported as HR weed in USA Trifolium hybridum N 6 Introduced N N Trifolium incarnatum N 6 Introduced N N Trifolium pratense N 6 Introduced N N Trifolium reflexum Y 6 Absent N N Trifolium repens N 6 Introduced N N Trifolium resupinatum N 6 Introduced N N Trifolium subterraneum N 6 Introduced N N Trifolium vesiculosum Y 6 Absent N N Tripleurospermum maritimum Y 6 Native N N Triticum aestivum N 6 Introduced N N Urochloa ramosa Y 6 Absent N N Ventenata dubia Y 6 Introduced N N Veronica agrestis Y 6 Introduced N N Vicia cracca Y 6 Introduced N N Vicia sativa N 6 Introduced N N Vicia tetrasperma Y 6 Introduced N N Vicia villosa N 6 Introduced N N Vigna angularis N 6 Absent N N Vigna radiata N 6 Absent N N Viola tricolor Y 6 Introduced N N Vulpia bromoides Y 6 Introduced N N Vulpia myuros Y 6 Introduced N N Zea mays N 6 Introduced N N