Conference Proceedings Series 2025 (Vol.3, No.9) | September 2025

2025 IIARP International Conference In association with Abstract Proceedings Series (Vol.3, No.9 | September 2025) Edited by Ms. Galina Berjozkina Dr. Yuriy Yu Shvet IIARP CONFERENCE & PUBLICATIONS CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS SERIES 3.9 Conference Proceedings & Abstracts Volume 3, Number 9 (September 2025) ISSN: 3117-3314 Organized by International Institute of Academic Research & Publications In association with Glovento Conference Supported by ConferenceAlert360.com Disclaimer The opinions expressed in articles, studies, and other contributions to this publication are solely those of the authors. The publication of these materials does not imply endorsement by the IIARP Conference & Publications. Official website of the conference www.iiarp.org Thank You. Copyright © 2025 IIARP Conference. All rights are reserved. Permission is granted for personal and educational use only. Commercial use, hiring, or lending is prohibited. No part of this publication may be reproduced, reprinted, translated, stored, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher. The publisher and authors have made every effort to ensure that the information and recommendations contained herein are accurate and consistent with generally accepted standards at the time of publication. The individual essays remain the intellectual property of their respective authors. N.B.-No part of this book can be reproduced in any form or by any means without the publisher's prior written permission. Corporate Address International Institute of Academic Research & Publications (IIARP) Glovento Conference Private Limited® Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India, 751019 www.iiarp.org | [email protected]g Preface IIARP is a forum dedicated to advancing society through research. A primary goal and feature is to convene scholars, professionals, and government agencies to exchange and share their experiences and research findings on the challenges and solutions for societal development. More importantly, this conference will serve as a platform to disseminate research findings and catalyze innovation. IIARP has proven to be a critical factor in the transformation of the e-learning field. Through our well-established conferences, opportunities for quality learning, and strategies for individual and institutional success, we have contributed to this rapid growth. About International Institute of Academic Research & Publications (IIARP): The International Institute of Academic Research & Publications (IIARP) is an international academic association under Glovento Conference Private Limited®. Dedicated to promoting cooperation among scientists, defending scientific freedom, encouraging scientific responsibility and education, and advancing science outreach for the betterment of humanity, it is one of the world's largest and most prestigious general scientific societies. Objective of IIARP: ❖ To provide a world-class platform for researchers to share their research findings through international and national conferences. ❖ To integrate the research findings from the conference into classroom instruction for the benefit of students. ❖ To encourage researchers to identify significant research challenges in the fields of science, engineering, technology, and management. ❖ To facilitate the dissemination of research findings through journal publications, conference proceedings, or books. ❖ To provide researchers with feedback on their work to enhance its relevance and impact through collaborative efforts. Conference Committee Program Chair: Dr. Bilal Khalid, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology, Thailand Dr Shakir Ullah, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China Ms. Galina Berjozkina City Unity College Nicosia, Cyprus Chairman, IIARP Mail: [email protected]g International Advisory Members ● Dr. Moo Sung Kim, College of Business, Zayed University, Dubai UAE ● Dr. MahboubehTaghizadeh, Iran University of Science and Technology, Iran ● Prof.(Dr.)Wen-Lin Yang, National University of Tainan, Taiwan ● Dr. Pankaj Thakur, Arba Minch University, Ethiopia ● Dr. Hoang Anh Tuan, Ho Chi Minh city University of Transport, Vietnam ● Dr. Dodo YakubAminu, Dept. of Architecture, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia ● Dr. Sunny Joseph, Dept. of Mathematics, K. E. College, Kottayam, Kerala, India ● Dr. PoonamVyas, J K Lakshmipat University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India ● Dr. Ahmed A. Elngar, Beni-Suef University, Egypt ● Dr. Ahmad R. AlBattat, Management and Science University, Shah Alam, Malaysia ● Dr. ArunachalamKalirajan, Dept. of. Education of DMI St. Eugene University, Zambia ● Mr. YagyanathRimal, School of Engineering, Pokhara University, Nepal ● Dr. NiharRanjan Mishra, Dept. of Social Sciences & Humanities, NIT, India ● Prof.(Dr.)Aries Heru Prasetyo, PPM School of Management, Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia ● Prof.(Dr.) NarasimhaiahGorla, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE TABLE OF CONTENTS Sl No TITLES AND AUTHORS Page No. 01 Skills for Observing Linguistic Information Used in Online Fraud to Prevent Online Fraud, Using a Knowledge Kit for the Elderly Panornuang Sudasna Na Ayudhya 1 02 Neuro-Ayur Genetics Legal Framework for Mental Healthcare in India: Addressing Ethical and Regulatory Deficits in the Mental Health Act Surya S, Dr. Asha Sundaram, Dr. Thangamayan 2 03 A Visual Language Analysis of Traditional Miao Batik Patterns: A Formalist Aesthetic Perspective Jian Wu, Harozila Ramli 3 04 Neuro Cognitive and Resilience Legal Framework for Mental Healthcare in India: Addressing Ethical and Regulatory Deficits in the Mental Health Act 2017 Surya S, Dr. Asha Sundaram, Dr. Thangamayan 4 05 A Comparative Study: Traditional Leadership Models vs. Neurogenetic Leadership Models Under Mental Health Care Act in India (Neurogenetics Resilience Act) Compliance Surya S, Dr. Asha Sundaram, Dr. Thangamayan 5 06 Can ESG Improve Corporate Default Risk? Evidence from Taiwan`s State-Owned Enterprises Hui-Chuan Liu, Chih-Hsing Hung, Yen-Hung Chen 6 07 Assessing Digital Brand Sustainability for Healthcare in Developing Countries Supapan Mahasarakul, Assoc. Prof. Danupol Hoonsopon, Prof. Wilert Puriwat, Prof. Chavalit Ratanatamskul 7 08 Development of a Performance Evaluation Framework for Carbon Management and Corporate Sustainability in Taiwan’s Publicly Listed Tourism Sector Te-Yi Chang, Hsin-Yeh Tsai, Tsung-Han Wu, Yi-Zhe Cai 8 09 Research about Selection of Water Control Projects in Urban Areas of Taiwan Chih-Hsing Hung, Yen-Hung Chen 9 10 The AQ for Soldier Performance Phaphatsa Tosukkonwon, Thira Chavarnakul, Achara Chandrachai 10 ❖❖❖ 11 A Study on the Impact of Service Innovation on Customers in the Digital Ecosystem: A Case Study of Far Eastern Department Stores Cheng-Wei Chiang, Hao-Wei Yang 11 12 Reevaluating the Effectiveness of Mergers and Acquisitions Cheng-Wei Chiang 12 13 Determination of Residual Stresses Generated During Drilling Process Hareth A Mohammed, Abdulhaqq A Hamid 13 14 Improving Retail Recommendations with Hybrid Cascade Models and Sequential Deep Learning Ayça Yerlikaya, İrem Kalafat 14 15 A Numerical Study on the Effects of Key Parameters in Electromagnetic Sheet Metal Forming Mohammad Ismael Ibrahem, Anas O. Balod 15 16 Design and Comparative Evaluation of A Fibonacci Sequence-Based Motion Profile Jun-Hao Hu, Wu-Sung Yao 16 17 A Comprehensive Literature Review on Machine Learning Models and Digital Metric Development for Digital Content Rating Prediction Şenda Yıldırım 17 18 Synthesis and Antioxidant Activity Assessment of Graphene Oxide (GO) A.Bensouici, N. Baali, A. Tighezza 18 19 Satisfaction with New-Format Textbooks Among Students at Guangxi Vocational and Technical College Qin Rongming, Pong Horadal, Nuttamon Punchatree 19 Chair’s Welcome On behalf of the International Institute of Academic Research & Publications (IIARP) & Glovento Conference Private Limited®, I extend a warm welcome to all participants, delegates, and organizers of the International Conference. It is a well-known fact that good teaching is derived from research. The passion for research and the research experience of a teacher play a crucial role in the growth and success of an institution. An institution's reputation is often determined by the quality and extent of its research output, which creates a cyclical process of excellence. Research experience leads to improved teaching and quality education nurtures further research. It is imperative for academic organizations to foster a research-teaching-research environment. The academic excellence of institutions is closely tied to the level of their research. Research is an indispensable tool for enhancing education, teaching, and learning. Teachers, as the backbone of academic organizations, continuously enrich the existing knowledge base by introducing new paradigms through innovation. They bring to the classroom a wealth of research-based experience that generates new ideas and elevates the system as a whole. The boundaries of research and education have been transcended in recent times, leading to a universal approach. It is imperative to leverage technology to bridge these boundaries, as advancement in technology helps reach remote areas and bring the world closer together. This will foster a continuous progression of quality. The world's greatest discoveries and innovations are the result of the creativity of visionary minds. There are three essential resources for promoting discoveries: great books, great individuals, and great teachers. Teachers play a vital role in nurturing inventive and visionary minds and inspiring their creativity, potential, and capacity. The purpose of this conference is to provide a platform for young minds, including research scholars, academicians, and practitioners, to share their ideas and superior knowledge in the fields of education, language, management, and engineering. The conference has received a tremendous response from countries around the world and I am grateful to all the authors for their valuable contributions. I extend my heartfelt thanks to the reviewers and Board of Editors for their dedicated time, energy, and effort in support of the conference. Ms. Galina Berjozkina Senior Lecturer, City Unity College Nicosia, Cyprus Can ESG Improve Corporate Default Risk? Evidence from Taiwan`s State-Owned Enterprises 1Hui-Chuan Liu, 2Chih-Hsing Hung, 3Yen-Hung Chen 1,2,3College of Management, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan AbstractThis study examines the impact of corporate environmental sustainability policies on default risk, focusing on how different ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) indicators affect Taiwanese state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in both manufacturing and non-manufacturing sectors. With ESG investing gaining global prominence as stakeholders increasingly emphasize sustainability alongside financial performance, this research uses the Altman Z-score model to assess whether improvements in overall ESG scores influence SOEs' default risk, and which ESG dimensions (E, S, G) have varying effects across industries. The results show that enhancing the total ESG score (TESG_score) significantly reduces default risk in non-manufacturing SOEs but has an adverse effect in manufacturing SOEs, likely due to the higher costs of implementing sustainability measures. Specifically, improvements in environmental (E) scores have a slight negative impact on default risk in both sectors, as environmental initiatives often require substantial investment with limited short-term returns. Social (S) and governance (G) improvements have less impact on default risk, possibly due to government oversight and regulatory constraints specific to SOEs. Overall, this study highlights the challenges faced by SOEs, especially in the manufacturing sector, in balancing ESG improvements with financial stability, providing insights for policymakers and managers striving to enhance sustainability while managing default risk. Keywords: ESG, Default Risk, TESG Score, State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs), Altman Z-Score. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17149826 Page | 6 Assessing Digital Brand Sustainability for Healthcare in Developing Countries 1Supapan Mahasarakul, 2Assoc. Prof. Danupol Hoonsopon, 3Prof. Wilert Puriwat, 4Prof. Chavalit Ratanatamskul 1,2,3,4Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand AbstractHealthcare is widely recognized as a global megatrend and a key component of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, many developing countries striving to implement universal health coverage systems face significant challenges in maintaining economic sustainability. This is primarily because per capita healthcare expenditure consistently outpaces the growth rate of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). A growing body of empirical research has shown that Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has a positive impact on Brand Sustainability (BS), particularly within multinational corporations (MNCs). In the current business landscape, digital transformation is being integrated into nearly all business operations to enhance performance effectiveness and improve measurement, including in CSR activities. Consequently, this has led to the conceptualization of Digital Social Responsibility (DSR), which applies the principles of CSR to the digital world. Similarly, this study will investigate the concept of Brand Sustainability within a digital context, proposing Digital Brand Sustainability (DBS) as a new theoretical construct. This academic research aims to empirically investigate the impact of DSR on DBS. Furthermore, it will test Digital Engagement (DE) as a moderating variable to provide a more nuanced understanding of this relationship. To achieve these objectives, the study will employ a mixed-methods approach. The qualitative phase will involve conducting in-depth interviews with at least 10 participants, including academics as well as professional business and technology experts. The quantitative phase will utilize Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), based on a sample of at least 200 high-quality responses. For its academic contribution, this study seeks to address existing research gaps in the literature by building upon the theoretical foundations of CSR, DSR, and BS. By introducing and testing the new construct of DBS, the research will expand our understanding of brand sustainability in the digital age. In terms of practical implications, the findings will provide a framework for organizations to apply and measure DBS effectively. This will enable businesses to more efficiently and effectively achieve their Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in real-world business sectors. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17149826 Page | 7 Development of a Performance Evaluation Framework for Carbon Management and Corporate Sustainability in Taiwan’s Publicly Listed Tourism Sector 1Te-Yi Chang, 2Hsin-Yeh Tsai, 3Tsung-Han Wu, 4Yi-Zhe Cai 1,32Graduate Institute of Tourism Management, National Kaohsiung University of Hospitality and Tourism, Taiwan 2,4Department of Business Administration, Shu-Te University, Taiwan 3Department of Hospitality Management, Hungkuo Delin University of Technology, Taiwan AbstractThis study aims to construct a performance evaluation framework for carbon management and corporate sustainability tailored to Taiwan’s publicly listed tourism-related industries, in response to the growing importance of sustainability transformation and carbon emission governance. Adopting a qualitative research approach, the study incorporates literature analysis and focus group interviews involving experts from academia, government agencies, and industry. The evaluation indicators are categorized and assessed based on the ESG dimensions: Environmental, Social, and Governance. The findings resulted in the development of three primary dimensions, twelve sub-dimensions, and a set of representative preliminary indicators. Expert insights were synthesized to propose practical applications for the tourism industry. The study emphasizes that indicator design should ensure industry relevance, measurability, and policy adaptability. It further suggests that governmental bodies may use this framework to promote a tiered ESG assessment system and provide capacity-building support for carbon management in the tourism sector. Lastly, the study outlines research limitations and offers suggestions for future quantitative and empirical validation to enhance the comprehensiveness and applicability of the evaluation framework. Keywords: Carbon Management, Tourism Industry, Esg Evaluation, Focus Group, Sustainability Indicator Framework DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17149826 Page | 8 Research about Selection of Water Control Projects in Urban Areas of Taiwan 1Chih-Hsing Hung, 2Yen-Hung Chen 1,2National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan AbstractWith the acceleration of urbanization and the frequent occurrence of extreme climate events, Taiwan's urban areas are facing increasingly severe water management challenges. This study aims to conduct a systematic selection of water control projects in urban areas in Taiwan to find the most effective and sustainable solutions. The study first analyzes the main flooding problems and needs currently faced by urban areas. These include the insufficient capacity of drainage systems and increased flood risk. Next, this study uses the AHP method to measure the appropriate weight of each evaluation criterion for the selection of urban water control projects. Then, we use TOPSIS to analyze the suitability of each water control project for the case urban area. The research results show that the implementation of the water control project is appropriate. The order of priority is the flood detention tank deepening project (P1) > overflow facility construction project (P4) > rainwater drainage system optimization project (P2) > huge underground tank construction project (P3). DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17149826 Page | 9 The AQ for Soldier Performance 1Phaphatsa Tosukkonwon, 2Thira Chavarnakul, Achara Chandrachai 1,2,3Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand AbstractThis study aims to investigate the influence of Adversity Quotient (AQ) on soldier performance and to develop an innovative prototype assessment tool for this purpose. The core objective is to determine how a soldier's ability to respond to adversity, as defined by the AQ model's four dimensions—Control, Ownership, Reach, and Endurance—directly impacts their operational effectiveness and mission success. The research is driven by the need for a practical and reliable method to evaluate the AQ of military personnel in an era of increasingly complex and unpredictable military engagements. The research will employ a Mixed Methods Research approach. The qualitative phase will involve conducting in-depth interviews to gather contextual insights and identify specific operational scenarios that serve as critical indicators of AQ. The quantitative phase will involve administering this tool to a sample of military personnel to collect empirical data, which will then be statistically analyzed to establish a correlation between AQ scores and objectives of soldier performance, such as mission completion. This study is expected to yield significant findings that demonstrate a positive correlation between a soldier's AQ and their performance in military operations. We anticipate that personnel with higher AQ scores—characterized by a stronger sense of control over adverse events, personal ownership, limited negative emotional impact, and sustained endurance—will be more likely to achieve mission success. The originality and value of this research lie in its unique contribution of new theoretical knowledge to the fields of military and organizational behavior by empirically linking an AQ to tangible performance outcomes. Keywords: Adversity Quotient (AQ), Soldier Performance, Military Operations, Situational Judgment Test, Resilience, Military Psychology, Mission Completion, AQ for Soldier Performance. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17149826 Page | 10 A Study on the Impact of Service Innovation on Customers in the Digital Ecosystem: A Case Study of Far Eastern Department Stores 1Cheng-Wei Chiang, 2Hao-Wei Yang 1,2Department of Marketing and Distribution Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan AbstractThe rapid advancement of digital technology has posed significant transformation challenges for the retail industry, urging department stores to accelerate their digitalization strategies to maintain competitiveness. Today, consumers increasingly demand seamless shopping experiences that extend beyond physical channels and integrate both online and offline environments, reflecting the growing importance of the Online-Merge-Offline (OMO) model. In response, Far Eastern Department Stores have implemented several digital initiatives, including smart shopping guides, self-checkout systems, membership data analytics, and OMO integration, with the aim of enhancing customer experience and sustaining market advantage. However, the actual extent to which these innovations influence customer behavior and brand loyalty has yet to be systematically examined. Grounded in the theory of service innovation, this study develops a three-dimensional framework comprising technological innovation, service process innovation, and marketing innovation to investigate their effects on customer satisfaction and loyalty through customer experience. A quantitative questionnaire survey was conducted, yielding 411 responses, of which 400 were valid. The survey items were adapted from well-established measurement scales to ensure reliability and validity. Preliminary findings indicate that 84.5% of respondents prefer the OMO model, with most participants holding positive attitudes toward smart shopping guides, self-checkout, and personalized recommendations. These early insights suggest that digital service innovation has the potential to improve convenience, interactivity, and perceived value in the retail environment. Future analysis will apply regression models and statistical testing to further validate the relationships among innovation dimensions, customer satisfaction, and loyalty outcomes such as repurchase intention and recommendation behavior. From a strategic perspective, the study anticipates that department stores can strengthen competitiveness by leveraging digital technologies to enhance service efficiency and customer engagement. Specifically, smart shopping guides and self-checkout may reduce operational costs and optimize processes, while membership data analytics can improve marketing precision and foster personalized interactions. This research contributes to both theoretical and practical domains by extending the literature on service innovation and consumer behavior in the digital era. It highlights the critical role of digital transformation in retail services and provides actionable insights for managers seeking to align innovation strategies with evolving customer expectations. Keywords: Department Store, Digital Transformation, Service Innovation, Online-Merge-Offline (OMO). DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17149826 Page | 11 Reevaluating the Effectiveness of Mergers and Acquisitions Cheng-Wei Chiang Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan AbstractThe current study aims to reevaluate the effectiveness of mergers and acquisitions (M&As) by using goodwill impairments in subsequent periods. Based on post-merger stock movements, prior literature (Savor and Lu, 2009; Mortal and Schill, 2011) shows contradictory evidence regarding the impact of stock-based mergers. Unlike other studies that used stock price movement in subsequent periods, this paper focuses on goodwill impairments of acquiring firms after mergers to capture the impact of acquisitions on their performances because reported goodwill amount should be a more direct measure of M&A outcomes. Results show that goodwill impairments of cash-based buyers are not significantly different from those of stock-based buyers, which is consistent with Savor and Lu (2009). The level of goodwill impairments in post-merger periods can contribute to the research examining the effect of M&As. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17149826 Page | 12 Determination of Residual Stresses Generated During Drilling Process 1Hareth A Mohammed, 2Abdulhaqq A Hamid 1,2University of Mosul, Nineveh, Iraq AbstractDrilling-induced residual stress significantly affects the performance, reliability, and service life of workpiece being machined. These stresses can be a major cause of differences in the mechanical performance (e.g., fatigue life, dimensional stability, early stages of crack growth, and structural integrity) of components, as varying stresses are induced into part surfaces during their service life by processes such as heat treatment, welding, and surface finishing. Residual stresses are mainly induced by a combination of mechanical deformation and thermal influences that result from the movement of rotation and advancement of the drill bit. The magnitude and distribution of these stresses depend on a number of factors such as tool geometry, cutting parameters (i.e., feed, speed, and depth of cut), material characteristics, and cooling/lubrication fluid conditions. Evolution of residual stress across drilling processes was intricate in this review. Stress distributions in and around the drilled holes are analyzed by a combination of experimental techniques, analytical models, and numerical simulations. The residual stress profiles are determined by the experimental methods of hole-drilling with strain gauges and X-ray diffraction. The developed analytical and FEM models explain the basic mechanics underlying the build-up of stress and allow sensitivity analysis for parameters. Research will include data review and comparison of commonly used techniques by comparing results between methods to find the most consistent/reproducible and realistic method to measure residual stresses in drilling. The review identifies the difficulties related to measurement and prediction of residual stress under actual cutting conditions and points to the significant gaps in current literature. Machining processes are expected to be optimized as a consequence, leading to better control of residual stress and better performance of drilled components in industrial applications. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17149826 Page | 13 Improving Retail Recommendations with Hybrid Cascade Models and Sequential Deep Learning 1Ayça Yerlikaya, 2İrem Kalafat 1,2Advanced Analytics Department, Dogus Technology, Istanbul, Türkiye AbstractAccurately predicting customers’ future shopping baskets is of critical importance in the retail sector, as it directly impacts personalized service delivery and operational efficiency. In this study, various recommendation approaches—including user-based collaborative filtering (UBCF), item-based collaborative filtering (IBCF), content-based filtering (CBF), hybrid methods, and sequential deep learning models (RNN)—are comparatively evaluated using real-world retail transaction data. Additionally, a three-stage cascade recommendation model is developed and assessed, wherein candidate items are first selected through content-based filtering, refined using item similarities, and finally scored based on user similarities. Experimental results show that traditional filtering methods exhibit limited performance due to data sparsity, whereas the proposed cascade model achieves superior accuracy with an F1 score of 0.381, outperforming existing next basket recommendation (NBR) models in the literature. While the RNN-based sequential model successfully captures temporal patterns, its performance remains limited under sparse data conditions. Comparative analysis with widely used baseline methods in the literature demonstrates that the cascade approach is both competitive and practically applicable. This study offers a comprehensive empirical contribution to retail analytics by presenting the strengths and limitations of different recommendation strategies in an integrated manner. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17149826 Page | 14 A Numerical Study on the Effects of Key Parameters in Electromagnetic Sheet Metal Forming 1Mohammad Ismael Ibrahem, 2Anas O. Balod 1,2University of Mosul, Iraq AbstractIn this study, a numerical model of the electromagnetic forming (EMF) process of a metal sheet is presented. The applied magnetic pressure on the workpiece surface and the Lorentz force density are calculated in a numerical model. This pressure is then applied to the workpiece in another numerical model. Coupling by COMSOL/Multiphysics was used to combine the electromagnetic numerical solution with the mechanical numerical solution. The numerical model is in good agreement with the experimental results. The factors affecting the forming depth and the effect of each factor on the electromagnetic forming process are presented. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17149826 Page | 15 2.4 New-Format Textbooks in China The ongoing reforms in vocational education in China have spurred significant interest in developing innovative teaching materials, particularly loose-leaf and workbook-style textbooks, to enhance pedagogical effectiveness and address evolving industry demands. This shift is primarily driven by the need for dynamic content that can be updated rapidly to reflect new technologies and practical applications (Yu, 2021). For instance, the reform of cloud computing majors in higher vocational colleges necessitates textbooks capable of continuous adaptation to meet the practical teaching needs of a fast-paced technological field (Zhang & Lv, 2020). Similarly, the digital teaching reforms in water purification treatment engineering technology emphasize the development of adaptable loose-leaf and work manual materials (Duan, 2023). The advantages of these new textbook formats extend beyond mere content flexibility. They are seen as crucial for improving the quality and excellence of vocational education by aligning with professional teaching standards and fostering work-related learning (Feng, 2022; Zhang et al., 2023). This includes the integration of practical application and knowledge, as exemplified by the development of loose-leaf textbooks for "Soil Mechanics" that promote work-related learning (Zhang et al., 2023). Furthermore, the modular nature of these textbooks allows for a more flexible and evaluative approach to content delivery, especially under the "Three Education Reforms" in China (Li & Wang, 2023). The development of these flexible learning resources is also closely linked to specific industry needs and certification systems. For example, loose-leaf textbooks are being designed to align with enterprise job standards and the 1+X certificate system, which aims to integrate academic learning with vocational skills certification (Lei, 2023). In specialized fields such as Chinese medicine, researchers are actively investigating strategic approaches to overcome challenges in developing loose-leaf teaching materials, highlighting the unique demands of different disciplines (Zhang & Zheng, 2024). Beyond technical fields, the application of loose-leaf formats extends to language learning, with the design and implementation of corpus-based loose-leaf textbooks for higher vocational English learners, particularly those focused on cross-border e-commerce operations (Liu, 2023). Moreover, the accounting profession also benefits from the construction of flexible, real-time updated loose-leaf textbook resources, underscoring the broad applicability of this pedagogical approach across various vocational disciplines (Fu & Pan, 2022). Overall, the literature consistently underscores the pivotal role of loose-leaf and workbook-style textbooks in facilitating responsive and industry-aligned vocational education in China. Independent Variable ➡ Dependent Variable 1) Perceived ease of use; 2) Perceived usefulness; 3) Expectation confirmation; 4) Content quality; 5) Intention to continue using textbooks; 6) User engagement. Satisfaction with New-Format Textbooks Figure 1 Research Framework III. Methodology 3.1 The Population / Sample Group The population of this study consists of approximately 8,503 enrolled students as of July 2025 at Guangxi Vocational and Technical College. The research sample size of 368 participants was determined using the Krejcie and Morgan (1970) formula. To ensure equal representation from each academic faculty, questionnaires are distributed proportionally across all 8 faculties of the college, allowing for comprehensive inclusion of students from each faculty. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17149826 Page | 22 3.2 Research Instruments This is a quantitative study that used a self-administered questionnaire to investigate Guangxi Vocational and Technical College students' satisfaction with new-format textbooks. The questionnaire consisted of two sections: Section 1 contained multiple-choice demographic questions, and Section 2 assessed satisfaction across six variables derived from literature review, using a 5-point Likert scale. The questionnaire, serving as the primary data collection instrument, was constructed in Chinese and administered online via https://www.wjx.cn/,a well-known survey platform. Out of 500 collected questionnaires, 368 sheets were finalized after researchers processed the data, which included cleaning invalid entries and removing responses that were either incomplete or had identical answers. The electronic questionnaire and data analysis were conducted using the built-in SPSS Pro feature of the Questionnaire website. Subsequently, the questionnaire and data were translated into English for thesis writing. 3.3 Data Analysis To ensure content validity, three experts from the related area of study reviewed and scored the questionnaire items; the Index of Objective Congruence (IOC) was calculated, and only items with IOC > 0.67 were retained. A pilot test with 30 respondents was conducted to assess reliability; Cronbach’s alpha > 0.80 was considered acceptable. The finalized questionnaire was distributed to 500 students to secure at least 368 valid responses. After sufficient valid data were collected, analyses were performed using the built-in SPSS Pro features of the WenJuanXing (wjx.cn) platform. Descriptive statistics summarized respondents’ demographics (gender, year of study, faculty, and type of new-format textbook). For the satisfaction scale, the data for 368 current students were reported as means (M), standard deviations (SD), and ranks. One-way ANOVA was used to test for significant differences in student satisfaction across years of study, faculties, and textbook type (loose-leaf, work manual-style, or both). 3.4 Pilot Study Table 1 Reliability Cronbach's α Item Sample 0.81 28 30 Table 1 shows Cronbach's α value of 0.81 for 28 items based on a sample of 30 respondents, indicating good internal consistency of the instrument (Cronbach, 1951; Nunnally & Bernstein, 1994). Table 2 Validity KMO and Bartlett KMO 0.86 Bartlett's Test of Sphericity Approximate Chi-Square 190.67 df 15 P 0.000*** Note: ***, **, and * denote significance at the 1%, 5%, and 10% levels, respectively. Table 2 reports a KMO value of 0.86, suggesting sampling adequacy for factor analysis (Kaiser, 1974). Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity yielded an approximate Chi-square of 190.67 (df = 15, p < 0.01***), DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17149826 Page | 23 indicating that the correlation matrix is significantly different from the identity matrix and suitable for factor analysis (Bartlett, 1954; Field, 2018). IV. Results Table 3 Demographic Characteristics (n=368) Item Option Frequency Percentage(%) 1. Gender Male 197 53.53 Female 171 46.47 Total 368 100.00 2. Year of Study Year 1 178 48.37 Year 2 190 51.63 Total 368 100.000 3. Faculty Agricultural Engineering 43 11.69 Health Care 43 11.69 Intelligent Manufacturing 48 13.04 Artificial Intelligence 63 17.12 Art and Design 40 10.87 Communication 43 11.69 Logistics 43 11.69 Business 45 12.23 Total 368 100.00 4. Type of New-Format Textbook Loose-leaf textbook 204 55.44 Work manual-style textbook 164 44.57 Total 368 100.00 Table 3 presents the demographic characteristics of the 368 respondents. Among genders, female students comprised 46.47% and male students 53.53%. By faculty, the smallest proportion was Art and Design (10.87%), followed by Agricultural Engineering, Health Care, Communication, and Logistics (each 11.69%), Business (12.23%), Intelligent Manufacturing (13.04%), and the highest was Artificial Intelligence (17.12%). Regarding year of study, Year 1 students comprised 48.37%, while Year 2 students made up 51.63%. In terms of textbook type, Work manual-style textbooks represented 44.57% and Loose-leaf textbooks 55.44%. Table 4 Overall Ranking of Five Variables by Mean and S.D. (n=368) Variable S.D. Level Rank Perceived Ease of Use 3.45 1.25 medium 1 Perceived Usefulness 3.42 1.25 medium 2 Expectation Confirmation 3.39 1.26 medium 5 Content Quality 3.40 1.28 medium 4 Intention to Continue Using 3.42 1.30 medium 3 User Engagement 3.38 1.28 medium 6 Total 3.41 1.27 medium Rank first by the mean value. If the means are the same, then sort by the standard deviation in ascending order. Table 4 presents the overall ranking of the five variables based on mean scores and standard deviations (S.D.). The highest-ranked variable was Perceived Ease of Use (Mean = 3.45, S.D. = 1.25, medium level), followed by Perceived Usefulness (Mean = 3.42, S.D. = 1.25, medium level) and Intention to Continue Using (Mean = 3.42, S.D. = 1.30, medium level). The lowest-ranked variable was User Engagement (Mean = 3.38, S.D. = 1.28, medium level). Expectation Confirmation (Mean = 3.39, S.D. = 1.26, medium level) ranked fifth, and Content Quality (Mean = 3.40, S.D. = 1.28, medium level) ranked fourth. The total mean score was 3.41 (S.D. = 1.27), indicating a medium level across all variables. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17149826 Page | 24 Table 5 Difference between Gender Variable Option N S.D. F P Perceived Ease of Use Female 171 3.48 0.96 1.1 0.294 Male 197 3.37 1.05 Total 368 3.45 1.01 Perceived Usefulness Female 171 3.44 0.96 0.14 0.708 Male 197 3.40 1.06 Total 368 3.42 1.01 Expectation Confirmation Female 171 3.47 0.99 2.1 0.148 Male 197 3.31 1.1 Total 368 3.39 1.05 Content Quality Female 171 3.42 1.03 0.08 0.781 Male 197 3.39 1.09 Total 368 3.40 1.06 Intention to Continue Using Female 171 3.45 0.96 0.39 0.532 Male 197 3.39 1.03 Total 368 3.42 0.99 User Engagement 2 171 3.39 1.03 0.04 0.834 1 197 3.37 1.1 Total 368 3.38 1.07 Table 5 presents the ANOVA results indicating differences based on gender for the various variables. For Perceived Ease of Use, the difference between female (Mean = 3.48, S.D. = 0.96) and male (Mean = 3.37, S.D. = 1.05) respondents was not significant (F = 1.1, p = 0.294). Similarly, Perceived Usefulness showed no significant difference between genders (F = 0.14, p = 0.708). For Expectation Confirmation, the difference was also not significant (F = 2.1, p = 0.148). Content Quality did not exhibit significant gender differences (F = 0.08, p = 0.781). For Intention to Continue Using, the comparison between females (Mean = 3.45, S.D. = 0.96) and males (Mean = 3.39, S.D. = 1.03) was not significant either (F = 0.39, p = 0.532). Lastly, User Engagement showed no significant difference between genders (F = 0.04, p = 0.834). Overall, no significant gender-based differences were found across the variables. Table 6 Difference between Year of Study Variable Option N S.D. F P Perceived Ease of Use Year 1 178 3.38 1.02 0.49 0.483 Year 2 190 3.52 1 Total 368 3.42 1.01 Perceived Usefulness Year 1 178 3.44 0.99 0.15 0.703 Year 2 190 3.4 1.03 Total 368 3.42 1.01 Expectation Confirmation Year 1 178 3.38 1.04 0 0.966 Year 2 190 3.39 1.06 Total 368 3.39 1.05 Content Quality Year 1 178 3.38 1.06 0.14 0.711 Year 2 190 3.42 1.07 Total 368 3.4 1.06 Intention to Continue Using Year 1 178 3.36 1.01 1.48 0.225 Year 2 190 3.48 0.98 Total 368 3.42 0.99 User Engagement Year 1 178 3.35 1.09 0.25 0.618 Year 2 190 3.41 1.05 Total 368 3.38 1.07 Table 6 presents the ANOVA results indicating differences based on year of study for the various variables. For Perceived Ease of Use, no significant difference was found between Year 1 (Mean = 3.38, S.D. = 1.02) and Year 2 (Mean = 3.52, S.D. = 1.00) students (F = 0.49, p = 0.483). Similarly, Perceived Usefulness showed no significant difference between the two groups (F = 0.15, p = 0.703). DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17149826 Page | 25 The difference in Expectation Confirmation was not significant (F = 0.0, p = 0.966). Content Quality also showed no significant difference between Year 1 (Mean = 3.38, S.D. = 1.06) and Year 2 (Mean = 3.42, S.D. = 1.07) students (F = 0.14, p = 0.711). For Intention to Continue Using, Year 1 students (Mean = 3.36, S.D. = 1.01) had a lower score than Year 2 students (Mean = 3.48, S.D. = 0.98), but the difference was not statistically significant (F = 1.48, p = 0.225). Lastly, User Engagement did not show significant differences between Year 1 (Mean = 3.35, S.D. = 1.09) and Year 2 (Mean = 3.41, S.D. = 1.05) students (F = 0.25, p = 0.618). Overall, no significant differences were found based on year of study across the variables. Table 7 Difference between Faculty Variable Option N S.D. F P Perceived Ease of Use Art and Design 40 3.13 0.98 3.17 0.003*** Health Care 43 3.25 1.18 Agricultural Engineering 43 3.79 0.94 Logistics 43 3.77 0.76 Intelligent Manufacturing 48 3.53 0.88 Artificial Intelligence 63 3.45 0.98 Business 45 3.32 1.02 Communication 43 3.38 1.13 Total 368 3.45 1.01 Perceived Usefulness Art and Design 40 3.32 1.05 2.36 0.023** Health Care 43 3.31 1.13 Agricultural Engineering 43 3.51 1.05 Logistics 43 3.92 0.62 Intelligent Manufacturing 48 3.35 1.03 Artificial Intelligence 63 3.45 0.9 Business 45 3.36 0.91 Communication 43 3.11 1.24 Total 368 3.42 1.01 Expectation Confirmation Art and Design 40 3.39 0.99 3.36 0.002*** Health Care 43 3.39 1.13 Agricultural Engineering 43 3.7 1.07 Logistics 43 3.8 0.79 Intelligent Manufacturing 48 3.1 1.11 Artificial Intelligence 63 3.48 0.92 Business 45 3.29 1.04 Communication 43 2.94 1.15 Total 368 3.39 1.05 Content Quality Art and Design 40 3.23 1.08 2.21 0.033** Health Care 43 3.36 1.14 Agricultural Engineering 43 3.93 0.7 Logistics 43 3.54 1.15 Intelligent Manufacturing 48 3.23 1.14 Artificial Intelligence 63 3.35 0.98 Business 45 3.24 0.92 Communication 43 3.38 1.23 Total 368 3.4 1.06 Intention to Continue Using Art and Design 40 3.38 1.03 5.37 0.000*** Health Care 43 3.13 1.08 Agricultural Engineering 43 4.02 0.76 Logistics 43 3.68 0.82 Intelligent Manufacturing 48 3.5 0.91 Artificial Intelligence 63 3.32 0.95 Business 45 2.92 0.98 Communication 43 3.47 1.08 Total 368 3.42 0.99 User Engagement Art and Design 40 3.29 1.12 5.26 0.000*** Health Care 43 3.03 1.22 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17149826 Page | 26 Agricultural Engineering 43 4 0.63 Logistics 43 3.7 0.8 Intelligent Manufacturing 48 3.48 0.96 Artificial Intelligence 63 3.27 1.04 Business 45 2.89 1.24 Communication 43 3.45 1.04 Total 368 3.38 1.07 Table 7 presents the ANOVA results indicating differences based on faculty for the various variables. For Perceived Ease of Use, significant differences were found across faculties (F = 3.17, p = 0.003***). Students in Agricultural Engineering (Mean = 3.79, S.D. = 0.94) and Logistics (Mean = 3.77, S.D. = 0.76) had the highest scores, while students in Art and Design (Mean = 3.13, S.D. = 0.98) had the lowest. Perceived Usefulness also showed significant differences (F = 2.36, p = 0.023**), with Logistics students (Mean = 3.92, S.D. = 0.62) scoring the highest, and Communication students (Mean = 3.11, S.D. = 1.24) the lowest. Expectation Confirmation had significant differences (F = 3.36, p = 0.002***), with Agricultural Engineering (Mean = 3.70, S.D. = 1.07) and Logistics (Mean = 3.80, S.D. = 0.79) students scoring higher than others, while Communication students (Mean = 2.94, S.D. = 1.15) scored the lowest. For Content Quality, significant differences were found (F = 2.21, p = 0.033**), with Agricultural Engineering (Mean = 3.93, S.D. = 0.70) scoring the highest and Art and Design (Mean = 3.23, S.D. = 1.08) the lowest. Intention to Continue Using also showed significant differences (F = 5.37, p = 0.000***), with Agricultural Engineering (Mean = 4.02, S.D. = 0.76) scoring the highest, while Business students (Mean = 2.92, S.D. = 0.98) scored the lowest. User Engagement showed significant differences (F = 5.26, p = 0.000***), with Agricultural Engineering (Mean = 4.00, S.D. = 0.63) scoring the highest, and Business students (Mean = 2.89, S.D. = 1.24) scoring the lowest. Table 8 Difference between Type of New-format Textbook Variable Option N S.D. F P Perceived Ease of Use Loose-leaf textbook 204 3.68 0.9 15.49 0.000*** Work manual-style textbook 164 3.21 1.09 Total 368 3.45 1.01 Perceived Usefulness Loose-leaf textbook 204 3.62 0.92 19.53 0.000*** Work manual-style textbook 164 3.16 1.06 Total 368 3.42 1.01 Expectation Confirmation Loose-leaf textbook 204 3.51 0.97 6.1 0.014** Work manual-style textbook 164 3.24 1.12 Total 368 3.39 1.05 Content Quality Loose-leaf textbook 204 3.55 1.01 8.8 0.003*** Work manual-style textbook 164 3.22 1.11 Total 368 3.4 1.06 Intention to Continue Using Loose-leaf textbook 204 3.58 0.91 11.94 0.001*** Work manual-style textbook 164 3.22 1.06 Total 368 3.42 0.99 User Engagement Loose-leaf textbook 204 3.61 0.96 22.72 0.000*** Work manual-style textbook 164 3.09 1.13 Total 368 3.38 1.07 Table 8 presents the ANOVA results indicating differences based on the type of new-format textbook. For Perceived Ease of Use, significant differences were found between Loose-leaf textbooks (Mean = 3.68, S.D. = 0.90) and Work manual-style textbooks (Mean = 3.21, S.D. = 1.09) (F = 15.49, p = 0.000***). Similarly, Perceived Usefulness showed significant differences (F = 19.53, p = 0.000***), with Loose-leaf textbooks (Mean = 3.62, S.D. = 0.92) rated higher than Work manual-style textbooks (Mean = 3.16, S.D. = 1.06). Expectation Confirmation also showed significant differences (F = 6.1, p = 0.014**), with Loose-leaf textbooks (Mean = 3.51, S.D. = 0.97) scoring higher than Work manual-style textbooks (Mean = 3.24, S.D. = 1.12). For Content Quality, significant differences were observed (F = 8.8, p = 0.003***), with Loose-leaf textbooks (Mean = 3.55, S.D. = 1.01) rated higher than Work DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17149826 Page | 27 manual-style textbooks (Mean = 3.22, S.D. = 1.11). Intention to Continue Using also showed significant differences (F = 11.94, p = 0.001***), with Loose-leaf textbooks (Mean = 3.58, S.D. = 0.91) rated higher than Work manual-style textbooks (Mean = 3.22, S.D. = 1.06). Lastly, User Engagement showed significant differences (F = 22.72, p = 0.000***), with Loose-leaf textbooks (Mean = 3.61, S.D. = 0.96) rated higher than Work manual-style textbooks (Mean = 3.09, S.D. = 1.13). V. Discussion Within this discussion, we focus on the dual aims of the research: evaluating Guangxi Vocational and Technical College students’ satisfaction with the new-format of textbooks and formulating development recommendations, by synthesizing relevant literature, so that we can articulate the implications for vocational pedagogical practices. 1. Students' Satisfaction with New-Format Textbooks The medium overall satisfaction with new-format textbooks (mean = 3.41) aligns with prior studies on digital and innovative materials in vocational education. Research on e-textbooks consistently shows moderately positive student attitudes, often with neutral-to-slightly-positive Likert-scale ratings, reflecting a balance between perceived benefits such as cost savings, portability and limitations like engagement challenges (Slocum-Schaffer, 2020). This parallels the current findings, where Perceived Ease of Use ranked highest (mean = 3.45). Vocational studies attribute such ease to work manual-style textbooks’ modular designs and clear task explanations, which streamline practical skill acquisition (Merkle et al., 2021). Similarly, the medium satisfaction with User Engagement(mean = 3.38) echoes documented hurdles in sustaining interaction with transitional formats. For instance, loose-leaf textbooks’ adaptability supports personalized content organization but often lacks embedded feedback mechanisms or immersive features (e.g., simulations), leading to passive consumption (Pratt et al., 2019; D'Ambra et al., 2022). Critically, the transitional nature of these formats—blending traditional structure with digital enhancements—explains the satisfaction ceiling. While loose-leaf textbooks’ QR codes and modular layouts improve accessibility , inconsistent digital resource quality and over-reliance on self-directed learning limit immersive experiences (Anderson & Baker-Eveleth, 2024; Merkle et al., 2021). The lower User Engagement scores may stem from inadequate interactive incentives in work manual-style textbooks, which prioritize task sequencing over active participation mechanics such as gamification and adaptive quizzes (Slocum-Schaffer, 2020). Vocational implications include integrating AR simulations for technical faculties and scaffolded feedback to bridge engagement gaps (Pratt et al., 2019; Guardia et al., 2020). 2. Development Guidelines for Loose-leaf Textbooks and Work Manual-style Textbooks The absence of significant gender/year-based differences contrasts with faculty and format-driven variations. Gender neutrality aligns with vocational studies where practical skill acquisition—a core focus of work manual-style textbooks—reduces demographic biases common in general higher education . However, significant faculty-based disparities (e.g., Agricultural Engineering [mean = 3.79] vs. Art and Design [mean = 3.13]) reflect discipline-specific content alignment. Technical fields benefit more from loose-leaf textbooks’ industry-standard modules, whereas creative faculties find modular structures misaligned with iterative workflows The preference for loose-leaf textbooks over work manual-style ones (p < 0.01) further underscores their superior adaptability for rapid content updates in fast-evolving vocational fields like engineering . The development of new types of vocational education textbooks in China is based on the "Implementation Plan for National Vocational Education Reform" (State Council, 2019). This policy framework explicitly mandates that textbooks should achieve a "new type" status, which means completely abandoning the traditional, discipline-based knowledge structure. Instead, the design DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17149826 Page | 28 should be competence-based, with the logic of professional action as the main thread (State Council, 2019). This transition requires that textbook content be closely aligned with the needs of positions in the industrial chain. This is achieved through a "dual-system" cooperative development model between schools and enterprises, integrating real work scenarios and typical tasks, such as ISO standards and industry technical specifications. The goal is to integrate "1+X" vocational skills level certificate standards to achieve the dual training objectives of "academic qualification + skills"(Lei, 2023). In terms of textbook design principles, Chinese research emphasizes modular dynamic updates and the integration of digital resources. Loose-leaf textbooks use a three-level page numbering system (e.g., 3-2-4 indicates the 4th page of task two in module three), allowing for flexible content additions and deletions based on work tasks. Workbook-style textbooks are structured around professional activities, presenting knowledge in a tabular format to improve the efficiency of practical guidance (e.g., a table of operational standards for electrical control technology). QR codes are embedded to provide access to resources like virtual simulations and micro-videos, addressing the problem of outdated content in traditional textbooks (Karuppasamy & Madesh, 2025). For example, the "MySQL Database Workbook" is accompanied by a dynamic case library to ensure technological synchronization. Ideological and political education and entrepreneurship education are integrated through "slogan-manifestation" that emphasizing the spirit of craftsmanship at the beginning of each project and "spark-integration" refers to integrating innovative case studies into tasks. (Liu, Jiang, & Huang, 2024; Qiao, 2023). Regarding disciplinary suitability, research indicates that technical subjects like agricultural engineering that focus on industry standards and practical procedures, making the loose-leaf design suitable for quickly updating parameters for new machine models. Creative subjects like art and design, require a non-linear task structure and open-ended project templates, such as "blank pages for design proposals", to stimulate independent exploration (Li, 2023). The practice at Yulin Vocational and Technical College further confirms that establishing an interconnected platform for "industrial chain-curriculum-textbook" (such as a textbook management system) can create a digital closed loop from job requirements to textbook compilation (Bo, 2025). Currently, textbook reform still faces formalization tendencies and resource bottlenecks. Some loose-leaf textbooks merely change their binding format without reconstructing the professional action logic. Additionally, teachers' application skills are insufficient, and the cost of developing digital resources is high (Guo, 2024). To address these issues, optimization pathways include a phased pilot program in demonstration majors for industry-education integration (e.g., automotive repair), combining Outcome-Based Education (OBE) evaluation with "1+X" certificate assessments to build a multi-faceted evaluation system. There's also exploration of adaptive textbooks based on learning behavior data, such as pushing differentiated modules based on task completion rates (Lei, 2023) . VI. Conclusion Students at Guangxi Vocational and Technical College exhibited medium satisfaction with new-format textbooks, with an overall mean score of 3.41. Perceived Ease of Use ranked highest (mean = 3.45), driven by clear task explanations and modular designs, while User Engagement was lowest (mean = 3.38), particularly in feedback participation. No significant differences emerged by gender or year of study, indicating consistent medium-level perceptions across these demographics.Development guidelines should prioritize faculty-specific adaptations, as significant differences exist (p < 0.05 across variables), with Agricultural Engineering and Logistics showing higher satisfaction than Art and Design or Business. Enhance Loose-leaf textbooks, preferred over Work manual-style (higher means in all variables, p < 0.01), by integrating more interactive elements like AR and QR codes. For DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17149826 Page | 29 lower-scoring faculties, incorporate tailored industry standards and ideological elements to boost usefulness and engagement. VII. Limitation and Future Research While this study provides findings on new-format textbook satisfaction, several limitations warrant attention in future research.Methodologically, the reliance on self-reported questionnaires may introduce response bias, and the cross-sectional design limits causal inferences about engagement dynamics.Theoretically, variables such as "User Engagement" lack granularity in measuring specific interactive behaviors, and demographic factors like faculty differences require deeper contextual analysis. 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