Global Catalog of Extreme Convective Storms Derived from Cloud Water Data

Global Catalog of Extreme Convective Storms Derived from Cloud Water Data Christian A. Mielke & Anne Springer University of Bonn March, 2025 Contents 1 Description 2 2 Top 50 global ranking 3 3 Top 50 land ranking 8 4 Top 10 regional ranking 9 4.1 Africa(AFR).......................................... 9 4.2 Asia(ASI)............................................ 13 4.3 Australasia(AUS) ....................................... 17 4.4 Central and South America (CEN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 4.5 Europe(EUR) ......................................... 25 4.6 NorthAmerica(NOR)..................................... 29 1 1 Description Convective storms are associated with large variations in cloud water masses, which can be used to identify and classify such events. This catalog provides details on the location, timing, and size of the largest convective storms worldwide from 2002 to 2023. The ranking is based on total column cloud water (TCCW) events, which were derived by clustering global TCCW grid cells exceeding a surface mass density of 2 kg/m2, utilizing a 3D-connected-component algorithm (Silversmith, 2021). Only events with a total mass greater than 0.6 Gt at any given time were included in the ranking. The TCCW fields, with a grid resolution of 0.25◦×0.25◦and one-hourly sampling, were derived from the ERA5 reanalysis data set (Hersbach et al., 2019) by subtracting total column water vapor (TCWV) from total column water (TCW). TCCW represents the sum of liquid water, cloud ice, rain and snow within a vertical column extending from the Earth’s surface to the top level of the atmosphere. The ranking for each event is based on the average mass, which refers to the total mass of the TCCW event averaged over all time steps, and the maximum mass, which is defined as the total mass of the TCCW event at the time step where the maximum value is reached. To calculate the ranking score, the average and maximum mass of all the events are each normalized to a value between 0 and 1, respectively, and then added together. Events are ranked in three different categories: global, land, and regional. The global (Glo.) category includes all clustered events. The land category includes only those events with their center point located over land. The center point of an event is defined as the geographical center of the TCCW event averaged over all time steps. The regional (Reg.) category includes only events with center points contained in the same continental regions, which are defined in Figure 1. Australasia (AUS) Asia (ASI) Afrika (AFR) Europe (EUR) Central and South America (CEN) North America (NOR) Ocean (OCE) Figure 1: Borders of the continental regions used for this work: Africa (AFR), Asia (ASI), Australasia (AUS), Central and South America (CEN), Europe (EUR), and North America (NOR). Antarctica does not show any TCCW event. This catalog is separated in three parts: Section 2 provides a global ranking of the 50 largest classified TCCW events, Section 3 includes a global ranking on land areas, and Section 4 is divided into six subsections, each including the 10 largest classified TCCW events for each continental region. All sections include a table with rank, region, start time, lifespan, maximum and average mass, area covered by the TCCW event averaged over all time steps (average area), and event number of the respective events. Section 2 and 4 also include figures of the 10 largest events with the event polygons (representing all affected pixels) and time series showing the variation in water masses accumulated over the event polygons. The water masses shown in these figures include instantaneous TCCW, the sum of total column rain and snow water (TCRW+TCSW), accumulated total precipitation (TP), and anomalies of instantaneous total column water vapor (TCW) and total water storage (TWS). The anomalies are reduced by the monthly mean. The event time span and the 0.6 Gt threshold are indicated by horizontal and vertical black dashed lines. 2 2 Top 50 global ranking Table 1: Top 50 global ranking Rank Region Time Lifespan (h) Mass (Gt) Area (km²) Event Glo. Land Reg. Start Max. Avg. Avg. Nr. 1- - OCE 2014-03-12 20:00 216 11.08 4.10 982 877.77 25 420 2- - OCE 2015-12-22 11:00 229 10.09 4.44 959 921.36 29 983 3- - OCE 2010-01-22 22:00 443 11.14 3.86 944 596.09 16 115 4- - OCE 2018-12-26 03:00 141 9.63 4.44 1 052 045.70 38 374 5- - OCE 2016-02-14 09:00 235 10.57 4.02 1 080 982.20 30 409 6- - OCE 2012-01-25 07:00 403 9.44 3.19 827 128.63 20 589 7- - OCE 2020-02-10 03:00 339 8.52 3.28 757 729.47 41 584 8- - OCE 2002-02-14 01:00 529 10.15 2.29 589 781.61 227 9- - OCE 2023-01-31 22:00 364 8.65 2.90 643 438.48 49 689 10 - - OCE 2021-01-21 05:00 506 7.69 3.29 804 443.96 44 474 11 - - OCE 2007-01-08 09:00 500 8.46 2.81 740 184.91 9 788 12 - - OCE 2023-12-09 00:00 121 8.45 2.67 408 502.84 52 089 13 - - OCE 2020-01-08 02:00 512 8.72 2.53 609 805.41 41 335 14 - - OCE 2018-01-23 02:00 264 7.79 2.86 706 836.55 35 978 15 - - OCE 2019-01-31 18:00 566 7.98 2.69 609 355.36 38 650 16 - - OCE 2009-03-31 00:00 180 7.13 2.76 718 430.56 14 188 17 - - OCE 2002-11-24 08:00 408 6.99 2.65 633 619.19 1 596 18 - - OCE 2015-06-21 13:00 339 6.87 2.62 526 175.21 28 653 19 - - OCE 2016-01-29 09:00 109 6.58 2.70 378 335.45 30 285 20 - - OCE 2004-01-01 00:00 250 5.61 3.06 802 687.56 3 726 21 - - OCE 2003-01-30 22:00 394 7.26 2.29 554 741.27 1 965 22 - - OCE 2018-12-30 18:00 30 5.56 2.99 393 488.75 38 400 23 - - OCE 2018-02-01 00:00 488 6.90 2.43 578 940.38 36 021 24 - - OCE 2023-02-20 10:00 371 6.69 2.48 563 629.93 49 799 25 - - OCE 2013-01-24 10:00 287 6.89 2.37 604 467.72 22 748 26 - - OCE 2011-12-23 18:00 198 6.82 2.34 630 209.49 20 404 27 - - OCE 2017-10-12 09:00 337 6.57 2.42 544 597.33 35 215 28 - - OCE 2021-11-26 11:00 228 7.23 2.15 561 576.56 46 732 29 - - OCE 2021-02-24 03:00 139 6.12 2.49 551 664.27 44 698 30 - - OCE 2009-11-23 23:00 58 7.10 2.08 323 767.78 15 681 31 - - OCE 2019-01-01 00:00 152 4.90 2.94 588 046.43 38 409 32 - - OCE 2005-02-06 01:00 380 6.62 2.19 573 603.02 5 855 33 - - OCE 2006-01-24 20:00 607 6.41 2.27 621 825.30 7 856 34 - - OCE 2021-07-14 22:00 376 7.07 1.98 493 506.83 45 778 35 - - OCE 2016-01-02 18:00 209 5.43 2.63 512 383.14 30 074 36 1 1 ASI 2004-02-03 01:00 358 7.98 1.53 372 611.13 3 924 37 - - OCE 2010-04-20 04:00 106 6.66 2.06 308 732.77 16 728 38 - - OCE 2016-01-22 11:00 59 5.66 2.41 343 172.69 30 222 39 - - OCE 2016-02-22 10:00 274 5.72 2.32 575 614.55 30 465 40 - - OCE 2019-11-25 01:00 106 5.59 2.36 611 674.14 40 953 41 - - OCE 2012-03-22 14:00 331 5.59 2.36 590 044.74 20 859 42 - - OCE 2009-12-07 17:00 210 6.83 1.84 440 331.46 15 756 43 - - OCE 2003-03-03 15:00 325 5.45 2.36 609 702.74 2 126 44 - - OCE 2014-01-21 03:00 599 7.16 1.61 425 496.54 25 091 45 - - OCE 2013-10-08 11:00 232 6.29 1.96 411 760.32 24 401 46 - - OCE 2014-09-30 03:00 379 6.56 1.83 429 898.88 26 811 47 - - OCE 2015-03-04 00:00 485 5.73 2.17 508 473.74 27 840 48 - - OCE 2010-02-10 05:00 462 7.11 1.57 336 683.08 16 208 49 - - OCE 2003-01-01 00:00 461 5.79 2.12 490 767.44 1 805 50 - - OCE 2022-01-12 00:00 347 5.75 2.12 489 384.96 47 084 3 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Total mass (Gt) Mar 01 Mar 08 Mar 15 Mar 22 Mar 29 TCCW TCRW+TCSW TP a) −60 −50 −40 −30 −20 −10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Mass anomalie (Gt) Mar 01 Mar 08 Mar 15 Mar 22 Mar 29 Date (in year 2014) TCWV TWS b) 180° 150°W 120°W 60°S 30°S 0° 0 20 40 60 80 Lifespan of TCCW event (hours) c) Figure 2: Event Nr. 25420, Glo. Rank 1 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Total mass (Gt) Dec 01 Dec 08 Dec 15 Dec 22 Dec 29 TCCW TCRW+TCSW TP a) −60 −40 −20 0 20 40 60 80 Mass anomalie (Gt) Dec 01 Dec 08 Dec 15 Dec 22 Dec 29 Date (in year 2015) TCWV TWS b) 150°E 180° 150°W 0° 0 20 40 60 80 Lifespan of TCCW event (hours) c) Figure 3: Event Nr. 29983, Glo. Rank 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Total mass (Gt) Jan 15 Jan 22 Jan 29 Feb 01 Feb 08 TCCW TCRW+TCSW TP a) −80 −60 −40 −20 0 20 40 60 Mass anomalie (Gt) Jan 15 Jan 22 Jan 29 Feb 01 Feb 08 Date (in year 2010) TCWV TWS b) 180° 150°W 120°W 60°S 30°S 0° 0 50 100 Lifespan of TCCW event (hours) c) Figure 4: Event Nr. 16115, Glo. Rank 3 4 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Total mass (Gt) Dec 01 Dec 08 Dec 15 Dec 22 Dec 29 TCCW TCRW+TCSW TP a) −60 −40 −20 0 20 40 60 80 Mass anomalie (Gt) Dec 01 Dec 08 Dec 15 Dec 22 Dec 29 Date (in year 2018) TCWV TWS b) 150°E 180° 30°S 0° 0 20 40 60 80 Lifespan of TCCW event (hours) c) Figure 5: Event Nr. 38374, Glo. Rank 4 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Total mass (Gt) Feb 01 Feb 08 Feb 15 Feb 22 Feb 29 TCCW TCRW+TCSW TP a) −80 −60 −40 −20 0 20 40 Mass anomalie (Gt) Feb 01 Feb 08 Feb 15 Feb 22 Feb 29 Date (in year 2016) TCWV TWS b) 150°E 180° 150°W 120°W 90°W 60°S 30°S 0° 0 20 40 60 80 Lifespan of TCCW event (hours) c) Figure 6: Event Nr. 30409, Glo. Rank 5 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Total mass (Gt) Jan 15 Jan 22 Jan 29 Feb 01 Feb 08 TCCW TCRW+TCSW TP a) −80 −60 −40 −20 0 20 40 60 80 Mass anomalie (Gt) Jan 15 Jan 22 Jan 29 Feb 01 Feb 08 Date (in year 2012) TCWV TWS b) 180° 120°W 0 50 100 Lifespan of TCCW event (hours) c) Figure 7: Event Nr. 20589, Glo. Rank 6 5 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Total mass (Gt) Feb 01 Feb 08 Feb 15 Feb 22 Feb 29 TCCW TCRW+TCSW TP a) −40 −30 −20 −10 0 10 20 30 40 Mass anomalie (Gt) Feb 01 Feb 08 Feb 15 Feb 22 Feb 29 Date (in year 2020) TCWV TWS b) 150°E 180° 150°W 30°S 0° 0 50 100 Lifespan of TCCW event (hours) c) Figure 8: Event Nr. 41584, Glo. Rank 7 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Total mass (Gt) Feb 15 Feb 22 Mar 01 Mar 08 TCCW TCRW+TCSW TP a) −60 −40 −20 0 20 40 60 80 Mass anomalie (Gt) Feb 15 Feb 22 Mar 01 Mar 08 Date (in year 2002) TCWV TWS b) 150°E 180° 150°W 120°W 30°S 0° 0 50 100 Lifespan of TCCW event (hours) c) Figure 9: Event Nr. 227, Glo. Rank 8 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Total mass (Gt) Jan 15 Jan 22 Jan 29 Feb 01 Feb 08 Feb 15 TCCW TCRW+TCSW TP a) −40 −30 −20 −10 0 10 20 30 40 Mass anomalie (Gt) Jan 15 Jan 22 Jan 29 Feb 01 Feb 08 Feb 15 Date (in year 2023) TCWV TWS b) 120°E 150°E 180° 30°S 0° 0 20 40 60 Lifespan of TCCW event (hours) c) Figure 10: Event Nr. 49689, Glo. Rank 9 6 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Total mass (Gt) Jan 15 Jan 22 Jan 29 Feb 01 Feb 08 TCCW TCRW+TCSW TP a) −50 −40 −30 −20 −10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Mass anomalie (Gt) Jan 15 Jan 22 Jan 29 Feb 01 Feb 08 Date (in year 2021) TCWV TWS b) 180° 120°W 60°S 0° 0 50 100 150 Lifespan of TCCW event (hours) c) Figure 11: Event Nr. 44474, Glo. Rank 10 7 3 Top 50 land ranking Table 2: Top 50 land ranking Rank Region Time Lifespan (h) Mass (Gt) Area (km²) Event Glo. Land Reg. Start Max. Avg. Avg. Nr. 36 11 ASI 2004-02-03 01:00 358 7.98 1.53 372 611.13 3 924 60 21 AUS 2012-03-09 06:00 303 5.03 2.18 564 301.53 20 790 156 32 ASI 2006-12-21 20:00 244 4.77 1.51 380 882.29 9 670 220 41 NOR 2015-10-17 19:00 228 3.89 1.67 343 163.75 29 487 232 53 ASI 2007-06-17 21:00 254 4.46 1.41 317 367.81 10 752 272 62 NOR 2013-11-25 08:00 107 3.91 1.54 463 139.91 24 712 278 73 NOR 2015-11-16 19:00 97 3.49 1.70 451 564.11 29 701 316 81 CEN 2009-05-01 12:00 72 3.62 1.55 326 967.90 14 371 391 94 ASI 2002-05-15 21:00 92 3.50 1.46 405 799.83 658 422 10 4 NOR 2019-10-21 00:00 45 3.93 1.24 292 808.85 40 699 424 11 5 NOR 2015-12-26 13:00 131 3.17 1.55 455 110.07 30 018 428 12 5 ASI 2020-07-27 17:00 215 3.40 1.44 397 825.21 43 101 492 13 6 NOR 2020-01-10 16:00 60 3.00 1.53 432 174.91 41 351 512 14 7 NOR 2018-10-31 13:00 53 3.72 1.21 290 825.86 37 925 513 15 2 AUS 2013-01-16 18:00 321 3.62 1.25 325 744.30 22 697 547 16 8 NOR 2009-12-08 10:00 53 3.03 1.46 437 445.59 15 760 651 17 9 NOR 2006-10-26 23:00 97 2.79 1.46 399 479.82 9 354 685 18 6 ASI 2022-08-05 16:00 206 2.91 1.37 341 491.92 48 517 751 19 2 CEN 2018-10-30 22:00 28 3.01 1.28 219 294.81 37 918 763 20 7 ASI 2021-07-12 21:00 63 3.54 1.05 219 145.45 45 761 769 21 10 NOR 2003-10-28 12:00 76 2.81 1.35 403 574.43 3 365 789 22 3 CEN 2018-02-01 17:00 185 3.48 1.06 280 880.93 36 028 792 23 11 NOR 2018-04-13 21:00 114 3.08 1.23 359 690.43 36 479 817 24 8 ASI 2011-09-21 13:00 266 2.83 1.31 303 399.21 19 861 828 25 3 AUS 2016-06-17 16:00 90 2.92 1.26 367 048.33 31 574 850 26 9 ASI 2002-09-26 16:00 150 3.14 1.16 257 504.99 1 310 862 27 12 NOR 2013-09-10 01:00 367 3.51 0.99 262 597.98 24 247 867 28 10 ASI 2013-12-13 16:00 123 2.71 1.32 421 228.39 24 834 879 29 4 CEN 2022-12-24 21:00 27 3.11 1.15 151 585.89 49 440 920 30 13 NOR 2020-04-12 07:00 58 2.87 1.22 347 472.91 42 097 935 31 11 ASI 2022-04-27 08:00 87 2.93 1.19 311 451.21 47 783 940 32 14 NOR 2003-11-17 16:00 88 2.40 1.41 405 330.16 3 476 968 33 15 NOR 2014-11-22 14:00 76 2.78 1.23 343 969.74 27 177 986 34 16 NOR 2006-10-14 10:00 112 3.10 1.09 308 733.98 9 287 990 35 17 NOR 2010-01-15 18:00 57 2.79 1.21 318 705.69 16 072 991 36 12 ASI 2004-08-15 14:00 149 3.34 0.98 222 086.14 4 934 999 37 5 CEN 2020-05-28 11:00 256 2.86 1.18 281 987.57 42 588 1 007 38 13 ASI 2008-07-29 17:00 362 3.33 0.98 259 994.11 12 826 1 022 39 6 CEN 2019-01-02 15:00 32 3.13 1.06 200 238.39 38 419 1 024 40 18 NOR 2021-11-29 02:00 68 2.70 1.23 365 394.66 46 749 1 029 41 7 CEN 2023-04-20 22:00 24 2.66 1.25 265 028.69 50 214 1 042 42 14 ASI 2022-08-24 11:00 345 2.99 1.10 254 417.35 48 657 1 043 43 8 CEN 2017-10-01 01:00 46 2.90 1.14 268 227.92 35 118 1 067 44 19 NOR 2003-09-17 11:00 169 3.20 1.00 285 304.68 3 156 1 086 45 20 NOR 2014-12-23 11:00 143 3.06 1.05 342 057.20 27 377 1 111 46 9 CEN 2016-01-17 20:00 158 2.84 1.13 335 341.79 30 183 1 121 47 10 CEN 2022-05-16 06:00 88 3.15 0.99 264 117.20 47 930 1 129 48 11 CEN 2006-06-03 22:00 47 2.67 1.19 290 433.65 8 628 1 146 49 21 NOR 2017-10-25 01:00 104 3.45 0.86 240 460.08 35 305 1 158 50 15 ASI 2013-11-23 11:00 101 2.40 1.29 396 513.34 24 704 8 4 Top 10 regional ranking 4.1 Africa (AFR) Table 3: Top 10 Africa ranking Rank Time Lifespan (h) Mass (Gt) Area (km²) Event Land Reg. Start Max. Avg. Avg. Nr. 56 12023-12-24 13:00 179 3.21 0.88 235 089.80 52 212 62 22016-03-31 15:00 35 2.84 1.00 150 247.25 30 835 81 32019-05-16 00:00 26 2.84 0.91 130 181.61 39 528 129 42022-01-20 13:00 261 2.68 0.80 206 775.05 47 135 140 52007-05-11 00:00 32 2.74 0.76 126 241.08 10 497 167 62022-07-22 00:00 22 2.18 0.93 184 198.19 48 425 256 72004-01-21 19:00 379 2.13 0.77 178 896.56 3 851 272 82021-12-23 00:00 26 2.12 0.74 103 684.09 46 944 303 92023-04-10 22:00 46 2.06 0.74 150 892.84 50 139 320 10 2017-06-03 07:00 59 2.31 0.62 100 181.26 34 226 0 1 2 3 4 Total mass (Gt) Dec 01 Dec 08 Dec 15 Dec 22 Dec 29 TCCW TCRW+TCSW TP a) −50 0 50 100 Mass anomalie (Gt) Dec 01 Dec 08 Dec 15 Dec 22 Dec 29 Date (in year 2023) TCWV TWS b) 20°E 30°E 40°E 50°E 30°S 20°S 10°S 0° 0 20 40 60 Lifespan of TCCW event (hours) c) Figure 12: Event Nr. 52212, Reg. Rank 1 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 Total mass (Gt) Mar 15 Mar 22 Mar 29 Apr 01 Apr 08 TCCW TCRW+TCSW TP a) −15 −10 −5 0 5 10 15 20 Mass anomalie (Gt) Mar 15 Mar 22 Mar 29 Apr 01 Apr 08 Date (in year 2016) TCWV TWS b) 20°E 25°E 30°E 35°E 5°S 0° 5°N 0 5 10 15 Lifespan of TCCW event (hours) c) Figure 13: Event Nr. 30835, Reg. Rank 2 9 0 1 2 3 Total mass (Gt) Sep 15 Sep 22 Sep 29Oct 01 Oct 08 TCCW TCRW+TCSW TP a) −40 −30 −20 −10 0 10 20 30 Mass anomalie (Gt) Sep 15 Sep 22 Sep 29Oct 01 Oct 08 Date (in year 2002) TCWV TWS b) 140°E 150°E 20°N 30°N 40°N 50°N 0 10 20 30 Lifespan of TCCW event (hours) c) Figure 30: Event Nr. 1310, Reg. Rank 9 0 1 2 3 4 Total mass (Gt) Dec 01 Dec 08 Dec 15 Dec 22 Dec 29 TCCW TCRW+TCSW TP a) −40 −30 −20 −10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Mass anomalie (Gt) Dec 01 Dec 08 Dec 15 Dec 22 Dec 29 Date (in year 2013) TCWV TWS b) 105°E 120°E 135°E 150°E 15°N 30°N 0 20 40 Lifespan of TCCW event (hours) c) Figure 31: Event Nr. 24834, Reg. Rank 10 16 4.3 Australasia (AUS) Table 5: Top 10 Australasia ranking Rank Time Lifespan (h) Mass (Gt) Area (km²) Event Land Reg. Start Max. Avg. Avg. Nr. 212012-03-09 06:00 303 5.03 2.18 564 301.53 20 790 15 22013-01-16 18:00 321 3.62 1.25 325 744.30 22 697 25 32016-06-17 16:00 90 2.92 1.26 367 048.33 31 574 67 42010-02-24 03:00 206 2.91 0.95 249 874.21 16 300 69 52007-01-01 00:00 96 2.74 0.99 261 697.55 9 740 74 62020-12-17 09:00 152 2.60 1.04 302 908.12 44 194 99 72020-01-03 10:00 211 2.33 1.03 284 996.10 41 283 111 82012-01-20 18:00 208 2.72 0.85 202 300.97 20 564 120 92013-02-19 09:00 265 2.22 1.03 258 290.99 22 910 125 10 2015-12-21 10:00 254 2.84 0.75 160 532.60 29 972 0 2 4 6 8 Total mass (Gt) Mar 01 Mar 08 Mar 15 Mar 22 Mar 29 TCCW TCRW+TCSW TP a) −100 −80 −60 −40 −20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Mass anomalie (Gt) Mar 01 Mar 08 Mar 15 Mar 22 Mar 29 Date (in year 2012) TCWV TWS b) 120°E 150°E 180° 30°S 0 20 40 60 80 Lifespan of TCCW event (hours) c) Figure 32: Event Nr. 20790, Reg. Rank 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 Total mass (Gt) Jan 01 Jan 08 Jan 15 Jan 22 Jan 29 TCCW TCRW+TCSW TP a) −40 −20 0 20 40 60 80 100 Mass anomalie (Gt) Jan 01 Jan 08 Jan 15 Jan 22 Jan 29 Date (in year 2013) TCWV TWS b) 150°E 180° 60°S 30°S 0 20 40 60 Lifespan of TCCW event (hours) c) Figure 33: Event Nr. 22697, Reg. Rank 2 17 0 1 2 3 4 Total mass (Gt) Jun 01 Jun 08 Jun 15 Jun 22 Jun 29 TCCW TCRW+TCSW TP a) −60 −50 −40 −30 −20 −10 0 10 20 30 40 Mass anomalie (Gt) Jun 01 Jun 08 Jun 15 Jun 22 Jun 29 Date (in year 2016) TCWV TWS b) 140°E 150°E 160°E 50°S 40°S 30°S 20°S 0 10 20 Lifespan of TCCW event (hours) c) Figure 34: Event Nr. 31574, Reg. Rank 3 0 1 2 3 4 Total mass (Gt) Feb 15 Feb 22 Mar 01 Mar 08 TCCW TCRW+TCSW TP a) −80 −60 −40 −20 0 20 40 60 80 100 Mass anomalie (Gt) Feb 15 Feb 22 Mar 01 Mar 08 Date (in year 2010) TCWV TWS b) 135°E 150°E 165°E 45°S 30°S 15°S 0 20 40 Lifespan of TCCW event (hours) c) Figure 35: Event Nr. 16300, Reg. Rank 4 0 1 2 3 4 Total mass (Gt) Jan 01 Jan 08 Jan 15 Jan 22 Jan 29 TCCW TCRW+TCSW TP a) −20 −10 0 10 20 30 40 Mass anomalie (Gt) Jan 01 Jan 08 Jan 15 Jan 22 Jan 29 Date (in year 2007) TCWV TWS b) 120°E 130°E 40°S 30°S 20°S 10°S 0 10 20 30 Lifespan of TCCW event (hours) c) Figure 36: Event Nr. 9740, Reg. Rank 5 18 0 1 2 3 4 5 Total mass (Gt) Dec 01 Dec 08 Dec 15 Dec 22 Dec 29 TCCW TCRW+TCSW TP a) −60 −40 −20 0 20 40 60 80 Mass anomalie (Gt) Dec 01 Dec 08 Dec 15 Dec 22 Dec 29 Date (in year 2020) TCWV TWS b) 120°E 135°E 150°E 165°E 45°S 30°S 15°S 0 10 20 30 40 Lifespan of TCCW event (hours) c) Figure 37: Event Nr. 44194, Reg. Rank 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 Total mass (Gt) Jan 01 Jan 08 Jan 15 Jan 22 Jan 29 TCCW TCRW+TCSW TP a) −60 −50 −40 −30 −20 −10 0 10 20 30 40 Mass anomalie (Gt) Jan 01 Jan 08 Jan 15 Jan 22 Jan 29 Date (in year 2020) TCWV TWS b) 120°E 150°E 180° 60°S 30°S 0 10 20 30 40 Lifespan of TCCW event (hours) c) Figure 38: Event Nr. 41283, Reg. Rank 7 0 1 2 3 Total mass (Gt) Jan 01 Jan 08 Jan 15 Jan 22 Jan 29 TCCW TCRW+TCSW TP a) −20 0 20 40 60 80 100 Mass anomalie (Gt) Jan 01 Jan 08 Jan 15 Jan 22 Jan 29 Date (in year 2012) TCWV TWS b) 120°E 135°E 150°E 30°S 15°S 0 20 40 Lifespan of TCCW event (hours) c) Figure 39: Event Nr. 20564, Reg. Rank 8 19 0 1 2 3 Total mass (Gt) Feb 15 Feb 22 Mar 01 Mar 08 TCCW TCRW+TCSW TP a) −60 −40 −20 0 20 40 60 Mass anomalie (Gt) Feb 15 Feb 22 Mar 01 Mar 08 Date (in year 2013) TCWV TWS b) 110°E 120°E 130°E 40°S 30°S 20°S 10°S 0 20 40 60 Lifespan of TCCW event (hours) c) Figure 40: Event Nr. 22910, Reg. Rank 9 0 1 2 3 Total mass (Gt) Dec 01 Dec 08 Dec 15 Dec 22 Dec 29 TCCW TCRW+TCSW TP a) 0 50 100 150 Mass anomalie (Gt) Dec 01 Dec 08 Dec 15 Dec 22 Dec 29 Date (in year 2015) TCWV TWS b) 130°E 140°E 150°E 30°S 20°S 10°S 0 20 40 60 80 Lifespan of TCCW event (hours) c) Figure 41: Event Nr. 29972, Reg. Rank 10 20 4.4 Central and South America (CEN) Table 6: Top 10 Central and South America ranking Rank Time Lifespan (h) Mass (Gt) Area (km²) Event Land Reg. Start Max. Avg. Avg. Nr. 812009-05-01 12:00 72 3.62 1.55 326 967.90 14 371 19 22018-10-30 22:00 28 3.01 1.28 219 294.81 37 918 22 32018-02-01 17:00 185 3.48 1.06 280 880.93 36 028 29 42022-12-24 21:00 27 3.11 1.15 151 585.89 49 440 37 52020-05-28 11:00 256 2.86 1.18 281 987.57 42 588 39 62019-01-02 15:00 32 3.13 1.06 200 238.39 38 419 41 72023-04-20 22:00 24 2.66 1.25 265 028.69 50 214 43 82017-10-01 01:00 46 2.90 1.14 268 227.92 35 118 46 92016-01-17 20:00 158 2.84 1.13 335 341.79 30 183 47 10 2022-05-16 06:00 88 3.15 0.99 264 117.20 47 930 0 1 2 3 4 Total mass (Gt) May 01 May 08 May 15 May 22 May 29 TCCW TCRW+TCSW TP a) −25 −20 −15 −10 −5 0 5 10 15 20 Mass anomalie (Gt) May 01 May 08 May 15 May 22 May 29 Date (in year 2009) TCWV TWS b) 50°W 40°W 30°W 10°S 0° 0 10 20 30 40 Lifespan of TCCW event (hours) c) Figure 42: Event Nr. 14371, Reg. Rank 1 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 Total mass (Gt) Oct 15 Oct 22 Oct 29 Nov 01 Nov 08 TCCW TCRW+TCSW TP a) −15 −10 −5 0 5 10 15 Mass anomalie (Gt) Oct 15 Oct 22 Oct 29 Nov 01 Nov 08 Date (in year 2018) TCWV TWS b) 60°W 55°W 50°W 45°W 30°S 25°S 0 5 10 15 Lifespan of TCCW event (hours) c) Figure 43: Event Nr. 37918, Reg. Rank 2 21 0 1 2 3 4 5 Total mass (Gt) Feb 01 Feb 08 Feb 15 Feb 22 TCCW TCRW+TCSW TP a) −150 −100 −50 0 50 Mass anomalie (Gt) Feb 01 Feb 08 Feb 15 Feb 22 Date (in year 2018) TCWV TWS b) 60°W 45°W 30°W 30°S 15°S 0° 0 10 20 30 40 Lifespan of TCCW event (hours) c) Figure 44: Event Nr. 36028, Reg. Rank 3 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 Total mass (Gt) Dec 01 Dec 08 Dec 15 Dec 22 Dec 29 TCCW TCRW+TCSW TP a) −30 −20 −10 0 10 20 30 Mass anomalie (Gt) Dec 01 Dec 08 Dec 15 Dec 22 Dec 29 Date (in year 2022) TCWV TWS b) 75°W 70°W 65°W 60°W 20°S 15°S 10°S 0 5 10 15 Lifespan of TCCW event (hours) c) Figure 45: Event Nr. 49440, Reg. Rank 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 Total mass (Gt) May 15 May 22 May 29 Jun 01 Jun 08 TCCW TCRW+TCSW TP a) −40 −20 0 20 40 60 Mass anomalie (Gt) May 15 May 22 May 29 Jun 01 Jun 08 Date (in year 2020) TCWV TWS b) 105°W 90°W 75°W 15°N 30°N 0 20 40 60 80 Lifespan of TCCW event (hours) c) Figure 46: Event Nr. 42588, Reg. Rank 5 22 0 1 2 3 Total mass (Gt) Jan 01 Jan 08 Jan 15 Jan 22 Jan 29 TCCW TCRW+TCSW TP a) −40 −30 −20 −10 0 10 20 Mass anomalie (Gt) Jan 01 Jan 08 Jan 15 Jan 22 Jan 29 Date (in year 2019) TCWV TWS b) 60°W 50°W 40°W 30°S 0 5 10 15 Lifespan of TCCW event (hours) c) Figure 47: Event Nr. 38419, Reg. Rank 6 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 Total mass (Gt) Apr 01 Apr 08 Apr 15 Apr 22 Apr 29 TCCW TCRW+TCSW TP a) −10 −5 0 5 10 Mass anomalie (Gt) Apr 01 Apr 08 Apr 15 Apr 22 Apr 29 Date (in year 2023) TCWV TWS b) 80°W 70°W 60°W 10°S 0° 0 5 10 15 20 Lifespan of TCCW event (hours) c) Figure 48: Event Nr. 50214, Reg. Rank 7 0 1 2 3 Total mass (Gt) Oct 01 Oct 08 Oct 15 Oct 22 Oct 29 TCCW TCRW+TCSW TP a) −30 −20 −10 0 10 20 30 Mass anomalie (Gt) Oct 01 Oct 08 Oct 15 Oct 22 Oct 29 Date (in year 2017) TCWV TWS b) 60°W 50°W 40°S 30°S 20°S 0 5 10 15 Lifespan of TCCW event (hours) c) Figure 49: Event Nr. 35118, Reg. Rank 8 23 0 1 2 3 4 5 Total mass (Gt) Jan 01 Jan 08 Jan 15 Jan 22 Jan 29 TCCW TCRW+TCSW TP a) −200 −150 −100 −50 0 50 100 150 200 250 Mass anomalie (Gt) Jan 01 Jan 08 Jan 15 Jan 22 Jan 29 Date (in year 2016) TCWV TWS b) 45°W 30°W 15°W 45°S 30°S 15°S 0° 0 20 40 Lifespan of TCCW event (hours) c) Figure 50: Event Nr. 30183, Reg. Rank 9 0 1 2 3 4 Total mass (Gt) May 01 May 08 May 15 May 22 May 29 TCCW TCRW+TCSW TP a) −30 −20 −10 0 10 20 30 40 50 Mass anomalie (Gt) May 01 May 08 May 15 May 22 May 29 Date (in year 2022) TCWV TWS b) 80°W 70°W 60°W 50°W 10°S 0° 0 10 20 30 40 Lifespan of TCCW event (hours) c) Figure 51: Event Nr. 47930, Reg. Rank 10 24 4.5 Europe (EUR) Table 7: Top 10 Europe ranking Rank Time Lifespan (h) Mass (Gt) Area (km²) Event Land Reg. Start Max. Avg. Avg. Nr. 459 12004-01-21 03:00 51 1.82 0.68 201 993.04 3 846 1 383 22023-10-20 23:00 35 1.07 0.54 180 836.59 51 678 1 418 32004-11-13 04:00 49 1.17 0.49 150 298.68 5 358 1 498 42019-12-19 02:00 50 1.07 0.52 170 068.47 41 144 1 574 52019-11-11 10:00 52 1.42 0.36 107 989.68 40 839 1 581 62023-12-26 06:00 50 1.08 0.49 165 254.25 52 236 1 657 72023-10-18 22:00 72 1.00 0.51 161 591.32 51 660 1 731 82023-12-06 22:00 48 1.07 0.47 175 831.34 52 072 1 850 92015-11-20 00:00 32 0.92 0.51 172 225.53 29 724 1 908 10 2021-11-29 08:00 49 1.16 0.40 141 522.91 46 750 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 Total mass (Gt) Jan 01 Jan 08 Jan 15 Jan 22 Jan 29 TCCW TCRW+TCSW TP a) −40 −30 −20 −10 0 10 20 30 40 Mass anomalie (Gt) Jan 01 Jan 08 Jan 15 Jan 22 Jan 29 Date (in year 2004) TCWV TWS b) 15°E 30°E 45°E 30°N 45°N 0 5 10 15 20 Lifespan of TCCW event (hours) c) Figure 52: Event Nr. 3846, Reg. Rank 1 0.0 0.5 1.0 Total mass (Gt) Oct 01 Oct 08 Oct 15 Oct 22 Oct 29 TCCW TCRW+TCSW TP a) −20 −10 0 10 20 30 40 Mass anomalie (Gt) Oct 01 Oct 08 Oct 15 Oct 22 Oct 29 Date (in year 2023) TCWV TWS b) 40°E 50°E 60°E 50°N 0 5 10 Lifespan of TCCW event (hours) c) Figure 53: Event Nr. 51678, Reg. Rank 2 25 0 1 2 3 4 Total mass (Gt) Oct 01 Oct 08 Oct 15 Oct 22 Oct 29 TCCW TCRW+TCSW TP a) −60 −40 −20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Mass anomalie (Gt) Oct 01 Oct 08 Oct 15 Oct 22 Oct 29 Date (in year 2006) TCWV TWS b) 90°W 75°W 60°W 45°W 30°N 45°N 60°N 0 5 10 15 Lifespan of TCCW event (hours) c) Figure 70: Event Nr. 9354, Reg. Rank 9 0 1 2 3 4 Total mass (Gt) Oct 01 Oct 08 Oct 15 Oct 22 Oct 29 TCCW TCRW+TCSW TP a) −40 −20 0 20 40 60 80 100 Mass anomalie (Gt) Oct 01 Oct 08 Oct 15 Oct 22 Oct 29 Date (in year 2003) TCWV TWS b) 75°W 60°W 45°W 30°N 45°N 60°N 0 5 10 15 Lifespan of TCCW event (hours) c) Figure 71: Event Nr. 3365, Reg. Rank 10 32 References Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Hor´anyi, Andr´asand Mu˜noz-Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., & Th´epaut, J.-N. (2019). ERA5 hourly data on single levels from 1940 to present. Silversmith, W. (2021). cc3d: Connected components on multilabel 3D & 2D images. 33