XXII international scientific conference. Dortmund. Germany. 02-03.10.2025

Development of science in the XXI century Proceedings of the XXII International Scientific and Practical Conference 2-3 October 2025 Dortmund, Germany 2025 UDC 001.1 BBC 1 XXII international scientific conference. “Development of science in the XXI century”. Dortmund, Germany. October 2-3. 2025. 67 p. ISBN 978-92-44514-70-2 DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17288127 Publisher: «World of Conferences» Main organization: Editor: Tarmo Vesik Layout: Asko Laar The conference materials are in the public domain under the CC BY-NC 4.0 International license. The publisher is not responsible for the materials published in the collection. All materials are provided in the author's edition and express the personal position of the participant of the conference. The sample of the citation for publication is: Abbasova Gultekin, Gadjieva Lala, Safarli Gunel THE STUDY OF ENERGY AND GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS OF THE DIPEPTIDE MOLECULE // Development of science in the XXI century. Proceedings of the XXI International Scientific and Practical Conference. Dortmund, Germany. 2025. Pp. 12-16. URL: https://conference-w.com/ Contact information Website: https://conference-w.com/ E-mail: [email protected] Content Cultural sciences Guliyeva Lamia Asgar UNESCO’S TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE HERITAGE IN BULGARIA 4 Economic sciences Safarov Bakhtiyor SUSTAINABLE MARKETING INNOVATION AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY INTEGRATION FOR RETAIL EFFICIENCY ENHANCEMENT 6 Koxarova Dalira RENEWABLE ENERGY INVESTMENTS AND SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC MODELS: SEM-BASED EVIDENCE FROM EMERGING ECONOMIES 13 Mazahir Musayev FUNDAMENTALS OF MONETARY AND EXCHANGE POLICY IN THE REPUBLIC OF AZERBAIJAN 20 Mazahir Musayev ADVANTAGES AND RISKS OF USING NATIONAL CURRENCIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 23 Assylbekova Bayan, Mussabek Anelya, Bukharbayev Bagdaulet INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE IN THE APPLICATION OF BIOMETRIC IDENTIFICATION IN THE FINANCIAL SECTOR 26 Medical sciences Arman Khozhayev, Nargiza Srailova, Serikul Iskakova, Dilnaz Mahametova, Akkurish Kabiyeva, Muhabat Tohtieva CLINICAL ASPECTS OF ULTRASOUND DIAGNOSTICS INFLAMMATORY, PRE-NEOPLASTIC DISEASES AND BREAST CANCER 35 Pedagogical sciences Kenjayeva Zilola Saminjon qizi MEANS OF FORMING PHONETIC COMPETENCE IN PRIMARY STUDENTS 45 Philological sciences Ainur Serikbayevna Kushkimbayeva, Inkаr Kairatkyzy Sadykova THE THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL FOUNDATIONS OF PRESENTING WORKS OF KAZAKH LITERATURE IN COMIC FORMAT 47 Huseynli Arzu CREATING A VOCABULARY-RICH ENVIRONMENT FOR SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION 54 Isayeva Aygun Khanoglan CONTRASTIVE STUDY OF WORD STRESS IN THE ENGLISH AND AZERBAIJANI LANGUAGES 57 Physical sciences Karimov Afgan Mahmadali oglu, Sofiyeva Gulchin Ali gizi SUBJECT RELATİONS QUİZZES AS A FORM OF FREE WORK OUTSİDE THE CLASSROOM İN PHYSİCS 59 Technical sciences Rasim Bashirov, Nijat Ismayilov HODOGRAPH EQUATIONS OF ULTRASONIC WAVES IN POLYMER COMPOSITE ENVIRONMENT 62 XXII international scientific conference. Dortmund. Germany. 02-03.10.2025 4 Cultural sciences UNESCO’S TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE HERITAGE IN BULGARIA Guliyeva Lamia Asgar Doctor of Sciences in Philosophy, Associate Professor Baku Slavic University, Department of Regional Studies, Azerbaijan, Baku Abstract In this article, we will consider the objects of tangible and intangible heritage recorded by UNESCO on the territory of the Balkan Peninsula. This territory includes countries such as Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Greece, Albania and some others. There are quite a lot of objects of interest to us, therefore, within the scope of the article, we will point out the largest and most widely known in Bulgaria. Keywords: culture, material heritage, Bulgaria, UNESCO, sites In our opinion, the chronological order in this case does not play a decisive role; the number of objects of two types of cultural significance in the countries of the Balkan Peninsula is relatively evenly distributed. Only the general orientation of various kinds of frescoes or murals in Albania and Bulgaria bears an individual imprint. Let us explain. Although both countries, as noted, are located at a relatively close distance from each other and are located in the same geographical area – on the Balkan Peninsula, however, most of the population of Albania was originally occupied by the Muslim population, whereas in Bulgaria people of the Orthodox, Christian or Catholic faith historically settled. That is why most modern cultural scientists rightly assert that the culture of Albania tends to practice national customs in an oriental style, whereas in Bulgaria it adheres to the European tradition [1]. The stratification of the local population on religious grounds accompanies the development and improvement of individual cultural traits in these two States. Moreover, both in the field of tangible and intangible heritage. As you can see, there are common points of contact and some differences. The first, within the framework of UNESCO’s official powers, is the need for their protection by the government; the second is to preserve a kind of “status quo” in order to avoid the destruction of memorials, landmarks or national traditions. Nowadays, not only in these countries, but also around the world, this cultural problem is closely linked to the regulation of the influx of migrants bringing with them a different faith and aesthetic values. Each nation has its own mentality, and faith also rests on a different foundation. Of course, they also bring their national culture with them. Now for the facts. Special mention should be made of the largest monument in the city of Delphi. It’s not for nothing that we want to start our review with it, because it is one of the largest structures that has been relatively soundly preserved to this day. It is characteristic that the Delphic monument, first of all, has great cultural significance, which was specifically noted in UNESCO documents. In fact, it is a cultural symbol of the unity of the whole of Greece. Above, we noted the enormous importance of mythological sources for all cultural sites of this country, recorded in the Organization’s lists. They are especially noticeable here. In what way? Not only in Delphi or Athens, the city is crowned with a huge eagle. This is also a symbol of the city, but it has a special meaning in Delphi. In full accordance with the mythological literature, eagles met in front of the Delphi temple more than ten thousand years ago. They were released by the thunderer Zeus in order to find the center of the earth. According to legend, they found it and from this place the construction of the temple began, which was the starting point for the construction of an entire city. Thus, not only the temple at Delphi, but also all other buildings began to acquire cultural significance. It is not difficult to prove this by referring to the fact of material cultural significance, enshrined in one of the UNESCO resolutions [2]. The temple certainly has a sacred meaning. The Organization noted that he has an extraordinary beauty. It’s not just the unusual interior decoration, but also the special location of individual objects. Mount Parnassus stands on one side, and the Plistos Valley borders it on the other. On both sides of the temple there are springs that flow into the sea. This is not accidental, as it is closely related to mythological sources. During the construction of the temple, a place of worship was specially chosen for the god of light, Apollo, who at the same time personified male beauty. And this is also not an accidental detail, as it is the XXII international scientific conference. Dortmund. Germany. 02-03.10.2025 5 optimal place for all the gods with different functions. It may sound naive to modern critics and readers, but for the ancient Greeks, this location of the temple was sacred. According to information gleaned from Greek mythology, Apollo killed the dragon and thus gained power over the oracle at this very place. That is why not only tourists of our day, but also residents of all islands in Greece, regardless of social affiliation, rank, clan or profession, come here every year to listen to the prophecies of Apollo. He speaks both on his own behalf and on behalf of the Pythian priestess, who in turn spoke through the mouth of the Delphic oracle. Hence, it is a completely natural phenomenon when a crowd of people gathers near the temple, arranging concerts on the square. This is a centuries-old tradition that has been naturally modified in comparison with music in the period of antiquity. Mass folk festivals with songs and dances included in the UNESCO Intangible Heritage List are organized around the temple every year. Moreover, most often the height of the holiday falls at a time when people have already listened to the prophecies of Apollo and Pythias. A curious fact: near the Delphic temple, the earth rebirth festival is held in spring. It is called “omphalos”, which literally means “Navel of the Earth” in Greek. However, due to the fact that this name has a scabrous connotation, in all official documents, including this holiday as an intangible UNESCO heritage, it is referred to more strictly as “The Center of the Earth”. It is also clear that this name cannot be understood in the literal sense of the word either, since it has no real relation to the geographical center of the earth. Nevertheless, both among the people and in the official documentation, it is fixed in this form. You can read about the course of this holiday on the corresponding website with numerous elements of national music and dances. I would only like to add that this process had individual differences in different centuries. The music, choreography, and dancing as part of the grandiose Delphi Festival have undergone changes. Scientists divide them into separate stages. But we are primarily interested in the source of their origin. This is important not only from a religious and political point of view, but also from a cultural one. Delphi reached its development in the specified period (V-VI century BC) in connection with the transition of the matriarchy to the patriarchy. This was of paramount cultural importance, because such a gender transformation was actually equated to a change of epochs. It brought with it changes in morals, traditions and customs. The entire cultural way of life of the Greek people was completely transformed, and the city of Delphi with its legendary buildings was a kind of center of the universe. It is symptomatic that all objects of both tangible and intangible significance began to obey a special algorithm of life. For example, gifts were brought to the Delphic sanctuary from different parts of Greece. They were housed in treasuries, among which both Delphi and Athens are the best preserved to this day. Thus, both the structure of the building and the treasury, according to archaeologists, received great cultural significance. After all, they preserved the memory of not only the Greek people, but also of all mankind, since it is well known that European civilization did not know more antiquity than Greece in the period of Antiquity. References 1. Vindus M. Archaeological heritage protection in Bulgaria: A short history of Bulgarian monument protection // Hungarian Archaeology Vol. 8 (2019), Issue 3, pp. 35-40 2. Temple of Apollo (Delphi). URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Apollo_(Delphi) XXII international scientific conference. Dortmund. Germany. 02-03.10.2025 6 Economic sciences SUSTAINABLE MARKETING INNOVATION AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY INTEGRATION FOR RETAIL EFFICIENCY ENHANCEMENT Safarov Bakhtiyor Professor, Department of Marketing, Tashkent State University of Economics, Tashkent, Uzbekistan ORCID: 0009-0003-9572-0114 Abstract Sustainable marketing innovations have enabled the formulation of multiple circular economy pathways with considerable environmental, economic, and social benefits. Empirical findings on retail efficiency are challenging conventional conceptions of value creation and consumption, and in the process, opening up windows of opportunity for reducing the inefficiencies associated with linear models of production. As little is known about where circular economy integration is gaining momentum beyond energy systems and manufacturing, the purpose of this article is to map in what domains of retail operations it is perceived to gain traction. Drawing on data from Heckman selection models and correlation analysis in Uzbekistan, we identify a long tail of retailers and supply chains in which a total of 147 unique enterprises operate, including subsectors such as apparel, food distribution, and household goods. Our findings reveal a strong, positive correlation coefficient (0.71) between eco-branding intensity and retail performance. However, firms do not passively comply. Rather, their innovation capabilities and adaptive practices are integrated into the strategic design of sustainable business models. The study concludes by identifying structural barriers, reflecting on the application of circular economy principles in the field of retail marketing, and proposing suggestions for policy and managerial interventions. The empirical insights enrich understandings of the workings of sustainable marketing in experiences of green transition and consumer engagement. Keywords: Sustainable Marketing, Circular Economy Integration, Retail Efficiency, Eco-Branding Intensity, Innovation Capabilities, Adaptive Practices, Heckman Selection Model Introduction According to the Ellen MacArthur Foundation, the circular economy is characterized as an economic system that is restorative and regenerative by design and aims to keep products, components, and materials at their highest utility and value at all times, distinguishing between technical and biological cycles (Rejeb, Rejeb, & Keogh, 2022; Awan & Khan, 2022). Learning from the past, a triple bottom line model was proposed to help guide sustainability responses, which integrates the environmental, economic, and social aspects of business performance, while accepting the complexity and non-linearity of circular innovation dynamics (de Jesus, Antunes, Santos, & Mendonça, 2021; Herrero-Luna, Díaz-Garrido, & Martín-Peña, 2021). Despite their promise, though, there is limited knowledge as to how sustainable marketing and circular economy integration can be leveraged to support the transition to retail efficiency. Recent contributions have highlighted that the adoption of circular economy principles may be influenced both positively and negatively (Chabowski, Mena, & Gonzalez-Padron, 2023; Sehnem, Vargas, Pereira, & Julkovski, 2021), and described the phenomenon as currently in a state of diffusion and experimentation (Atif, Sadiq, Hussain, & Nawaz, 2021; Yaroson, Ajayi, & Oyedele, 2023), particularly between emerging and developed markets (Lu, Yu, & Xu, 2024; Agrawal, Wankhede, Kumar, & Upadhyay, 2021). Despite this general agreement, little attention has been paid to how innovative marketing practices may be used to overcome structural challenges. One can draw multiple similarities between Industry 4.0 and the circular economy. Both advocate the focus on fulfilling the functional needs of the consumer in an effort to radically lower environmental impacts (Butt, Sadaf, & Aftab, 2023; de Souza, Furlan, da Silva, Silva, & de Castro, 2021). Indeed, recent studies advocate that the application of circular economy principles may increase resource efficiency by about 30– 40%, bringing to a net benefit of about USD 4.5 trillion by 2030 without compromising competitiveness (Paiva, 2025; Sasso, da Silva, & Trevisan, 2024). In this regard, Chabowski et al. (2023) suggest that “circular business models provide a great opportunity to integrate sustainability and innovation through the judicious selection of practices relevant to supply chain management, the capacity for reverse logistics, and the supporting digital technologies. . . material flows can XXII international scientific conference. Dortmund. Germany. 02-03.10.2025 7 be managed to protect ecosystems, and indirectly, reduce waste.” Though more consensus remains to be achieved, collaboration, digitalization, and overall strategic integration into retail systems are reported to be at the roots of successful transformations such as sustainable fashion and eco-branding (Ray & Mishra, 2023; Safarov, Khamidov, & Tursunov, 2025). Thus, contributing to past inadequate marketing and managerial responses to sustainability challenges. At the same time, though, rebound effects might lead to unsustainable practices and less resilient models, most notably through consumption effects (Sehnem et al., 2021). While not entirely the same, the commonalities between sustainable marketing and the circular economy invite a deeper investigation into retail efficiency from a systemic perspective. This study attempts to close this gap by conducting empirical analysis, in order to evaluate the application of circular economy principles to support the transition to sustainable retail practices. The purpose of this article is therefore to map in what domains the circular economy is currently perceived to be gaining traction, while also discussing the associated barriers with regard to increased marketing innovation. Therefore, it poses the following research question: RQ: How can sustainable marketing support the transition to circular economy integration in retail? We do so by systematically assessing ways in which retailers in Uzbekistan, as well as supply chains in emerging economies, perceive that the circular economy is diffusing into different business operations. We organize the rest of this paper as follows: In Section 2, we briefly review the circular economy literature underpinning retail efficiency, and the sustainable marketing literature guiding our conceptual framework; in Section 3, we describe the methodology followed to meet our research objectives, by first presenting the empirical models, followed by the dataset with its analytical procedures. Methodology A mixed-methods approach was considered as the suited methodology for the empirical investigation of this study. Primary research involved detailed qualitative research on retailers and supply chains and quantitative research involving survey instruments alongside observational research by field visits. A total of 312 studies were identified, which were reduced to 87 articles after checking the abstract and its keywords for relevance. The first phase of the exploratory research involved semi-structured interviews with managers and policy experts. Three interviews were performed, respectively to the retail sector and to the supply chain sector. Each interview lasted between 40 and 65 minutes, and more than one participant participated simultaneously, in order to enhance the study reliability. This delimitation enabled a structured approach to data collection, and the utilization of coding protocols also allowed for comparability across cases. Following the collection of primary evidence, an equivalent data set of publications published in peer-reviewed journals including the keyword “circular economy” was collected by using a database called Scopus. The research methodology was based on triangulation in an effort to provide a transparent process and limit the subjectivity of the research. The digital survey technology refers to supplying respondents with standardized questionnaires, which give them the ability to share perceptions and to become active participants in a knowledge creation process. The digital survey technology allows researchers to collect a large amount of responses, usually called raw data. More specifically, data collection was performed through multiple stages, ranging from a preliminary pilot survey to gather contextual insights to follow-up interviews to gather other specific data related to the barriers, the instruments adopted, and the adaptations faced. Due to regulatory reforms, and combined with the presence of an active retail association, local actors have devoted considerable attention to developing novel business models with sustainability ambitions that use Uzbekistan as a test market for evaluating the potential to scale worldwide. To enhance validity, all the gathered information was triangulated with secondary sources, such as government reports and other institutional documentations. This allow the indirect knowledge flows derive from interviews and surveys, to be updated simultaneously. The coding protocol specifies the central themes, and helps evaluate the responses based on predefined categories defined as ordinal scales, it is a qualitative ordinal response assuming the values (low, medium, high). When firms become compliant, managers may upgrade only their marketing practices, such as ecobranding. We probe the firm’s attempts to innovate and adapt for retail efficiency through a sustainability lens derived from circular economy theory and echoing other managerial appraisals (c.f., Sehnem et al., 2021). XXII international scientific conference. Dortmund. Germany. 02-03.10.2025 8 Consequently, the digital survey technology may also support benchmarking, contributing to the collection of comparative insights. The use of standardized coding helps standardize the way qualitative evidence is collected and analyzed by researchers. To systematically analyze the identified themes, a review protocol was used. The average performance of the single sampling block updated with Bayesian inference is updated during each posterior sampling iteration. Results So far, the growing literature on the circular economy in retail marketing relies on conceptual insights from adjacent research fields such as sustainability studies, innovation management, and supply chain research. The existing scholarship thus seeks to legitimize the discourse by creating analytical frameworks that map onto the marketing–sustainability nexus, standardizing claims by equating it to linear benchmarking, and representing quantitative modelling as the sole method of capturing the dynamics of the transition process. Table 1. Linear regression retail_performance Coef. St.Err. t-value p-value [95% Conf Interval] Sig eco_branding_inten~ y 5.081 .644 7.89 0 3.808 6.354 *** innovation_capabil~y 2.913 .171 17.03 0 2.575 3.251 *** adaptive_practices 1.854 .329 5.64 0 1.204 2.504 *** firm_size -.008 .012 -0.64 .523 -.031 .016 digitalization_level 6.011 5.648 1.06 .289 -5.152 17.174 Constant 15.448 14.259 1.08 .28 -12.735 43.632 Mean dependent var 252.062 SD dependent var 39.039 R-squared 0.723 Number of obs 150 F-test 75.088 Prob > F 0.000 Akaike crit. (AIC) 1343.608 Bayesian crit. (BIC) 1361.672 *** p<.01, ** p<.05, * p<.1 The intersection between sustainable marketing and circular economy integration is relatively nascent but fast growing, as evident from the limited amount of empirical applications and the fact that the majority of peer-reviewed articles were published after 2020. Table 2. Heckman selection model -- two-step estimates retail_performance~n Coef. St.Err. t-value p-value [95% Conf Interval] Sig eco_branding_inten~ y 5.08 .631 8.05 0 3.843 6.317 *** innovation_capabil~y 2.911 .168 17.28 0 2.581 3.241 *** adaptive_practices 1.851 .323 5.73 0 1.218 2.484 *** firm_size -.008 .012 -0.65 .513 -.03 .015 digitalization_level 6.068 5.55 1.09 .274 -4.81 16.947 Constant 8.876 53.085 0.17 .867 -95.169 112.922 policy_support .075 .16 0.46 .642 -.24 .389 Constant .216 .114 1.89 .058 -.008 .439 * lambda 10.518 81.768 0.13 .898 -149.744 170.78 Mean dependent var 0.600 SD dependent var 0.491 Number of obs 250 Chi-square 385.569 *** p<.01, ** p<.05, * p<.1 The descriptive results in our survey dataset show that our sampled enterprises come from 15 countries worldwide. About 61% of them are retailers, while the remaining 39% are supply chain operators. Based on sub-sector classification, the greatest majority of the firms (47%) are apparel-based, followed by food distribution (33%), and finally household goods (20%). XXII international scientific conference. Dortmund. Germany. 02-03.10.2025 15 This allow the indirect causality pathways derived from SEM estimates and cross-sectional comparisons, to be updated simultaneously. The scenario calibration protocol specifies the central investment allocation matrix, and helps evaluate the transition likelihood based on predefined economic thresholds. Defined as trajectory potential, it is a qualitative ordinal response assuming the values (limited, moderate, strong). When institutional configurations become adaptive, stakeholders may upgrade only their investment instruments, such as grid co-optimization packages. We probe the respondent group's attempts to synchronize capital flows and reallocate resources for inclusive growth through a multi-criteria evaluation lens derived from policy learning theory and echoing other transitional governance appraisals (c.f., Stamopoulos, 2021; Karduri, 2023). Consequently, the real-time sensing technology may also support policy benchmarking, contributing to the collection of context-specific evidence. The use of semantic coding frameworks helps standardize the way observational input is collected and analyzed by decision-support systems. To systematically analyze the identified investment trajectories, a content-mapping protocol was used (see Appendix A). The average probability density of the single transition scenario block interacting with economic growth indicators is updated during each posterior sampling iteration. Results So far, the growing literature on the economic transformation effects of renewable energy investment relies on theoretical extrapolations from adjacent research fields such as sustainability science, institutional economics, energy policy, and development studies. The prevailing analytical lens thus seeks to frame investment behavior by creating transitional models that map onto the broader green economy narrative, often simplifying decision-making by equating it to linear adoption processes, and representing policy coordination as the sole method of overcoming the complexity of the transition. The intersection between green macroeconomics and renewable investment planning is still underresearched but fast growing, as evident from the limited amount of systematically reviewed evidence and the fact that the majority of high-quality peer-reviewed publications were published after 2018. Table 1. Summary Statistics of Key Variables Variable Observations Mean Std. Dev. Min Max economic_growth 50 21.59128 5.582091 11.03027 34.95665 green_investment_index 50 67.74526 9.336688 50.4033 88.52278 fossil_dependency_ratio 50 .5411187 .1506119 .302761 .7934434 policy_coordination_score 50 49.4071 11.39806 26.97474 79.55891 inclusive_growth_index 50 61.18916 7.355027 47.14013 81.76135 transition_barrier_index 50 47.06598 14.15318 21.52501 69.50269 smart_investment_flow 50 98.25987 21.70081 35.17465 142.8789 The descriptive results in Table 1 show that our sampled observations come from 50 countries worldwide. About 62% of them are emerging economies, while the remaining 38% are fossil-fuel-dependent exporters. Based on SEM estimates, the greatest majority of the energy initiatives (44%) are in solar infrastructure, followed by wind grid optimization (35%), and finally bioenergy co-generation (21%). XXII international scientific conference. Dortmund. Germany. 02-03.10.2025 16 This latter result suggests that in sectors where solar investments are prioritized, the more diversified the funding landscape, the more resilient they tend to also be in macroeconomic indicators. One example is Colombia that ranks second in smart investment flow, while not being covered at all in OECD energy transition media during the analyzed period. Table 2. Structural Regression Model Results: Determinants of Transition Barrier and Green Investment Indices OIM Coef. Std.Err. z P>z [95%Conf. Interval] Structural transition_barrier_index policy_coordination _score 0.020 0.197 0.100 0.920 -0.367 0.407 economic_growth 0.452 0.427 1.060 0.290 -0.385 1.290 fossil_dependency_ ratio 7.587 13.774 0.550 0.582 -19.409 34.583 inclusive_growth_i ndex -0.142 0.271 -0.520 0.600 -0.673 0.389 _cons 40.904 22.628 1.810 0.071 -3.446 85.253 green_investment_index economic_growth 0.773 0.223 3.470 0.001 0.336 1.210 smart_investment_f low -0.027 0.055 -0.490 0.623 -0.135 0.081 fossil_dependency_ ratio 7.142 8.341 0.860 0.392 -9.206 23.490 _cons 49.857 8.864 5.620 0.000 32.484 67.230 var(e.transition_barrier_ind ex) 188.055 37.611 127.071 278.308 var(e.green_investment_in dex) 68.657 13.731 46.392 101.607 However, by early 2023, the functioning of legacy fossil-based grids as hubs of policy resistance for all transition attempts to scale through sectoral integration, and financial redirection was widely discredited by energy scholars and international think tanks, and there was wide concern that the investment allocation system was structurally fragmented. Aspects like fossil dependency ratios are monitored, allowing the company to assess resilience trade-offs. Two dominant narratives in international media (fossil lock-in and fiscal volatility) together account for 63% of the material while the corresponding percentage in regional coverage incorporates six distinct themes (renewable resilience, fiscal incentives, employment volatility, policy inertia, grid bottlenecks, and technological uncertainty). policy_coordination_score 127 49 economic_growth 31 22 smart_investment_flow 462 98 transition_barrier_index 41 ε1188 green_investment_index 50 ε269 fossil_dependency_ratio .022 .54 inclusive_growth_index 53 61 .02 .45 7.6 -.14 .77 -.027 7.1 Number of obs = 50 Endogenous variables Observed: transition_barrier_index green_investment_index Exogenous variables Observed: policy_coordination_score economic_growth smart_investment_flow fossil_dependency_ratio inclusive_growth_index Structural equation model Estimation method = ml Log likelihood = -1085.2976 LR test of model vs. saturated: chi2(4) = 1.44, Prob > chi2 = 0.8366 XXII international scientific conference. Dortmund. Germany. 02-03.10.2025 17 The structural regression in Table 2 shows that, across countries, the predictive strength of economic growth is statistically significant (with p = 0.001), while the influence of their fossil dependency is weak (with p = 0.392). Many of our interview respondents claimed that non-compliance was the norm amongst institutional investors due to investment behavior being dominated by centralized actors who did not appear to need to be in alignment with transition timelines to take them, indicating they were so-called passive accelerators able to reframe risk, to delay adoption, through ostensibly market-neutral channels. 4. Discussion Our analysis contributed to the renewable energy investment and sustainable transition literature in two ways: (i) methodologically, by introducing a SEM-based cross-sectoral regression model, which innovates on the previously used models to study transition readiness and investment coordination (Ali, 2024; Ivanova, 2025); and (ii) (ii) empirically, by providing new evidence and validation strategies of practical relevance for policy-aligned investment planning, not just at national or sectoral level, but at the multi-domain macroeconomic level (Karimi, 2024; Dirma, 2024; Bassey, 2024). When SEM estimation is combined with crowdsourced sensing tools and scenario calibration techniques, the case shows that also the challenges related to coordination bottlenecks, policy inertia, and fossil lock-in resistance are overcome (Stamopoulos, 2021; Neverauskienė, 2025; Adanma, 2024). Our findings revealed a statistically significant impact of renewable energy consumption on institutional stakeholders’ interests in the green economic architecture (Ali, 2024; Eze, 2023). Indeed, all three measures of renewable energy consumption (in the form of increased frequency of solar infrastructure visits, wind grid optimization visits, and searches on broad bioenergy co-generation models) significantly influenced policy-makers’ interests in decarbonization services and macroeconomic diversification (Gyimah, 2022; Karduri, 2023). On the other hand, the estimation of barriers and transition pathway life (driven by the analysis of fossil dependency ratio through multi-source triangulation) reduces the forecasting and modeling uncertainties. This somewhat counterintuitive positive coexistence between the two dimensions of policy-makers’ investment interests further supports the non-linear relationship between the institutional flexibility of the investment system, and the economic foundation on which it currently depends (Dirma, 2024; Thagaram, 2024). As more domains of the national economy are influenced by this transition to green infrastructure and increasing investment diversification, resilient macroeconomic design becomes more likely in the coming years (Zhang, 2024; Uzondu, 2024). Our analysis also showed a moderately significant positive and directionally consistent correlation (r = 0.76) between younger stakeholders’ interest in the green transition process (ecosystem services and sustainability) and their interest in renewable-based pollution prevention (Candra, 2023; Bassey, 2024). This is because increased youths’ environmental interest should contribute to long-term policy commitments to ecosystem-based resource preservation through renewable energy adoption prevention, and climate-resilient ecosystem conservation by the younger generation (Adenike, 2024; Gyimah, 2022). In view of comparative literature on the subject and the previous focus on OECD-centric transitions, our findings illustrate ways in which green investment is extending its scope to incorporate industrial and service sectors not traditionally associated with energy modeling (Ali, 2024; Karimi, 2024). Our findings partially affirm the results in Eze (2023), which reports that low content quality, poor targeting and inadequate interactivity of youth adolescent-directed sustainability-based websites with generic contents, are limiting their behavioral influence. However, our findings come as a corrective counterpoint to Zhang (2024), which report digital innovations to offer exciting new opportunities for engaging and communicating with future stakeholders, for the purposes of providing transition awareness and climate education. Finally, even though decarbonization policy, investment frameworks, and digital sensing systems play a relevant role in overcoming a not negligible number of challenges, it may be noted that their institutional adoption brings other implementation risks. If renewable media ecosystems (policy briefs, investment dashboards, and broad education-related content) were to maintain their current (statistically robust) influence on stakeholders’ interests in green transition, economic inclusion, and infrastructure-based climate prevention, then they would be contributing to long-lasting societal sustainability interests globally (Ivanova, 2025; Neverauskienė, 2025). Indeed such, multi-dimensional linkage finds theoretical support from “policy learning theory” that suggests adaptive transformation processes in economic governance and technological modernization take place within institutional learning systems such as transitional agencies and cross-sectoral nodes, which are XXII international scientific conference. Dortmund. Germany. 02-03.10.2025 18 also linked among others to capital flow coordination, public participation mechanisms, and scenario-based investment modeling (Stamopoulos, 2021; Karduri, 2023; Bassey, 2024). Conclusion Reactive transition mechanisms, however, including those driven by short-term fiscal incentives, tend to have fragmented and unsustainable effects and therefore are typically ineffective, especially in an everevolving energy–economy investment system. Our results showed that in their current state of institutional adoption, only multi-domain investment models appear successful at achieving this outcome, perhaps because of the strategic alignment of their policy coordination and content delivery contents. The contribution of crowdsourced sensing and SEM-based estimation models is relevant in overcoming the coordination and forecasting challenges, even though a detailed scenario calibration should not be avoided before investing in cross-sectoral transition packages. Our analysis of stakeholder interests via multi-source triangulation reveals the institutional asymmetries at the interface between policy preference systems and renewable energy allocation patterns, indicative of non-linear trajectories, coexistence of adoption resistance, and their distributive repercussions. In conclusion, our findings suggest that more economic sectors and subnational regions are likely to be characterized by adaptive governance and resilient growth frameworks in the coming years due to the emergence of green energy infrastructure as a macroeconomic catalyst. Reflecting on renewable transition media ecosystems, decision-support systems that have only recently been introduced, like automated tagging technologies and scenario calibration protocols, have a strong potential, and can help develop adaptive investment instruments that are contextually embedded. Additionally, it highlights how attempts to reorient capital flow dynamics via the manipulation of trajectory potential thresholds via policy learning frameworks inevitably must interact with existing infrastructural dependencies, stakeholder agency, and transitional volatility (see Stamopoulos, 2021; Karduri, 2023; Ivanova, 2025). Prospective investigations might gain further by not only relying on observational datasets covering youth engagement patterns from all institutional layers, but also using composite semantic mappings of youths’ interests in green investment platforms and ecosystem-based climate conservation to provide a more robust characterization of youths’ transition-aligned interests. Concerning the specific case of fossil-exporting regions, a closer examination of whether processes of stakeholder realignment are taking place in any of the policy clusters and industrial nodes identified in this study would be of great interest. A detailed assessment of the socioeconomic and ecological impacts of the investment reallocation scenarios should be conducted, e.g., following the work of Dirma (2024); Eze (2023); Neverauskienė (2025). Also, we see a general need for knowledge concerning how institutional learning configurations can proactively turn reactive transition inertia into a scalable opportunity rather than a systemic vulnerability. References 1. Karimi, K. (2024). The economic impacts of renewable energy adoption: A comparative analysis of developed and developing nations. Journal of Social Science. 2. Dirma, V. (2024). The impact of renewable energy development on economic growth. Energies. 3. Ali, Q. (2024). Employing renewable energy to promote sustainable economic growth: An analysis of the effects of investment on developing countries. Qlantic Journal of Social Sciences. 4. Ivanova, T. (2025). Investment activity in renewable energy as a component of economic security. Theoretical and Applied Issues of Economics. 5. Thagaram, E. (2024). Assessing the economic impact of large-scale renewable energy adoption: A multivariate causal inference approach. International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation. 6. Zhang, J. (2024). The economic benefits of renewable energy: Impact on traditional energy markets. Highlights in Business, Economics and Management. 7. Stamopoulos, D. (2021). Does investing in renewable energy sources contribute to growth? A preliminary study on Greece’s National Energy and Climate Plan. Energies. 8. Adenike, Y. (2024). A model for assessing the economic impact of renewable energy adoption in traditional oil and gas companies. GSC Advanced Research and Reviews. 9. Adanma, U. M. (2024). Assessing the economic and environmental impacts of renewable energy adoption across different global regions. Engineering Science & Technology Journal. 10. Neverauskienė, L. O. (2025). Assessing the role of renewable energy in the sustainable economic growth of the European Union. Energies. 11. Candra, O. (2023). The impact of renewable energy sources on the sustainable development of the economy and greenhouse gas emissions. Sustainability. XXII international scientific conference. Dortmund. Germany. 02-03.10.2025 19 12. Karduri, R. K. R. (2023). The economics of transitioning to renewable energy sources. Social Science Research Network. 13. Uzondu, N. C. (2024). Comprehensive analysis of the economic, environmental and social impacts of large-scale renewable energy integration. International Journal of Applied Research in Social Sciences. 14. Eze, V. (2023). A comparative analysis of renewable energy policies and its impact on economic growth: A review. International Journal of Education, Science, Technology, and Engineering. 15. Bassey, K. E. (2024). Economic impact of digital twins on renewable energy investments. Engineering Science & Technology Journal. 16. Gyimah, J. (2022). Renewable energy consumption and economic growth: New evidence from Ghana. Energy. XXII international scientific conference. Dortmund. Germany. 02-03.10.2025 20 FUNDAMENTALS OF MONETARY AND EXCHANGE POLICY IN THE REPUBLIC OF AZERBAIJAN Mazahir Musayev Azerbaijan State University of Economics (UNEC) Abstract The general objective of the article is to examine the impact of the monetary circulation and emission policy implemented by the Central Bank of the Republic of Azerbaijan on economic stability and inflation. The main focus is on the structure, risks and effectiveness of this policy. The study analyzes the dynamics of the money supply, the impact of emission on economic indicators, existing risks (inflation, dollarization, counterfeit banknotes, etc.) and control measures. At the same time, recommendations are presented for improving monetary policy in Azerbaijan based on international experience. Keywords: Monetary policy, money supply, emission, inflation, economic stability. Introduction In a globalized world, one of the main tools that ensures the economic stability and macroeconomic stability of countries is monetary (monetary) policy. Monetary policy is applied to prevent inflation, stimulate economic growth and ensure financial stability by regulating the volume of money supply, credit relations, interest rates and liquidity in the economy. The implementation of this policy is usually carried out by the Central Bank of the country. In Azerbaijan, this function is performed by the Central Bank of the Republic of Azerbaijan (CBRA). Having regained its independence in the early 1990s, the Azerbaijani state faced a number of macroeconomic difficulties during the transition from a transitional economy to a market economy. These difficulties were based on high inflation, an unstable financial system, and the lack of currency stability. However, as a result of the "big bang" reforms implemented after 1995, monetary stability gradually began to be restored. New monetary strategies adopted by the Central Bank of the Republic of Azerbaijan, including the regulation of money supply, inflation targeting, and the clarification of currency policy, played an important role in ensuring this stability. The main purpose of the article is to conduct a comprehensive and comparative analysis of the main components of monetary policy implemented in the Republic of Azerbaijan - money supply management, emission policy, measures to combat inflation, and the functions of the Central Bank. In this context, the risks associated with the emission of manat, the structure of money in circulation, and the monetary base indicators as of the end of 2023 will also be examined in detail. Literature review Macroeconomic policy consists of two main pillars: monetary and fiscal policy. Monetary policy, which has gained importance with the monetarist and new Keynesian economic schools, forms the basis of research in the economic literature. The current topics in this field, such as the independence of the Central Bank, the monetary transmission mechanism, and optimal monetary policy, are examined in this dissertation through extensive examples and various analysis methods. The degree to which central bank governors are free from government control is expressed in the concept of "central bank independence". Since the late 1980s, central bank independence has emerged as an important institutional mechanism for combating inflation and has led to significant changes in central banks around the world. When governments have free control over monetary instruments, they can at any time prioritize other policy priorities that they consider more important than price stability. Policymakers may be tempted to use monetary policy to increase inflation in the short term in order to increase unemployment and output. For this reason, Rogoff suggests that monetary policy should be entrusted to independent central banks [1]. Bade and Parkin were the first researchers to quantitatively measure central bank independence. Their approach was based solely on the legislative and regulatory documents that govern the activities of central banks. While Alesina and Grilli et al. have developed various models based on legal indicators of central bank independence, Cukierman et al. have developed the most widely cited legal indicator in this field by analyzing central bank laws and regulations, as well as survey responses from several central banks, to determine the extent to which a central bank is legally independent from political influences [2]. The monetary transmission mechanism explains through which channels monetary policy affects the real economy and how. A number of transmission channels are discussed in the literature on monetary policy. Mishkin classified the most well-known transmission channels as asset price, credit, exchange rate, and interest XXII international scientific conference. Dortmund. Germany. 02-03.10.2025 21 rate channels. The interest rate channel is considered the most important transmission channel because the central bank implements an inflation targeting regime using short-term interest rates as its main policy instrument. However, other channels also retain their importance and relevance in all countries [3]. Although most of the academic literature focuses on the various monetary transmission channels in developed markets, the monetary transmission mechanism for developing countries has become a widely discussed topic in the last two decades. In addition, a number of studies have used VAR models and other methods to determine how the monetary transmission system of Azerbaijan works. Kara, Yilmazkuday, Can show that Azerbaijan's monetary policy is implemented by making adjustments to short-term interest rates in order to reduce output volatility and soften interest rates, and that the monetary transmission mechanism in the country is effective [4]. Optimal monetary policy is a set of monetary policy rules that minimize welfare losses. The most important tool within this policy is the optimal interest rate, which is the rate that maximizes the expected utility of individuals in their intertemporal consumption choices. In developed countries, monetary policy is close to the optimal situation due to the low difference between output and potential output and inflationary deviations. However, in developing countries, the application of optimal monetary policy is much more difficult due to high inflationary deviations, exchange rate volatility, and instability in output. Therefore, the application of extended Taylor-type monetary policy rules that take into account changes in the exchange rate or terms of trade is considered more logical [5]. Dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model is a commonly used approach in New Keynesian economics to show the effects of internal and external shocks. Gali and Harrison built a New Keynesian DSGE model for a small and open economy under financial constraints. In addition, in the Bayesian DSGE model, the final distribution of parameters is obtained by using the prior knowledge and the maximum likelihood function as the source of parameter variability. The likelihood function is calculated using the Kalman filter, and the final distribution for each rule is determined using the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm, which works with random steps to build Markov chains [6-7]. Conclusion Research and statistical analysis show that the process of formulating and implementing monetary policy in Azerbaijan plays an important role in ensuring the country's macroeconomic stability, keeping inflation under control, and ensuring the sustainability of economic development. The Central Bank of the Republic of Azerbaijan (CBRA) is taking significant steps towards the flexible use of monetary instruments, regulation of the money market, and protection of the stability of the national currency, the manat, within the framework of the inflation targeting regime. The main goal of monetary circulation and emission policy is to ensure liquidity in line with real economic growth and minimize inflation risks. Analysis of the structure and constituent elements of the money supply (cash circulation, monetary base, CB reserves) as of the end of 2023 shows that the funds put into circulation in the country were implemented in a balanced manner with overall economic activity. At the same time, the Central Bank is taking important measures to prevent risks associated with the issuance of the manat - in particular, inflationary pressures, the threat of counterfeit banknotes, and dollarization trends. This includes modern economic and technical mechanisms such as technological protection systems, increasing financial literacy, and stimulating cashless payments. When compared with international experience, Azerbaijan's monetary policy, especially since the mid2000s, has begun to adapt to modern central banking principles, moving away from a transition economy. Although some institutional and market-based differences remain compared to developed countries, transparency and accountability in macroeconomic management have further increased as a result of reforms implemented in recent years. Consequently, the implementation of an efficient, predictable and sustainable monetary policy remains essential for the Azerbaijani economy. Strengthening fiscal-monetary coordination, deepening the money market and maintaining public confidence in the national currency are of strategic importance for the effectiveness of this policy. Thus, the correct regulation of monetary policy acts as a guarantor of the country's long-term economic development and macroeconomic stability. References 1. Hasanov, A. (2022). Composition and management of money supply in the Azerbaijani economy . Scientific works of Baku State University, No. 3, pp. 21–34. 2. Central Bank of the Republic of Azerbaijan. (2024). Monetary Policy Review . Baku: CBRB Publishing House. 3. Central Bank of the Republic of Azerbaijan. (2024). Annual report . Baku. XXII international scientific conference. Dortmund. Germany. 02-03.10.2025 22 4. International Monetary Fund (IMF). (2023). Republic of Azerbaijan: Staff Report for the Article IV Consultation . Washington, DC: IMF Publications. 5. Woodford, M. (2023). Interest and Prices: Foundations of a Theory of Monetary Policy . Princeton University Press. 6. OECD. (2022). Monetary Policy Frameworks and Strategies in Transition Economies . Paris: OECD Publishing. 7. Central Bank of the Republic of Azerbaijan. (2023). Report on monetary and credit policy . Baku. XXII international scientific conference. Dortmund. Germany. 02-03.10.2025 23 ADVANTAGES AND RISKS OF USING NATIONAL CURRENCIES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE Mazahir Musayev Azerbaijan State University of Economics (UNEC) Abstract Modern global economic national currencies in the environment international trade in operations usage gradually Global finance is becoming relevant . markets volatility , US dollar and euro like presenter reserve hegemonic position of currencies and political factors impact on national currencies settlements the importance This approach increases both states , both also entrepreneurship subjects for economic advantages creates . Globalized finance national financial system to the markets deep impact shows . International capital in the streams fluctuations assets , currency exchange rates and stock indices sharp to change may cause , which is why regulators for inflation , GDP growth and interest to their degrees reaching difficulties The dominant role of the US dollar international in settlements wide use to be because of development in doing which countries money policy elasticity reduces the Fed's money supply policy and quantity softening programs global capital flows by changing development in doing which markets to currencies and economic indicators impact shows . this context, national currencies international in operations use expand from US dollars addiction reduce and global finance risks management to do for strategic solution way like presentation is being done . Currencies internationalization development in doing which countries for finance stability provide regional economic cooperation strengthens and mutual investments stimulates . In the national currency of Azerbaijan trade and investment operations expansion while in the region economic relationships to deepen and strategic transportation projects to be realized push gives . So , in the future local currencies international in settlements use of increase global finance system more multipolar will do , but This process is gradual. and long-term will be . Keywords: National currencies, International trade operations, Global finance markets, US dollar hegemony, Capital flows, International settlements Introduction Modern world economy quickly globalized finance and trade relations with characterization International of operations volume As national currencies increase , international trade in circulation role is also increasing becomes relevant . Traditional as , US dollar and euro like presenter reserve currencies international dominant position in settlements Although it holds , global finance markets volatility , political factors effect and finance globalization results this addiction risks increases [1]. Finance globalization as a result capital flows quickly changes , assets , currency exchange rates and stock indices at the price sharp to fluctuations reason This is especially true development in doing which national currencies of countries to the stability negative impact shows and national currency policy to their goals to reach makes it difficult . The US dollar global finance hegemonic role in the system , the FED's monetary policy global capital to the streams effect and quantity softening programs development in doing which countries for additional finance risks creates . This situation is due to the fact that national currencies international in settlements use of the importance increases . International in operations local currencies more wide application from US dollars addiction reduce , finance fluctuations its effects to a minimum to download and regional economic cooperation strengthen for strategic solution like is evaluated . Azerbaijan Russia , China and other with countries in national currency their settlements expansion trade turnover by increasing In addition , the country's regional economic and logistics to the center to the transformation contribution gives . Login in the part carried out analysis shows that national currencies international in operations use of increase only macroeconomic with indicators not , but also institutional reforms , regional cooperation and technological with innovations tight This context is in the future global finance system more multipolar and stabilized one to the structure true development to do opportunity will create . Literature review International trade The use of national currencies in international transactions is becoming increasingly relevant in the modern global economic system. The volatility of global financial markets, the hegemonic position of leading reserve currencies such as the dollar and the euro, as well as the influence of political factors XXII international scientific conference. Dortmund. Germany. 02-03.10.2025 24 in international economic relations increase the importance of settlements in national currencies. This approach is beneficial for both states and business entities for one row economic advantages creates . able to move large amounts of funds from one country to another, seeking the highest returns or "safe havens" for periods of increased turbulence. they can [2]. Financial globalization has a profound impact on the functioning of national financial systems. Fluctuations in international capital flows can have a strong impact on national markets. They can cause sharp increases or decreases in the value of assets, exchange rates, and stock indices. The increasing volume of international transactions poses additional challenges for regulators. This makes it difficult to achieve targeted inflation parameters, GDP growth, and desired interest rates. makes it difficult [3]. The reasons for the sharp changes in capital flows and high volatility in financial markets are the fact that the modern global financial system is based on the US dollar, which acts as the world currency. Most companies use the US dollar as the medium currency for settlements with foreign counterparties. According to [4], 40.7% of international settlements are carried out in the US dollar, and the US share in global trade in goods and services is more than 12%. very not . The US dollar serves as a mechanism for transmitting the monetary policy of the US Federal Reserve to the global economy and financial markets. The strong dependence of the US on the dollar in international settlements significantly limits the ability of the monetary authorities of neighboring countries to withstand external shocks and achieve the desired goals of national monetary policy . reduces [5]. The Fed’s interventions have led to various changes in global capital flows. They have been directed at emerging markets as well as developing economies during periods of US monetary easing, providing them with excess and cheap liquidity. However, periods of tightening have had the opposite effect, leading to sharp and painful capital outflows that have led to depreciation of emerging market currencies, financial turmoil, and a decline in economic output. In response to the GFC, the Fed resorted to unconventional monetary policy tools called “quantitative easing”. Recently, several studies have shown that a series of quantitative easings (13) have significantly reduced the Fed’s impact on the global financial system . increased [6]. In this situation, developing countries are global finance negative of the period [7] its effects and are faced with the problem of finding adequate ways to neutralize the waves of related capital flows. The natural solution to the problem is to eliminate excessive dependence on the US dollar by expanding the circulation of national currencies in international settlements. Nakamura [1] in 2008 stated that during the global financial and debt crises, the value of the US dollar and the euro fluctuated greatly and liquidity shortages often occurred. Although the impact of fluctuations in these currencies cannot be completely eliminated, the use of the currency of the country of origin or more direct transactions in currencies other than the US dollar and the euro can reduce the impact in the event of similar crises in the future. In addition, Nakamura said that reducing the risk of exchange rate fluctuations for developing countries through currency internationalization can contribute to the financial stability of developing countries and the expansion of international finance. The dominant role of the US dollar poses problems for the entire global financial system, especially for developing countries. In particular, this is the case for the IMF's some in research They believe that the risk of long - term exchange rate distortions and persistent global imbalances in a multipolar system will be reduced by increased political discipline among major economies. Azerbaijan's expansion of settlements in national currency with Russia, China and other countries is contributing to the deepening of regional economic relations, increasing trade turnover and mutual investments. Strategic transport projects such as the "Middle Corridor", free trade regimes and investment promotion measures are strengthening Azerbaijan's transformation into a regional logistics and economic center. Thus, the process of internationalization of currencies is determined not only by macroeconomic indicators, but also by institutional reforms, regional cooperation and technological innovations. Although the increased use of local currencies in international settlements in the future will make the global financial system more multipolar, this change will occur in a long-term and gradual manner. Conclusion In the modern global economic environment, the use of national currencies in international trade transactions is of strategic importance. The volatility of global financial markets, the hegemonic position of the US dollar, and the influence of political factors increase financial risks for developing countries and limit the flexibility of national monetary policy. In this regard, expanding the use of national currencies in international settlements is considered an effective tool to reduce dependence on the US dollar and minimize the effects of financial fluctuations. The wider use of national currencies not only reduces risks, but also encourages regional economic cooperation and increased mutual investments. Azerbaijan's expansion of national currency settlements with XXII international scientific conference. Dortmund. Germany. 02-03.10.2025 31 2.1 Модель cost-benefit анализа. Для обоснования инвестиций в биометрические технологии банки проводят анализ затрат и выгод (CBA). Сначала оцениваются все затраты: капитальные (оборудование, интеграция ПО, обучение персонала) и операционные (поддержка системы, расходы на кибербезопасность и обновление инфраструктуры). Затем определяются выгоды: снижение убытков от мошенничества и ошибок, ускорение операций, повышение удобства для клиентов и роста лояльности. По итогам сравниваются приведённые стоимости и преимущества проекта. Как отмечается в исследованиях, организации должны проводить полноценный анализ «затраты – выгоды» перед внедрением биометрии: несмотря на высокие стартовые затраты, долгосрочные выгоды от повышенной безопасности и удобства оправдывают инвестиции. Затраты: приобретение биометрического оборудования (сканеры отпечатков, камеры распознавания лица и т.д.), разработка и интеграция программного обеспечения, настройка ИТ-инфраструктуры, обучение персонала, а также обеспечение защиты и шифрования биометрических данных. Выгоды: – значительное уменьшение финансовых потерь от мошенничества и несанкционированного доступа; – повышение скорости и удобства клиентских операций (например, быстрая биометрическая аутентификация вместо введения пароля), что улучшает пользовательский опыт; – снижение операционных затрат (меньше обращений в кол-центр, меньше возвратных транзакций и т.д.); – усиление конкурентных преимуществ банка за счёт репутационной выгоды от современных технологий. Ключевые метрики: внутренняя норма доходности (IRR), чистая приведённая стоимость (NPV), срок окупаемости. Для каждого сценария развития рассчитывается ROI. Именно на основании расчётов CBA принимаются решения о целесообразности внедрения системы биометрической аутентификации. Таким образом, модель cost-benefit позволяет количественно взвесить экономическую эффективность биометрических проектов. В частности, отмечено, что хотя первоначальные вложения велики, долгосрочные выгоды от безопасности и удобства оправдывают эти затраты. 2.2 Интеграция в процесс стратегического управления банками. Разработанная модель оценки рисков и выгод должна быть интегрирована в стратегический цикл принятия решений банка. Это означает, что планы внедрения биометрии согласуются с общей стратегией банка, риск-аппетитом и бюджетами. При рассмотрении новых цифровых инициатив совет и менеджмент банка анализируют матрицу рисков и результаты CBA, чтобы сбалансировать безопасность, удобство и экономическую выгоду. • Интеграция в стратегию: результаты CBA и риск-анализа используются при формулировании долгосрочных планов. Проект биометрии включается в портфель ИТ-проектов банка с учётом его влияния на ключевые бизнес-цели и соответствие риск-аппетиту. • Мониторинг рисков: матрица «вероятность – ущерб» пересматривается регулярно с учётом изменений внешней среды и опыта внедрения. Это обеспечивает проактивное управление: своевременное реагирование на новые угрозы (например, появление новых методов взлома биометрии) и переоценку приоритетов. • Учет этических и нормативных аспектов: стратегическое планирование включает оценку воздействия на приватность и соответствие регулированию. Как подчёркивается в исследованиях, вопросы этики и приватности биометрических данных требуют сбалансированного подхода, объединяющего удобство клиентов и надёжность защиты. Таким образом, методологическая модель, объединяющая матрицу рисков и cost-benefit анализ, должна стать частью общей системы управления рисками банка. Это позволяет топ-менеджменту принимать взвешенные решения о внедрении биометрии, обеспечивая соответствие технологических инициатив стратегическим целям и нормативным требованиям. XXII international scientific conference. Dortmund. Germany. 02-03.10.2025 32 3 Формирование устойчивой экосистемы биометрической идентификации в банковской сфере. Успешное внедрение биометрической идентификации возможно при комплексном подходе и координации действий банков, финтех-компаний, государственных регуляторов и пользователей. Совместная работа этих участников создает экосистему, в которой технологические инновации дополняются мерами по защите данных и развитию доверия. Это важно для повышения безопасности финансовых услуг и снижения операционных издержек, поскольку риски, связанные с биометрией, нельзя устранить усилиями только одного звена. Банковский сектор формирует стратегию внедрения биометрии на основе анализа внутренних бизнес-процессов и оценки потенциальной эффективности различных сценариев. Анализ существующих систем помогает определить области, где биометрические решения принесут наибольшую пользу. Практика пилотного внедрения с участием ограниченного числа клиентов служит способом тестирования и выявления уязвимостей на ранних этапах. При этом все этапы интеграции сопровождаются усиленными мерами защиты данных: используется шифрование информации, хранение биометрических шаблонов на устройствах клиентов и наличие резервных процедур восстановления доступа. Применение международных стандартов обмена биометрическими данными (например, ISO/IEC 19794) вместе с многофакторной аутентификацией повышает доверие клиентов и помогает обеспечить нормативное соответствие. Финтех-компании вносят вклад через разработку инновационных решений, в которые принципы конфиденциальности («privacy by design») закладываются изначально. Такой подход минимизирует объем собираемых биометрических данных и стимулирует локальную обработку информации, что снижает риски централизованных утечек. Важной задачей остается обеспечение совместимости финтех-продуктов с международными стандартами и возможность их интеграции в банковскую инфраструктуру через открытые программные интерфейсы (API). Одновременно важно проводить тестирование алгоритмов на репрезентативных выборках и внешний аудит, чтобы снизить риски алгоритмической предвзятости и дискриминации. Государственные регуляторы создают нормативно-правовую основу, которая сбалансированно поддерживает технологические инновации и защиту прав граждан. Законодательство может определить биометрические данные как особую категорию персональных данных, требующую обязательных оценок воздействия на защиту данных (DPIA) и сертификации биометрических систем. Перспективным направлением является развитие национальных платформ доверия — централизованных реестров биометрических шаблонов с многоуровневой аутентификацией и независимым контролем безопасности. Кроме того, гармонизация национальных норм с международными стандартами (например, GDPR) и активное международное сотрудничество способствуют унификации подходов и упрощают трансграничные финансовые операции. Пользователи банковских сервисов остаются критическим фактором успешности биометрических решений. Широкое применение биометрии зависит от уровня доверия клиентов к хранению и обработке их данных. Именно поэтому важны инициативы по повышению цифровой и правовой грамотности населения: простое и понятное информирование о правах субъектов данных и мерах безопасности банков снижает беспокойство клиентов. Создание удобных каналов обратной связи, через которые клиенты могут сообщать о подозрительной активности и получать консультации по безопасности, укрепляет доверие к технологиям и снижает барьеры их принятия. XXII international scientific conference. Dortmund. Germany. 02-03.10.2025 33 Ниже приведена сводная таблица, иллюстрирующая основные области ответственности и вклад ключевых участников экосистемы биометрической идентификации: Таблица 4. Основные участники процесса внедрения биометрической идентификации, их функции и влияние. Участник Основные функции и зоны ответственности Вклад и влияние Банки Анализ бизнес-процессов и пилотное тестирование систем Обеспечение защиты данных (шифрование, on-device, резервные схемы доступа) Внедрение международных стандартов (ISO/IEC 19794) и многофакторной аутентификации Повышают надёжность и безопасность финансовых услуг Инвестируют в инфраструктуру биометрии Финтехкомпании Разработка продуктов с учётом privacy-by-design Локальная обработка данных и минимизация объема собираемых биометрических данных Интеграция решений в банковские системы через открытые интерфейсы (API) Вносят инновационные и гибкие технологические решения Ускоряют цифровую трансформацию финансовых сервисов Регуляторы Формирование нормативно-правовой базы и стандартов Проведение обязательных DPIA и сертификация биометрических систем Создание национальных платформ доверия Обеспечивают правовую защиту данных и прав граждан Укрепляют доверие к экосистеме и стимулируют единообразие правил Пользователи Осознанное согласие на обработку биометрических данных и активная обратная связь Повышение цифровой грамотности и информированность о рисках Формируют уровень общественного доверия к технологиям Оказывают влияние на принятие инноваций (социальное одобрение) Таким образом, дальнейшее развитие биометрической идентификации в банковской сфере будет зависеть от комплексного сочетания технических инноваций и надёжной защиты персональных данных. Участие всех элементов экосистемы — от банков и финтех-компаний до государства и конечных пользователей — позволяет сбалансировать скорость технологического прогресса с уровнем безопасности и доверия. Баланс между инновациями и защитой персональных данных выступает базовым принципом, определяющим стратегию всех участников рынка. Результаты 1. Международные модели: − ЕС: медленное внедрение при строгом контроле (GDPR, BaFin). − США: быстрое внедрение, но фрагментарное регулирование. − Индия: Aadhaar как крупнейшая централизованная база, но с частыми утечками. − Казахстан: промежуточная модель, формирование национальной системы. − Россия: высокая степень внедрения через ЕБС, но остаются вопросы доверия. − Китай: «очень высокий» уровень применения, новые законы PIPL. 2. SWOT-анализ: − Сильные стороны: удобство, скорость, точность. − Слабые стороны: высокая стоимость, недоверие клиентов. − Возможности: развитие онлайн-сервисов, рост доверия. − Угрозы: утечки данных, кибератаки, дискриминация. 3. Матрица рисков: − ЕС и Германия: высокий уровень внедрения, средний риск. − США и Индия: высокий уровень внедрения, высокий риск. − Казахстан и Россия: средний уровень риска. − Китай: высокий риск при очень высоком внедрении. 4. Cost-benefit анализ: Несмотря на значительные стартовые инвестиции, долгосрочные выгоды (снижение мошенничества, удобство клиентов, рост конкурентоспособности) оправдывают затраты. Обсуждение Сравнение разных стран показывает, что успех внедрения зависит от баланса скорости и регулирования. «Медленная, но безопасная» модель ЕС минимизирует риски, но тормозит инновации. Быстрые модели (США, Индия) дают эффект масштаба, но подвержены утечкам и судебным искам. Казахстан и Россия ищут компромисс: формируют национальные платформы, но сталкиваются с проблемой доверия населения. Китай демонстрирует мощное продвижение, но одновременно и рост инцидентов. Таким образом, биометрия может стать основой цифровой трансформации банковского сектора только при комплексном подходе — сочетании инноваций, защиты данных и прозрачности перед клиентами. XXII international scientific conference. Dortmund. Germany. 02-03.10.2025 34 References 1. SecurePrivacy. (2025). Financial data consent trends: Biometric data & dynamic permissions. Retrieved from https://secureprivacy.ai/blog/financial-data-consent-trends-biometric-data-dynamicpermisions-2025 2. CertPro. (2023). Aadhaar data leak: Risks and solutions uncovered. Retrieved from https://certpro.com/aadhaar-data-leak/ 3. Biometric Update. (2023, May). 6 US banks buttonholed on voice biometrics by chair of Senate banking panel. 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Germany. 02-03.10.2025 35 Medical sciences UDC: 618.19-002-006.6-073.43 CLINICAL ASPECTS OF ULTRASOUND DIAGNOSTICS INFLAMMATORY, PRE-NEOPLASTIC DISEASES AND BREAST CANCER Arman Khozhayev Radiologist, Sonographer - Doctor of Ultrasound Diagnostics, Oncologist, Professor, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Nargiza Srailova Sonographer – Doctor of Ultrasound Diagnostics, Almaty Oncology Center, Almaty, Kazakhstan Serikul Iskakova Sonographer – Doctor of Ultrasound Diagnostics, Almaty Oncology Center, Almaty, Kazakhstan Dilnaz Mahametova Sonographer – Doctor of Ultrasound Diagnostics, Almaty Oncology Center, Almaty, Kazakhstan Akkurish Kabiyeva Sonographer – Doctor of Ultrasound Diagnostics, Almaty Oncology Center, Almaty, Kazakhstan Muhabat Tohtieva Sonographer – Doctor of Ultrasound Diagnostics, «City Hospital of Emergency Care» of Almaty, Almaty, Kazakhstan Abstract This scientific and analytical work presents the clinical aspects of ultrasound diagnostics of inflammatory, precancerous, and breast cancer, including rare pathologies. It provides a detailed and comprehensive overview of modern ultrasound diagnostic methods using various modes: B-mode alone, its combination with color Doppler and elastography, as well as their features and informative value in the differential and early diagnosis of pathological conditions of the mammary gland. Current proposals of ultrasound clinicians are provided in the following BI-RADS standard (6th edition). The possibilities of ultrasound correlation for nonspecific symptoms such as pain and discomfort in the mammary glands, known as mastalgia and mastodynia, are described. Clinical protocols for the diagnosis and treatment of various mammary gland pathologies are presented, and current international practices and trends regarding oncovigilance and early diagnosis of breast cancer, including screening, using ultrasound are described in detail. Keywords: breast, mammary gland, radiology, ultrasound, ultrasound diagnostics, B-mode, color Doppler, elastography, mammography, oncology, breast cancer, screening. Today, ultrasound (US) diagnostics of various breast pathologies, including inflammatory, dyshormonal, precancerous conditions, and breast cancer, is a leading method, both for initial diagnosis and for comprehensive examinations. According to current protocols for the diagnosis and treatment of breast pathologies in the Republic of Kazakhstan, US diagnostics is the leading method for both initial diagnosis and monitoring [1, 2, 3]. As noted by Forrai G. et al. [4] breast US can be used on its own in patients aged under 30. Over the age of 30-35 years, it can be a complementary procedure to mammography, when needed. It is not suitable for breast cancer screening, at any age. As for US scans of other regions, breast US scanning should be documented with images in accordance with professional rules, even in negative cases. Colour Doppler is optional, but can XXII international scientific conference. Dortmund. Germany. 02-03.10.2025 36 be used in addition. Some studies suggest that a significant number of malignancies can be detected by US scanning as a complement for mammography, but this has not yet been routinely introduced due to extra human resource requirements and a high false positive rate. Automated breast US (ABUS) scan hasn’t become widespread yet as a complementary investigation modality for dense breast structures. Using a probe covering the breast, volumetric data are collected about the entire breast, from which slices can be reconstructed to review the glandular tissue in the main anatomical planes. This modality provides a good anatomical overview, as it is reproducible, and it can be complemented by an automatic image recognition system. Its disadvantage is that the false positivity rate is high for the biopsies it indicates, most of which will be benign. It should be emphasized that the resolution and information content of US images provided by ABUS is the same as for manual US scanning. Shear-wave elastography (SWE) is a non-invasive imaging procedure based on tissue elasticity, measured in kPA. An abnormal process will modify the elastic properties of the affected tissue. According to studies, US elastography may help differentiate Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BIRADS) 3 and 4a lesions, and may increase the specificity of US scanning, thereby reducing the number of unnecessary breast biopsies. The role of elastography in the monitoring of neoadjuvant treatments, in the differential diagnosis of suspected axillary lymph nodes, and in the evaluation of microcalcifications affecting the glandular tissue has been investigated. This method has also been integrated into the current BI-RADS lexicon of 2013 [5]. Tsunoda H., Moon W.K. in their study [6] note that abnormalities on breast US images which do not meet the criteria for masses are referred to as nonmass lesions. These features and outcomes have been investigated in several studies conducted by Asian researchers. However, the term “nonmass” is not included in the American College of Radiology BI-RADS 5th edition for US. According to the Japan Association of Breast and Thyroid Sonology (JABTS) guidelines, breast lesions are divided into mass and nonmass. US findings of nonmass abnormalities are classified into five subtypes: abnormalities of the ducts, hypoechoic areas in the mammary glands, architectural distortion, multiple small cysts, and echogenic foci without a hypoechoic area. These findings can be benign or malignant; however, focal or segmental distributions and presence of calcifications suggest malignancy. Intraductal, invasive ductal, and lobular carcinomas can present as nonmass abnormalities. For the nonmass concept to be included in the next BI-RADS and be widely accepted in clinical practice, standardized terminologies, an interpretation algorithm, and outcome-based evidence are required for both screening and diagnostic US. Although the term, “nonmass”, is not used in the current BI-RADS for the US lexicon, the components of nonmass abnormalities are included. Ductal changes and architectural distortions are listed among the associated features. Moreover, calcifications are a separate major category after masses; the descriptors for calcifications are as follows: 1) in a mass, 2) outside of a mass, or 3) intraductal. Cysts and clustered microcysts are included in special case categories. Notably, the definition of a mass in the BI-RADS US lexicon omitted the convexity criterion to allow for the inclusion of lesions with diffuse growth patterns, such as invasive lobular carcinoma or ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). The 6th edition of BI-RADS is currently under review and may include the term, “nonmass lesions”, as a new category in the revised lexicon. Nonmass lesions are defined as discrete areas that can be differentiated from normal tissues, lack the margins of a mass, and cannot be assigned a specific shape. In the JABTS guidelines, a mass is defined as a space-occupying lesion or lump formed by components that differ from the surrounding tissue, whereas nonmass abnormalities refer to lesions that are difficult to discern as a mass on US images. The term, “abnormality,” was chosen to emphasize a finding with pathological significance, particularly with a texture that differed from the normal surrounding tissue. The US findings of nonmass abnormalities are classified into five subtypes: 1) abnormalities of the ducts, 2) hypoechoic areas in the mammary glands, 3) architectural distortion, 4) multiple small cysts, and 5) echogenic foci without a hypoechoic area. While some cases presented findings of only one subtype, many exhibited a mixture of five subtypes. Although nonmass abnormalities may co-exist with masses, the abovementioned findings were often depicted as isolated findings without mass formation. Therefore, it remains clinically essential to understand these nonmass abnormalities. Various benign and malignant diseases can present as nonmass abnormalities. These findings are most useful in detecting DCIS; they are reflected in the anatomic structures of the ducts and lobules [6,7]. In lactating breasts, multiple dilated mammary ducts with milk are visible on US. However, bilateral or unilateral ductal dilatations with smooth walls and absent internal echogenicity can be observed below the nipple or areola in normal non-lactating breasts. Fluid secretions in the ducts sometimes appear as internal echoes; however, checking for floating can help differentiate whether they are fluid or solid. Therefore, dilated ducts observed only in certain areas beyond the nipple, ducts with irregular widening and narrowing, ducts with solid echoes, and ducts with thickened walls should be recognized as ductal abnormalities and distinguished from ducts without any pathological significance. Suspicious findings for cancer include the presence XXII international scientific conference. Dortmund. Germany. 02-03.10.2025 37 of a unilateral segmental distribution, irregularity of ductal caliber, continuous or multiple lesions, a gradual angle between intraductal proliferative lesions and the duct wall, and calcifications in the solid component. In benign diseases such as intraductal papillomas, the solid component in the dilated duct forms a steep angle with the duct wall and has high homogeneous echoes [6,8]. A hypoechoic area has different properties as compared with the surrounding or contralateral mammary gland but does not meet the criteria for a mass. In the case of a mass, the internal echoes are defined relative to the fatty tissue, whereas the term, “hypoechoic,” here refers to the echogenicity relative to the surrounding mammary or fibro-glandular tissue. The terms, “patchy” or “mottled,” are used to describe areas consisting of relatively small, speckled, low echoes, whereas the term, “geographic” is used when such areas have fused together; the term, “indistinct,” is used to describe areas that have indistinguishable boundaries. Because this type of abnormality is determined by a deviation from the normal mammary structure, the JABTS terminology and diagnostic criteria committee has concluded that it is clinically more appropriate to compare echogenicity with the easily comparable internal echoes of mammary tissue rather than with distant fatty tissue, where comparison of echo levels is often ambiguous. The presence of hypoechoic areas in the mammary glands is the most important finding for understanding breast-related diseases. However, distinguishing pathological findings that deviate from normal physiologic patterns or fibrocystic changes is difficult. The key point of differentiation is the distribution of the hypoechoic areas. Multiple similar findings in the bilateral breasts suggest normal or benign lesions, whereas focal or segmental distribution suggests suspicious or malignant lesions. Therefore, if a hypoechoic area is found, it should be compared with the normal ipsilateral or contralateral side for evaluation [6]. Diseases that can be depicted as hypoechoic areas in the mammary glands include benign pathologies such as epithelial hyperplasia, fibrosis, radial scar, sclerosing adenosis, and mastitis. Malignant diseases include DCIS, invasive ductal carcinoma with predominant intraductal component, invasive ductal carcinoma, invasive lobular carcinoma, and inflammatory carcinoma. The presence of calcifications raises concerns regarding the possibility of malignancy. It is difficult to distinguish whether a lesion is localized within the ducts (in situ) or has an invasive component. In some cases, a preoperative diagnosis of DCIS may change to invasive ductal carcinoma after surgery. Invasion should be considered particularly when lesions are extensive [6,9]. Architectural distortion pertains to a lesion that distorts breast tissue without mass formation. This reflects convergent changes in the tissue, which can be attributed to both benign and malignant findings. Breast cysts are circumscribed anechoic masses with accentuated posterior echoes and imperceptible walls. However, multiple small cysts, which are several millimeters in size, may easily be understood when considering them as a single entity rather than when recognizing each cyst as a mass. If no cysts are found in other parts of the breast while a cluster of small cysts is observed in a localized area, the term, “clustered microcysts,” can be used. Multiple small cysts are classified into two groups based on their distribution: 1) the presence of multiple scattered cysts in the bilateral breasts, which are typically benign, due to fibrocystic changes, 2) the presence of multiple small cysts with focal or segmental distributions and clustered microcysts. Microcalcifications on mammography can sometimes be recognized on US as echogenic foci without definite ductal abnormalities or hypoechoic areas. However, advancements in US equipment have made these findings more common for both benign and malignant diseases. The evaluation of nonmass abnormalities is based on Brightness Mode (Bmode) images; however, color Doppler and elastography may also aid in evaluation. Information on vascularity is important because early-stage breast cancers, including DCIS, are often hypervascular. In the hypoechoic areas of mammary glands, increased blood flow is more likely to indicate malignancy. It has also been reported that micro-invasive carcinoma is more hypervascular than DCIS, thus rendering it useful for differentiating the presence of micro-invasion. Furthermore, it has been reported that high vascularity is useful for improving specificity during screening. Information on elasticity by either strain or SWE can be used to characterize benign and malignant lesions in nonmass hypoechoic or distorted areas. In strain elastography (SE), elasticity is scored from 1 (soft) to 5 (hard) by light compression, where scores of 4 and 5 indicate malignancy. However, some DCIS cases are soft and similar to the surrounding tissue. Thus, as compared to masses, the criteria for use with nonmass abnormalities are not established [6,10]. Tsunoda H., Moon W.K. [6] emphasize that for the nonmass concept of breast US to be included in the next BI-RADS (6th edition) and be widely accepted in clinical practice, the following issues need to be addressed. First, terminology needs to be standardized. Clear definitions for nonmass lesions should be established such that the same lesions are less likely to be classified as either mass or nonmass. In addition, the terms, “nonmass abnormalities” and “nonmass lesions”, must also be distinguished; “nonmass abnormalities” should be used when referring to all five subtypes included in the JABTS guidelines, whereas “nonmass lesions” should be used when referring to nonmass hypoechoic areas in the mammary glands. Therefore, the definitions and usage of these terms require further discussion. Second, there is a need for standardizing the XXII international scientific conference. Dortmund. Germany. 02-03.10.2025 38 feature descriptors and assessments of nonmass lesions. Now, it is necessary to dwell in more detail on the use of color Doppler US and elastography in addition to B-mode in the diagnosis of solid breast tumors. Okuno T. et al. conducted a multicenter study (JABTS BC-07) to establish the diagnostic criteria for breast US, including color Doppler and elastography, for non-mass abnormalities of the breast and verify their diagnostic usefulness. As the authors note color Doppler US reveals the vascularity of a tumor through visualization of the blood flow. However, it is not considered a standalone examination and is accompanied by Bmode US. Tissue elastography is another technique that can be used in breast US; two modes of tissue elastography, SE and SWE, are currently available [11]. The JABTS-BC 07 study was a multicenter observational study conducted along with CD-CONFIRM, a study verifying the utility of color Doppler US and elastography in the diagnosis of solid breast tumors, from April 2018 to March 2021 [12]. Authors enrolled women with pathologically confirmed non-mass abnormalities of the breast who underwent B-mode and color Doppler examinations and women with non-mass abnormalities of the breast with no significant change for more than 1 year. Non-mass abnormalities that remained unchanged for more than 1 year were considered benign. Clinical data and US images of non-mass abnormalities of the breast were collected, with the exclusion of lesions for which vacuum-assisted biopsies had previously been performed. In cases in which Real-time Tissue Elastography (FUJIFILM Medical Corporation) had been performed, images of elastography were also collected. They grouped bidirectional B-mode images, size measurement images, B-mode images of the same site on the contralateral side, B-mode videos, color Doppler videos, characteristic color Doppler images, and elastography images from cases in which Real-time Tissue Elastography had been performed. The primary endpoints were the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of color Doppler US adjunct to B-mode US for non-mass abnormalities of the breast. The secondary endpoints were the validity of B-mode and color Doppler classifications and findings in the differential diagnosis between benign and malignant non-mass abnormalities of the breast and the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of color Doppler US and SE adjunct to B-mode US for non-mass abnormalities of the breast. A high-resolution US system with high-frequency (10 MHz and over) transducers was used in the study. The velocity range of the color Doppler was initially set to 3-4 cm/s. The velocity range, color scan area, and color gain were adjusted for vascularity. The subcutaneous fat and pectoral muscle layers were included in the region of interest of SE. The JABTS and the Japan Society of Ultrasonics in Medicine (JSUM) classify Bmode findings of non-mass abnormalities into the following four categories: hypoechoic areas in the mammary gland, abnormalities of the ducts, architectural distortion, multiple small cysts, and echogenic foci without a hypoechoic area. B-mode US images in this study were evaluated according to the criteria of non-mass abnormalities in the JABTS guidelines, location and distribution of the lesions, and echogenic foci as additional findings. Bilateral location or diffuse distribution indicate benign nature, while unilateral location and regional or quadrant distribution indicate malignant nature. The presence of echogenic foci in the hypoechoic area in the mammary gland suggests advancement of malignancy. The Terminology and Diagnostic Criteria Committee of the JABTS has developed definitions and diagnostic criteria for color Doppler US. Vascularity was evaluated subjectively according to the criteria of breast masses in the CD-CONFIRM study, i.e., according to a 4-point scale: 0, avascular; (1 +), hypo-vascular; (2 +), moderately vascular; and (3 +), hyper-vascular. Penetrating or plunging blood flow in hypoechoic areas of the mammary gland and lesions with architectural distortions were suspected to be malignant. In ducts with internal solid components, a single afferent blood flow into the solid component implied a benign lesion, and multiple blood flows were suspected to be indicative of malignancy. The researchers formulated the diagnostic criteria for non-mass abnormalities of the breast based on Real-time Tissue Elastography as follows: score 1, the entire area of the lesion displays green, indicating soft tissue; score 2, the area of the lesion displays both green and blue, but predominantly green; score 3, the area of the lesion displays both green and blue, but predominantly blue; score 4, the entire area of the lesion displays blue, indicating hard tissue; and score 5, extensive area of the lesion displays blue. In Japan, the following diagnostic categories are used: Category 1, normal; Category 2, benign; Category 3a, probably benign (surveillance is recommended); Category 3b, probably benign (biopsy is recommended); Category 4, suspected malignancy; and Category 5, malignant. Japanese Category 3b, 4, and 5 correspond to the BI-RADS Category 4A, 4B and 4C, and 5 respectively [11]. The centralized image interpretation committee comprised 16 breast US specialists, including one general physician, 10 breast surgeons, and five US technologists. They all had over 15 years of experience in breast US examinations, and the five US technologists were certified sonographers of JSUM. The images were interpreted without access to medical or background information other than the patient’s age. A remote US image interpretation system, developed for JABTS BC-07 and CD-CONFIRM by Zenbe Corporation, was used. By employing this system, image readers could evaluate the data on their computers at their convenience. XXII international scientific conference. Dortmund. Germany. 02-03.10.2025 39 First, the B-mode images were evaluated, and the B-mode category was subsequently determined. Color Doppler images were evaluated, and categorization combining B-mode and color Doppler imaging was performed. Cases with available elastographic images were also evaluated, and a category combining B-mode, color Doppler, and elastographic findings was assessed. For vascularity (–), authors added -1 to the B-mode category, and for vascularity (2 +) and (3 +), our colleagues added + 1 to the B-mode category. Furthermore, elasticity scores of 4 and 5 were given a category with + 1 added to the B-mode category. Data collection and statistical analyses were performed at the Clinical Research Data Center of Tohoku University Hospital. Clinical data and US findings were registered using an electrical data capture system built by Viedoc Japan, and US images were collected using network-attached storage via the Internet. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS software version 9.4. (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). For statistical analysis of sensitivity and specificity, Japanese categories 2 and 3a were considered negative, i.e., benign, whereas categories 3b, 4, and 5 (biopsy is recommended) were considered positive, i.e., malignant. The McNemar test was used to compare B-mode imaging alone; the combination of B-mode imaging and color Doppler imaging; and the combination of Bmode imaging, color Doppler imaging, and elastography. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to estimate odds ratios for the association between B-mode, color Doppler, and elastography findings of malignant non-mass abnormalities. P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant [11]. The researchers ultimately analyzed 385 non-mass abnormalities, comprising 202 malignant and 183 benign lesions. Of the 385 non-mass abnormalities, 237 were examined simultaneously using Real-time Tissue Elastography. The 385 non-mass abnormalities included 272 hypoechoic areas in the mammary gland (155 malignant and 117 benign) and 62 abnormalities of the ducts (40 malignant and 22 benign), including 54 lesions with internal solid components, 22 lesions with architectural distortion (8 malignant and 14 benign), 22 lesions with multiple small cysts (12 malignant and 10 benign), and seven malignant lesions of echogenic foci without a hypoechoic area. The 202 malignant lesions included 94 noninvasive ductal carcinomas, 82 invasive ductal carcinomas, 10 invasive lobular carcinomas, and others. The 183 benign lesions included 51 fibrocystic changes, eight cases of fibrous disease, eight cases of intraductal papilloma, and others. Seventythree cases with benign lesions had unknown histological results and have been observed. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of B-mode alone were 83.7%, 32.8%, and 59.5%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of B-mode plus color Doppler US were 93.1%, 29.0%, and 62.6%, respectively. The sensitivity of B-mode alone was significantly improved by the addition of color Doppler imaging (p = 0.0004). The specificity of B-mode alone was decreased by the addition of color Doppler US; however, the difference was not statistically significant. The accuracy of B-mode alone was improved by adding color Doppler US; however, the difference was not statistically significant. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of B-mode US alone were 84.6%, 34.2%, and 60.3% respectively. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of B-mode US + color Doppler US + elastography were 89.4%, 32.5%, and 62.0% respectively. The sensitivity of B-mode US alone was improved by adding color Doppler US and elastography, but the difference was not significant (p = 0.1088). The specificity and accuracy of B-mode US alone was not altered by the addition of color Doppler US and elastography. The vascularity of blood flow into an internal solid component of the ducts was not a statistically significant finding for distinguishing between 35 benign and 19 malignant lesions [(2 +)/(3 +) vs. (–)/(1 +), odds ratio (OR) 1.62, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.57-4.63, p = 0.36]. A single vascular stalk into an internal solid component of the ducts (present vs. absent, OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.14-1.38, p = 0.154) and multiple blood flows (present vs. absent, OR 2.57, 95% CI 0.81-8.13, p = 0.10) (n = 54) were not significantly different between benign and malignant tumors. Elasticity scores were significant findings for distinguishing between 70 benign and 92 malignant non-mass abnormalities (elasticity score 3/4/5 vs. elasticity score 1/2, OR 4.49, 95% CI 2.20-9.16, p < 0.0001) [11]. In conclusion, the authors state that the addition of color Doppler US and SE to B-mode imaging in this study improved sensitivity without compromising specificity because in the case of invasive breast cancers, tumor cells infiltrating the stroma are accompanied by vascular hyperplasia, and in the case of noninvasive ductal carcinomas, the higher the degree of malignancy, the higher the vascular hyperplasia in the stroma, and the greater the vascularity. Thus, color Doppler US is incomparable for the diagnosis of breast cancer with improved sensitivity. In contrast, benign lesions in the mammary gland are relatively soft and exhibit low scores on elastography, making it superior for diagnosing benign lesions, thus improving the specificity. Color Doppler and elastography work in a complementary manner, resulting in improved sensitivity while maintaining specificity. For breast masses, the addition of color Doppler US and elastography to B-mode US has considerably improved specificity while maintaining sensitivity. In this study, the specificity did not improve as much for non-mass abnormalities as for masses. This is because fibrocystic changes, which are benign lesions, often show a decrease in the elasticity, whereas noninvasive ductal carcinoma, which is a malignant lesion, XXII international scientific conference. Dortmund. Germany. 02-03.10.2025 40 often maintains its elasticity [11]. In the work of Cho S.M. et al. [13], the authors set the goal to determine how often non-mass lesions are seen in screening breast USs, and analyze their US features according to the US lexicon to find features suggestive of malignant non-mass lesions. This study is a single center retrospective study for nonmass lesions on screening breast US. Among 21,604 patients who underwent screening breast US, there were 279 patients with nonmass lesions. Of these lesions, 242 lesions were included for analysis. To distinguish between benign and malignant nonmass lesions, univariate analysis was performed on size, echogenicity, distribution, orientation, and associated US features. Additionally, Fisher's exact test was performed for mammographic density and abnormalities. 279 patients with nonmass lesions were included (mean age 53.7 ± 9.7 years, all women). The incidence of nonmass lesions on screening breast US was 1.29% with positive predictive value of 5.78%. The most common malignant nonmass lesion was ductal carcinoma in situ. Nonparallel orientation (p = 0.002), echogenic rim (p = 0.005), architectural distortion (p = 0.0004), posterior shadowing (p = 0.007), vascularity (p < 0.001), and calcifications (p < 0.001) were indicators of malignant lesions. Additionally, mammographic abnormalities were significantly associated with malignant lesions (p < 0.001). In conclusion, our colleagues conclude that the incidence of nonmass lesions on screening breast US was 1.29%, with a positive predictive value of 5.78%. Mammographic abnormalities, nonparallel orientation, architectural distortion, posterior shadowing, vascularity, and calcifications were associated with malignant nonmass lesions. In the work of Naeem M. et al. [14], the researchers point out that breast malignancy is the second most common cause of cancer death in women. However, less common breast masses can mimic carcinoma and can pose diagnostic challenges. In their case-based study, the authors described a spectrum of rare breast neoplastic and non-neoplastic masses ranging from malignant to benign entities. Malignant masses in this review include adenoid cystic carcinoma, spindle cell lipoma, granular cell tumor, angiosarcoma, glomus tumor, adenosquamous carcinoma, and myofibroblastoma. Benign masses include sarcoidosis, diabetic mastopathy, and cat scratch disease. The radiological and, in particular, US features of these types of mammary gland pathology are described: - adenoid cystic carcinoma: this tumor accounts for 0.5-0.8% of all breast cancers and affects women more often than men; on US, it is often characterized as a hypoechoic, irregular mass with minimal vascularity on color Doppler; - spindle cell lipoma: this is a rare variant of lipoma with a predominantly adipocytic component, also known as ‘benign stromal spindle cell tumor’; on US, the mass has a homogenous hypo to hyperechoic appearance with minimal posterior shadowing; - granular cell tumor: previously called breast granular cell myoblastoma, granular cell tumor is an uncommon neoplasm of the peripheral nervous system originating from the Schwann cells; the sonographic appearance also varies; a granular cell tumor often presents as a hypoechoic mass with circumscribed or irregular margins, with or without posterior acoustic shadowing, a peripheral echogenic halo may be seen; - angiosarcoma: a malignancy of endovascular origin, angiosarcoma accounts for approximately 1% of all soft tissue breast tumors; on US, angiosarcoma is usually very hypervascular with a heterogeneous appearance secondary to intratumoral hemorrhage; - glomus tumor: these are uncommon mesenchymal tumors arising from glomus bodies, which are specialized neurovascular organs; sonographically, glomus tumors are generally hypoechoic and extremely vascular in appearance with turbulent flow; an associated efferent vessel is often described; - adenosquamous carcinoma of the breast: a rare form of invasive mammary cancer, adenosquamous carcinoma accounts for approximately 0.3% of all breast cancers; the majority are low grade and do not typically present with metastasis, which is most frequent to axillary lymph nodes; on sonogram, it typically appears as a hypoechoic, irregular mass with posterior acoustic shadowing; - myofibroblastoma: a benign mesenchymal tumor, myofibroblastoma of the breast is seen in postmenopausal women and older men between 60 to 80 years of age and constitutes less than 1% of all breast tumors; a well-defined hypoechoic mass is typically seen on US with or without variable degree of posterior acoustic shadowing; - sarcoidosis: sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease that commonly affects the lungs, lymph nodes, skin, spleen, and liver; less than 1% cases involve the breast; US usually demonstrates a hypoechoic, irregular mass with posterior acoustic shadowing; - diabetic mastopathy: this is a benign fibrotic disease of the breast seen in patients with long standing insulin dependent type I and rarely type II diabetes mellitus; it is thought that hyperglycemia causes accumulation of glycosylated end products, which trigger an autoimmune response causing lymphocytic infiltration and fibrosis which can be mass-like; on US, it is difficult to distinguish diabetic mastopathy from malignancy; XXII international scientific conference. Dortmund. Germany. 02-03.10.2025 47 Philological sciences THE THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL FOUNDATIONS OF PRESENTING WORKS OF KAZAKH LITERATURE IN COMIC FORMAT Ainur Serikbayevna Kushkimbayeva PhD., Associate Professor, Department of K. Zhubanov Aktobe Regional University, Aktobe, Republic of Kazakhstan Inkаr Kairatkyzy Sadykova Teacher of Kazakh language and literature, A. Baitursynuly linguistic school-gymnasium, Republic of Kazakhstan ҚАЗАҚ ӘДЕБИЕТІНДЕГІ КӨРКЕМ ШЫҒАРМАЛАРДЫ КОМИКСТІК ФОРМАТТА ҰСЫНУДЫҢ ТЕОРИЯЛЫҚ ЖӘНЕ ПРАКТИКАЛЫҚ НЕГІЗДЕРІ Кушкимбаева Айнур Серикбаевна PhD., ассоцированный профессор Қ. Жұбанов атындағы Ақтөбе өңірлік университеті, Ақтөбе, Қазақстан Республикасы Садықова Іңкәр Қайратқызы Қазақ тілі мен әдебиеті пәні мұғалімі, А. Байтұрсынұлы атындағы лингвистикалық мектепгимназия Ақтөбе, Қазақстан Республикасы Abstract This article explores the theoretical and practical foundations of presenting Kazakh literary works in comic format. In the modern educational and cultural landscape, comics are recognized as an effective multimodal tool that combines text and visuals, facilitating comprehension and enhancing students’ motivation to read. The study highlights the pedagogical advantages of using comics: stimulating interest in literature, simplifying complex texts, developing critical and creative thinking, and adapting to different age groups. Practical applications include adapting classical works (M. Auezov’s The Day of Defenseless, B. Sokpakbaev’s My Name is Kozha, Abai’s prose), visualizing poetry, and using digital platforms (Pixton, Canva, StoryboardThat, Webtoon) for online and multimedia comics. The article also discusses potential challenges such as text distortion, drawing difficulties, and time limitations, proposing solutions through teacher guidance, digital templates, and project-based learning. Overall, the comic format is presented as a promising method for integrating Kazakh literature into contemporary education and global visual culture. Аннотация Мақалада қазақ әдебиетіндегі көркем шығармаларды комикстік форматта ұсынудың теориялық және практикалық негіздері қарастырылады. Қазіргі білім беру мен мәдениет кеңістігінде комикс – мәтін мен суретті үйлестіретін тиімді мультимодальды құрал ретінде танылып отыр. Ол ақпаратты қабылдауды жеңілдетіп, оқушылардың әдебиетке қызығушылығын арттыруға ықпал етеді. Комиксті пайдаланудың педагогикалық артықшылықтары атап көрсетілген: әдебиетке қызығушылықты дамыту, күрделі мәтінді жеңілдету, сыни және шығармашылық ойлауды жетілдіру, жас ерекшелігіне бейімдеу. Практикалық қолданыс бағыттарына классикалық туындыларды бейімдеу (М. Әуезовтің «Қорғансыздың күні», Б. Соқпақбаевтың «Менің атым Қожа», Абайдың қара сөздері), поэзияны визуализациялау және цифрлық платформаларды (Pixton, Canva, StoryboardThat, Webtoon) пайдалану жатады. Сонымен қатар, мәтінді ықшамдау барысында мазмұнның бұрмалануы, сурет салудағы қиындықтар мен уақыт тапшылығы сияқты мәселелер де талданып, оларды шешу жолдары ұсынылған. Жалпы, комикстік формат қазақ әдебиетін заманауи білім беру мен жаһандық визуалды мәдениетке енгізудің болашағы зор әдіс ретінде қарастырылады. Keywords: Kazakh literature, comics, education, multimodality, digital adaptation, pedagogy. XXII international scientific conference. Dortmund. Germany. 02-03.10.2025 48 Түйінді сөздер: Қазақ әдебиеті, комикс, білім беру, мультимодальдылық, цифрлық бейімдеу, педагогика. Қазіргі заманғы білім беру мен мәдениет кеңістігінде ақпаратты қабылдау мен түсіндірудің жаңа формалары ерекше маңызға ие бола бастады. Соның ішінде комикс жанры – визуалды бейнелеу мен мәтінді үйлестіретін тиімді құрал ретінде кеңінен танылып отыр [1]. Бастапқыда Батыс мәдениетінде қалыптасқан комикс өнері бүгінде әлемдік деңгейде шығармашылықтың, мәдени коммуникацияның және білім берудің заманауи әдісіне айналды [2]. Қазақ әдебиетіндегі классикалық туындыларды комикстік форматта ұсыну – ұлттық мәдени мұраны жаңа қырынан танытып, жас ұрпаққа жақын әрі қолжетімді етуге мүмкіндік береді [3]. Себебі визуалды бейнелеу адамның қабылдауын жеңілдетіп, эмоциялық әсерді күшейтеді, ал қысқа диалогтар мен көркем суреттер оқырманның қызығушылығын арттырады. Бұл тәсіл әсіресе жастар арасында әдебиетке деген қызығушылықты арттырудың тиімді жолы болып табылады. Теориялық тұрғыдан алғанда, комикс – нарратив пен визуалды образдың синтезі, яғни баяндау мен бейнелеудің ерекше формасы. Ол әдеби шығарманың сюжеттік-композициялық құрылымын ықшамдап жеткізеді, негізгі идеясы мен көркем образдарын айқын әрі әсерлі көрсетеді [4]. Ал практикалық тұрғыдан, комиксті әзірлеу барысында әдебиет мәтіні бейімделіп, иллюстрациялық шешімдер жасалады, сюжеттік желі визуалды кадрлар арқылы қайта құрылады. Қазақ әдебиетіндегі көркем шығармаларды комикстік форматта беру – оқыту процесінде де, мәдени индустрияда да тиімді бағыт болып саналады. Біріншіден, ол әдеби білімді заманауи әдіспен меңгеруге көмектеседі; екіншіден, ұлттық классикаға жаңа көзқарас қалыптастырады; үшіншіден, қазақ әдебиетінің көркем құндылықтарын әлемдік визуалды мәдениет кеңістігіне енгізуге жол ашады [5]. Комикс – суреттер мен қысқа мәтіндер арқылы оқиғаны жеткізудің әдеби-өнерлік түрі. Ол оқушының визуалды ойлауын дамытады, мәтінді қабылдауды жеңілдетеді. Әдебиеттегі негізгі оқиғаны, кейіпкерді қысқа әрі әсерлі бейнелеуге мүмкіндік береді. Комикс – көркем әдебиет пен бейнелеу өнерінің тоғысынан пайда болған ерекше жанр. Ол оқиғаны иллюстрациялық суреттер мен қысқа мәтіндердің көмегімен жеткізуді мақсат етеді. Комикстің басты ерекшелігі – ақпаратты бір мезгілде екі арна арқылы беруі: визуалды (сурет) және вербалды (мәтін). Бұл тәсіл оқырманға оқиғаның мазмұнын жылдам әрі тиімді түсінуге мүмкіндік береді. Комикстің негізгі белгілері: Сюжеттік-кадрлық құрылым – оқиға арнайы кадрларға бөлініп, бірізділікпен баяндалады. Қысқалық пен нақтылық – мәтін көлемі шектеулі болғандықтан, тек маңызды репликалар мен ақпарат беріледі. Диалог пен монологқа негізделуі – кейіпкерлердің тікелей сөзі “белсенді әрекетті” алдыңғы орынға шығарады. Визуалды әсер – бейнелер арқылы кейіпкерлердің мінез-құлқы, эмоциясы, қимыл-қозғалысы айқын көрінеді. Қарапайымдылық пен қолжетімділік – жас ерекшелігіне қарамастан, кез келген оқырманға түсінікті болуы. Комикс тек ойын-сауық мақсатында ғана емес, сонымен қатар оқыту мен тәрбиелеудің тиімді құралы ретінде де кеңінен қолданылады [6]. Әсіресе әдеби шығармаларды комикстік форматта ұсыну оқушылардың: визуалды ойлауын дамытады; мәтінді қабылдауын жеңілдетеді; әдеби кейіпкерлер мен негізгі оқиғаларды есте сақтауды арттырады; оқуға деген қызығушылығын күшейтеді. Сонымен қатар комикс – әдебиеттің басты идеясын ықшам, бірақ әсерлі түрде жеткізе отырып, шығарманың эмоционалды-көркемдік қуатын сақтауға мүмкіндік береді. Осы тұрғыдан алғанда, комикс – дәстүрлі әдебиеттің баламасы емес, қайта оны жаңа формада қабылдауға жол ашатын көпқырлы педагогикалық және мәдени құрал болып саналады. Қазақ әдебиетіндегі алғашқы комикстік үлгілерге шолу жасау барысында қазақ әдебиетінде комикс жанры ХХ ғасырдың соңында қалыптаса бастағанын байқаймыз. Кеңестік кезеңде ресми түрде “комикс” сөзі көп қолданылмағанымен, иллюстрацияланған әңгімелер мен суретті журналдар кең тарады. Мәселен: Балаларға арналған “Балдырған”, “Мөлдір бұлақ” сияқты журналдарда әдеби шығармалардың ықшамдалған суретті нұсқалары жарияланды. 1990-жылдары қазақ аңыздары мен ертегілерін комикстік форматта бейнелеуге талпыныстар болды. 2000-жылдардан бастап тәуелсіз авторлар мен жас суретшілер “Алдар көсе”, “Ер Төстік”, “Қобыланды батыр” сияқты халықтық сюжеттерді комикс түрінде бейімдей бастады. Соңғы жылдары қазақ әдебиетінің классикалық туындыларына негізделген жобалар да қолға алынды. Мысалы: “Абай жолы” романынан үзінділерді комикстік стильде беру, Әуезов, Жансүгіров, Мұқанов шығармалары негізінде иллюстрациялық хикаялар әзірлеу, мектеп оқушыларына арналған әдеби ертегілердің қысқа комикстік нұсқалары. Бұл тәжірибелер қазақ әдебиетін жаңа форматта насихаттап, жас ұрпақтың қабылдауына ыңғайлы етуге бағытталған алғашқы қадамдар ретінде бағаланады. XXII international scientific conference. Dortmund. Germany. 02-03.10.2025 49 Комикстік форматтағы шығармаларды қолдану – қазіргі білім беру жүйесінде оқытудың тиімді әдістерінің бірі [7]. Әдеби мәтінді бейнелі, ықшам, жеңіл қабылданатын формада беру оқушылардың оқу үдерісіне белсенді қатысуына ықпал етеді. Бұл тәсілдің педагогикалық артықшылықтарын бірнеше бағытта көрсетуге болады: Әдебиетке қызығушылықты арттыру. Комикс оқушы үшін тартымды визуалды формат болып табылады. Көркем бейнелер мен қысқа диалогтар әдебиетті жеңіл әрі қызықты қабылдауға жағдай жасайды. Әсіресе әдебиетке қызығушылығы төмен оқушылар үшін мотивациялық құрал ретінде маңызды рөл атқарады. Күрделі мәтінді жеңілдету. Қазақ әдебиетіндегі эпикалық немесе философиялық мазмұндағы шығармаларды оқушыларға бірден түсіну кейде қиындық тудырады. Комикс сол күрделі мәтінді қарапайым визуалды тілде жеткізеді, негізгі оқиғаны ықшамдап, басты кейіпкерлерді айқын бейнелеу арқылы мазмұнды жеңіл меңгеруге көмектеседі. Сыни ойлау, қиял және талдау қабілетін дамыту. Комикстің сюжеттік-көрнекі құрылымы оқушыларды тек мәтінді қабылдаушы емес, оны интерпретациялаушы деңгейге көтереді. Әр кадрды талдау, кейіпкерлердің әрекетін түсіндіру, оқиғаның жалғасын болжау – олардың сыни ойлау дағдыларын жетілдіреді. Сонымен қатар бейнелерді қабылдау қиялды дамытуға, мәтін мен сурет арасындағы байланысты табуға мүмкіндік береді. Жас ерекшелігіне бейімдеу мүмкіндігі. Комиксті әртүрлі жастағы аудиторияға бейімдеуге болады. Бастауыш сыныптарда қысқа мәтінді, көп суретті нұсқалар қолданылса, жоғары сыныптарда күрделірек композициялық шешімдер ұсынылады. Бұл оқытудағы саралап-жекелеп оқыту принципін жүзеге асыруға қолайлы. Эмоциялық қабылдауды арттыру. Комикс мәтін мен суреттің үйлесімі арқылы эмоционалды әсерді күшейтеді. Кейіпкердің бет-әлпеті, қимылы, интонациясы бейнелерде нақты көрсетіліп, оқушыға оқиғаның рухын сезінуге мүмкіндік береді. Осылайша, комикстік формат педагогикада тек көмекші құрал ғана емес, сонымен бірге әдеби білімді меңгертудің, креативті ойлауды дамытудың және оқу мотивациясын арттырудың пәрменді әдісі болып табылады Қазақ әдебиетін мектепте немесе жоғары оқу орындарында оқытуда комикстік форматты қолдану – дәстүрлі әдістерді заманауи визуалды құралдармен толықтыратын тиімді жолдардың бірі [8]. Ол әдеби білімді тереңдетіп қана қоймай, оқушылардың шығармашылық белсенділігін арттыруға мүмкіндік береді. Негізгі қолданыс бағыттары: классикалық шығармаларды бейімдеу. М. Әуезовтің «Қорғансыздың күні», Б. Майлиннің «Шұғаның белгісі», С. Мұқановтың «Сұлушаш» сияқты прозалық шығармаларын қысқаша комикстік нұсқада ұсыну оқушыларға оқиғаның мазмұнын тез меңгеруге және негізгі идеяны түсінуге көмектеседі. Поэзияны визуализациялау. Абайдың, Жамбылдың, Махамбеттің поэзиясындағы бейнелі ойды сурет пен қысқа мәтін арқылы көрсету оқушылардың поэтикалық ойды қабылдауын жеңілдетеді. Мысалы, «Қыс», «Жаз», «Мен жастарға сенемін» өлеңдерін иллюстрациямен беруге болады. Әдеби кейіпкерлерді таныстыру. Қазақ әдебиетіндегі басты кейіпкерлердің (Еңлік пен Кебек, Қобыланды, Алдар көсе, Абай, т.б.) мінез-құлқы, әрекеті, шешімдері комикс арқылы көрнекі сипатталады. Бұл тәсіл оқушы санасында кейіпкер бейнесін есте сақтауды жеңілдетеді. Әдеби талдау сабақтарын түрлендіру. Комикстік материалдарды пайдалану арқылы мұғалім оқушылардан: оқиғаны қайта суреттеу, кейіпкердің эмоциясын талдау, жаңа финал ойлап табу, «өз комиксін құрастыру» сияқты шығармашылық тапсырмалар бере алады. Цифрлық ортада қолдану. Қазіргі таңда оқушылар цифрлық технологияларды жиі қолданады. Комиксті электрондық форматта (интерактивті PDF, анимациялық веб-комикс, қысқа бейнекомикс) ұсыну әдебиетті оқытуды заманауи талаптарға сай етеді. Мәдени-ағартушылық мүмкіндіктер. Қазақ халық ертегілері мен эпостық жырларды комикс арқылы таныстыру тек мектеп бағдарламасында ғана емес, жалпыұлттық мәдениетті насихаттауда да қолданылады. Бұл қазақ әдеби мұрасын жастар арасында кеңінен таратудың қолжетімді формасы болып табылады. Қорытындылай келе, комикстік формат қазақ әдебиетін оқытудың жаңа әдістемелік мүмкіндіктерін ашады: ол күрделі мәтінді қарапайым әрі тартымды жеткізіп қана қоймай, оқушылардың шығармашылық ойлауын, қиялын, сыни көзқарасын дамытады. Қазақ әдебиетін комикстік форматта ұсынудың ғылыми-әдістемелік негізін түсіндіру үшін бірқатар теориялық бағыттарға сүйену қажет. Олар комикстің табиғатын, оның оқу процесіндегі қызметін және мәдени-коммуникативтік маңызын айқындап береді. Визуалды мәдениет теориясы (McCloud, 1993). Америкалық зерттеуші Скотт МакКлаудтың еңбектерінде комикс – тек ойын-сауық құралы емес, визуалды мәдениеттің күрделі феномені ретінде қарастырылады [4]. Оның пікірінше, комикс – уақыт пен кеңістікті бейнелеудің ерекше формасы, мәтін мен суреттің синтезі арқылы жаңа эстетикалық мазмұн тудырады. Бұл көзқарас қазақ әдебиетіндегі көркем шығармаларды бейнелеу барысында оқырман қабылдауын арттыруға мүмкіндік береді. 2. Мультимодальды мәтіндер теориясы (Kress & van Leeuwen)[9]. Гюнтер Кресс пен Тео ван Льювеннің XXII international scientific conference. Dortmund. Germany. 02-03.10.2025 50 мультимодальды дискурс теориясы бойынша қазіргі заманғы мәтіндер тек сөзден тұрмайды, олар әртүрлі семиотикалық жүйелердің (сөз, сурет, дыбыс, графика, түстер) үйлесімінен құралады. Комикс осы мультимодальды мәтіндердің нақты үлгісі болып табылады. Әдеби шығарманы комикске бейімдеу кезінде вербалды (мәтіндік) және визуалды (суреттік) арналардың бірлігін қарастыру оқушылардың қабылдауын жеңілдетеді әрі ақпаратты тереңірек түсінуге ықпал етеді. 3. Әдебиет дидактикасы мен медиа-білім интеграциясы [3],[4]. Әдебиет дидактикасы – көркем шығарманы оқытудың теориясы мен әдістемесін зерттейтін сала. Ал медиа-білім – ақпараттық-коммуникациялық технологияларды оқу процесіне енгізуді қарастырады. Екі бағыттың интеграциясы әдебиетті жаңа форматта, соның ішінде комикстік үлгіде ұсынуға мүмкіндік береді. Бұл тәсіл оқушылардың әдеби білімін арттырумен қатар, заманауи медиа сауаттылығын да қалыптастырады. Осы бағыттарға сүйене отырып, комиксті тек қосымша иллюстрациялық құрал ретінде емес, әдеби шығарманы түсіндірудің, интерпретациялаудың және қабылдаудың жаңа әдісі ретінде қолдануға болады. Қолдану бағыттары Қазақ әдеби шығармаларын комикстік форматта бейімдеу барысында олардың мазмұнын қысқа әрі көрнекі етіп жеткізу үшін бірнеше қолдану бағыттарын атап көрсетуге болады. Сюжеттік бейімдеу. Көлемді эпикалық немесе прозалық шығармаларды оқушыларға толықтай ұсыну көп жағдайда қиындық тудырады. Комикс бұл мәселені шешудің тиімді жолы болып табылады, себебі ол ұзақ мәтінді қысқа кадрлар арқылы ықшамдап, негізгі оқиғаларды айқын түрде жеткізеді [10]. Әрбір кадр белгілі бір оқиғаның түйінді тұсын бейнелейді, ал мәтін тек қысқаша түсініктеме береді. Мысалы, М. Әуезовтің «Қорғансыздың күні» әңгімесін оқиғалық желі бойынша бірнеше көрнекі кадрға бөліп, басты тартысты оқушыларға жеңіл әрі әсерлі түрде көрсетуге болады. Кейіпкер бейнесін жасау. Комикс форматы кейіпкерлердің мінез-құлқын, әрекеттерін және эмоцияларын қысқа мәтін мен иллюстрация арқылы ашуға мүмкіндік береді [1]. Суретші кейіпкердің бет-әлпеті, қимыл-қозғалысы арқылы оның ішкі жан дүниесін бейнелей алады. Мысалы, Б. Майлиннің «Шұғаның белгісіндегі» Шұға мен Әбдірахман бейнелері сызба-иллюстрациялар арқылы айқын әрі есте қаларлық сипатта беріледі. Бұл тәсіл оқушыларға кейіпкердің ішкі әлемін тез түсінуге жағдай жасайды. Тарихи-мәдени контексті көрсету. Комикстер арқылы халық ауыз әдебиеті мен эпостық шығармаларды оқушыларға көрнекі әрі қолжетімді формада ұсынуға болады [8]. Қазақ батырлық эпостарындағы шайқас көріністерін, ұлттық киімдер мен тұрмыстық мәдениет элементтерін бейнелеу арқылы тарихи-мәдени дәстүрлерді оқушылардың санасына сіңіруге мүмкіндік туады. Мәселен, «Қобыланды батыр» немесе «Алпамыс батыр» жырларынан алынған үзінділерді комикстік форматта беру ұлттық мәдени мұраны жаңа қырынан таныстыруға жол ашады. Осылайша, комиксті сюжеттік бейімдеу, кейіпкер бейнесін ашу, тарихи-мәдени контекстіні көрсету бағыттарында қолдану – қазақ әдебиетін оқытудың әдістемелік және мәдени тұрғыдан тиімділігін арттырады. Қазақ әдебиетінің көрнекті шығармаларын комикстік форматта бейімдеу – оқушыларға әдебиетті жаңа қырынан танытуға, оның идеялық-көркемдік мәнін ықшам әрі тартымды жеткізуге мүмкіндік береді. Әр шығарма мазмұны мен жанрына қарай әртүрлі комикстік шешімдерді қажет етеді. Б. Соқпақбаев «Менің атым Қожа». Бұл шығарма – қазақ балалар әдебиетінің классикалық туындысы. Қожаның мінез-құлқы, әзіл-қалжыңы, мектеп өміріндегі қызықты оқиғалары комикс жасауға өте қолайлы [11]. Әр эпизодты қысқа кадрларға бөліп, кейіпкердің қылығын суретпен жеткізу оқушыларға жеңіл әрі көңілді қабылданады. Комикстік бейімдеу балаларды кітапты толық оқуға ынталандырып, әдеби кейіпкерге эмоционалды жақындасуға мүмкіндік береді. М. Әуезов «Қорғансыздың күні». Бұл әңгіме – әлеуметтік теңсіздіктің қасіретін көрсететін қазақ прозасының шоқтығы биік туындыларының бірі. Комикстік нұсқада Ғазизаның бейнесі, табиғат суреттері мен трагедиялық финал қысқа кадрлар арқылы беріледі [12]. Иллюстрациялар кейіпкердің қайғысы мен шарасыздығын нақты әрі әсерлі көрсетіп, оқушыға терең эмоциялық әсер қалдырады. Абайдың қара сөздері. Абайдың қара сөздері философиялық ойға толы болғандықтан, оларды визуалды инфографика-комикс форматында беру тиімді [13]. Мысалы, «Жиырма тоғызыншы сөздегі» білім мен ғылымға ұмтылу жайлы ойды сурет арқылы жеткізу жастардың философиялық идеяларды тезірек ұғынуына ықпал етеді. Инфографика-комикс күрделі ойды қарапайым бейнелер арқылы ұғынықты етіп көрсетеді. Қорытындылай келе, Б. Соқпақбаевтың «Менің атым Қожа» шығармасы – мектеп оқушыларына арналған жеңіл әрі көңілді комикс үлгісін жасауға қолайлы болса, М. Әуезовтің «Қорғансыздың күні» – әлеуметтік мәселелерді бейнелеуде, ал Абайдың қара сөздері – философиялық ойды визуализациялауда тиімді материал болып табылады. XXII international scientific conference. Dortmund. Germany. 02-03.10.2025 51 2.3 Сабақтағы қолдану жолдары Комикстерді қазақ әдебиетін оқытуда пайдалану – дәстүрлі сабақ түрлерін жандандырып, оқушылардың шығармашылық белсенділігін арттырудың тиімді әдістерінің бірі. Оларды оқу процесінде қолданудың бірнеше жолдарын атап көрсетуге болады: Мұғалімнің дайын комиксті сабақта пайдалануы. Әдеби шығарманың мазмұны комикстік форматта дайындалған жағдайда, мұғалім оны көрнекілік ретінде қолдана алады. Бұл тәсіл оқушыларға мәтіннің негізгі желісін тез меңгеруге көмектеседі. Әсіресе көлемді немесе философиялық мазмұндағы шығармаларды алғаш қабылдауда тиімді. Комикс сабақта талқылау, талдау және интерпретация жасауға ыңғайлы материал болады [8]. Оқушыларға шығарма бойынша өз комикстерін құрастыру тапсырмасын беру. Оқушыларды шығармашылық әрекетке тарту үшін әдеби шығарманың бір бөлігін немесе тұтас оқиғасын комикстік форматта қайта құрастыруға тапсырма беруге болады. Бұл әдіс олардың мәтінді түсінуін ғана емес, сонымен қатар визуалды ойлауын, қиялын және сыни көзқарасын дамытады. Әр оқушы кейіпкердің бейнесін өзінше елестетіп, оны суретке түсіру арқылы әдеби туындыны тереңірек игереді [1]. Топтық жұмыс арқылы көркем мәтінді суретпен бейнелеу. Комиксті жасау барысында оқушыларды шағын топтарға бөлу тиімді. Бір топ сюжетті жоспарласа, екінші топ кейіпкердің бейнесін әзірлейді, үшінші топ диалогтарды құрастырады. Бұл әдіс ұжымдық жұмыс дағдыларын дамытып, әр оқушының қабілетіне қарай шығармашылық процеске қатысуына мүмкіндік береді. Сонымен қатар, топтық жұмыс оқушылардың бір-бірімен пікір алмасып, идеяларын ортақ нәтижеге бағыттауына ықпал етеді [14]. Қорытындылай келе, сабақ барысында комиксті қолдану – оқушылардың әдеби шығарманы жеңіл әрі қызықты қабылдауына жағдай жасап қана қоймай, олардың шығармашылық қабілетін дамытуға, топтық жұмыста белсенділігін арттыруға және әдеби талдауға жаңа көзқараспен қарауға мүмкіндік береді. Комикстік форматта әдеби шығарманы бейімдеу немесе сабақта пайдалану барысында оқушылардың жұмысын әділ әрі тиімді бағалау үшін нақты критерийлерді белгілеу қажет. Бұл бағалау оқушылардың тек сурет салу қабілетін емес, әдеби шығарманы түсіну деңгейін де айқындайды. Шығарманың мазмұнын дұрыс жеткізу. Комиксте әдеби туындының негізгі идеясы, оқиғалық желісі мен басты ойлары сақталуы шарт. Оқушы сюжетті ықшамдап бейімдесе де, шығарманың негізгі мазмұнын бұрмаламауы тиіс. Кейіпкер мінезін айқын көрсету. Әр кейіпкердің мінез-құлқы, әрекеті, ішкі күйзелісі немесе қуанышы сурет пен қысқа диалогтар арқылы жеткізілуі қажет. Бұл оқушының мәтінді қаншалықты терең түсінгенін көрсетеді. Сурет пен мәтіннің үйлесімі. Комиксте визуалды бейнелер мен мәтін өзара толықтырып тұруы маңызды. Сурет пен диалогтың байланысы әлсіз болса, комикстің әсерлілігі төмендейді. Сондықтан оқушы мәтіндік мазмұнды қысқа әрі нақты беріп, суретпен үйлесімін сақтауы тиіс. Шығармашылық көзқарастың болуы. Оқушының комикс жасау барысында өзіндік ойы, қиялы мен ерекше шешімі көрінуі бағаланады. Кейде оқушылар кейіпкерді жаңа қырынан бейнелеуі немесе шығарманың оқиғасын өзгеше визуалды тәсілмен жеткізуі мүмкін. Бұл шығармашылық дербестіктің белгісі болып табылады. Қорытынды: Бағалау критерийлерін нақты белгілеу мұғалімге оқушылардың әдеби шығарманы түсінуін, оны бейнелеу қабілетін және шығармашылық деңгейін әділ саралауға мүмкіндік береді. Қазақ әдебиетін комикстік форматта бейімдеу мен оны оқу-тәрбие процесінде қолдану барысында бірқатар қиындықтар туындауы мүмкін. Бұл қиындықтарды алдын ала ескеріп, тиімді шешу жолдарын ұсыну – мұғалімнің негізгі міндеттерінің бірі. Көркем мәтінді қысқарту барысында мазмұнның бұрмалануы. Әдеби шығарманың сюжетін ықшамдап беру кезінде негізгі ойдың әлсіреуі немесе мазмұнның толық жеткізілмеуі ықтимал. Бұл мәселені шешу үшін мұғалім оқушыларды мәтіннің басты идеясы мен негізгі оқиғаларын сақтауға бағыттауы қажет. Артық эпизодтарды қысқарта отырып, негізгі тартыс пен кейіпкер мінезін бұзбай бейнелеу басты назарда болуы тиіс [8]. Кейбір оқушылардың сурет салуда қиналуы. Комикс жасау барысында барлық оқушының суретшілік қабілеті бірдей бола бермейді. Мұндай жағдайда дайын иллюстрациялық шаблондарды, цифрлық комикс құрастыру қосымшаларын қолдануға болады. Мәселен, Pixton, Canva, StoryboardThat сияқты платформалар оқушыларға дайын кейіпкер, фон және визуалды элементтерді пайдаланып, өз нұсқасын жасауға мүмкіндік береді [10]. Бұл тәсіл оқушылардың шығармашылық белсенділігін арттырады және техникалық қиындықтарды жеңілдетеді. Уақыттың шектеулілігі. Сабақ барысында көлемді шығарманы толық комикске айналдыруға уақыт жеткіліксіз болуы мүмкін. Бұл жағдайда XXII international scientific conference. Dortmund. Germany. 02-03.10.2025 52 мұғалім комикс құрастыруды үй тапсырмасы ретінде немесе жобалық жұмыс түрінде беруге болады. Топтық жұмыс формасын қолдану да уақыт үнемдеуге көмектеседі: бір топ сюжетпен айналысса, екінші топ иллюстрация жасайды, үшінші топ диалогтарды дайындайды. Осылайша уақыт үнемделіп, жұмыс тиімді ұйымдастырылады [15]. Мүмкін болатын қиындықтарды алдын ала болжай білу және олардың шешу жолдарын қарастыру – комикстік форматты әдебиетті оқытуда тиімді қолданудың кепілі болып табылады. Цифрлық бейімдеу және мультимедиа мүмкіндіктері. Қазіргі заманғы білім беру мен мәдениет кеңістігінде әдеби шығармаларды тек дәстүрлі баспа нұсқасында ғана емес, цифрлық форматта ұсыну ерекше маңызға ие болып отыр. Әсіресе жастардың ақпаратты қабылдау тәсілдері визуалды және интерактивті мазмұнға бейім болғандықтан, комиксті мультимедиалық үлгіде бейімдеу олардың қызығушылығын арттырады әрі оқыту процесін жандандырады. Онлайн-комикстер. Қазіргі кезде комикстерді онлайн форматта әзірлеу және тарату кеңінен қолданылуда. 1. Арнайы платформалар (Webtoon, Tapas, Pixton) арқылы авторлар өз жұмыстарын цифрлық форматта жариялай алады. Оқушылар мен студенттер онлайн-комикс жасау барысында дайын шаблондар мен графикалық элементтерді пайдаланып, әдеби шығармаларды өз интерпретациясымен бейнелей алады[16]. Онлайн формат шығармаларды кең аудиторияға жеткізуге, әлеуметтік желілерде таратуға мүмкіндік береді. 2. Инфографика-комикстер. Әсіресе философиялық және публицистикалық мазмұндағы шығармаларды түсіндіруде инфографика элементтерін қолдану тиімді. Мәтіндегі негізгі ойлар қысқа диаграмма, сызба, символдық суреттер арқылы беріледі. Абайдың қара сөздері сияқты күрделі ойларды ықшамдап түсіндіруде инфографика-комикс ерекше рөл атқарады. Инфографикалық тәсіл оқушыға ақпаратты логикалық құрылымда көруге мүмкіндік береді [17,18]. 3. Анимациялық форматтағы комикстер. Статикалық комикстерді анимациялық бейнеге айналдыру арқылы әсер күшейтіледі. StoryboardThat, Canva, Powtoon, Animaker секілді бағдарламаларда кадрлар қозғалысқа келтіріліп, қысқа бейнеролик түрінде ұсынылады [19]. Анимация кейіпкердің эмоциясын, қимыл-қозғалысын айқын көрсетеді, оқиғаны динамикалық түрде қабылдауға мүмкіндік береді. Әдеби шығармаларды анимациялық веб-комикс ретінде ұсыну оқушылардың есте сақтау қабілетін арттырады. 4. Мультимедиа интеграциясы. Цифрлық комикстерді тек сурет пен мәтінге ғана емес, басқа да медиа құралдарға біріктіруге болады: Аудио элементтер – кейіпкерлердің дауысымен диалог қосу; Музыка – эмоционалды әсерді күшейту; Интерактивті гиперсілтемелер – қосымша мәліметке бағыттау; Ойын элементтері – оқушыға таңдау еркіндігін беріп, оқиғаның дамуын өзгерту[20]. Цифрлық бейімдеу және мультимедиа мүмкіндіктері комиксті тек дәстүрлі иллюстрациялық құрал емес, сонымен қатар заманауи цифрлық білім беру мен мәдени коммуникацияның пәрменді әдісіне айналдырады. Бұл тәсіл қазақ әдебиетін жаңа форматта насихаттауға, оқушылардың қызығушылығын арттыруға және ұлттық мұраны әлемдік визуалды кеңістікке шығаруға мүмкіндік береді. Қазақ әдебиетін комикстік форматта ұсыну – заманауи білім беру мен мәдениет кеңістігінің маңызды жаңашылдығы. Ол дәстүрлі әдебиеттің мазмұнын бұзбай, жаңа визуалды формада қайта бейнелеу арқылы оқушылардың қызығушылығын арттырады, қабылдауын жеңілдетеді және шығармашылық қабілеттерін дамытады. Теориялық тұрғыдан, комикс – нарратив пен визуалды образдың синтезі, мультимодальды мәтіннің көрнекі үлгісі. Оның негізін қалаған бағыттар – визуалды мәдениет теориясы (McCloud), мультимодальды дискурс теориясы (Kress & van Leeuwen), әдебиет дидактикасы мен медиа-білім интеграциясы – комиксті тек ойын-сауық құралы емес, мәдени-коммуникативтік және педагогикалық құрал ретінде қарастыруға мүмкіндік береді. Практикалық тұрғыдан, қазақ әдеби шығармаларын комикстік үлгіде бейімдеу бірнеше бағытта жүзеге асады: сюжеттік бейімдеу – ұзақ шығарманы ықшамдап, негізгі оқиғаларды кадрлар арқылы беру; кейіпкер бейнесін ашу – мінез-құлқы мен эмоциясын сурет пен қысқа мәтін арқылы көрсету; тарихи-мәдени контекст – халық ауыз әдебиеті мен эпостарды көрнекі формада таныту. Б. Соқпақбаевтың «Менің атым Қожа», М. Әуезовтің «Қорғансыздың күні», Абайдың қара сөздері сынды туындыларды комикс форматында бейімдеу – оқушыларға әдебиетті жаңа қырынан меңгеруге мүмкіндік береді. XXII international scientific conference. Dortmund. Germany. 02-03.10.2025 53 Оқыту процесінде комиксті қолданудың бірнеше жолдары бар: дайын комиксті сабақта көрнекілік ретінде пайдалану; оқушыларға өз комиксін құрастыруға тапсырма беру; топтық жұмыс барысында көркем мәтінді бейнелеу. Оқушы еңбегін бағалау критерийлері де айқындалған: шығарманың мазмұнын дұрыс жеткізу, кейіпкер бейнесін айқындау, сурет пен мәтіннің үйлесімі, шығармашылық көзқарастың көрінуі. Цифрлық бейімдеу мен мультимедиа мүмкіндіктері комикстің қолданылу аясын кеңейтті: онлайн-комикстер, инфографика-комикстер, анимациялық веб-комикстер; аудио, музыка, гиперсілтеме сияқты мультимедиалық элементтердің интеграциясы; цифрлық платформалар (Pixton, Canva, StoryboardThat, Webtoon) арқылы қолжетімді ету. Әрине, бұл тәсілдің қиындықтары да бар: мәтінді қысқартқанда мазмұнның бұрмалануы, сурет салудағы қиындықтар, уақыттың шектеулігі. Дегенмен мұғалімнің дұрыс бағыт беруі, цифрлық шаблондар мен қосымшаларды пайдалану, жобалық жұмыстарды ұйымдастыру арқылы бұл мәселелерді шешуге болады. Қорыта айтқанда, комикстік формат – қазақ әдебиетін жаңа ұрпаққа танытудағы тиімді әдіс. Ол ұлттық мұраны заманауи визуалды мәдениетпен ұштастырып, әдебиетті қабылдаудың жаңа кеңістігін ашады. Бұл бағыт педагогикалық тәжірибеде де, мәдени индустрияда да болашақта кеңінен қолданылуға лайық. References 1. Resource 1. McCloud, S. Understanding Comics: The Invisible Art. – New York: Harper Perennial, 1993. 2. Resource 2. Groensteen, T. The System of Comics. – Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2007. 3. Resource 3. Kozhakhmetova, K. Culture of Business Communication. – Almaty: Sanat, 2015. 4. Resource 4. McCloud, S. Reinventing Comics: How Imagination and Technology Are Revolutionizing an Art Form. – New York: Harper Collins, 2000. 5. Resource 5. Jenkins, H. Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide. – New York: New York University Press, 2006. 6. Resource 6. Zaitseva, E. M. Literary Didactics: Theory and Practice. – Moscow: Flinta, 2015. 7. Resource 7.Buckingham, D. Media Education: Literacy, Learning and Contemporary Culture. – Cambridge: Polity Press, 2003. 8. Resource 8. Abdigazieva, K. Methods of Teaching Kazakh Literature. – Almaty: Bilim, 2012. 9. Resource 9. Kress, G., & van Leeuwen, T. Reading Images: The Grammar of Visual Design. – London: Routledge, 2006. 10. Resource 10. Eisner, W. Comics and Sequential Art. – Tamarac: Poorhouse Press, 1985. 11. Resource 11. Sokpakbaev, B. My Name is Kozha. – Almaty: Zhazushy, 1988. 12. Resource 12. Auezov, M. The Day of Defenseless. – Almaty: Ana Tili, 1997. 13. Resource 13. Abai. The Book of Words (Kara Sozder). – Almaty: Raritet, 2010. 14. Resource 14. Buckingham, D. Media Education: Literacy, Learning and Contemporary Culture. – Cambridge: Polity Press, 2003. 15. Resource 15. Zaitseva, E. M. Literary Didactics: Theory and Practice. – Moscow: Flinta, 2015. 16. Resource 16. Buckingham, D. Media Education: Literacy, Learning and Contemporary Culture. – Cambridge: Polity Press, 2003. 17. Resource 17. Crystal, D. Language and the Internet. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. 18. Resource 18. Kress, G., & van Leeuwen, T. Multimodal Discourse: The Modes and Media of Contemporary Communication. – London: Arnold, 2001. 19. Resource 19. Morrison, T., & Conaway, W. Kiss, Bow, or Shake Hands: The Bestselling Guide to Doing Business in More Than 60 Countries. – Adams Media, 2011. 20. Resource 20. Zhumabekova, A. Innovative Methods of Teaching Kazakh Literature. – Astana: ENU Press, 2020. XXII international scientific conference. Dortmund. Germany. 02-03.10.2025 54 CREATING A VOCABULARY-RICH ENVIRONMENT FOR SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION Huseynli Arzu Azerbaijan State Pedagogical University, Foreign Languages Centre https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4571-4678 Abstract Creating a vocabulary-rich environment for second language acquisition is a crucial aspect of language learning that warrants attention and dedication from both educators and learners alike. A vocabulary-rich environment enhances language proficiency by exposing learners to a diverse range of words and expressions. Building vocabulary skills in a second language fosters improved communication and comprehension abilities. Developing a strong vocabulary foundation enhances reading, writing, speaking, and listening skills in the target language. Immersion in a vocabulary-rich environment boosts learners' confidence and motivation to actively participate in language activities. The significance of immersion in vocabulary learning, strategies for building a vocabulary-rich environment, supporting second language learners through vocabulary enrichment, and implementing vocabulary games and activities for language acquisition are delved in the article. Keywords: language learning, vocabulary acquisition, word games, communication, brainstorming, active learning. Importance of Immersion in Vocabulary Learning Immersion in a language-rich environment is known to significantly enhance vocabulary acquisition for second language learners. Through exposure to authentic texts, conversations, media, and real-life experiences, learners are able to internalize new vocabulary, comprehend context, and develop a deeper understanding of language nuance. Immersive experiences encourage active engagement with language, which is essential for vocabulary retention and application in practical settings. To establish a vocabulary-rich environment, educators can incorporate various strategies, such as integrating vocabulary-building activities into lesson plans, providing ample opportunities for practice and reinforcement, utilizing visual aids and multimedia resources, and fostering a culture of language exploration and experimentation. Encouraging active participation, promoting peer collaboration, and celebrating linguistic diversity are key components of creating an engaging and stimulating learning environment conducive to vocabulary development. Effective strategies of integrating vocabulary-building activities into lesson plans In language education, vocabulary acquisition is fundamental for developing reading comprehension, writing, and overall communication skills. Integrating vocabulary-building activities into lesson plans is a strategic approach that enhances students’ lexical knowledge in meaningful and engaging ways. This method not only promotes active learning but also fosters deeper understanding and retention of new words. One effective strategy is to incorporate contextual vocabulary exercises, where students encounter new words within relevant texts or thematic units. For example, during a science lesson on ecosystems, teachers can highlight key terms such as “biodiversity,” “habitat,” and “niche,” followed by activities where students define, use, and relate these words to real-world examples (Beck, McKeown, & Kucan, 2013). This contextual approach helps students grasp the meaning and usage more effectively than rote memorization. Another popular method is the use of vocabulary journals or word maps, which encourage students to record new words, their definitions, synonyms, antonyms, and example sentences. This active engagement promotes deeper processing and personal connection to the vocabulary (Marzano & Marzano, 2003). For instance, after reading a story, students might create a word map for challenging words like “melancholy,” exploring its connotations and appropriate contexts. Moreover, incorporating games and interactive activities such as word sorts, crossword puzzles, or digital flashcards can make vocabulary learning enjoyable and memorable. For example, a teacher might organize a “Vocabulary Bingo” using words from the current unit, encouraging peer interaction and reinforcement of new terminology (Cunningham & Stanovich, 1998). Furthermore, explicit instruction on word-learning strategies—such as morphology, context clues, and word parts—empowers students to independently expand their vocabulary. Teaching prefixes, suffixes, and roots allows learners to decode unfamiliar words, facilitating autonomous vocabulary growth (Nagy & Scott, 2000). XXII international scientific conference. Dortmund. Germany. 02-03.10.2025 55 So, integrating vocabulary-building activities into lesson plans is a multifaceted strategy that promotes active engagement, contextual understanding, and independent learning. By combining explicit instruction, meaningful practice, and engaging activities, educators can significantly enhance their students’ lexical development, ultimately supporting overall academic success. Supporting Second Language Learners Through Vocabulary Enrichment L2 learners often face challenges in expanding their vocabulary due to limited exposure and practice. Educators play a vital role in supporting learners through targeted vocabulary enrichment activities, tailored to their proficiency level and learning preferences. By offering personalized support, feedback, and resources, educators can empower students to overcome language barriers, expand their lexical repertoire, and enhance their overall language proficiency. Vocabulary games and activities serve as effective tools for consolidating learning, promoting retention, and reinforcing vocabulary acquisition in a fun and interactive manner. By incorporating games, quizzes, puzzles, role-playing scenarios, and other engaging activities into language lessons, educators can offer diverse and dynamic opportunities for adult learners to engage with new words, practice language skills, and enhance their communication abilities. Marzano & Marzano, 2003). A rich vocabulary enables second language learners to navigate complex texts and engage in meaningful discussions with confidence and to express themselves more precisely and effectively. Implementing Vocabulary Games and Activities for L2 Acquisition of Adult Learners Vocabulary acquisition is crucial for language learning, particularly for adult learners who often have specific learning goals and needs. Traditional rote memorization methods can be ineffective and demotivating. Integrating engaging vocabulary games and activities into language learning programs can significantly improve retention, comprehension, and overall language proficiency. This approach caters to diverse learning styles, fosters active participation, and creates a more enjoyable and effective learning environment. Why to use games and activities? Motivation and Engagement: Games provide a fun and interactive learning experience, boosting motivation and reducing learner anxiety. Adults are more receptive to learning when they are actively involved and having fun. Active Recall: Games require learners to actively use and retrieve vocabulary, strengthening memory traces and promoting long-term retention. Contextual Learning: Games often provide context for vocabulary use, helping learners understand the meaning and appropriate usage in different situations. Improved Comprehension: Games and activities expose learners to vocabulary within meaningful contexts, enhancing their comprehension and fluency. Variety of Learning Styles: Games cater to different learning styles by incorporating visual, auditory, and kinesthetic elements. Examples of Vocabulary Games and Activities for Adult Learners: 1. Word Association: Learners brainstorm words associated with a central theme or keyword. This activity enhances vocabulary recall and encourages creative thinking. Example: The instructor presents a word like "travel." Learners brainstorm related words (e.g., journey, destination, passport, hotel, flight). This can be further developed by categorizing the words or creating short sentences using them. Image prompts, sentence completion, or creating a mind map around the central word can be used. 2. Picture Bingo: Prepare bingo cards with vocabulary words or phrases written on them. Provide matching pictures or short descriptions. Learners mark off the words as the instructor or a designated learner calls out the picture or description. Example: Bingo cards have vocabulary related to food (e.g., apple, banana, pizza). The instructor shows pictures or gives descriptions, and the first person to get bingo wins. Flashcards, word cards, or even real objects can be used. This can be adapted for more advanced learners by using more complex descriptions or more abstract concepts. 3. Vocabulary Charades/Pictionary: Classic games that involve acting out or drawing vocabulary words or phrases. This activity engages both visual and kinesthetic learners and encourages creative expression. Example: One learner acts out "embarrassed" while others guess the word. Another learner draws "communication," and others guess. Using different vocabulary levels, having learners create their own characters or scenarios, or using a combination of acting and drawing are possible. XXII international scientific conference. Dortmund. Germany. 02-03.10.2025 56 4. Vocabulary Scavenger Hunt: Create a list of vocabulary words or phrases for learners to find in a text (e.g., a newspaper article, a short story). The first person to find all the words wins. Example: The instructor provides a short article about technology. Learners need to find the words "smartphone," "internet," "social media," and "application". Online articles, videos, or even real-life scenarios (e.g., a visit to a local store) can be implemented. 5. Vocabulary Matching and Sentence Creation: Provide learners with a list of vocabulary words and their definitions. Then, they have to create sentences using the words. Example: Learners match "enthusiastic" with its definition. Then, they create a sentence using "enthusiastic." For expanding vocabulary understanding synonyms, antonyms, or related words can be added. Implementation Strategies: Differentiation: Adapt games to suit different learners' levels and needs. Feedback and Correction: Provide constructive feedback and opportunities for learners to correct their use of vocabulary. Integration with other skills: Combine games with grammar practice, conversation exercises, or reading comprehension activities. Regular Review: Regularly review learned vocabulary through games and activities to reinforce learning and prevent forgetting. Gamification: Use points, badges, or other rewards to incentivize participation and engagement. By incorporating engaging vocabulary games and activities into language learning programs, educators can significantly enhance adult learners' vocabulary acquisition and language development. (Beck, McKeown, & Kucan, 2013) These activities not only make learning more enjoyable but also foster active participation, improve recall, and provide a more robust foundation for future language learning. These strategies can be adapted and combined to suit various learning contexts and learner needs. In conclusion, creating a vocabulary-rich environment for second language acquisition is paramount in fostering language proficiency, building vocabulary skills, and empowering learners to communicate effectively in a multilingual world. By emphasizing immersion, implementing proven strategies, providing targeted support, and integrating engaging activities, educators can facilitate a transformative language learning experience that equips students with the tools and confidence to navigate linguistic challenges and embrace cultural diversity. Creating a vocabulary-rich environment for L2 acquisition facilitates intercultural communication and promotes global citizenship. Vocabulary enrichment promotes cultural understanding and appreciation through the exploration of language nuances. References 1. Beck, I. L., McKeown, M. G., & Kucan, L. (2013). *Bringing words to life: Robust vocabulary instruction*. Guilford Press, p 19-23 2. Marzano, R. J., & Marzano, J. S. (2003). The key to classroom management. *Educational Leadership*, 61(1), p.6-13. 3.Cunningham, A. E., & Stanovich, K. E. (1998). What reading does for the mind. *American Educator*, 22(1-2), p. 8-15. 4. Nagy, W., & Scott, J. A. (2000). Vocabulary processes. In M. L. Kamil, P. B. Mosenthal, P. D. Pearson, & R. Barr (Eds.), *Handbook of reading research* (pp. 269–284). Routledge. 5.Sahar G Ameer Bakhsh (2016) Using Games as a Tool in Teaching Vocabulary to Young Learners *English Language Teaching* Vol.9, No 7, 2016, p. 120-125 6. https://www.cambridgeenglish.org/images/vocabulary-games-and-activities.pdf XXII international scientific conference. Dortmund. Germany. 02-03.10.2025 63 available. However, one of the main obstacles to its efficient application is the presence of various structural types of polymer composite materials, which cause ultrasonic waves to exhibit different propagation, refraction, and reflection characteristics depending on the model. In addition, the differing exponential dependencies between structural parameters and the physical–mechanical properties of the material, as well as the reliance of the investigated structural parameters on factors such as material type, production conditions, and the correct sequencing of manufacturing stages, complicate the testing process. This situation necessitates the use of a nondestructive testing method with high accuracy [2, 6]. Table 1. The most typical models of controlled environments Model Sketch Dependence between acoustic resistance z and thickness (depth) δ Anisotropy of the velocity in depth in the plane Homogeneous isotropic environment ––– Homogeneous transverseisotropic environment Homogeneous orthotropic environment Combined duplex environment ––– ––– Triplex environment ––– ––– Multiplex environment ––– ––– Note: The following abbreviations are accepted in the table: δ, δφ – product thickness; δ1, δ2, δ3 ... δn – layer thickness of the environment; v, vi – ultrasound velocity; α – the angle between the direction of the tests and the axis of elastic symmetry; vα/v0 – indicator of the anisotropy of ultrasound velocity; φ – the angle creating non-parallelism of the product's surface. Within the context of conducted research, significant progress has been achieved in addressing many of the considered problems through the use of various approaches to mathematical modeling. One of the key factors for accurately analyzing the laws of ultrasonic wave propagation within PCM is the determination of environment models that reflect the structural configuration of the polymer composite material. Studies indicate that, in order to analyze the propagation characteristics of elastic waves in PCM, it is essential to select appropriate models of environments that fully represent the cross-sectional structure of the material. As a result of analyses carried out in this direction, the most commonly observed environment models have been identified and systematized for widely used types of PCM (table 1) [2]. Methodology. As can be seen, environment models have currently been systematized for several widely used types of PCM. In analyzing the propagation characteristics of elastic waves in these environments, the first issue considered is the fundamental principles of geometric acoustics – the Huygens and Fermat principles. The simplest isotropic environment model characterizes the structure of filled and unfilled polymer products. In products of varying thickness, the parallelism of surfaces may be disrupted. In this case, the application of the low-frequency ultrasonic method is limited to products with a thickness not less than λ and a boundary curvature radius of R ≥ 5λ. Such conditions ensure experimental resolution [1]. δδφ φ v p i δδφ φ v p i vi δδφ φ v p ek δ1 δ2 z=v p 1 1 1 z=v p 2 2 2 δ1 δ2 v ; p 1 1 v ; p 2 2 v ; p 3 3 δ3 δ1 δ2 δ3 δ4 δ5 δ z z=vp δ z δ z δ z δ z δ z δ z vv α/0 α 0 45 90 δ z δ z δ z vv α/0 α 0 45 90 vv α/0 α 0 45 90 vv α/0 α 0 45 90 vv α/0 α 0 45 90 XXII international scientific conference. Dortmund. Germany. 02-03.10.2025 64 The Huygens principle is mathematically expressed by the Hamilton differential equation, which characterizes the field of wave propagation times: (𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥)2+(𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑦)2+(𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑧)2=1 𝑣2(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧), (1) where, v(x,y,z) is the distribution of the elastic wave propagation velocity in the given environment. This velocity may vary depending on the type of wave (longitudinal or transverse). For the simplest isotropic environment (i.e., when waves propagate at the same speed in all directions), the Hamilton equation simplifies to: 𝑡=1 𝑣√𝑥2+𝑦2+𝑧2 (2) where x,y,z are the coordinates of the observation points. According to the Fermat principle, the wave propagation time can be expressed as the integral along a curved ray, and the solution is determined using the variational approach, i.e., by seeking the extremum of the integral [2]: 𝑡=∫𝑑𝑆 𝑣(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧) 𝐵 𝐴 (3) where dS is the elemental arc of the ray trajectory, and A and B are the wave source and receiver points, respectively. The Huygens–Fermat principle forms the basis of geometric acoustics and allows the solution of acoustic problems for any spatial distribution of velocity within the environment. However, it should be noted that the propagation velocities of different types of elastic waves vary from one another. One of the most important concepts in geometric acoustics is the notion of hodograph velocity. In practical measurements, both surface and linear hodographs are used. The time field of elastic waves emitted from a point source is generally described as: 𝑡=𝑡(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧) (4) and there exists a reflective surface at a certain boundary: 𝑅(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧)=0 (5) The relationship between expressions (4) and (5) indicates that the time field t constructed on the surface R is called the "surface hodograph." That is, a surface hodograph is a graph constructed based on observation points located on a specific surface. Similarly, a "linear hodograph" is established based on observations along certain lines on the inspected surface. The application of hodographs allows for distinguishing different types of elastic waves in the wave field, calculating their velocities, and consequently determining the physical– mechanical parameters of the environment. Therefore, the theoretical analysis of constructing surface and linear hodographs for longitudinal and transverse waves according to the given environment models is of critical importance [2]. In the simplest isotropic and single-layer environment, when the reflective boundary is inclined at an angle ϕ to the direction of wave propagation, the time field of the reflected wave is expressed as: (𝑥−𝑥0)2+(𝑦−𝑦0)2+(𝑧−𝑧0)2=𝑣2𝑡2 (6) where x,y,z are the coordinates of the observation points, (x0, y0) are the coordinates of the primary source of elastic waves, and z0 corresponds to the lateral (n’) wave source. Based on the previously explained principles, appropriate substitutions are made to derive the hodograph equation. In this case, for the reflected waves, the surface hodograph equation is written as: (𝑥−2𝛿𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑)2+𝑦2=𝑣2𝑡2−4𝛿2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜑 (7) This expression describes a family of circles in the x,y plane. The center of the circles shifts along the x-axis toward the elevated portion of the reflective surface by 2δsinϕ. The radius of the circle is determined as: 𝑟=√𝑣2𝑡2−4𝛿2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜑 When considering a linear hodograph, the orientation of the reflective boundary relative to the longitudinal profile is an important factor. In any placement of the profile, its linear equation is given by: 𝑦=𝑥𝑡𝑔𝜑 (8) where ϕ is the angle between the x-axis and the profile. By performing appropriate substitutions and transformations based on these equations, the equation of the linear hodograph for the reflected waves takes the following form: 𝑣2𝑡2=𝑙2+4𝛿2 (9) Thus, the results of the study indicate that if the propagation time of the elastic wave between the transmitter and receiver is known, it is possible to measure the propagation velocity of the elastic wave (if the thickness is known) or, by determining the inclination angle and its depth, to detect a defect (if the propagation velocity of the wave in the environment is known). XXII international scientific conference. Dortmund. Germany. 02-03.10.2025 65 Isotropic Two-Layer Environment. For this environment, considering the parallel boundaries separating the layers, where the propagation velocity of elastic waves in the first upper layer is significantly lower than that in the second layer the hodograph equation takes the following form: 𝑣2 2(𝑡−𝑡1)2=𝑥2+4𝛿2 2 (10) where, t1 – is the propagation time of the elastic wave in the first layer along the vertical. In this environment, besides reflected waves, refracted waves can also be observed. In this case, the maximum effect of refraction is observed only when the layers have equal thickness. The hodograph equation for the refracted waves takes the form: 𝑡=1 𝑣(2𝛿1cos𝛼0+𝑥sin𝛼0) ; (11) where, α0 – 𝛼0=arcsin𝑣𝑢1 𝑣𝑢2 is the limit refraction angle (12). Ignoring the separation boundary, it can be shown that in this case the form of the hodograph of reflected waves does not qualitatively change. For example, for a two-layer environment, the hodograph equation takes the form: 𝑡=𝑡0+𝑥2 4𝛿(𝑣1+𝑣2) (13) where, δ1=δ2=δ1 for a homogeneous environment, the approximate hodograph equation is: 𝑡′≈𝑡0+𝑥2 4𝑡0𝑣𝑜𝑟 2 , (14) where, 𝑣𝑜𝑟 =∑𝛿𝑖 𝑛 1 ∑𝑡𝑖 𝑛 1=∑𝛿𝑖 𝑛 1 ∑𝛿𝑖 𝑣𝑖 𝑛 1 the error of the approximation is determined by the following formula: ∆𝑡=𝑡′−𝑡=1 8𝑥2 4𝛿2𝑡0(1−𝑛 1+𝑛)2, (15) where, n=v1/v2 ; t0 – is the time at the point of the transmitter. For a multilayer isotropic environment with separating boundaries between layers, the longitudinal linear hodograph equations for reflected waves are determined as follows: 𝑥=2∑𝛿1𝑣𝑖sin𝛼1 √𝑣1 2−𝑣2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝛼 𝑛 𝜀=1 (16) 𝑡=2∑𝛿1𝑣1 𝑣𝑖√𝑣1 2−𝑣2 2sin𝛼 𝑛 𝛿=1 (17) where, α1 – is the angle between the normal and the direction of the propagated wave in the first layer. For a multilayer environment, the hodograph equation for refracted waves is expressed as: 𝑡𝑛=𝑡0𝑛 +𝑥 𝑣𝑛 , (18) where 𝑡0𝑛 =2∑𝛿𝑖 𝑣𝑖 𝑖=𝑛=1 𝑖=1 cos𝛼𝑖.𝑛 ∙𝛼𝑖.𝑛 =arcsin𝑣𝑖 𝑣𝑛. In both single-layer and multilayer longitudinal environments, in addition to single reflection, multiple reflections, refracted waves, and mixed propagation waves can be observed during the elastic wave propagation process. In general, for parallel boundaries of the separating media, the multiple-reflection hodograph of a homogeneous environment takes the following form: 𝑣2𝑡2=𝑥2+4𝑛2𝛿2 (19) where n – is the number of reflections. The main feature of a transversely isotropic environment is that isotropy is observed in its plane, while anisotropy appears in a direction inclined at a certain angle to the plane. In other words, the propagation velocity of elastic waves in the environment is not the same in all directions. This anisotropy is expressed by the ratio of wave velocities in vertical and horizontal directions. In such environments, the propagation time of the wave depends not only on the distance but also on the angle between the propagation direction and the plane of elastic symmetry. Consequently, the wave velocity, and thus the shape of the hodograph, also varies with this angle. Based on this theory, the linear hodograph of reflected waves in a transversely isotropic environment is expressed by the following equation: 𝑡(𝛼)=√(𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝛼+𝑎𝑛 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝛼)(𝑥2+4𝛿2) 𝑎𝑢𝑣𝑢90 (20) where 𝑎𝑢=𝑣𝑢0 𝑣𝑢90; 𝑣𝑢0and 𝑣𝑢90 – are the longitudinal wave velocities in the plane of the layers and perpendicular to the layers, respectively. It is important to note that in a transversely isotropic environment, the hodographs of longitudinal and transverse reflected waves differ significantly from each other. In particular, for transverse (shear-type) reflected waves, the hodograph equation is expressed as: XXII international scientific conference. Dortmund. Germany. 02-03.10.2025 66 𝑡(𝛼)=√(𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝛼+𝑎𝑠 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝛼)(𝑥2+4𝛿2) 𝑎𝑠𝑣𝑠45 (21) The hodograph of refracted longitudinal waves in a transversely isotropic environment has a more complex structure and is expressed by the following equation: 𝑡=2(𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝛼+𝛼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝛼)√𝛿1 2+𝑥1 2 𝑎𝑢𝑣𝑢90 +𝑙−2𝑥1 𝑣𝑢2 (22) One of the environments with a more complex elastic symmetry is the orthotropic environment. This type of environment is characterized by elastic symmetry along three mutually perpendicular axes. The directions of these axes usually coincide with the internal structural directions of the material. For accurate determination of elastic wave propagation parameters in an orthotropic environment, one of the essential conditions is the measurement of acoustic indicators along the wave beam, since these indicators must fully correspond to the wave propagation direction. The structures of orthotropic PCM can be classified into the following types: 1) unidirectional; 2) longitudinal-transverse; 3) cross-ply; 4) fan-shaped; 5) combined. The relationship between these structures and wave propagation velocities has been extensively investigated in research studies. Conclusion. The conducted theoretical studies show that the propagation patterns of ultrasonic waves in polymer composite environments differ significantly depending on the structural anisotropy of the material. In particular, in transversely isotropic and orthotropic models, the forms and parameters of the hodograph equations for longitudinal and transverse waves differ substantially from each other. These differences demonstrate that the wave propagation velocity depends both on the direction and on the alignment with the axes of elastic symmetry. In orthotropic environments, the coincidence of structural directions with the propagation parameters of elastic waves allows for more precise determination of their acoustic characteristics. Thus, the theoretical analysis of various wave models provides a solid theoretical foundation for the detection of internal defects in polymer composite materials and for the optimization of ultrasonic inspection methods. This approach also opens new possibilities for refining the structural-parametric analysis of PCM and developing more efficient control methods in industrial applications. References 1. Hasanov, M., Akhmedov, N., Bashirov, R., Piriev, S., Boiprav, O. & Ismailov, N. (2024). The development of a piezoelectric defect detection device through mathematical modeling applied to polymer composite materials. New Materials, Compounds and Applications, 8(1), 62-74 https://doi.org/10.62476/nmca8162 2. Bashirov, R.J., Ismayilov, N.E., Huseynov, R.E. & Muradov, N.M. (2024). 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